731:+Because of the extraordinary and remarkable distinctiveness of the fishes that are higher spiny rayed, roughly fourteen thousand eight hundred species in two hundred sixty seven families – it is a commendation to their outstanding suite of adaptations that they are in general acknowledged as a coherent group (Figure 2). Generalities beyond question can be made concerning the group in its entirety as well as the essential qualities that define the group, even though discussions and debates concerning taxonomic position and relationships among the different families and orders abounds. A number of families of acanthopterygians share two chief and principal innovations 1. In this group, protractibility and upper jaw movement are predominant. This is attained through the process known as ascending process or the progress and development of a dorsal extension of the premaxilla's anterior tip. This ascending process moves smoothly beside the rostral cartilage hitting the upper jaw further and down. A camlike link between the maxilla and premaxilla aids protrusion, wherein the maxilla rotates and helps push the premaxilla forward
809:
1072:
995:
1399:
124:
830:
1556:
1588:
1455:
2714:
1511:
3706:
3688:
1490:
102:
1616:
1637:
903:
974:
3718:
931:
1222:
739:
720:
Figure 1 shows two very different hypotheses or interpretations, in the form of cladograms, of relationships among acanthopterygians, spiny-rayed fishes: Figure A from Nelson (2006) and B from
Johnson and Patterson (1993B). Both agree on the major composition of the superorder Acanthopterygii, but
746:
Acanthopterygians likewise usually have: ctenoid scales; an evidently symmetrical tail fin kept up by fused basal elements; maxilla excluded from the gape; a physoclistous gas bladder; anal and pelvic fins with spines; two apparent and evident dorsal fins wherein the first one is spiny while the
734:
2. The highest level of development is attained by pharyngeal dentition and action. In the pharyngeal apparatus, a redistribution of the muscles and bones’ attachments aids the pharyngeal apparatus. The retractor dorsalis muscle now placed on the 3rd pharyngobranchial curve,
755:
Several other trends in locomotion, feeding and predator protection identify and distinguish the fishes that are higher spiny-rayed and manifest growing change in the course of acanthopterygian phylogeny. A significant thing to remember is that these are the revolutionary and different from the
747:
second one is soft-rayed; pelvic fins located towards the front consisting of one leading spine as well as five or a smaller numbers of soft rays and pectoral fins situated next to the body; and an apparently evenly shaped tail fin assisted by combined or merged basal elements.
725:
721:
significant differences include the placement of the mugiliform mullets and atheriniform silversides at the base of the lineage in A, whereas in B, those groups are considered higher, percomorph taxa.
224:. Members of this superorder are sometimes called ray-finned fishes for the characteristic sharp, bony rays in their fins; however this name is often given to the class Actinopterygii as a whole.
1809:
2505:
2530:
2485:
2555:
2515:
2500:
300:
2520:
3418:
2615:
1893:
282:
237:
3160:
1898:
318:
1967:
3813:
1816:
1792:
3818:
2987:
756:
fishes today, exercising control over the deep, rich natural environment of the marine and a number of lake habitats.
3017:
2671:
2608:
735:
pharyngeal jaws that are on the upper are likewise kept up essentially by the 2nd and 3rd epibranchial bones.
