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1270:(considered "southern"). In 1905, after continued raids by the Messiria into Ngok Dinka territory, the British redistricted the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms into Kordofan. The reason was threefold: to protect the Ngok Dinka from raids by the Messiria and thus pacify the area; to demonstrate that a new sovereign power was in control; and to bring the two feuding tribes under common administration. When the British left in 1956, they left the status of Abyei unclear.
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1360:, known collectively during the talks as the Three Areas. The SPLA negotiators then spent several years attempting to give these regions the right to a referendum in which they could decide if they want to be under the administrative control of the north or south. This would potentially mean that these regions would become part of a nation of South Sudan after
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numerous deaths and civilian displacement. These clashes were considered by analysts to represent a serious threat to the peace process and trigger a resumption of civil war. The
Messiria were not believed to be directly controlled by Khartoum, however analysts pointed out that local disputes over resources are readily manipulated by outside forces.
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allowed those in Sudan and around the world to see the parties put forward their arguments. Following the hearing the arbitral tribunal then began its deliberations and, less than ninety days later, on 22 July 2009 rendered its final binding decision as to the validity of the boundaries for Abyei and the ABC had drawn.
1650:, to the north, while giving at least one oil field to the south. Most of the Messiria are outside of the redrawn borders, making it far more likely that the region will vote to join the south. Announcements by both the SPLM and Government of Sudan that they would accept the ruling were hailed by the United States,
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accumulations. Oil exploration was undertaken in Sudan in the 1970s and 1980s. A period of significant investment in Sudan’s oil industry occurred in the 1990s and Abyei became a target for this investment. By 2003 Abyei contributed more than one quarter of Sudan’s total crude oil output. Production
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On 21 May 2011 it was reported that the Armed Forces of Sudan had seized control of Abyei with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with the South. The precipitating factor was an ambush by the South killing 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling,
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Following extensive written pleadings, in April 2009 the parties presented their closing submissions to the arbitration tribunal over six days at an oral hearing at the Peace Palace, The Hague. In a groundbreaking initiative, the parties agreed to broadcast the oral hearing over the internet, which
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Ngok and
Messiria tribe maintained a peaceful coexistence during the civil war, the division of Sudan has created mistrust between the two people. In the second week of January 2011, when a referendum was held regarding South Sudanese independence, a simultaneous referendum to determine the fate of
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Messiria leaders had objected to demarcation provisions of the CPA which they claim have a negative impact upon
Messiria access to grazing lands. These grievances fed into armed clashes in December 2007, which killed at least 75 people, and further violence in February and March 2008, resulting in
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The award ordered the redrawing of the northern, eastern and western boundaries, thus decreasing the size of Abyei. The size of Abyei is crucial to the political dispute, as its residents will be able to vote in a referendum on whether to become part of northern or southern Sudan. The redrawn
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Following the violence of
February and March, the Sudanese government deployed a contingent of 200 or more soldiers to Abyei town on 31 March 2008. Armed clashes between these troops and the SPLA occurred during May 2008 resulting in dozens of deaths and the displacement of an estimated 25,000
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later that month pushed all other issues off the national agenda, but the SPLA maintains that the terms of the Abyei protocol must be held to. Government resistance to an agreement is largely based on an attempt to hold on to the oil reserves and oil pipelines in the area.
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that ended the war included a clause that provided for a referendum allowing Abyei to choose to remain in the north or join the autonomous South. This referendum was never held and continued attacks against Ngok Dinka led to the creation of Ngok Dinka unit in the small
1258:, would graze their cattle south to the Bahr river basin in Abyei during the dry season. Abyei's permanent residents were thus the southern Dinka, but half the year the Dinka were outnumbered by the Muslim, northern Misseriya. At the establishment of the
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As of May 2011, the prospective referendum on Abyei's future status has been postponed indefinitely. The northern leader, then
President al-Bashir, dismissed the southern chief administrator of Abyei and appointed a northerner, Ahmed Hussein Al-Imam.
1626:
and Wendy Miles as counsel. The
Government of Sudan appointed Ambassador Dirdeiry Mohamed Ahmed as Agent, and were represented by Professor James Crawford QC, S.C., Dr Nabil Elaraby, Professor Alain Pellet, Rodman Bundy and Loretta Malintoppi.
1331:, mounted raiders that attacked southern villages to loot valuables and slaves. By the end of the war the intense fighting had displaced most Ngok Dinka out of Abyei, which the Misseriya state as justification for ownership of the area.
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stated, "What happens in Abyei is likely to determine whether Sudan consolidates the peace or returns to war". Armed violence erupted in the Abyei region during late 2007 and throughout 2008. Clashes occurred both between the SPLA and
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The ABC presented their report to the president on 14 July 2005, whereupon it was immediately rejected by the government, who accused the experts of using sources after 1905 in their determination of the boundaries. The death of
1379:(ABC), followed by a referendum commission to identify Messiria that are resident in Abyei and could thus vote in local elections in 2009; all the Ngok Dinka were to be considered resident, it being their traditional homeland.
