448:, while skeptical environmentalists have argued that reduction in emissions occurred due to broad trends unconnected to the program. The EPA has used what is called the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) to estimate the effect of the Acid Rain Program (ARP). The output from the model says that annual emissions of sulfur dioxide were reduced by 8 million tons (from 17.3 to 9.3), nitrogen oxides by 2.7 million tons (from 7.6 to 5), and mercury by 10 tons (from 52 to 42). However, it is difficult to estimate the emissions which would have occurred without the ARP. For example, the EPA updated its analysis to reflect the effect of low-sulfur coal becoming more economical due to reduced transportation, leading the EPA to reduce its estimate of the impact of ARP by sulfur dioxide emissions by one
524:
excess of those for which they own allowances. Emissions allowances are bought and sold daily through the
Chicago Board of Trade like soybeans, rice or any other commodity. Only a limited number of allowances are available each year. After those allowances are used, no more can be issued. The Acid Rain Retirement Fund raises money and bids alongside polluters in the annual auctions for as many allowances as their funds can buy. But instead of using or trading them, A.R.R.F. retires them permanently, taking allowances off the market and keeping sulfur dioxide out of the air. Thus, every pollution allowance A.R.R.F. removes from circulation prevents that pollution from being legally emitted into the air.
275:(DOE) in 1991 to be worth $ 665 to $ 736 per ton, totaling $ 23.9 to $ 26.5 million. However, actual purchases of emissions allowances in 1992 were reported at a lower price than expected of $ 300 per ton. Allowances auctioned in March 1993 sold for $ 122 to $ 450 per ton, reducing the windfall from these allowances to $ 4.4 to $ 16.2 million. In the interim, owners of one unit retired in 1985, the 119 MWe Des Moines Energy Center, received $ 93 million in DOE funding for a Clean Coal Technology project to repower with a coal-fired 70 MWe pressurized fluidized-bed combustion unit, bringing it back into production in 1996.
335:. Changes in the competitiveness of various generating and pollution control technologies; a myriad of new rule making actions required by the Clean Air Act; and the possibility of new legislation limiting emissions of carbon dioxide, imposing a tax on carbon emissions, or on Btu usage were also of great concern. A final rule easing some uncertainty on continuous emissions monitoring, permit requirements, and operation of the emissions allowance system was not issued until January 1993, well after compliance strategies had to be developed and major investment decisions made.
309:
Further, because large coal-fired generating units tend to reach peak operating and combustion efficiencies during the first three years of operation, declining incrementally thereafter throughout their lifetimes, these old plants were among the dirtiest sources of air pollution in the electric utility industry. They were able to operate for many years without substantially reducing emissions, when other plants were required to install "best available" air pollution control equipment pursuant to the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977.
305:
were significantly less than in the 1990s, and they avoided major investments in pollution control equipment. In the 1990s, these units were often among the least expensive of any operated by their respective owners, in terms of cost per megawatt-hour of energy produced. Compared to other plants on a utility company system, these units provided incentives for their owners to maximize operating time, minimize downtime for repairs or retrofit, and minimize further capital investments in them.
297:
44.6 years, with a range of 14â74 years. These units ranged in size from 1-107 MWe summer capability. Several had been on standby (e.g., available for use during regularly scheduled outages of other units for maintenance) for many years prior to retirement. About half (often the older units) were designed to "cofire" with natural gas or fuel oil, and could be operated using these fuels instead of coal if desired.
420:
is the "Acid Rain
Retirement Fund" (A.R.R.F.), a non-profit, all-volunteer, community educational group. A.R.R.F. has raised money and bid alongside polluters since 1995 for as many allowances as their funds can buy. But instead of using or trading them, A.R.R.F. retires them permanently, taking allowances off the market and keeping sulfur dioxide out of the air.
133:
mandatory fine of $ 2,000.00 for each ton emitted in excess of allowances held. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) distributes allowances equivalent to 8.95 million tons each year (the emissions cap), based on calculations of historical Btu usage for each unit, and may allocate various small "bonus reserves" of allowances.
556:
during 1996-2013, âbankingâ its emissions allowances for the future, A.R.R.F. in 2013 holds the legal right to emit a total of 2,322 tons (4,644,000 pounds) of sulfur dioxide in 2013. That amount will increase by another 100 tons in 2018 when allowances A.R.R.F. purchased in the 7-year advance auction of 2011 are eligible for use.
