483:, effectively conceding defeat; meanwhile, Zeno and Acacius actively pursued the widespread adoption of the Henoticon throughout the East. Some (probably biased) sources say that Acacius, together with Zeno, began a brutal policy of violence and persecution, directed mainly against his old opponents, the monks, in order to achieve the general acceptance of the Henoticon. The condemnation of Acacius made in the name of the Pope, was repeated in the name of the Council of Chalcedon, and the schism was complete in 485. Acacius disregarded the sentence to the day of his death in 489, which was followed by those of Mongus in 490 and Zeno in 491.
317:. Acacius initially hesitated to add his name to the list of Asiatic bishops who had previously signed the encyclical. However, he reconsidered this position and became actively involved in the debate after receiving a letter from Pope Simplicius. The pope had been alerted to Acacius' uncertain stance by the vigilant monastic party. This sudden change of allegiance improved his reputation among the public and gained him favour with the Chalcedonian faction, especially among the different monastic groups in the East, due to his overt commitment to sound
332:, who was in exile until Acacius' opposition, regained the throne he had lost; and Basiliscus, after abject and futile concessions to the ecclesiastical power, was handed over to him (as tradition has it) by Acacius, having taken refuge in his church in 477. At this point, the relations between Zeno, Acacius and Simplicius seem to have been friendly. They agreed on the need to take vigorous measures to confirm the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, and for a time they acted in unison.
448:, a synod convened and vehemently denounced their actions. They were subsequently deposed and excommunicated. Furthermore, a new anathema was issued against Mongus, and Acacius was irrevocably excommunicated for his association with Mongus, for exceeding the limits of his jurisdiction, and for refusing to answer the charges of Talaia at Rome; but no direct heretical opinion was proved or urged against him. Acacius was condemned by Pope Felix for committing a
859:
888:
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the
Incarnation. However, it remains uncertain whether Acacius, who was now in opposition to the Chalcedonians, or later, in his attempts at compromise, was anything more complex than a politician trying to achieve his own personal ends. He lacked a consistent understanding of theological principles and had a gambler's mindset, playing solely for influence. Ultimately, Basiliscus was defeated.
437:, zealously championed Talaia's cause and sent two bishops, Vitalis and Misenus, to Constantinople with letters to Zeno and Acacius, demanding that the latter return to Rome to answer the charges brought against him by Talaia (Felix, Epp. 1, 2). The mission completely failed. Vitalis and Misenus were persuaded to publicly communicate (i.e. receive
475:
of double excommunication to
Acacius. Acacius declined to accept the documents presented by Tutus and demonstrated his defiance of the authority of the Roman See and the Synod that had condemned him by erasing Pope Felix's name from the diptychs. Despite the threats from Felix, there were hardly any
362:
This occasion gave
Acacius his long-awaited opportunity to claim honour and jurisdiction over the whole of the East, freeing the bishops of the capital from responsibility to the sees of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and the Roman Pontiff. Acacius, having fully won over Zeno, advised the emperor to
324:
The main reason for
Acacius' sudden surge in popularity was his skillful ability to lead the movement which Daniel the Stylite was both the leader and inspiration of. The uproar was undoubtedly spontaneous among the monastic promoters and the general public who genuinely abhorred Eutychian views on
358:
Both candidates had notable drawbacks. Mongus had been a Non-Chalcedonian, and Talaia was bound by a solemn promise to the
Emperor not to seek or (it would seem) accept the Patriarchate. Talaia immediately sought and obtained the support of Simplicius, and offended Acacius. Mongus assured Acacius
869:
486:
His successor, Fravitas (Flavitas, Flavianus), entered into negotiations with Felix during a very brief patriarchate, but to no avail. The policy of
Acacius failed when he could no longer implement it. In a short span of years, all his efforts were undone. The Henoticon was unsuccessful in
421:
Peter Mongus accepted the
Henoticon and was confirmed in his position. John Talaia refused to accept it and withdrew to Rome, where his support was taken up with great vigour by letters from Pope Simplicius urging Acacius to control the spread of
417:
were accepted. The teachings of
Chalcedon were not repudiated, but rather simply ignored; Jesus Christ was described as the "only-begotten Son of God ... one and not two", and there was no explicit reference to the two natures.