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were located in the region of Abyei prior to the seventeenth century, before being displaced by new migrants. From at least the eighteenth century Abyei was inhabited by the agro-pastoralist Ngok Dinka, a sub-group of the
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in 1905". In 2005, a multinational border commission established this to be those portions of
Kordofan south of 10°22′30″ N. However, following continued disputes that erupted into violence and threatened the CPA, an
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aerial bombardment and numerous tanks. Initial reports indicate that over 20,000 people have fled. The South
Sudanese government has declared this as an "act of war", and the U.N. has sent an envoy to
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formally declared its independence. Both countries continue to claim Abyei, but the presence of the
Ethiopians is intended to prevent the military of either from attempting to wrest control of it.
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According to an annex to the protocol adopted in
December 2004, the Abyei Borders Commission was to be composed of 15 persons: five appointed by the government, five by the SPLA and three by the
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process redrew Abyei's boundaries in 2009 to make it significantly smaller, extending no further north than 10°10′00" N. This revised border has now been endorsed by all parties to the dispute.
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1674:), who have historically stayed in the region every year for six months. If the Misseriya Arabs are prevented from voting, the region will likely go to South Sudan. While the
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1572:, agreed to refer the disputes between the Government and the SPLM/A concerning the ABC's determination of the Abyei area's boundaries to international arbitration at the
477:
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The administrative name was changed to "Abyei Special Administrative Area" in July 2015 with the administration stating that it won't share the region again with Sudan.
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As of December 2010, the PCA border has not been demarcated and there is still no agreement on who constitutes a "resident of Abyei" for the purposes of voting in the
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composed of the Chief Administrator, Deputy Chief Administrator, an armed forces commander, the local police chief, and a representative of the "security organ".
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Under the terms of the Abyei Protocol, the residents of the Abyei Area have been declared, on an interim basis, to be simultaneously citizens of the states of
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1364:. The government blocked these attempts, stating that the Machakos Protocol had already delineated the border for the Three Areas in favor of the north.
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put Abyei into a special administrative status government directly by the presidency. The precise borders of the area were to be determined by an
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The SPLM/A appointed Dr. Riek Machar Teny, Deputy Chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and Minister Luka Biong Deng, as Agents, and
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upon the outbreak of hostilities. Partially as a result of their early entry into the war, many Ngok Dinka rose to leadership positions in the
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Arbitration Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army on Delimiting Abyei Area, 7 July 2008,
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that has been accorded "special administrative status" by the 2004 Protocol on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict (Abyei Protocol) in the
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1325:. In contrast, the Messiria joined the hostilities on the side of the government in the mid-1980s. They formed frontline units as well as
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1938:
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916:
780:
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268:. Under the terms of the Abyei Protocol, the Abyei Area is considered, on an interim basis, to be simultaneously part of both the
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957:
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1419:, a former ambassador to Sudan. The ABC determined the boundary at approximately 10°22′30″N., 87 km (54 mi) north of
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via Khartoum. The pipeline is vital to Sudan’s oil exports which have boomed since the pipeline commenced operation in 1999.
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832:
2162:, Government of the Republic of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army, 26 May 2004 (hosted by reliefweb.int)
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volumes have since declined and reports suggest that Abyei’s reserves are nearing depletion. An important oil pipeline, the
1615:. The tribunal adopted the PCA's Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes Between Two Parties of Which Only One is a State.
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In contrast to the borders of the former district, the Abyei Protocol defined the Abyei Area as "the area of the nine Ngok
1371:
circulated a draft agreement, which the U.S. convinced the government to sign despite its inclusion of a referendum. The
3687:, 30 May. Retrieved 6 June 2008 (Describes May 2008 violence. Winter says that "the town of Abyei has ceased to exist".).
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The peacekeepers began arriving in Abyei on 15 July 2011 after traveling overland from Ethiopia, just under a week after
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2363:"Collapse of a Country: A Diplomat's Memoir of South Sudan." By Nicholas Coghlan. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017.
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In October 2007, rising tensions between the SPLA and government resulted in the SPLA temporarily withdrawing from the
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1819:. The remaining members will be shared between the two entities with SPLM nominating three and the GOS nominating two.
1352:, defined Southern Sudan as the area as of independence in 1956. It thus excluded the SPLA strongholds in Abyei, the
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civilians. Much of Abyei town was razed; publicist Roger Winter stated that "the town of Abyei has ceased to exist".
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1423:, following the agreed rules of procedure. The process and the map showing the boundary is detailed by Johnson.
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The Ngok Dinka unit of Anyanya II formed one of the foundations of the rebel movement at the beginning of the
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Douglas Johnson, 2008, "Why Abyei Matters, The Breaking Point of Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement?” in
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19:
This article is about the area established by the Abyei (Bir Tawil) Protocol. For the former district, see
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Abyei was meant to be held. This referendum was postponed due to the disagreement over voter eligibility.