424:
1996â2013, "banking" its emissions allowances for the future, A.R.R.F. holds the legal right to emit a total of 4,644,000 poundsâor 2,322 tonsâof sulfur dioxide in 2013. That amount will increase by another 100 tons in 2018, when allowances A.R.R.F. purchased in the 7-year advance auction of 2011 are eligible for use.
250:
10â14 years for nuclear units), electric utility decision options for Phase I plants were limited to scrubbing, switching fuels, purchasing or transferring emissions allowances to allow continued use of high-sulfur coal, retiring units, or trimming unit utilization and substituting capacity from another source.
893:, May, pp. 62-64; Platt, J.B. (1991). "Scrub Versus Trade: Enemies or Allies?" Presented to the EPRI-EPA-DOE Sulfur Dioxide Control Symposium, Washington, DC, December 3; U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. (1991a). Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991. Washington, DC: USGPO.
419:
No national environmental group has ever bid in the annual EPA Auction, but a small number of local groups have participated for many years, apparently on the theory that reducing the supply of allowances may someday drive up the price of acquiring them. For example, one of the oldest of these groups
373:
signed "high/low" contracts at the end of 1991 with three coal suppliers. Under these agreements, the utility could elect to shift purchases from high-sulfur to low-sulfur coal produced by the same supplier. The supplier retained the option of continuing to ship high-sulfur coal in lieu of low-sulfur
308:
Because capital in such plants is typically amortized over 20â30 years, investments in most of them were fully recovered by 1995. Justifying large additional capital investments in plants which may have a remaining useful life of 10 years or less, absent reconstruction of boilers, is often difficult.
296:
Age of the 250 Phase I coal units ranged from 17 to 46 years when the standards took effect, with a mean of 34 years. In 1995, 111 active Phase I units (23%) were 35 years of age or older, and only 8 (6%) were less than 20 years old. The average age of 35 coal-fired units retired during 1988-1991 was
132:
In Phase II, all fossil-fired units over 75 MWe were required to limit emissions of sulfur dioxide to 1.2 pounds per million
British thermal units (1.9 kg/MWh) by January 1, 2000. Thereafter, they were required to obtain an emissions allowance for each ton of sulfur dioxide emitted, subject to a
377:
Additional innovative contract terms under consideration would link price premiums and penalties paid for coal with different levels of sulfur content to changes in the market price of sulfur dioxide emissions allowances; trade emissions allowances to coal suppliers as partial payment for low-sulfur
368:
The risks associated with such uncertainty stimulated innovation in contracts for purchase of coal by electric utilities. In a buyer's market, utilities renegotiated old contracts and signed new ones with a variety of provisions designed to manage risks and increase flexibility for future decisions.
304:
Age of these units was significant for several reasons. All of the Phase I units were either built or under construction when the Clean Air Act of 1977 was enacted, and all but eight were built or under construction when the 1970 Act was enacted. Consequently, these units were built when labor costs
208:
Strategies for compliance with air quality controls have been major components of electric utility planning and operations since the mid-1970s, affecting choice of fuels, technologies and locations for construction of new generating capacity. Utility strategies for compliance with new sulfur dioxide
532:
Sulfur dioxide is the principal contributor to acid rain, causing respiratory disorders, impairing visibility, harming the health of fish and wildlife, and degrading lakes and ponds. Research has shown lakes and streams in New
England have been slow to recover from the effect of acid rain, compared
494:
A general issue with cap and trade programs has been overallocation, whereby the cap is high enough that sources of emissions do not need to reduce their emissions. ARP had "early overallocation" during Phase I, and this allowed emission sources to "bank" their allowances for future years. In Phase
475:
emissions by more than 70%. Therefore, the effectiveness of the emissions trading element as a mechanism has been criticised, since the EPA also used regulations to achieve the reductions, as all areas of the country "had to meet national, health-based, air quality standards that are separate from
431:
Since many purchases were made in earlier years, and unused allowances have accumulated, these groups own the right to emit 23,012 tons of sulfur dioxide in 2013. That's more than the annual allocation of allowances to 168 of the 250 dirtiest generating units in the United States (some are allowed
415:
Citizens and groups can purchase sulfur dioxide emissions allowances alongside electric utilities and other producers of air pollution in annual auctions conducted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and on the Chicago Board of Trade. Each year the U.S. EPA auctions off to the highest
287:
These 250 units had a summer peak generating capability of 79,162 MWe in 1990, with a mean of 317 MWe/unit. This capacity represented about 27% of installed summer coal-fired capability, and about 11.5% of total U.S. installed summer generating capability in 1990. About 207 million tons, almost 90%
283:
Excluding those 11 units, 250 active coal-fired units at 105 plants in 21 states were subject to Phase I sulfur dioxide emissions reductions in 1995. States having the greatest number of generating units affected by the Phase I requirements were: Ohio (40), Indiana (37), Pennsylvania (21), Georgia
267:
Of the 261 units at 110 plant locations affected by Phase I emission limitations, five were oil-fired, five coal-fired units were retired, and one coal-fired unit was placed on cold standby status prior to passage of the legislation in 1990. The 6 inactive coal-fired units were statutory recipients
249:
For Phase II compliance the options were numerous, but for Phase I they were constrained by the time available to implement a decision. Because it takes 3â5 years to design and build a scrubber at an existing coal-fired unit, and longer to repower or build a new facility (e.g., 6â11 years for coal,
546:
The Acid Rain
Retirement Fund uses participation in pollution markets as a way to educate children and adults about the sources and detrimental effects of air pollution and acid rain, and actions people can take to reduce such pollution. Presentations are made in school classrooms about the causes
300:
Both the number and average age of coal-fired units retired increased substantially from 1988 to 1991, indicating utilities were removing very old units from available status that they no longer expected to use, thereby avoiding maintenance costs necessary to keep them on standby. For comparison,
258:
control equipment, financial and contractual commitments to scrubbers had to be made by summer 1992 if plant modifications were to be operational in time to meet new standards in 1995. Thus, decisions had to be made before price and allocation of emissions allowances were known. Consequently, most
107:
For comparison, new generating units built since 1978 were required to limit sulfur dioxide to a "lowest achievable emissions rate" of about 0.6 pounds per million
British thermal units (0.93 kg/MWh). Coal with 1.25% sulfur and 10,000 British thermal units per pound (6.5 kWh/kg) produces
559:
According to A.R.R.F., EPA auction results 1993-2013 indicate groups or individuals who purchased emissions allowances for purposes other than releasing air pollution own the right to emit 3,188 tons per year of sulfur dioxide. Although most have purchased only one or a few tons, this adds up to
523:
of 1990, each year in March the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency auctions off to the highest bidder about 250,000 pollution allowances that enable companies to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide. Those companies face statutory penalties of $ 2,000/ton for every ton of sulfur dioxide they emit in
359:
in Ohio were expected to cost about $ 835 million, reducing sulfur dioxide emissions there by 95%. In February 1993, AEP was still unsure whether it would be allowed by the Ohio Public Utilities Commission to transfer emissions credits from the Gavin scrub to Phase I units in other states. Thus,
338:
In this context, utility executives were required to make investment decisions committing millions of dollars over extended periods. As summarized by one utility manager: "Major decisions must be made without adequate information or even the ability to obtain adequate information." For example,
83:
emissions by 10 million tons below 1980 levels of about 18.9 million tons. To achieve these reductions by 2000, when a nationwide sulfur dioxide emissions cap of 8.95 million tons per year began, the law required a two phase tightening of operating restrictions placed on fossil fuel fired (e.g.,
555:
A.R.R.F. has participated in annual EPA auctions of emissions allowances every year since 1995, and in 2013 owns the right to emit 1,413 tons of sulfur dioxide per year, plus whatever amount it has not emitted in previous years. Because A.R.R.F. did not exercise its right to emit any pollution
423:
Along with allowances purchased in prior years, A.R.R.F. in 2013 owns the right to emit 2,826,000 pounds (1,413 tons) of sulfur dioxide per year, plus whatever amount it did not emit under allowances purchased in previous years. Because it did not exercise its right to emit any pollution during
245:
Some coal cleaning may occur in combination with other actions such as scrubbing, or blending coals with varying sulfur content, but utilities generally prefer that coal suppliers bear the costs of cleaning operations. Some observers estimated 20% - 30% of the sulfur can be removed through coal
563:
Since many purchases were made in earlier years, and unused allowances have accumulated, these groups now own the right to emit 23,012 tons of sulfur dioxide in 2013. That's more than the annual allocation of allowances to 168 of the 250 dirtiest generating units in the United States (some are
111:
As an incentive for reducing emissions, for each ton of sulfur dioxide reduced below the applicable emissions limit, owners of a generating unit received an emissions allowance they could use at another unit, keep for future use, or sell. This legitimized a market for sulfur dioxide emissions
427:
Examination of EPA Auction results 1993â2013 indicates groups or individuals like A.R.R.F. who purchased emissions allowances for purposes other than releasing air pollution now own the right to emit 3,188 tons per year. Although most have purchased only one or a few tons, this adds up to
537:
Research Foundation recently identified nine suspected mercury hotspots in the northeastern U.S. and Canada. Harvard University economist Robert Stavins estimates about $ 1 billion per year has been saved in the United States by cleaning up since the Acid Rain Program went into effect.