123:
3722:
2756:
1960:
808:
3800:
2656:
3408:
3135:
3105:
2992:
2601:
420:
3869:
3778:
3681:
3674:
3641:
3383:
3055:
2736:
3864:
3691:
3450:
1071:
3669:
3651:
3213:
2962:
2713:
1953:
3831:
3740:
3631:
3455:
3440:
3263:
2982:
2871:
1903:
1774:
3826:
3661:
3646:
3155:
2972:
3841:
3787:
3656:
2952:
1945:
110:
8:
3445:
3388:
3188:
3075:
2864:
2238:
3792:
3805:
3027:
2455:
2380:
2334:
2185:
1869:
1842:
1323:
824:
715:
416:
261:
118:
3373:
3278:
3183:
3095:
3090:
3037:
2844:
2651:
2641:
2550:
2157:
2149:
1874:
1788:
1631:
1212:
925:
678:
482:
306:
3115:
3060:
3022:
2977:
2935:
2859:
2646:
2560:
2535:
2420:
2385:
2190:
2134:
2090:
2061:
1928:
1864:
1854:
1780:
1484:
1196:
1134:
871:
738:
521:
476:
458:
438:
267:
3332:
3312:
3140:
3127:
3110:
3065:
2947:
2886:
2810:
2805:
2741:
2728:
2698:
2570:
2510:
2470:
2410:
2246:
1379:
989:
633:
605:
500:
386:
994:
3608:
3581:
3473:
3465:
3398:
3368:
3307:
3289:
3243:
3233:
2837:
2790:
2450:
2425:
2395:
2342:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2228:
2220:
2162:
1977:
1550:
1398:
1338:
1149:
619:
591:
553:
549:
529:
472:
396:
221:
165:
1555:
829:
3858:
3763:
3710:
3613:
3527:
3347:
3322:
3317:
3273:
3268:
3223:
3218:
3198:
3070:
2849:
2768:
2475:
2465:
2435:
2415:
2390:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2008:
1582:
1546:
1542:
1394:
1180:
897:
587:
535:
448:
376:
360:
288:
175:
59:
1859:
1587:
1454:
3603:
3427:
3342:
3302:
3203:
3145:
3085:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2913:
2903:
2832:
2815:
2722:
2683:
2676:
2540:
2495:
2480:
2460:
2445:
2375:
2319:
2309:
2284:
2279:
2180:
2014:
1878:
1610:
1301:
1278:
1263:
803:
672:
668:
658:
615:
609:
595:
406:
366:
356:
332:
243:
1940:
1784:
3772:
3586:
3574:
3500:
3258:
3253:
3228:
3208:
3150:
3045:
2940:
2918:
2908:
2881:
2751:
2703:
2565:
2525:
2490:
2405:
2400:
2352:
2261:
2124:
2116:
2072:
2053:
2043:
1505:
1066:
1050:
968:
884:
711:
Two distinct regions of dorsal fin: one spiny and the other flexible.
644:
637:
579:
571:
560:
400:
350:
338:
328:
324:
276:
255:
34:
1510:
1489:
3636:
3435:
3403:
3337:
3327:
3248:
3238:
2923:
2891:
2876:
2822:
2795:
2778:
2545:
2357:
2256:
2251:
2172:
2129:
2095:
2002:
1843:"Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification"
686:
662:
623:
599:
452:
410:
213:
101:
79:
44:
1615:
3393:
3378:
3363:
3193:
2854:
2800:
2785:
2763:
2746:
2693:
2347:
2324:
2024:
1636:
1578:
765:
627:
525:
462:
442:
424:
390:
251:
247:
135:
84:
3734:
716:
Hypothesis relationships among acanthopterygians, spiny-rayed fishes
3757:
3596:
3537:
3483:
3478:
3297:
3165:
2827:
2773:
2688:
2440:
2430:
2271:
2082:
1996:
1449:
1216:
973:
902:
682:
539:
508:
504:
486:
466:
310:
292:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
768:
is based on Near et al., 2012 and
Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016.
3569:
3564:
3542:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3050:
3002:
2896:
2666:
2661:
2210:
2106:
930:
583:
514:
380:
370:
217:
89:
64:
1773:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
3488:
2032:
1990:
1810:"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition"
1807:
652:
564:
342:
145:
232:
3591:
3520:
2930:
1221:
648:
575:
1975:
3493:
3080:
2633:
2624:
543:
708:
Ligament anatomy associated with upper jaw protrusion; and
3532:
3100:
2139:
724:
2593:
1894:"Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4"
1801:
1891:
1772:
1808:Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016).
3856:
1840:
1779:(5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
2609:
1961:
264:, pinecone fishes and slimeheads or roughies
2616:
2602:
1968:
1954:
100:
3161:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1868:
1858:
1929:Acanthopterygii at thefreedictionary.com
1892:Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2016).
1508:(perches, seabasses, sticklebacks, etc)
874:(Soldier fishes & squirrel fishes)
696:
3857:
3739:
3738:
2597:
1949:
1841:Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012).
