737:
676:
182:
698:
159:
494:
637:
758:
460:
571:
35:
525:
822:
Period that may belong to acanthomorphs, but the oldest body fossils from this taxon are only known from the middle of the
Cretaceous Period, about 100 million years ago. Acanthomorphs from the early Late Cretaceous were small, typically about 4 centimeters long, and fairly rare. Toward the
333:
A key anatomical innovation in acanthomorphs is hollow and unsegmented spines at the anterior edge of the dorsal and anal fins. A fish can extend these sharp bony spines to protect itself from predators, but can also retract them to decrease drag when swimming. Another shared feature is a
918:
Chen, Wei-Jen; Bonillo, CĂ©line; Lecointre, Guillaume (2003). "Repeatability of clades as a criterion of reliability: a case study for molecular phylogeny of
Acanthomorpha (Teleostei) with larger number of taxa".
356:. Those fossils share several details of the skeleton, and especially of the skull, with modern acanthomorphs. Originally based on anatomy, Acanthomorpha has been borne out by more recent molecular analyses.
827:
era, they exploded in an adaptive radiation, so by the time their fossils begin appear more frequently in Eocene-aged strata, they had reached their modern diversity of 300 families.
334:
particular rostral cartilage, associated with ligaments attached to the rostrum and premaxilla, that enables the fish to protrude its jaws considerably to catch food.
1027:
Near, Thomas J.; Eytan, Ron I.; Dornburg, Alex; Kuhn, Kristen L.; Moore, Jon A.; Davis, Matthew P.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Friedman, Matt; Smith, W. Leo (2012).
856:"The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018"
1303:
1148:
57:
1199:
894:
Rosen, Donn Eric (1973), "Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes", in
Greenwood, P.H.; Miles, R.S.; Patterson, Colin (eds.),
44:
1204:
1255:
Antczak, Mateusz; Bodzioch, Adam (January 2018). "Diversity of Fish Scales in Late
Triassic Deposits of KrasiejĂłw (SW Poland)".
1398:
394:(spanning the likely origins of a number of modern taxa) before a second explosion in fossil abundance and diversity in the
1240:
963:
903:
370:
of
Lebanon, and were considered as such for over a century until slightly older remains were identified from the end-
1177:
830:
Recently discovered fish scales from Poland suggest that the oldest acanthomorphs occurred in the Late
Triassic.
1315:
1231:
Stewart, J.D. (1996), "Cretaceous acanthomorphs of North
America", in Arratia, Gloria; Viohl, GĂĽnter (eds.),
1106:
181:
399:
1159:
378:. Early acanthomorph fossils are diverse and well-preserved in formations from the early part of the
340:
coined the name in 1973 to describe a clade comprising
Acanthopterygii, Paracanthopterygii, and also
1393:
1209:
736:
955:
330:
contains about one-third of the world's modern species of vertebrates: over 14,000 species.
1343:
1042:
8:
49:
1347:
1046:
675:
1366:
1331:
1280:
1124:
1089:
1065:
1028:
855:
691:
473:
341:
289:
277:
176:
932:
818:, calcium carbonate structures that form the ears of fishes, have been found from the
1371:
1284:
1272:
1236:
1129:
1070:
936:
899:
873:
367:
53:
1332:"Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes"
1361:
1351:
1264:
1119:
1111:
1101:
1060:
1050:
928:
863:
731:
548:
649:
631:
379:
337:
301:
295:
1336:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
854:
Friedman, Matt; Andrews, James V.; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16).
487:
441:
435:
223:
1387:
1276:
877:
697:
387:
360:
236:
116:
1356:
1055:
23:
is also a descriptive name for a subgroup of the microscopic fossils called
1375:
1133:
1074:
940:
670:
283:
1115:
868:
752:
493:
411:
398:. This mysterious gap is known as "Patterson's Gap" after paleontologist
268:
166:
158:
91:
1003:
1029:"Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification"
564:
453:
364:
345:
136:
101:
1268:
953:
636:
519:
391:
383:
193:
141:
24:
824:
819:
757:
459:
213:
131:
126:
111:
106:
96:
815:
445:
323:
319:
146:
121:
1329:
570:
395:
375:
371:
203:
524:
327:
315:
1033:
853:
449:
1090:"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes"
809:
966:, Paris – UMR 7138, Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution
314:(meaning "thorn-shaped") is an extraordinarily diverse
1200:"Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4"
1178:"Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes"
1107:
10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288
1026:
1149:"Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)"
917:
359:
The oldest acanthomorphs were initially reported by
274:
265:
1330:TJ Near; A Dornburg; RI Eytan; et al. (2013).
1197:
19:This article is about a group of ray-finned fish.