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818:
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3475:"South Sudan president sacks Abyei chief administrator - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
3281:
3105:"Sudan appoints new chief administrator for Abyei area – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
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261:
3628:"First Three of Eighteen Ongoing Development Projects Were Handed Over By UNDP to Abyei Communities"
73:
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2850:. The Award was accompanied by a map of the Abyei area as determined by the arbitration tribunal:
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The arbitration was presided over by an arbitral tribunal composed of five international lawyers –
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in 1975. The discovery of oil in the area, among other north–south border regions, led President
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to try the first of many initiatives to redistrict oil rich areas into northern administration.
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1404:
881:
463:
386:
3171:
3997:
3611:, filmed March, Bergen, Norway. (Brief discussion of underlying causes of conflict in Sudan.)
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1841:, has also been established to protect civilians and humanitarian workers in the Abyei Area.
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986:
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The deadlock was finally broken by pressure from the United States. U.S. presidential envoy
3172:"AU: Agreement on Abyei demilitarization done, more deals in works – People's Daily Online"
2457:
2198:"The Government of Sudan / The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (Abyei Arbitration)"
1259:
670:
662:
468:
3622:, 2 March. Retrieved 4 March 2008. (Opinion piece concerning Abyei and the peace process.)
8:
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1569:
1416:
837:
217:
98:
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1596:
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1277:(1956–1972), in particular the 1965 massacre of 72 Ngok Dinka in the Misseriya town of
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2582:
1500:
The Government of Sudan v. The People's Liberation Movement/Army (Abyei Arbitration)
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Following the clashes in Abyei during May 2008, in June 2008 the Sudanese President,
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The status of Abyei was one of the most contentious issues in the negotiation of the
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652:
308:
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The broadcasts of the Abyei Arbitration hearing are available on the PCA’s website:
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borders give control of the richest oil fields in the Abyei region, such as the
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1948:
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909:
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20:
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248:) is an area of 10,546 km or 4,072 sq mi on the border between
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3875:
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3600:
2421:
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1225:
3665:, 15 March. Retrieved 27 April 2008. (Video presentation hosted by YouTube.)
3634:
3071:
4022:
4017:
3987:
3972:
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1967:
1732:, Upper Nile, asked for intervention by the United Nations and suggested a
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24:
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1289:-based government and became firmly associated with the north. The 1972
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849:
338:
333:
269:
249:
122:
2728:"J:\Office Managers\Basic Documents English\2d ed\Revised\1STATENG.wpd"
2709:
http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/Abyei%20Arbitration%20Agreement.pdf
2174:
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to intervene. South Sudan says it has withdrawn its forces from Abyei.
1295:
392:
213:
3210:
2955:"How a Residency Dispute in One Key Town Could Lead Sudan Back to War"
1339:
3811:
1619:
1577:
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208:
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The two peoples began to take separate paths with the onset of the
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1243:
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3911:
1803:
The Abyei Area Administration is made up of the following bodies:
317:
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1282:
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1826:
made up of two members representing each party to the agreement.
1724:, over the occupation of Abyei by Northern forces. Labor leader
1444:
over several deadlocked issues, notably Abyei. At the time, the
3685:
enough: the project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
3674:
enough: the project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
3308:"Statement from UNISFA on the recent spate of attacks in Abyei"
2696:
enough: the project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2373:
Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Hague "On Delimiting Abyei"
2110:"South Sudan's Kiir appoints new Chief Administrator for Abyei"
1465:
Arbitration by a panel under the Permanent Court of Arbitration
1251:
2453:“SUDAN: Southern leaders in talks to salvage unity government”
1266:(considered "northern"), while the Ngok Dinka were located in
2566:‘SUDAN: Rising tension in Abyei as clashes displace hundreds’
1262:, the Messiria were predominantly located in the province of
1250:
Arab people, who spend most of the year around their base at
284:
273:
253:
134:
1748:
A deal on demilitarization was reached on 20 June 2011. The
3538:, 3 November 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
2961:, 3 November 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
2583:‘Clashes on Sudan’s North-South border threaten peace deal’
2065:
1972:
3419:"Abyei chief confident in UNISFA security | Radio Tamazuj"
3149:"Peaceful protest in Warrup State over takeover of Abyei"
2271:
by Dorina Bekoe, Kelly Campbell and Nicholas Howenstein,
1070:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
3654:, United Nations Development Program Sudan, 29 November.
3072:"Sudan's Abyei dispute: 'Shots fired' at UN helicopters"
3007:"Sudan: Abyei seizure by North 'act of war', says South"
2262:“Resolving the Boundary Dispute in Sudan’s Abyei Region”
1637:
elder in Abyei speaks to the PCA decision, November 2009
228:
2549:‘Fresh fighting breaks out in Sudan north-south region’
1670:. The question is whether to include Arab nomads (the
1453:
fighters and between the SPLA and government troops.