1766:
270:, soldier fishes and squirrel fishes
3717:
2988:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1834:
827:(pinecone fishes & slimeheads)
13:
737:
723:
212:(meaning "spiny finned one") is a
14:
3881:
1934:
1487:(blackbasses, temperate perches)
750:
3716:
3705:
3704:
3687:
3686:
2712:
1635:
1614:
1586:
1554:
1509:
1488:
1453:
1397:
1220:
1070:
1053:(cardinalfishes; nurseryfishes)
993:
972:
929:
901:
828:
807:
705:Pelvic fin bone support anatomy;
122:
32:
2672:Environmental impact of fishing
1885:
1:
1941:Tree of Life: Acanthopterygii
1759:
681:, plectognaths including the
2757:intramembranous ossification
759:
399:, including silversides and
7:
227:
190:Rosen & Patterson, 1969
10:
3886:
3136:Fin and flipper locomotion
3106:Sequential hermaphroditism
2993:Jamming avoidance response
2710:
1922:
806:(alfonsinos; whalefishes)
574:, diverse order including
3747:
3700:
3624:
3557:
3464:
3426:
3417:
3356:
3287:
3174:
3126:
3036:
2961:
2721:
2631:
2366:
2333:
2293:
2270:
2237:
2219:
2171:
2148:
2115:
2104:
2081:
2070:
2052:
2041:
2023:
1985:
1629:
1608:
1601:
1576:
1569:
1540:
1533:
1503:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1447:
1440:
1392:
1377:
1370:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1261:
1254:
1210:
1194:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1064:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1026:
987:
966:
959:
951:
944:
923:
916:
895:
888:
869:
861:
822:
801:
794:
786:
779:
200:
195:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
16:Superorder of bony fishes
2623:
3652:Glossary of ichthyology
3214:Diel vertical migration
1860:10.1073/pnas.1206625109
3018:Surface wave detection
2983:Hydrodynamic reception
2657:Diseases and parasites
743:
728:
3827:Paleobiology Database
3156:Undulatory locomotion
2973:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1785:10.1002/9781119174844
867:Holocentrimorphaceae
741:
727:
702:Pelvic spine present;
3384:Genetically modified
697:Distinctive features
111:Labidesthes sicculus
3189:Aquatic respiration
3076:Life history theory
2239:Protacanthopterygii
2229:Lepidogalaxiiformes
1853:(34): 13698–13703.
1776:Fishes of the World
1553:(butterflyfishes)
3028:Weberian apparatus
2456:Cyprinodontiformes
2381:Trachichthyiformes
2335:Paracanthopterygii
2186:Alepocephaliformes
1980:orders by subclass
1324:Cyprinodontiformes
971:(tunas, mackerel)
825:Trachichthyiformes
744:
729:
417:Cyprinodontiformes
262:Trachichthyiformes
30:Cenomanian–present
3852:
3851:
3741:Taxon identifiers
3732:
3731:
3642:Fish common names
3553:
3552:
3184:Aquatic predation
3008:Capacity for pain
2737:Age determination
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2551:Tetraodontiformes
2506:Chaetodontiformes
2441:Pleuronectiformes
2396:Batrachoidiformes
2158:Osteoglossiformes
2150:Osteoglossomorpha
1794:978-1-118-34233-6
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1632:Tetraodontiformes
1545:(surgeonfishes),
1522:
1521:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1213:Pleuronectiformes
1160:
1159:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
926:Batrachoidiformes
850:
849:
841:
840:
792:Berycimorphaceae
679:Tetraodontiformes
483:Pleuronectiformes
307:Batrachoidiformes
207:
206:
191:
3877:
3870:Fish superorders
3845:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3736:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3424:
3423:
2716:
2647:Ethnoichthyology
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2561:Centrarchiformes
2536:Priacanthiformes
2531:Scatophagiformes
2486:Uranoscopiformes
2431:Istiophoriformes
2421:Synbranchiformes
2386:Holocentriformes
2353:Stylephoriformes
2305:Ateleopodiformes
2191:Gonorynchiformes
2135:Notacanthiformes
2113:
2112:
2109:
2091:Lepisosteiformes
2079:
2078:
2075:
2062:Acipenseriformes
2050:
2049:
2046:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1822:on 15 April 2020
1821:
1815:. Archived from
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1639:
1634:(pufferfishes)
1618:
1613:(anglerfishes)
1604:
1603:
1590:
1581:(rabbitfishes),
1572:
1571:
1558:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1492:
1485:Centrarchiformes
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1401:
1373:
1372:
1317:
1316:
1295:
1294:
1290:Atherinomorphae
1257:
1256:
1224:
1197:Istiophoriformes
1174:
1173:
1135:Synbranchiformes
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:Carangimopharia
1106:
1105:
1074:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
997:
976:
962:
961:
957:Scombrimopharia
954:
953:
947:
946:
933:
919:
918:
905:
891:
890:
872:Holocentriformes
864:
863:
832:
811:
797:
796:
789:
788:
782:
781:
772:
771:
620:temperate basses
608:, including the
522:Callionymiformes
503:, including the
477:labyrinth fishes
459:Istiophoriformes
441:, including the
439:Synbranchiformes
409:, including the
268:Holocentriformes
189:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3865:Acanthopterygii
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3806:Acanthopterygii
3804:
3799:
3793:Acanthopterygii
3791:
3786:
3779:Acanthopterygii
3777:
3776:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3749:Acanthopterygii
3743:
3733:
3728:
3696:
3620:
3549:
3460:
3413:
3352:
3283:
3176:
3170:
3122:
3066:Ichthyoplankton
3032:
2964:
2957:
2953:Digital Library
2948:Teleost leptins
2887:Shark cartilage
2811:pharyngeal slit
2806:pharyngeal arch
2742:Anguilliformity
2727:
2725:
2717:
2708:
2627:
2622:
2592:
2575:
2571:Scorpaeniformes
2511:Acanthuriformes
2471:Gobiesociformes
2411:Syngnathiformes
2368:Acanthopterygii
2362:
2329:
2325:Polymixiiformes
2289:
2266:
2247:Argentiniformes
2233:
2215:
2167:
2144:
2105:
2100:
2071:
2066:
2042:
2037:
2033:Polypteriformes
2019:
1981:
1974:
1937:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1906:on 11 July 2017
1890:
1886:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1523:
1438:Percomorpharia
1429:
1420:
1411:
1380:Gobiesociformes
1368:Blenniimorphae
1359:
1350:
1243:
1234:
1161:
1093:
1084:
1016:
1007:
990:Syngnathiformes
851:
842:
776:Acanthopterygii
762:
753:
742:Acanthopterygii
718:
699:
634:Acanthuriformes
606:Scorpaeniformes
530:slope dragonets
501:Syngnathiformes
387:Gobiesociformes
230:
210:Acanthopterygii
188:
186:Acanthopterygii
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
24:Acanthopterygii
17:
12:
11:
5:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3769:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3466:Wild fisheries
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Hallucinogenic
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Schooling fish
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Filter feeders
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Bottom feeders
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Leydig's organ
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:pharyngeal jaw
2835:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:branchial arch
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Pempheriformes
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Atheriniformes
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Anabantiformes
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Percopsiformes
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Myctophiformes
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2296:incertae sedis
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2163:Hiodontiformes
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2140:Anguilliformes
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:Actinopterygii
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1935:External links
1933:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1884:
1833:
1800:
1793:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1551:Chaetodontidae
1549:(ponyfishes),
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:Atheriniformes
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:Anabantiformes
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:Gobiomopharia
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
965:
960:
958:
952:
950:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
928:(toadfishes)
922:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
894:
889:
887:
881:
880:
877:
876:
868:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
800:
795:
793:
787:
785:
780:
778:
770:
761:
758:
752:
751:Several trends
749:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
675:
665:
655:
641:
630:
612:
610:scorpionfishes
602:
568:
557:
550:Trachiniformes
546:
532:
518:
511:
495:incertae sedis
491:
490:
489:
479:
473:Anabantiformes
469:
455:
445:
433:incertae sedis
429:
428:
427:
413:
403:
397:Atheriniformes
393:
383:
373:
363:
347:
346:
345:
335:
333:cardinalfishes
315:
314:
313:
297:
296:
295:
273:
272:
271:
265:
258:
229:
226:
222:Actinopterygii
205:
204:
198:
197:
193:
192:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
166:Actinopterygii
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3692:more lists...