995:
Platt, J.B. (1991). "Scrub Versus Trade: Enemies or Allies?" Presented to the EPRI-EPA-DOE Sulfur Dioxide Control Symposium, Washington, DC, December 3; Kinsman, John D., James E. Evans and Julie H. Clendenin. (1992). "Electric Utility Strategies for Controlling
253:
Delays in allocating "early scrub" bonus credits and scheduling of the first auction of emissions allowances in March 1993 effectively removed these incentives from actual compliance decision making of most electric utilities. Because of the time it takes to build
75:
emissions for each of the following several years, aiming to reduce overall emissions to 50% of 1980 levels. The program did not begin immediately, but was implemented in two stages: Phase I (starting January 1, 1995) and Phase II (starting January 1, 2000).
124:) or other "qualifying Phase I technology" which reduced sulfur dioxide emissions by 90%, qualified for a two-year extension of the 1995 deadline, provided they owned allowances to cover their total actual emissions for each year of the extension period.
317:
Substantial uncertainties confronted electric utilities when planning compliance strategies. These included the future price and availability of fuels; the value of emissions allowances and operation of markets for them; the manner in which state
55:
issued its Opinion and Order in the appeal of the Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) for two independent legal reasons. The stay on CSAPR was lifted in October 2014, allowing implementation of the law and its trading programs to begin.
511:âs Acid Rain Program. A.R.R.F. was created in 1995 and purchased its first allowances in that year. It provides citizens with information about access to pollution markets, along with the ability to directly prevent pollution.
382:, which it said it would offer in packages with its coal and natural gas contracts. Thus, coal suppliers began participating along with electric utilities as buyers and sellers of marketable sulfur dioxide emissions allowances.
47:, allowing them to buy and sell emission permits (called "allowances") according to individual needs and costs. In 2011, the trading program that existed since 1995 was supplemented by four separate trading programs under the
194:
emissions. Every Acid Rain Program operating permit outlines specific requirements and compliance options chosen by each source. Affected utilities also were required to install systems that continuously monitor emissions of
2789:
205:, and other related pollutants in order to track progress, ensure compliance, and provide credibility to the trading component of the program. Monitoring data is transmitted to EPA daily via telecommunications systems.
374:
coal if it provided sufficient emissions allowances so this coal could be burned without penalty. In this event, the supplier paid for the allowances, and the utility paid the contract price for lower sulfur coal.
84:
coal, oil, natural gas) power plants. The operation and pricing of a market for emissions allowances would not be viable in the absence of an effective regulatory cap on the total number of allowances available.
2208:
398:
allowance reached this level. In December 2005, a few trades were registered at slightly over $ 1,600/ton. At those rates, it was less expensive to install scrubbers and reduce air pollution than to purchase
159:
burner retrofits are the most common means of compliance, generally reducing emissions from uncontrolled levels by up to 50%. Many utilities complied with requirements by installing stack-gas scrubbers and
2391:
326:
would allocate the costs of scrubbing or switching fuels and the value of emissions allowances; accounting guidelines, revisions to interstate bulk power sales contracts, and possible intervention by the
490:
The EPA estimates that by 2010, the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers will be $ 1 billion to $ 2 billion a year, only one fourth of what was originally predicted.
284:(19), Tennessee (19), Kentucky (17), Illinois (17), Missouri (16) and West Virginia (14). Together, Phase I units represented 20% of the 1,250 operable coal-fired generating units in the U.S. in 1990.