3127:"UPPER NILE STATE PROTESTS AGAINST ABYEI OCCUPATION"
1716:
Protests were held in at least two Southern states,
3334:"NCP And SPLM Signs Abyei Agreement in Addis Ababa"
3049:"North Sudan seizes disputed Abyei, thousands flee"
2481:‘Armed Sudanese nomads block key north-south route’
1791:can determine the permanent status of the area. An
1340:
Abyei Protocol in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
3256:"Ethiopian peacekeepers arrive in contested Abyei"
3233:"Ethiopian peacekeepers to arrive in Abyei Friday"
2532:‘Sudan nomads clash with ex-rebels, dozens killed’
2498:‘SUDAN: War of words after scores killed in Abyei’
1815:and a Deputy Chief Administrator representing the
3525:"’Oil-rich’ Abyei: Time to update the shorthand?"
3450:"Abyei Residents Welcome New Chief Administrator"
23:. For the town within the area and district, see
4164:
3352:
3099:
3097:
2641:‘SUDAN: Abyei town deserted after fresh clashes’
1435:
1411:, an author of several works on southern Sudan;
1373:Protocol on the resolution of the Abyei conflict
2607:‘Northern troops enter disputed Sudan oil town’
2359:
2357:
2355:
1839:United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
1750:United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
3326:
3069:
3004:
2333:. 22 July 2009. pp. 36–37. Archived from
2160:“Protocol on the resolution of Abyei conflict”
2133:"U.N. Warns of Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan Town"
2055:
1811:led by a Chief Administrator representing the
358:4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration
3927:
3718:
3566:‘Sudan: Oil and gas concession holders’ (map)
3274:
3094:
2391:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock", pp. 2–3
2192:
2190:
1204:
774:
4069:on its final status and is considered to be
2352:
2124:
1774:
1743:
42:
3195:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3129:. Sudan Catholic Radio Network. 27 May 2011
3000:
2998:
2470:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock", p. 11
2385:
2283:
2281:
1837:A United Nations peacekeeping mission, the
1382:
3934:
3920:
3725:
3711:
3500:"Kiir appoints governors for eight states"
3300:
3034:
3032:
2970:
2464:
2443:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock", p. 9
2434:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock", p. 4
2400:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock", p. 3
2187:
2155:
2153:
2077:, travels through the Abyei area from the
1853:Overview of Chief Administrators of Abyei
1736:could be established over Abyei. Governor
1389:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
1281:. The Ngok Dinka were thus drawn to the
1211:
1197:
781:
767:
4116:Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council
3381:
3282:"UNISFA condemns recent attacks in Abyei"
2437:
2428:
2394:
2170:
2168:
2130:
1740:of Warrap also condemned the occupation.
1321:(SPLA), becoming closely associated with
1285:, while the Messiria were favored by the
546:Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council
3681:‘Abyei aflame: An update from the field’
3389:"Abyei Administration Area Changes Name"
2995:
2927:
2692:‘Abyei Aflame: An update from the field’
2278:
2228:"Abyei Issue from a neutral perspective"
1758:Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay
1629:
1582:
3029:
2487:, 12 February. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
2150:
2096:
1847:
1682:
1661:
57:Area with special administrative status
32:Area with special administrative status
4165:
3253:
2930:"Court Redraws Disputed Area in Sudan"
2883:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2844:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2257:
2255:
2253:
2165:
1564:, and the President of the autonomous
190:10,546 km (4,072 sq mi)
3915:
3819:
3706:
3698:Chief Administrator of the Abyei Area
3555:, 29 October. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
3235:. San Jose Mercury News. 14 July 2011
3169:
1961:
1313:in 1983. Many Ngok Dinka joined the
3038:James Copnall, BBC News, 23 May 2011
2596:, 10 March. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
2572:, 24 March. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
2555:, 22 March. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
2289:"Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock"
16:Condominium of South Sudan and Sudan
4198:Territorial disputes of South Sudan
4100:
3941:
3547:APS Review Downstream Trends 2007,
2983:from the original on 6 January 2011
2515:‘Arab nomads dead in Sudan clashes’
2250:
1795:was established on 31 August 2008.
1787:(South Sudan) until such time as a
264:. The capital of the Abyei Area is
245:
43:
13:
3574:
2899:"New borders for Sudan oil region"
2698:, 30 May. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
2613:, 2 April. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
2538:, 2 March. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
2521:, 2 March. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
2504:, 3 March. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
2234:. 25 November 2007. Archived from
2131:GETTLEMAN, JEFFREY (25 May 2011).
1869:31 August 2008 – 30 December 2009
1415:, a lawyer from South Africa; and
1348:. The first protocol signed, the
14:
4224:
3691:
3676:, 17 April. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
3447:
2928:Otterman, Sharon (22 July 2009).