1385:
1235:, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 383–394,
1254:
1233:Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology
849:
847:
1304:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
386:, but become exceedingly rare throughout the
1001:
982:
980:
954:acanthomorphs group, of the phylogeny team,
1224:
889:
887:
844:
1175:
1146:
1087:
157:
45:Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes
1365:
1355:
1123:
1105:
1064:
1054:
977:
947:
867:
1301:
1198:Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2016).
884:
1230:
1020:
1002:Johnson, G. David; Wiley, E.O. (2007),
911:
42:It has been suggested that portions of
1386:
986:
810:Fossil record and evolutionary history
995:
921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
893:
898:, Academic Press, pp. 397–513,
28:
402:, who first identified it in 1993.
13:
1308:Bulletins of American Paleontology
14:
1410:
1176:Betancur-R; et al. (2013).
1147:Betancur-R; et al. (2013).
1088:Betancur-R; et al. (2013).
756:
735:
696:
674:
635:
569:
523:
492:
458:
180:
89:
33:
1248:
1191:
1169:
734:(squirrelfish; soldier fishes)
1140:
1081:
694:(pinecone fishes; slimeheads)
1:
1399:Taxa named by Donn Eric Rosen
956:"What are the acanthomorphs?"
933:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00371-8
833:
896:Interrelationships of Fishes
405:
7:
1158:(Edition 1). Archived from
382:from the Cenomanian to the
10:
1415:
1185:PLOS Currents Tree of Life
1156:PLOS Currents Tree of Life
1094:PLOS Currents Tree of Life
991:, Henry Holt & Company
673:(alfonsinos; whalefishes)
18:
989:Discovering fossil fishes
750:
729:
721:
689:
668:
661:
653:
629:
621:
562:
551:(tube-eyes, thread-fins)
546:
539:
517:
509:
485:
477:
439:
429:
422:
261:
256:
177:Scientific classification
175:
165:
156:
80:
1257:Paleontological Research
1008:Tree of Life Web Project
987:Maisey, John G. (1996),
410:The phylogeny of living
1357:10.1073/pnas.1304661110
1302:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
1056:10.1073/pnas.1206625109
1314:: 560. Archived from
727:Holocentrimorphaceae
869:10.20341/gb.2023.002
56:into this article. (
1348:2013PNAS..11012738N
1342:(31): 12738–12743.
1047:2012PNAS..10913698N
1041:(34): 13698–13703.
692:Trachichthyiformes
627:Polymixiipterygii
474:Paracanthopterygii
322:fishes with spiny
290:Paracanthopterygii
278:Ctenothrissiformes
1269:10.2517/2017pr012
860:Geologica Belgica
823:beginning of the
806:
805:
797:
796:
788:
787:
779:
778:
770:
769:
710:
709:
659:Berycimorphaceae
610:
609:
601:
600:
592:
591:
583:
582:
368:Sannine Formation
344:fossils from the
309:
308:
296:Polymixiipterygii
252:
170:(P. omiscomaycus)
74:
73:
1406:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1289:
1288:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1109:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
999:
993:
992:
984:
975:
974:
973:
971:
951:
945:
944:
915:
909:
908:
891:
882:
881:
871:
851:
761:
760:
739:
732:Holocentriformes
724:
723:
701:
700:
678:
664:
663:
656:
655:
639:
624:
623:
574:
573:
549:Stylephoriformes
542:
541:
527:
512:
511:
497:
496:
480:
479:
463:
462:
432:
431:
425:
424:
417:
416:
348:period, such as
342:ctenothrissiform
276:
267:
250:
185:
184:
161:
151:
88:
84:Temporal range:
78:
77:
69:
66:
37:
36:
29:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1321:
1319:
1292:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1212:on 11 July 2017
1196:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1086:
1082:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1004:"Acanthomorpha"
1000:
996:
985:
978:
969:
967:
952:
948:
916:
912:
906:
892:
885:
852:
845:
836:
812:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
755:
711:
695:
650:Acanthopterygii
632:Polymixiiformes
611:
602:
593:
584:
568:
491:
490:(troutperches)
457:
408:
400:Colin Patterson
380:Late Cretaceous
302:Acanthopterygii
249:
179:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
86:
85:
82:
70:
64:
61:
38:
34:
27:
17:
16:Clade of fishes
12:
11:
5:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1327:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1247:
1241:
1223:
1190:
1168:
1165:on 2013-10-21.
1139:
1116:2027.42/150563
1080:
1019:
994:
976:
946:
927:(2): 262–288.
910:
904:
883:
842:
835:
832:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
791:
790:
786:
785:
782:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
768:
767:
764:
763:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
728:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
667:
662:
660:
654:
652:
646:
645:
642:
641:
628:
622:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
576:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
516:
510:
508:
504:
503:
500:
499:
488:Percopsiformes
484:
478:
476:
470:
469:
466:
465:
442:Lampridiformes
438:
436:Lampripterygii
430:
428:
423:
421:
420:Acanthomorpha
415:
407:
404:
307:
306:
305:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
271:
259:
258:
254:
253:
244:
240:
239:
234:
227:
226:
224:Actinopterygii
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
173:
172:
163:
162:
154:
153:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
87:Albian–present
83:
72:
71:
41:
39:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Acanthomorpha
1392:
1391:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1318:on 2011-07-23
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(1): 91–100.