2461:
92:
In Phase I, half the total reductions were required by January 1, 1995, largely by requiring 110 electric power generating plants (261 units in 21 states) to cut sulfur dioxide emission rates to 2.5
1648:
1000:
under Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments." Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, MO, June 21â26.
360:
substantial financial commitments had to be made on the basis of best judgments by utility planners and construction begun in the absence of definitive information or final regulatory approvals.
2407:
2194:
2725:
533:
to some in Wisconsin, New York and Pennsylvania. Acid rain brings with it mercury deposition, and together they cause tremendous damage to human health and the environment. Research by the
2083:
1846:
378:
coal; or establish larger variances in quantity and prices for different qualities of coal in a single contract. AMAX Energy purchased an undisclosed number of emissions allowances from
2445:
2415:
1781:
3001:
2032:
1300:
288:
of the coal purchased by Phase I plants in 1990, produced sulfur dioxide emissions exceeding the 1995 emissions rate of 2.5 lbs/mm Btu using no pollution control equipment.
100:(3.9 kg/MWh). Each of these generating units was identified by name and location, and a quantity of emissions allowances was specified in the statute in tons of allowable SO
3530:
2687:
2671:
2523:
108:
sulfur dioxide emissions of 2.5 pounds per million British thermal units (3.9 kg/MWh), with lower emissions produced by either lower sulfur content or higher Btu content.
2805:
2595:
2076:
3242:
3145:
1873:
1744:
2773:
2757:
2741:
2733:
2679:
52:
71:
of 1990 established the allowance market system known today as the Acid Rain Program. Initially targeting only sulfur dioxide, Title IV set a decreasing cap on total SO
1839:
3421:
2347:
1675:
3057:
2453:
2039:
3525:
3483:
3400:
3388:
3235:
2695:
2539:
2090:
1917:
1243:
3520:
2963:
1802:
1399:
1583:
Carlson, Curtis, Dallas Burtraw, Maureen Cropper, and Karen L. Palmer. 2000. âSulfur dioxide control by electric utilities: What are the gains from trade?â
3308:
3211:
2018:
1823:
1022:
Platt, J.B. (1991). "Scrub Versus Trade: Enemies or Allies?" Presented to the EPRI-EPA-DOE Sulfur Dioxide Control Symposium, Washington, DC, December 3.
3051:
1737:
1730:
1723:
904:
Environmental, Legal and Political Constraints on Power Plant Siting in the Southwestern United States. A Report to the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
3181:
3163:
2821:
2781:
2164:
394:
pollution control equipment (scrubbers) on existing units would be in the $ 665â $ 736/ton range. However, 2005 was the first year the price of an SO
3293:
2515:
2423:
2187:
59:
A 2021 study found that the "Acid Rain Program caused lasting improvements in ambient air quality," reducing mortality risk by 5% over 10 years.
3303:
2547:
2469:
1926:
1832:
1450:
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3313:
3285:
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1668:
618:
24:
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2531:
1774:
1716:
1702:
1693:
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allowance trading component of the Acid Rain Program was intended to allow utilities to adopt the most cost effective strategy to reduce SO
1570:
Stavins, Robert N. 1998. "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Positive and Normative Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading."
463:, acid rain levels have dropped 65% since 1976. However, although it reduced emissions by 40%, the US Acid Rain Program has not reduced SO
3169:
2485:
2477:
2273:
2180:
2571:
2563:
1816:
1540:
Driscoll, C.T., D. Evers, K.F. Lambert, N. Kamman, T. Holsen, Y-J. Han, C. Chen, W. Goodale, T. Butler, T. Clair, and R. Munson. 2007.
1325:
1304:
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Regional Factors in Siting and Planning Energy Facilities in the Eleven Western States. A Report to the Western Interstate Energy Board
2921:
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2884:
2333:
2229:
1809:
1661:
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3318:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
2287:
2280:
2025:
1855:
507:, dedicated to reducing pollution by purchasing and "retiring" marketable sulfur dioxide emissions allowances issued by the U.S.
495:
II, emission sources drew down their banked allowances. In 2006, emissions were again below the cap, leading to further banking.
1795:
503:
The Acid Rain Retirement Fund (A.R.R.F) is an all-volunteer, non-profit environmental educational organization, incorporated in
301:
the 6 Phase I coal units retired before 1990 ranged in age from 21â35 years when taken out of service, with a mean of 31 years.