2909:from the original on 22 July 2009
2675:‘Tensions flare in central Sudan’
2658:‘Fighting in disputed Sudan town’
2068:basin which contains a number of
1334:
3734:
3589:‘South Sudan Abyei now or never’
3082:from the original on 26 May 2011
3017:from the original on 27 May 2011
2681:, 24 May. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
2664:, 20 May. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
2647:, 16 May. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
2630:, 16 May. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
2410:“The Abyei Protocol Demystified”
2273:United States Institute of Peace
2112:. Sudan Tribune. 10 January 2023
1599:, of France, as President, with
1477:
1362:the 2011 independence referendum
805:
751:National Human Rights Commission
435:Transitional Legislative Council
381:Transitional Sovereignty Council
332:
316:
174: • Chief Administrator
127:
115:
97:
82:
72:
3659:‘Abyei region divided over oil’
3558:
3541:
3517:
3492:
3467:
3441:
3411:
3258:. Africa Review. Archived from
3247:
3225:
3203:
3163:
3141:
3119:
3063:
3041:
2964:
2947:
2921:
2891:
2805:
2778:
2752:
2720:
2701:
2684:
2667:
2650:
2633:
2616:
2599:
2575:
2558:
2541:
2524:
2507:
2490:
2473:
2446:
2403:
2366:
1884:30 December 2009 – 21 May 2013
1824:Abyei Joint Oversight Committee
965:States and administrative areas
746:Khartoum massacre investigation
339:Member State of the Arab League
4213:Condominia (international law)
3568:, University of Texas Library.
3395:. 29 July 2015. Archived from
3254:Ashine, Argaw (15 July 2011).
3070:BBC World News (25 May 2011).
3005:BBC World News (22 May 2011).
2331:Permanent Court of Arbitration
2316:
2220:
2202:Permanent Court of Arbitration
2102:
1760:, were to be deployed under a
1574:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1490:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1319:Sudan People’s Liberation Army
1:
4203:Territorial disputes of Sudan
4073:of both Sudan and South Sudan
4063:special administrative status
3670:‘Sounding the alarm on Abyei’
2971:Al Jazeera (5 January 2011).
2762:. Pca-cpa.org. Archived from
2060:Abyei is situated within the
1831:Abyei Area Security Committee
1436:Renewed tensions and violence
1346:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
917:National Legislative Assembly
717:African Union and UN in Sudan
258:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
142:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
2624:‘Many dead in Sudan clashes’
1798:
1613:Professor Dr. Gerhard Hafner
1605:Professor W. Michael Reisman
1597:Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy
1566:Government of Southern Sudan
1536:Professor W. Michael Reisman
1532:Professor Dr. Gerhard Hafner
1523:Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy
1442:Government of National Unity
689:United Nations (UN) in Sudan
7:
4208:South Sudan–Sudan relations
4178:Subdivisions of South Sudan
3609:‘Sudan's civil wars’ (video
3604:, 3 March. (Opinion piece.)
3360:"Abyei Protocol Fact Sheet"
2811:Final Award, 22 July 2009,
2056:Oil reserves and production
1914:March 2015 – February 2017
1705:
1609:H.E. Judge Awn Al-Khasawneh
1528:H.E. Judge Awn Al-Khasawneh
1161:Interim Security Force for
703:Interim Security Force for
625:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
4229:
4111:Darfur Regional Government
2311:International Crisis Group
1929:February 2017 – June 2020
1856:
1709:
1689:Sudan–SPLM conflict (2011)
1686:
1446:International Crisis Group
1298:rebellion, which began in
1260:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
865:Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior
540:Darfur Regional Government
299:
18:
4183:Second Sudanese Civil War
4106:
4099:
4095:
4078:
4059:
4055:
3953:
3949:
3884:
3858:
3849:
3810:
3788:
3757:
3748:
3616:‘Africa’s next slaughter’
3536:Christian Science Monitor
2973:"Tribal trouble in Sudan"
2959:Christian Science Monitor
2075:Greater Nile Oil Pipeline
1947:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1793:Abyei Area Administration
1775:Abyei Area Administration
1744:Ceasefire and enforcement
1728:, leading the protest in
1601:Judge Stephen M. Schwebel
1550:
1545:
1540:Judge Stephen M. Schwebel
1518:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1471:
294:international arbitration
287:chiefdoms transferred to
262:Second Sudanese Civil War
224:
207:
199:
194:
186:
181:
173:
169:Abyei Area Administration
165:
160:
150:
140:
108:
96:
68:
64:Abyei Area Administration
63:
54:
37:
3594:28 December 2007 at the
3211:"Resolution 1990 (2011)"
3151:. Miraya FM. 28 May 2011
2415:11 February 2010 at the
2324:"GOS-SPLM/A Final Award"
1783:(Republic of Sudan) and
1383:Abyei Borders Commission
1377:Abyei Borders Commission
1275:First Sudanese Civil War
958:Administrative divisions
501:Administrative divisions
3770:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
3549:‘SUDAN: The oil sector’
3530:14 January 2011 at the
2382:22 July 2009 / p221-222
2313:, 12 October 2007, p. 2
1785:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1712:South Kordofan conflict
798:Politics of South Sudan
524:Interim Security Force
270:Republic of South Sudan
3765:Western Bahr el Ghazal
3170:F_404 (21 June 2011).