878:
381:
Shortly after, Acacius prepared a document, or set of articles, which was at once a creed and an instrument of reunion, as his way of claiming jurisdiction over the whole of the East. This document, known to
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in 471. The initial five to six years of his episcopate were unremarkable. However, he soon became embroiled in controversies which lasted throughout his patriarchate, culminating in a thirty-five-year
898:
463:
Felix sent the sentence to
Acacius, and at the same time wrote to Zeno and to the Church of Constantinople, ordering everyone to separate from the deposed Patriarch on pain of
248:
took notice of his abilities and, using the skills of an accomplished courtier, gained considerable influence over him, leading to his succession as
Patriarch on the death of
309:, the non-Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria under the protection of Basiliscus since 476, had already induced Basiliscus to issue an encyclical or imperial proclamation (
355:, in 482. Simplicus objected to Peter Mongus' appointment due to his affiliation with the Non-Chalcedonian party of Alexandria and declared his support for John Talaia.
1019:
795:, in his Mémoires, vol. xvi., but with a natural bias towards the Roman side. The original documents, exclusive of the histories of Evagrius, Theophanes, and
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542:
543:"30 Hatour - Hatur Month - Coptic Synaxarium (Coptic Orthodox Calendar: Daily Synaxarion) - Saint Tekle Haymanot Coptic Orthodox Website - Alex, Egypt"
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support Mongus, despite Simplicius' strong opposition. Acacius then sent envoys to discuss the terms of reunion for all the churches of the East.
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between the two sees, which continued after Acacius's death. The schism extended throughout the tumultuous reign of the Byzantine emperor
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Basiliscus retracted his offensive decree through a counter-proclamation, but his submission did not save him. Subsequently, the emperor
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238:, which he administered with conspicuous success. Suidas describes him as magnificent, generous, suave, noble, courtly, and showy.
344:, thus exceeding the proper limits of his jurisdiction. Nevertheless, Pope Simplicius accepted the appointment, citing necessity.
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185:. Though the Henotikon aimed to resolve the conflict surrounding the Chalcedon council's orthodoxy, it ultimately failed.
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401:) as the common, definitive and unified symbol or expression of faith. All other symbola or mathemata were rejected;
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celebrates The Departure of St. Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople on the 30th of the Coptic month of Hatour.
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practical consequences, as the majority of Eastern Christians continued to remain in communion with Acacius.
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He sought, first, to restore the unity of the Church, which had been divided by the divisions caused by the
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that, if confirmed in his post, he would be able to heal the divisions caused by the dispute.
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276:. In terms of his actions, he seems to have behaved more like a statesman than a theologian.
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441:) with Acacius and the representatives of Mongus. In shame, they returned to Italy in 484.
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controversy. His controversial attempts at healing the theological divisions led to the
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Habe ergo cum his ... portionem S. Spiritus judicio et apostolica auctoritate damnatus
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The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
498:, and the condemnation of Acacius was recognised by the Church of Constantinople.
393:
The Henotikon edict of 482 affirmed the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (i.e. the
151:
and his being condemned by the Chalcedonian churches. He is revered as a saint in
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919:
464:
394:
290:
949:, in: David G. Hunter, Paul J.J. van Geest, Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte (eds.):
879:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
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Trouble erupted when the Non-Chalcedonian party of Alexandria tried to install
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853:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 732–733.
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has given a detailed history of the whole controversy, up to the death of
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234:, or an official entrusted with the care of the orphans, in the Church of
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by asserting its independence from Rome and extending its influence over
862: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in the East and was renowned for his ambitious participation in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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430:. The letters were in vain, and Simplicius died soon afterwards.
321:. He even received a letter of endorsement from Pope Simplicius.
298:
273:
140:
305:, he led the opposition against the usurped emperor Basiliscus.
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925:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
472:
456:). He was subsequently subjected to perpetual excommunication (
423:
189:
considered Acacius' slighting of Chalcedon and his predecessor
335:
79:
25:
523:
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Acacius gained enthusiastic popular support and praise from
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799:, are for the most part collected in the 58th volume of
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Allied opposition against Basilicus and Timothy Aelerus
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16:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 472 to 489
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Acacius first appearers in authentic history as the
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565:
264:; and, secondly, to increase the authority of his
907:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
471:, Tutus, was appointed to personally deliver the
2512:
951:Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online
135:: Ἀκάκιος; died 26 November 489) served as the
487:reestablishing unity in the East, and in 519,
139:from 472 to 489. He was practically the first
1013:
293:due to his opposition to the usurped emperor
2531:Ancient Christians involved in controversies
223:
727:cites Liberat. c. 17; Evagr. H. E. iii. 12.