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Fish families
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Aquarium life
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3614:fleshy-finned
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:Cartilaginous
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Electric fish
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Mauthner cell
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Chromatophore
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Lutjaniformes
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Ephippiformes
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Blenniiformes
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Carangiformes
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Scombriformes
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Ophidiiformes
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Salmoniformes
2255:
2253:
2252:Galaxiiformes
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:Lepidogalaxii
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Gymnotiformes
2204:
2202:
2201:Characiformes
2199:
2197:
2196:Cypriniformes
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:Gnathostomata
2006:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:Scatophagidae
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:Leiognathidae
1544:
1543:Acanthuroidei
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:Blenniiformes
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:Ovalentariae
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Carangiformes
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
992:(seahorses)
991:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
975:
970:
964:
963:
956:
955:
949:
948:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
932:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
904:
900:(cusk-eels)
899:
898:Ophidiiformes
893:
892:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
873:
866:
865:
859:
858:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
833:
831:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
810:
805:
799:
798:
791:
790:
784:
783:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
757:
748:
740:
736:
732:
726:
722:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:and relatives
639:
638:surgeonfishes
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:and relatives
566:
562:
558:
556:and relatives
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:Scombriformes
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
515:Icosteiformes
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
454:
450:
449:Carangiformes
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
402:
401:rainbowfishes
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
382:
378:
377:Blenniiformes
374:
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
329:nurseryfishes
326:
322:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
301:Batrachoidida
298:
294:
290:
289:Ophidiiformes
286:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
274:
269:
266:
263:
259:
257:
256:pricklefishes
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
239:
235:
234:
233:
225:
223:
220:in the class
219:
215:
211:
203:
199:
194:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:Acanthomorpha
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3748:
3721:
3709:
3609:spiny-finned
3558:Major groups
3279:Intelligence
3259:Scale eaters
3204:Cleaner fish
3086:Mouthbrooder
3038:Reproduction
3013:Schreckstoff
2998:Lateral line
2914:Swim bladder
2904:Spiral valve
2833:hyomandibula
2816:pseudobranch
2699:Hypoxia in -
2546:Lophiiformes
2541:Caproiformes
2521:Lobotiformes
2496:Moroniformes
2481:Gerreiformes
2466:Mugiliformes
2461:Beloniformes
2446:Cichliformes
2376:Beryciformes
2367:
2320:Lampriformes
2310:Aulopiformes
2294:
2285:Stomiiformes
2280:Osmeriformes
2211:Siluriformes
2181:Clupeiformes
2130:Albuliformes
2015:Osteichthyes
2007:Infraphylum
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1897:
1887:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1803:
1775:
1768:
1630:
1611:Lophiiformes
1609:
1577:
1541:
1504:
1483:
1448:
1393:
1378:
1337:
1322:
1302:Beloniformes
1300:
1279:Mugiliformes
1277:
1264:Cichliformes
1262:
1211:
1195:
1179:
1148:
1133:
1065:
1049:
988:
967:
924:
896:
870:
823:
804:Beryciformes
802:
775:
763:
754:
745:
733:
730:
719:
687:pufferfishes
673:anglerfishes
669:Lophiiformes
659:Caproiformes
624:sicklefishes
616:Moroniformes
596:sticklebacks
552:, including
494:
432:
419:, including
411:flyingfishes
407:Beloniformes
367:Cichliformes
357:Mugiliformes
244:Beryciformes
231:
209:
208:
201:
185:
182:Superorder:
172:(unranked):