3411:
3254:
3151:
3139:
2813:
2615:
1340:
573:
672:
3499:
3020:
2797:
1631:
1151:
3199:
3157:
2215:
1287:
1119:
761:
328:
3471:
3323:
2633:
2579:
2493:
2148:
2000:
1760:
1753:
483:
emissions were 8.9 million tons, achieving the program's long-term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline. In 2008, SO
340:
172:
burner technology was readily available, and considerably less expensive than installation of scrubbers, so control of NO
1182:
889:, October, pp. 51-59; Habiger, Kenneth, and Ronald Ott (1989). "Fluidized-Bed Combustion: Retrofit, New Plant Option,"
487:
emissions dropped even lowerâto 7.6 million tons, which was considerably lower than of command-and-control regulations.
3193:
2957:
2717:
2655:
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2364:
2134:
2104:
272:
3026:
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2765:
2435:
1709:
3451:
3431:
3298:
3187:
3133:
3008:
2259:
1949:
428:
considerably more than the 760 tons/year allocated by law to the Miami Fort #5 coal-fired generating unit in Ohio.
1396:
3087:
3044:
2356:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1684:
866:
Regional Interconnections, The Western Systems Coordinating Council, Regional Reliability, Economy and Efficiency
668:
508:
643:
3378:
3358:
3069:
3014:
2896:
2663:
2645:
2111:
1259:
48:
2987:
2505:
2053:
520:
444:
has been hailed as successful by the EPA, industry, economists and certain environmental groups such as the
2951:
1956:
697:
379:
1224:
712:
622:
3416:
3363:
3333:
3216:
3038:
2303:
2141:
319:
241:
bulk power purchases from other utilities or non-utility generators from units using coal or other fuels.
560:
considerably more than the 760 tons/year allocated by law to the Miami Fort #5 generating unit in Ohio.
355:'s affiliate Meigs high-sulfur coal mines, construction of scrubbers by AEP at its two-unit, 2,600 MWe
2843:
2312:
1977:
885:, May, pp. 44-49; Bretz, Elizabeth A. (1991). "Equipment Options for Meeting the New Clean-Air Laws,"
460:
445:
1271:
416:
bidder about 250,000 pollution allowances that enable their owners to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide.
3406:
3343:
3222:
3205:
3075:
2981:
2945:
2236:
2069:
1970:
1767:
1615:
3494:
3489:
3426:
2749:
2125:
2046:
323:
117:
68:
1550:
3274:
3081:
2173:
1247:
798:
Impact of Acid Rain Controls on Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement: Programs and Workload
352:
44:
153:
formation are flame temperature and oxygen levels present for combustion. Installation of low-NO
2222:
2118:
1940:
1547:"MERCURY MATTERS: Linking Mercury Science with Public Policy in the Northeastern United States"
796:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. (1993).
547:
and effects of acid rain, and students are encouraged to design their own fundraising efforts.
113:
1653:
982:. Washington, DC: USGPO; U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1992.
3394:
3383:
3268:
3261:
2975:
2939:
2851:
2383:
2097:
1542:
Mercury Matters: Linking Mercury Science with Public Policy in the Northeastern United States
3477:
2927:
2603:
2555:
2250:
2201:
97:
586:
8:
3373:
3368:
2890:
2375:
2266:
1902:
1620:
851:
Smock, Robert. (1991). "Utilities Struggle with Acid Rain Control Compliance Decisions,"
809:
Taylor, Jeffrey, and Rose Gutfeld. (1992). "CBOT Selected to Run Auction for Polluters,"
390:
The U.S. Department of Energy in 1991 estimated the installed retrofit cost per ton of SO
348:
2399:
1991:
1363:
740:
79:
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set as its primary goal the reduction of annual SO
1136:
978:
Calculated from U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. (1991).
965:
Calculated from U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. (1991).
3436:
3063:
2909:
1319:
838:
Bretz, Elizabeth A. (1991). "Equipment Options for Meeting the New Clean-Air Laws,"
744:
732:
441:
370:
356:
40:
1625:
1371:
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1984:
1367:
1355:
724:
2325:
1283:
728:
3032:
2869:
2707:
2587:
1403:
1186:
1176:
1155:
1148:
1123:
403:
emissions allowances and continue polluting. Subsequently, the market price of SO
332:
259:
scrubber projects to meet the 1995 deadline were well under way by fall of 1992.