3051:. Reuters. 22 May 2011
1899:May 2013 – March 2015
1638:
1592:
1405:Addis Ababa University
1350:2002 Machakos Protocol
1086:Diplomatic missions of
882:Cabinet of South Sudan
641:Diplomatic missions of
387:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
4173:Subdivisions of Sudan
3791:administrative status
3584:, 107 (462), pp 1–19.
2588:15 March 2008 at the
2378:6 August 2009 at the
1633:
1586:
1397:University of Nairobi
1291:Addis Ababa Agreement
488:Town and rural courts
260:(CPA) that ended the
229:https://abyei.gov.ss/
3885:Administrative Areas
3553:www.entrepreneur.com
3479:www.sudantribune.com
2714:27 July 2011 at the
2547:Sudan Tribune 2008,
2267:15 July 2009 at the
2097:Notes and references
1945:June 2020 – present
1848:Chief Administrators
1756:troops commanded by
1683:Takeover by the SPLM
1662:Leadup to referendum
469:Nemat Abdullah Khair
454:Constitutional Court
4145: /
4071:simultaneously part
3743:political divisions
3399:on 13 February 2018
2793:on 20 November 2011
2787:"Abyei Arbitration"
2766:on 20 November 2011
2760:"Abyei Arbitration"
2208:on 20 November 2011
2175:“Why Abyei Matters”
1933:Kuol Alor Kuol Arop
1854:
1817:Government of Sudan
1764:from 27 June 2011.
1570:Salva Kiir Mayardit
838:Salva Kiir Mayardit
3851:Greater Upper Nile
3663:Al Jazeera English
3614:Kristof, N. 2008,
3607:Johnson, D. 2006,
3587:Abraham, I. 2007,
3523:Hamilton, Rebecca
3369:. 24 February 2009
2953:Hamilton, Rebecca
2934:The New York Times
2740:on 17 October 2011
2628:Al Jazeera English
2605:Wheeler, S. 2008,
2530:Shahine, A. 2008,
2479:Wheeler, S. 2008,
2295:on 9 February 2011
2184:, 23 December 2007
2137:The New York Times
1962:Towns and villages
1852:
1639:
1593:
1589:voter registration
1409:Douglas H. Johnson
478:Court of Cassation
200: • Total
187: • Total
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4091:
4090:
4051:
4050:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3845:
3844:
3837:Western Equatoria
3832:Central Equatoria
3827:Eastern Equatoria
3806:
3805:
3789:Area with special
3679:Winter, R. 2008,
3668:Winter, R. 2008,
3314:. 18 October 2017
2690:Winter, R. 2008,
2622:Al Jazeera 2008,
2581:Kilner, D. 2008,
2461:, 18 October 2007
2425:,11 December 2007
1959:
1958:
1903:Kuol Monyluak Dak
1809:Executive Council
1558:
1557:
1472:Abyei Arbitration
1421:the town of Abyei
1221:
1220:
1152:Mission in Sudan
1140:Mission in South
1108:Visa requirements
1063:Foreign relations
1050:Political parties
1013:Recent elections
904:Council of States
870:Hussein Abdelbagi
791:
790:
741:ICC investigation
723:Darfur operation
694:Mission in Sudan
658:Visa requirements
618:Foreign relations
605:Political parties
575:Recent elections
391:Deputy Chairman:
309:Politics of Sudan
274:Republic of Sudan
234:
233:
166: • Type
4220:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4149:9.595°N 28.436°E
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4097:
4096:
4057:
4056:
3951:
3950:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3856:
3855:
3817:
3816:
3755:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3633:. Archived from
3632:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3425:. Archived from
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3213:. United Nations
3207:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2905:. 22 July 2009.