109:
18:
3773:Wikispecies
3723:WikiProject
3682:Prehistoric
3666:Threatened
3357:Other types
3254:Sardine run
3229:Forage fish
3209:Corallivory
3061:Development
3046:Bubble nest
2919:physoclisti
2909:Suckermouth
2882:Root effect
2704:Ichthyology
2566:Perciformes
2526:Spariformes
2491:Labriformes
2406:Gobiiformes
2401:Kurtiformes
2262:Esociformes
2125:Elopiformes
2117:Elopomorpha
2073:Neopterygii
2054:Chondrostei
2044:Actinopteri
2013:Superclass
1910:30 December
1506:Perciformes
1452:(wrasses)
1199:(billfish)
1067:Gobiiformes
1051:Kurtiformes
969:Scombroidei
885:Percomorpha
645:Spariformes
628:spadefishes
572:Perciformes
561:Labriformes
517:, ragfishes
425:killifishes
421:livebearers
391:clingfishes
351:Ovalentaria
339:Gobiiformes
325:Kurtiformes
277:Percomorpha
252:whalefishes
218:bony fishes
3859:Categories
3338:Groundfish
3333:Freshwater
3328:Euryhaline
3313:Coral reef
3249:Salmon run
3239:Paedophagy
3141:Amphibious
3128:Locomotion
2936:pharyngeal
2924:physostome
2877:Photophore
2823:Glossohyal
2796:gill raker
2779:dorsal fin
2729:physiology
2358:Gadiformes
2173:Otocephala
2096:Amiiformes
2003:Vertebrata
2001:Subphylum
1760:References
1069:(gobies)
683:filefishes
663:boarfishes
554:sandfishes
509:pipefishes
493:Subseries
487:flatfishes
467:billfishes
463:barracudas
443:swamp eels
431:Subseries
349:Subseries
317:Subseries
311:toadfishes
299:Subseries
281:Subseries
248:alfonsinos
214:superorder
3587:chimaeras
3474:Predatory
3451:Salmonids
3409:Whitefish
3399:Poisonous
3374:Diversity
3308:Coldwater
3244:Predatory
3234:Migratory
3194:Bait ball
3177:behaviour
3096:Pregnancy
3091:Polyandry
2865:papillare
2860:Operculum
2855:Meristics
2801:gill slit
2764:Cleithrum
2694:Fish kill
2684:Fear of -
2677:- as food
2667:Fisheries
2652:Evolution
2642:Diversity
2348:Zeiformes
2107:Teleostei
2025:Cladistia
1585:(scats)
1579:Siganidae
766:cladogram
760:Phylogeny
540:mackerels
526:dragonets
505:seahorses
293:cusk-eels
283:Ophidiida
202:See text
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
3758:Wikidata
3711:Category
3662:Smallest
3575:lampreys
3538:flatfish
3528:Demersal
3484:mackerel
3479:billfish
3419:Commerce
3348:Tropical
3323:Demersal
3318:Deep-sea
3274:Venomous
3166:RoboTuna
3116:triggers
3111:Spawning
3071:Juvenile
3056:Egg case
2689:FishBase
2272:Stomiati
2083:Holostei
1997:Chordata
1991:Animalia
1989:Kingdom
1879:22869754
1450:Labridae
1217:flatfish
1183:(jacks)
600:snappers
592:whitings
584:gouramis
381:blennies
371:cichlids
238:Berycida
228:Taxonomy
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
3764:Q660475
3657:Largest
3570:hagfish
3565:Jawless
3543:pollock
3516:sardine
3511:herring
3506:anchovy
3456:Tilapia
3446:Octopus
3441:Catfish
3428:Farming
3343:Pelagic
3303:Coastal
3290:habitat
3146:Walking
3051:Clasper
3003:Otolith
2965:systems
2963:Sensory
2897:ganoine
2872:Papilla
2723:Anatomy
2662:Fishing
1995:Phylum
1976:Extant
1923:Sources
1899:Deepfin
1870:3427055
653:porgies
576:perches
565:wrasses
361:mullets
319:Gobiida
275:Series
236:Series
196:Orders
162:Class:
3842:553002
3839:uBio:
3819:166082
3675:sharks
3592:sharks
3521:sprats
3501:Forage
3489:salmon
3369:Coarse
3151:Flying
3023:Vision
2978:Barbel
2892:Scales
2752:dermal
2632:About
1877:
1867:
1826:10 May
1791:
677:Order
667:Order
657:Order
649:breams
643:Order
632:Order
614:Order
604:Order
580:basses
570:Order
559:Order
548:Order
534:Order
520:Order
513:Order
499:Order
485:, the
481:Order
471:Order
457:Order
447:Order
437:Order
415:Order
405:Order
395:Order
389:, the
385:Order
375:Order
365:Order
359:, the
355:Order
343:gobies
337:Order
323:Order
305:Order
287:Order
260:Order
242:Order
3832:92073
3637:Blind
3625:Lists
3404:Rough
3269:Sleep
3175:Other
2941:shark
2931:Teeth
1820:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
588:scats
453:jacks
3814:ITIS
3670:rays
3604:Bony
3597:rays
3494:tuna
3436:Carp
3394:Oily
3379:Game
3364:Bait
3298:Cave
3081:Milt
2786:Gill
2774:Fins
2747:Bone
2634:fish
2625:Fish
1912:2016
1875:PMID
1847:PNAS
1828:2018
1789:ISBN
764:The
685:and
651:and
626:and
598:and
544:tuna
542:and
528:and
507:and
465:and
331:and
254:and
35:PreꞒ
3801:AFD
3788:ADW
3533:cod
3288:By
3101:Roe
2828:Jaw
2726:and
1865:PMC
1855:doi
1851:109
1781:doi
586:,
216:of
3861::
3829::
3816::
3803::
3790::
3775::
3760::
1896:.
1873:.
1863:.
1849:.
1845:.
1787:.
1219:)
671:,
661:,
647:,
636:,
622:,
618:,
594:,
590:,
582:,
578:,
563:,
538:,
524:,
475:,
461:,
451:,
423:,
379:,
369:,
341:,
327:,
309:,
291:,
250:,
246:,
85:Pg
2617:e
2610:t
2603:v
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1914:.
1881:.
1857::
1830:.
1797:.
1783::
1215:(
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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