1262:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1242:3-923871-90-2
1238:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:(Edition 1).
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
983:
981:
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
907:
905:0-12-300850-6
901:
897:
890:
888:
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
850:
848:
843:
841:
840:
831:
828:
826:
821:
817:
802:
801:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
762:
759:
754:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
738:
733:
726:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
706:
705:
702:
699:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
677:
672:
666:
665:
658:
657:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
638:
633:
626:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
606:
605:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
575:
572:
566:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
550:
544:
543:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
526:
521:
514:
513:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
489:
482:
481:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
419:
418:
414:
413:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Maastrichtian
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
361:Louis Agassiz
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Acanthomorpha
303:
299:
297:
293:
291:
287:
285:
281:
279:
272:
270:
263:
262:
260:
257:Subdivisions
255:
248:
247:Acanthomorpha
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:Ctenosquamata
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
160:
155:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
81:Acanthomorpha
79:
76:
68:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
40:
31:
30:
26:
22:
1339:
1335:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1311:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1203:
1193:
1187:(Edition 1).
1184:
1171:
1160:the original
1155:
1142:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1011:, retrieved
1007:
997:
988:
968:, retrieved
959:
949:
924:
920:
913:
895:
859:
838:
837:
829:
813:
751:
730:
690:
671:Beryciformes
669:
634:(beardfish)
630:
563:
547:
518:
507:Zeiogadaria
486:
483:Percopsaria
440:
409:
358:
354:Ctenothrissa
353:
349:
336:
332:
311:
310:
284:Lamprimorpha
246:
243:(unranked):
230:
169:
75:
65:January 2020
62:
52:from it and
43:
21:Acanthomorph
20:
1216:30 December
1013:October 24,
970:October 24,
753:Percomorpha
412:bony fishes
300:Superorder
294:Superorder
288:Superorder
282:Superorder
269:Asineopidae
251:Rosen, 1973
167:Trout-perch
1388:Categories
1322:2011-05-17
960:AcanthoWeb
834:References
565:Gadiformes
454:ribbonfish
365:Cenomanian
346:Cretaceous
25:acritarchs
1285:133634757
1277:1342-8144
878:1374-8505
537:Gadariae
522:(dories)
520:Zeiformes
515:Zeiariae
406:Phylogeny
392:Paleocene
384:Campanian
363:from the
350:Aulolepis
200:Kingdom:
194:Eukaryota
1376:23858462
1134:23653398
1075:22869754
941:12565036
825:Cenozoic
820:Jurassic
816:otoliths
390:and the
324:fin rays
214:Chordata
210:Phylum:
204:Animalia
190:Domain:
1367:3732986
1344:Bibcode
1295:Sources
1205:Deepfin
1125:3644299
1066:3427055
1043:Bibcode
567:(cods)
446:oarfish
320:teleost
264:Family
220:Class:
58:Discuss
1374:
1364:
1283:
1275:
1239:
1132:
1122:
1073:
1063:
939:
902:
876:
396:Eocene
376:Mexico
372:Albian
326:. The
273:Order
54:merged
1281:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
839:Notes
814:Some
338:Rosen
328:clade
316:taxon
231:Clade
50:split
1372:PMID
1273:ISSN
1237:ISBN
1218:2016
1130:PMID
1071:PMID
1034:PNAS
1015:2012
972:2012
964:UPMC
937:PMID
900:ISBN
874:ISSN
450:opah
352:and
92:Preęž’
1362:PMC
1352:doi
1340:110
1312:364
1265:doi
1120:PMC
1112:hdl
1102:doi
1061:PMC
1051:doi
1039:109
929:doi
864:doi
374:of
318:of
60:)
48:be
1390::
1370:.
1360:.
1350:.
1338:.
1334:.
1310:.
1306:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:22
1259:.
1202:.
1183:.
1154:.
1128:.
1118:.
1110:.
1096:.
1092:.
1069:.
1059:.
1049:.
1037:.
1031:.
1006:,
979:^
962:,
958:,
935:.
925:26
923:.
886:^
872:.
862:.
858:.
846:^
456:)
452:,
448:,
233::
142:Pg
1378:.
1354::
1346::
1325:.
1287:.
1267::
1220:.
1136:.
1114::
1104::
1098:5
1077:.
1053::
1045::
943:.
931::
880:.
866::
444:(
275:â€
266:â€
147:N
137:K
132:J
127:T
122:P
117:C
112:D
107:S
102:O
97:ęž’
67:)
63:(
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