32:
1116:
713:"Long-run pollution exposure and mortality: Evidence from the Acid Rain Program"
3446:
1544:. Hubbard Brook Research Foundation. Science Links Publication. Vol. 1, no. 3.
757:
468:
28:
2790:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1341:"Sulfur Dioxide Control by Electric Utilities: What Are the Gains from Trade?"
246:
cleaning or blending, and 50%â70% taken out with emissions control equipment.
3514:
3461:
3441:
1638:
736:
534:
255:
3348:
1933:
93:
1466:, edited by Michael R. Greenberg. New York: Guilford Press, 1987, 139-174.
591:
Allowance Trading System: The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment.
268:
of a total of 36,020 tons of Phase I sulfur dioxide emissions allowances.
3466:
1788:
800:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement.
344:
213:
several existing and new stack-gas scrubbing and clean coal technologies;
343:, the Ohio Office of Consumer's Counsel, industrial customers, the Ohio
2902:
711:
Barreca, Alan I.; Neidell, Matthew; Sanders, Nicholas J. (2021-08-01).
927:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. (1991).
881:
Bretz, Elizabeth A. (1991). "New Boiler Designs for Utility Service,"
822:
Bretz, Elizabeth A. (1991). "New Boiler Designs for Utility Service,"
3175:
2915:
2833:
2462:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1397:
The Overallocation Problem In Cap-And-Trade: Moving Toward Stringency
834:
832:
647:
216:
switching to all, or blending high-sulfur coal with, low-sulfur coal;
36:
16:
Initiative taken by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
1963:
1359:
220:
121:
1225:
A fresh look at the benefits and costs of the US acid rain program
1212:
Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Environmental Issues
906:. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station.
829:
209:
standards included a mix of options with varying financial costs:
141:
The 1990 Amendments also required reductions in nitrogen oxide (NO
3002:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
1501:
Goad, Meredith. âAcidity levels in Maine lakes fail to improve.â
872:. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station.
449:
235:
purchasing or transferring emissions allowances from other units;
2033:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
667:
467:
emissions as much as the conventional regulation applied in the
2688:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2672:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1683:
1464:
Public health and the environment: The United States experience
1272:
Clearing the Air: The Facts about Capping and Trading Emissions
614:
331:
in interstate transfers of emissions allowances by multi-state
2806:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
2758:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2680:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2596:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
1514:
Jansen, Bart. âNortheast still high in acid in waters, soil.â
504:
232:
repowering existing units with new coal or non-coal boilers;
2774:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
2742:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
2734:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
673:"D.C. Circuit Vacates EPA's Cross State Air Pollution Rule"
53:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
1260:
Comparison of the EU and US approaches towards Acification
226:"trimming," or reducing annual hours of plant utilization;
178:
was considered less demanding by most electric utilities.
3422:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2454:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
1453:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.
407:
allowances decreased to around $ 88/ton in August 2009.
1244:'Cap-and-trade' model eyed for cutting greenhouse gases
363:
3531:
Environmental organizations based in the United States
2696:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
2540:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
2416:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
2091:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1636:
1447:
Acidic Deposition: State of the science and technology
238:
increasing demand-side management and conservation; or
1197:
1195:
710:
27:
in an effort to reduce overall atmospheric levels of
3212:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
2019:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
984:
Inventory of Power Plants in the United States, 1991
698:"Court Lifts Stay on Cross-State Air Pollution Rule"
585:
Schmalensee, Richard, and Robert N. Stavins. 2013. "
147:) emissions at Phase I units. The key factors in NO
3052:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
2355:
1445:U.S. Interagency Task Force on Acid Precipitation.
1137:
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/trading/buying.html#1
1095:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
3182:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
1527:âGroup casts new light on EPA acid rain program.â
1192:
902:Hamilton, Michael S., and Norman Wengert. (1980).
514:
410:
3236:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
2165:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
1462:Ziegenfus, Robert C. âAir quality and health. In
1115:. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 10.
918:, February 4, 1991, p. 3; November 2, 1992, p. 5.
459:emissions have dropped 40%, and according to the
127:
3512:
3294:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
3058:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
2424:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
2188:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
87:
278:
3304:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2548:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
2470:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1451:National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
1104:Butraw, Dallas, and Sarah Jo Szambelan. 2009.