279:
1020:
1006:
918:
529:
336:Disputes over Peter Mongus and John Talaia
763:cites Evagr. H. E. iii. 21; Felix, Ep. 6.
2521:5th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
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458:nunquamque anathematis vinculis exuendus
193:to be an affront to the prestige of his
1029:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
2513:
597:
595:
367:Henotikon Edict and the Acacian Schism
137:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
91:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
1001:
899:Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople
882:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
870:Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople
257:between the East and West churches.
964:Titles of Chalcedonian Christianity
592:
409:were unequivocally condemned in an
13:
177:, accepted the Twelve Chapters of
14:
2547:
901:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
313:) condemning the teaching of the
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340:In 479, Acacius consecrated the
69:30 of the Coptic Month of Hathor
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413:, while the Twelve Chapters of
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169:Edict in 482, which condemned
1:
897:Clifford, Cornelius (1907). "
876:; Piercy, William C. (eds.).
501:
2421:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1892:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1305:Patriarchs of Constantinople
7:
980:Patriarch of Constantinople
751:cites Simplic. Epp. 18, 19.
739:cites Evagr. H. E. iii. 14.
715:cites Simplic. Epp. 14, 15.
467:. Meanwhile, an additional
450:sin against the Holy Spirit
37:Patriarch of Constantinople
10:
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1199:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
370:
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1891:
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1038:
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955:Acacius of Constantinople
947:Acacius of Constantinople
868:Westcott, B. F. (1911). "
687:cites Simplic. Epp. 5, 6.
452:and apostolic authority (
351:as patriarch, instead of
224:Early life and episcopate
205:and was only resolved by
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95:
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85:Acacius of Constantinople
77:
63:
49:
41:
36:
23:
479:Talaia agreed to become
280:Chalcedonian controversy
2500:Christianity portal
850:Encyclopædia Britannica
2427:period, since 1923 AD)
813:, Konz. Gesch. Bd. ii.
444:Upon their arrival in
218:Coptic Orthodox Church
58:Coptic Orthodox Church
1898:period, 1453–1923 AD)
904:Catholic Encyclopedia
775:cites Epp. 9, 10, 12.
1311:period, 451–1453 AD)
342:Patriarch of Antioch
315:Council of Chalcedon
183:Chalcedon Definition
158:Acacius advised the
121:Eastern Christianity
2227:Callinicus IV (III)
532:, pp. 194–202.
415:Cyril of Alexandria
179:Cyril of Alexandria
1048:period, 38–330 AD)
943:Dietmar W. Winkler
793:Patriarch Fravitta
675:i. 7, p. 195.
668:pp. 104 ff.;
604:cites Suidas, l.c.
303:Daniel the Stylite
153:Oriental Orthodoxy
54:Oriental Orthodoxy
2508:
2507:
2287:Callinicus V (IV)
1256:John I Chrysostom
996:
995:
987:Succeeded by
935:978-0-88-141056-3
699:cites Theophanes
673:Bellum Vandalicum
657:H. E. iii. 4 ff.
489:Byzantine Emperor
426:elsewhere and in
262:Eutychian debates
160:Byzantine emperor
126:
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73:
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50:Venerated in
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297:. Alongside the
181:and ignored the
112:Personal details
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1196:Constantinople
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520:, p. 732.