2895:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:on 6 August 2009
2864:
2858:. Archived from
2857:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2826:on 6 August 2009
2825:
2819:. Archived from
2818:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:. Archived from
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2733:. Archived from
2732:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2611:Reuters AlertNet
2603:
2597:
2594:Voice of America
2579:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2536:Reuters AlertNet
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2340:on 6 August 2009
2339:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2285:
2276:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:. Archived from
2194:
2185:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2106:
1935:(Kuol Alor Jok)
1855:
1851:
1752:, consisting of
1668:Abyei referendum
1648:Heglig oil field
1514:Court membership
1481:
1469:
1468:
1417:Donald Petterson
1401:Kassahun Berhanu
1311:Second Civil War
1229:claims that the
1213:
1206:
1199:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1076:Mayiik Ayii Deng
923:Jemma Nunu Kumba
809:
793:
792:
783:
776:
769:
737:
728:
726:
718:
709:
708:
697:
690:
527:
341:
337:
336:
320:
304:
303:
276:, effectively a
247:
133:
131:
130:
121:
119:
118:
101:
86:
76:
46:
45:
35:
34:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4163:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4102:
4101:Regional bodies
4087:
4074:
4047:
3945:
3943:States of Sudan
3940:
3910:
3901:
3880:
3841:
3802:
3790:
3784:
3744:
3733:
3731:
3694:
3657:Vall, M. 2008,
3651:
3643:
3641:
3640:on 23 June 2007
3637:
3630:
3626:
3596:Wayback Machine
3582:African Affairs
3577:
3575:Further reading
3572:
3563:
3559:
3546:
3542:
3532:Wayback Machine
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3448:Angok, Daniel.
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3429:on 4 April 2017
3417:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3262:on 19 July 2011
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3107:. Sudan Tribune
3103:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:"Archived copy"
2851:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2814:"Archived copy"
2812:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2716:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2651:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2600:
2590:Wayback Machine
2580:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2417:Wayback Machine
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2380:Wayback Machine
2371:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2269:Wayback Machine
2260:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2238:on 26 July 2009
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2182:, 107/426, 1–19
2180:African Affairs
2173:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2058:
1964:
1850:
1801:
1777:
1762:UNSC resolution
1746:
1714:
1708:
1691:
1685:
1664:
1554:Unanimous panel
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1467:
1438:
1393:Godfrey Muriuki
1385:
1342:
1337:
1217:
1188:
1184:Other countries
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1135:United Nations
1126:
1118:
1117:
1098:Nationality law
1094:
1082:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1032:
1009:
999:
998:
960:
950:
949:
940:
930:
929:
899:
889:
888:
860:James Wani Igga
845:Vice Presidents
828:
800:
787:
758:
757:
733:
724:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:
695:
688:
684:
676:
675:
667:
649:
637:
631:Mariam al-Mahdi
620:
610:
609:
599:
571:
561:
560:
548:
529:
525:
503:
493:
492:
491:
485:District Courts
448:
440:
439:
430:
420:
419:
371:
363:
362:
353:
343:
331:
330:
311:
302:
128:
126:
125:
116:
114:
104:
92:
91:
90:
89:
80:
79:
59:
50:
47:
40:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Bahr el Ghazal
4190:
4188:South Kordofan
4185:
4180:
4175:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:South Kordofan
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:North Kordofan
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Central Darfur
3960:
3954:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3750:Bahr el Ghazal
3746:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3692:External links
3690:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3652:(29.8 KB)
3623:
3620:New York Times
3612:
3605:
3585:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3557:
3540:
3516:
3491:
3466:
3440:
3410:
3380:
3367:UNmissions.org
3351:
3340:. 23 June 2011
3325:
3312:UNmissions.org
3299:
3288:. 12 July 2017
3286:UNmissions.org
3273:
3246:
3224:
3202:
3176:People's Daily
3162:
3140:
3118:
3093:
3062:
3040:
3028:
2994:
2963:
2946:
2920:
2890:
2804:
2777:
2751:
2719:
2700:
2683:
2666:
2649:
2632:
2615:
2598:
2574:
2557:
2540:
2523:
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1591:in Abyei, 2009
1562:Omar al-Bashir
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4023:South Darfur