506:
505:
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496:Pope Hormisdas
481:Bishop of Nola
439:Holy Communion
435:Pope Felix III
399:Constantinople
377:Acacian schism
368:
365:
337:
334:
286:
283:
281:
278:
236:Constantinople
231:orphanotrophos
225:
222:
211:Pope Hormisdas
187:Pope Felix III
149:Acacian schism
124:
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2402:Constantine V
2400:
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2322:Constantius I
2320:
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2277:Gerasimus III
2275:
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2272:Neophytus VII
2270:
2268:
2265:
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2260:
2258:
2257:Sophronius II
2255:
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2252:Theodosius II
2250:
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2156:
2155:Callinicus II
2153:
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2148:
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2145:Athanasius IV
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Methodius III
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Dionysius III
2118:
2116:
2115:Parthenius IV
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
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2090:Joannicius II
2088:
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2085:Parthenius II
2083:
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2075:Neophytus III
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Theoleptus II
2008:
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1911:
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1883:Athanasius II
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1763:Nicephorus II
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Polycarpus II
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982:
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974:
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941:
937:
931:
927:
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917:
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906:
905:
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894:
893:public domain
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
865:
864:public domain
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
837:
836:public domain
825:
824:
823:
822:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Westcott 1911
781:
774:
773:Westcott 1911
769:
762:
761:Westcott 1911
757:
750:
749:Westcott 1911
745:
738:
737:Westcott 1911
733:
726:
725:Westcott 1911
721:
714:
713:Westcott 1911
709:
702:
698:
697:Westcott 1911
693:
686:
685:Westcott 1911
681:
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664:
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651:Westcott 1911
647:
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639:Westcott 1911
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623:
621:
619:
617:
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613:
611:
603:
602:Westcott 1911
598:
596:
588:
587:Clifford 1907
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
561:
557:
556:Westcott 1911
552:
544:
538:
531:
526:
519:
518:Chisholm 1911
514:
512:
507:
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484:
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477:
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459:
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440:
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277:
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267:
263:
258:
256:
251:
247:
244:
243:Roman Emperor
239:
237:
233:
232:
221:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:to issue the
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
81:
76:
68:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2486:in exile at
2397:Anthimus VII
2352:Meletius III
2317:Agathangelus
2307:Anthimus III
2217:Neophytus VI
2195:Jeremias III
2180:Athanasius V
2160:Neophytus IV
2140:Gerasimus II
2135:Dionysius IV
2080:Parthenius I
2035:Neophytus II
2025:Theophanes I
2005:Pachomius II
1985:Dionysius II
1980:Joannicius I
1970:Theoleptus I
1920:Sophronius I
1905:Gennadius II
1863:Euthymius II
1853:Callistus II
1788:Athanasius I
1768:Germanus III
1748:Methodius II
1688:Theodosius I
1658:Theodotus II
1628:Nicholas III
1583:Sisinnius II
1493:Nicephorus I
1448:Callinicus I
1327:
1221:Macedonius I
1140:Philadelphus
1070:Polycarpus I
978:
950:
946:
924:
913:Bibliography
902:
877:
848:
845:Monophysites
821:Attribution:
820:
819:
804:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
720:
708:
703:p. 110.
700:
692:
680:
672:
665:
646:
551:
537:
525:
494:deferred to
485:
478:
462:
457:
453:
443:
432:
420:
392:
380:
361:
357:
349:Peter Mongus
346:
339:
327:
323:
310:
288:
259:
240:
229:
227:
215:
203:Anastasius I
157:
145:Chalcedonian
128:
127:
117:Denomination
18:
2474:Bartholomew
2464:Athenagoras
2434:Gregory VII
2412:Meletius IV
2387:Dionysius V
2377:Joachim III
2357:Anthimus VI
2347:Germanus IV
2337:Anthimus IV
2312:Chrysanthus
2302:Eugenius II
2292:Jeremias IV
2247:Meletius II
2232:Seraphim II
2170:Neophytus V
2165:Gabriel III
2060:Anthimus II
2000:Jeremias II
1965:Pachomius I
1945:Maximus III
1935:Dionysius I
1878:Gregory III
1828:Callistus I
1808:Gerasimus I
1743:Germanus II
1728:Theodore II
1678:Michael III
1663:Neophytus I
1653:Nicholas IV
1578:Nicholas II
1558:Theophylact
1543:Εuthymius I
1513:Methodius I
1498:Theodotus I
1388:Cyriacus II
1323:Gennadius I
1271:Sisinnius I
1180:Metrophanes
1105:Athenodorus
1090:Eleutherius
1039:Bishops of
973:Gennadius I
874:Wace, Henry
809:. See also
384:theologians
353:John Talaia
2526:489 deaths
2515:Categories
2449:Photius II
2407:Germanus V
2382:Joachim IV
2367:Joachim II
2342:Anthimus V
2332:Gregory VI
2262:Gabriel IV
2212:Seraphim I
2207:Paisius II
2190:Cosmas III
2110:Gabriel II
2055:Gregory IV
2050:Timothy II
2040:Raphael II
2030:Meletius I
2015:Matthew II
1990:Joasaph II
1975:Jeremias I
1955:Maximus IV
1910:Isidore II
1833:Philotheus
1783:Gregory II
1733:Maximus II
1723:Michael IV
1698:Nicetas II
1643:Michael II
1623:Eustratius
1593:Eustathius
1588:Sergius II
1573:Αntony III
1563:Polyeuctus
1548:Stephen II
1538:Nicholas I
1468:Anastasius
1463:Germanus I
1433:Theodore I
1363:Anthimus I
1358:Epiphanius
1281:Maximianus
1236:Demophilus
1155:Eugenius I
1145:Cyriacus I
1130:Olympianus
806:Patrologia
663:Theophanes
502:References
428:Alexandria
295:Basiliscus
270:Alexandria
104:Term ended
2469:Demetrius
2459:Maximus V
2444:Basil III
2362:Cyril VII
2282:Gregory V
2267:Procopius
2175:Cyprianus
2100:Paisius I
2095:Cyril III
2020:Gabriel I
1960:Joachim I
1950:Nephon II
1940:Raphael I
1915:Joasaph I
1868:Joseph II
1858:Matthew I
1848:Antony IV
1823:Isidore I
1803:John XIII
1753:Manuel II
1713:George II
1708:Dositheus
1648:Cosmas II
1613:John VIII
1603:Michael I
1533:Antony II
1528:Stephen I
1523:Photios I
1478:Nicetas I
1418:Thomas II
1398:Sergius I
1373:Eutychius
1348:Timothy I
1338:Euphemius
1318:Anatolius
1309:Byzantine
1296:Anatolius
1276:Nestorius
1251:Nectarius
1246:Gregory I
1241:Maximus I
1206:Alexander
1185:Alexander
1041:Byzantium
797:Liberatus
789:Tillemont
701:Chronicle
670:Procopius
666:Chronicle
659:Theodoret
407:Nestorius
388:Henotikon
373:Henotikon
311:egkyklios
250:Gennadius
171:Nestorius
167:Henotikon
96:Installed
2454:Benjamin
2297:Cyril VI
2185:Cyril IV
2065:Cyril II
1930:Symeon I
1838:Macarius
1818:John XIV
1798:Nephon I
1793:John XII
1773:Joseph I
1758:Arsenius
1738:Μanuel I
1703:Leontius
1693:Basil II
1683:Chariton
1618:Cosmas I
1518:Ignatios
1508:John VII
1503:Antony I
1488:Tarasius
1443:Paul III
1438:George I
1393:Thomas I
1378:John III
1333:Fravitta
1261:Arsacius
1231:Evagrius
1226:Eudoxius
1216:Eusebius
1165:Dometius
1150:Castinus
1135:Marcus I
1125:Pertinax
1115:Laurence
1085:Diogenes
1080:Sedecion
1075:Plutarch
1065:Onesimus
990:Fravitta
922:(1989).
655:Evagrius
492:Justin I
411:anathema
403:Eutyches
319:doctrine
213:in 519.
207:Justin I
199:a schism
175:Eutyches
2425:Turkish
2222:Cyril V
2125:Clement
2045:Cyril I
1925:Mark II
1896:Ottoman
1778:John XI
1633:John IX
1598:Alexius
1568:Βasil I
1553:Tryphon
1483:Paul IV
1458:John VI
1408:Paul II
1403:Pyrrhus
1383:John IV
1353:John II
1328:Acacius
1291:Flavian
1286:Proclus
1266:Atticus
1170:Rufinus
1120:Alypius
1060:Stachys
895::
866::
838::
386:as the
299:Stylite
274:Antioch
141:prelate
129:Acacius
31:Acacius
2488:Nicaea
2242:Samuel
1813:Isaias
1718:John X
1423:John V
1211:Paul I
1175:Probus
1110:Euzois
1055:Andrew
932:
872:". In
832:
811:Hefele
787:notes
653:cites
562:, s.v.
560:Suidas
558:cites
473:decree
424:heresy
301:monk,
255:schism
209:under
2150:James
1843:Nilus
1453:Cyrus
1413:Peter
1368:Menas
1160:Titus
1095:Felix
1046:Roman
801:Migne
469:envoy
246:Leo I
133:Greek
80:Saint
65:Feast
26:Saint
1673:Luke
930:ISBN
446:Rome
405:and
375:and
330:Zeno
272:and
241:The
216:The
173:and
163:Zeno
42:Died
1638:Leo
847:".
803:'s
460:).
266:See
195:See
191:Leo
107:489
99:472
45:489
2517::
953:.
945::
609:^
594:^
567:^
510:^
155:.
2423:(
2203:)
2199:(
1894:(
1307:(
1044:(
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
938:.
641:.
589:.
545:.
131:(
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