3988:North Darfur
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3642:. Retrieved
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3564:USAID 2001,
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2062:Muglad Basin
2059:
2037:Makhir Abior
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1509:22 July 2009
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1224:
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1131:Human rights
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819:Constitution
735:Human rights
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151:Headquarters
29:
25:Abyei (town)
4152: /
4033:West Darfur
3968:East Darfur
3741:South Sudan
3625:UNDP 2005,
3454:Gurtong.net
3393:Gurtong.net
3373:12 February
3338:Gurtong.net
3318:12 February
3292:12 February
2639:IRIN 2008,
2564:IRIN 2008,
2496:IRIN 2008,
2142:15 November
2070:hydrocarbon
2049:Todaj/Todac
1769:South Sudan
1734:no-fly zone
1551:Decision by
1525:, president
1429:John Garang
1323:John Garang
1231:Dajo people
1113:Visa policy
897:Legislature
850:Riek Machar
671:Foreign aid
663:Visa policy
428:Legislature
278:condominium
250:South Sudan
123:South Sudan
4167:Categories
4140:28°26′10″E
4083:Abyei Area
4067:referendum
4065:to hold a
4061:Area with
4043:White Nile
4013:River Nile
4003:Al Qadarif
3871:Upper Nile
3644:24 October
3344:6 December
3181:6 December
3111:6 December
2770:6 December
2744:6 December
2673:BBC 2008,
2656:BBC 2008,
2513:BBC 2008,
2087:Port Sudan
2064:, a large
2022:Mabek Ngol
1968:Abyei Town
1873:Arop Moyak
1861:Incumbent
1789:referendum
1718:Upper Nile
1710:See also:
1687:See also:
1654:, and the
1576:(PCA), in
1300:Upper Nile
1296:Anyanya II
1074:Minister:
877:Government
629:Minister:
518:Abyei Area
393:Malik Agar
385:Chairman:
376:Presidency
266:Abyei Town
246:منطقة أبيي
238:Abyei Area
195:Population
161:Government
155:Abyei Town
44:منطقة أبيي
39:Abyei Area
4137:9°35′42″N
3958:Blue Nile
3812:Equatoria
3403:14 August
2987:7 January
2977:ALJAZEERA
2116:19 August
2034:Umm Geren
1992:Al Malamm
1989:Akechnial
1799:Structure
1754:Ethiopian
1620:Gary Born
1587:Line for
1578:The Hague
1358:Blue Nile
1328:Murahleen
1019:General:
1007:Elections
970:Governors
938:Judiciary
921:Speaker:
908:Speaker:
833:President
827:Executive
581:General:
569:Elections
556:Districts
513:Governors
447:Judiciary
370:Executive
214:UTC+02:00
209:Time zone
110:Countries
3998:Northern
3983:Khartoum
3592:Archived
3528:Archived
3217:21 March
3191:cite web
3080:Archived
3015:Archived
2981:Archived
2907:Archived
2903:BBC News
2879:cite web
2840:cite web
2712:Archived
2679:BBC News
2662:BBC News
2586:Archived
2519:BBC News
2413:Archived
2376:Archived
2265:Archived
1995:Awolnhom
1706:Protests
1696:Khartoum
1635:Messiria
1451:Messiria
1287:Khartoum
1279:Babanusa
1264:Kordofan
1244:Messiria
1165:(UNISFA)
1144:(UNMISS)
1103:Passport
977:Counties
725:(UNAMID)
707:(UNISFA)
653:Passport
645:in Sudan
536:Regions
526:(UNISFA)
409:(acting)
289:Kordofan
103:Location
4008:Red Sea
3978:Kassala
3876:Jonglei
3484:4 April
3459:4 April
3433:4 April
3266:16 July
3239:16 July
2939:23 July
2913:22 July
2869:22 July
2830:22 July
2797:22 July
2344:22 July
2242:23 July
2212:22 July
2091:Red Sea
2089:on the
2046:Tajalei
2040:Lou/Leu
1998:Bargnop
1977:Abathok
1858:Tenure
1730:Malakal
1506:Decided
1403:of the
1395:of the
1283:Anyanya
1248:nomadic
1154:(UNMIS)
696:(UNMIS)
415:Cabinet
300:History
225:Website
203:124,390
4018:Sennar
3973:Gezira
3897:Ruweng
3859:States
3820:States
3775:Warrap
3758:States
3650:
3509:1 July
3155:31 May
3133:31 May
3086:25 May
3055:25 May
3021:22 May
2305:
2299:30 May
2079:Heglig
2028:Mokwei
2016:Langar
2010:Dungob
2004:Dokura
2001:Dakjur
1986:Athony
1864:Party
1722:Warrap
1315:rebels
1252:Muglad
1242:. The
1163:Abyei
1142:Sudan
987:Cities
705:Abyei
508:States
242:Arabic
132:
120:
3866:Unity
3798:Abyei
3780:Lakes
3638:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3363:(PDF)
2863:(PDF)
2856:(PDF)
2824:(PDF)
2817:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2731:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2083:Unity
2043:Kolom
2031:Noong
2019:Lukji
1983:Amiet
1676:Dinka
1486:Court
1236:Dinka
982:Payam
285:Dinka
254:Sudan
135:Sudan
3646:2007
3511:2020
3486:2017
3461:2017
3435:2017
3405:2016
3375:2018
3346:2011
3320:2018
3294:2018
3268:2011
3241:2011
3219:2017
3197:link
3183:2011
3157:2011
3135:2011
3113:2011
3088:2011
3057:2011
3023:2011
2989:2011
2941:2009
2915:2009
2885:link
2871:2009
2846:link
2832:2009
2799:2009
2772:2011
2746:2011
2645:IRIN
2570:IRIN
2502:IRIN
2458:IRIN
2346:2009
2301:2011
2244:2009
2214:2009
2144:2012
2118:2024
2081:and
2066:rift
2013:Fyok
2007:Duop
1980:Alal
1973:Agok
1954:SPLM
1939:SPLM
1923:SPLM
1908:SPLM
1893:SPLM
1878:SPLM
1829:The
1822:The
1813:SPLM
1720:and
1611:and
1356:and
1246:, a
1223:The
1040:2011
1027:2026
1021:2010
992:Boma
594:next
588:2015
583:2010
272:and
252:and
236:The
182:Area
88:Seal
78:Flag
3076:BBC
3011:BBC
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