644:"Cross-State Air Pollution Rule | US EPA"
271:This marketable windfall was estimated by the
3526:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3314:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2964:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
2341:
2158:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
1669:
1239:
1237:
1160:
1117:http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-09-40.pdf
619:United States Environmental Protection Agency
25:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3521:Environmental education in the United States
2524:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1595:
1593:
1479:. New York: American Lung Association, 1989.
3170:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
2486:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2478:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
2181:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
1093:Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991
980:Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991
967:Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991
929:Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991
527:
136:
3164:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
2572:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
2564:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
2516:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2348:
2334:
1676:
1662:
1234:
564:allowed to emit almost 95,000 tons/year).
339:after a protracted struggle involving the
23:is a market-based initiative taken by the
2922:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2891:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
2532:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
2244:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
1590:
1253:
2885:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
2230:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
1647:) is being considered for deletion. See
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
181:
3319:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2288:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
2281:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
2209:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
2026:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1865:
1488:âStudy links plant emissions, deaths.â
1477:Health effects of ambient air pollution
541:
476:the Acid Rain Programâs requirements".
3513:
3412:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
3255:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
3152:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
3140:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
2814:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1338:
1324:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1284:Acid Rain Program 2007 Progress Report
574:Continuous emissions monitoring system
39:. The program is an implementation of
3500:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
3021:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
2798:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
2408:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
2329:
1657:
1599:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 42
1432:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 42
1419:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 42
1408:COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
1106:U.S. Emissions Trading Markets for SO
779:
625:from the original on 18 November 2008
3229:Energy Independence and Security Act
3200:National Environmental Education Act
2216:National Environmental Education Act
1288:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
762:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
364:Innovations in coal supply contracts
329:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
3472:Significant New Alternatives Policy
3324:U.S. Global Change Research Program
2634:Southern Union Co. v. United States
2580:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
2494:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
2149:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1229:Journal of Environmental Management
868:. In N. Wengert and R.M. Lawrence,
13:
3249:America's Water Infrastructure Act
3239:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
2958:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2718:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2656:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
2626:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
2135:Global Change Research Act of 1990
2105:Integrated Farm Management Program
579:
550:
498:
432:to emit almost 95,000 tons/year).
51:(CSAPR). On August 21, 2012, the
14:
3542:
3265:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
3027:National Environmental Policy Act
3005:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
2766:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
2726:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
1651:to help reach a consensus. âș
1621:US EPA Acid Rain Program homepage
1609:
1091:U.S. Department of Energy. 1991.
219:switching to all natural gas, or
3452:Presidential Climate Action Plan
3432:New Source Performance Standards
3299:Council on Environmental Quality
3188:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
2260:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
2054:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
1572:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1348:The Journal of Political Economy
1034:, November/December 1992, p. 18.
669:Michael Best & Friedrich LLP
595:Journal of Economic Perspectives
435:
385:
341:Ohio Public Utilities Commission
312:
166:burners at the same time. Low-NO
112:allowances, administered by the
3088:Water Resources Development Act
3045:Coastal Zone Management Program
2357:United States environmental law
1685:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1644:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1577:
1564:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1389:
1332:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1223:LG Chestnut, DM Mills. (2005).
1217:
1204:
1189:, press release, April 1, 2013.
1141:
1129:
1098:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1046:, February 1, 1993, Supp. p. 1.
1037:
1025:
1016:
1003:
989:
972:
959:
946:
934:
921:
909:
896:
875:
858:
845:
816:
515:Marketable emissions allowances
509:Environmental Protection Agency
411:Participation by citizen groups
353:American Electric Power Company
3379:Environmental impact statement
3359:Corporate average fuel economy
3243:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
2664:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
2112:Stewardship Incentives Program
1339:Curtis, Carlson (April 2000).
1126:(accessed September 11, 2013).
803:
766:
751:
704:
690:
661:
636:
607:
291:
128:Scope of Phase II requirements
49:Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
1:
1449:. Summary Report of the U.S.
1135:U.S. EPA, Buying Allowances,
864:Hamilton, Michael S. (1980).
729:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104440
601:
98:million British thermal units
88:Scope of Phase I requirements
3158:Toxic Substances Control Act
1626:Title IV, 1990 Clean Air Act
1585:Journal of Political Economy
1013:3590-3766, January 11, 1993.
813:, September 25, 1992, p. C1.
380:Long Island Lighting Company
320:public utilities commissions
279:Location of generating units
262:
7:
3417:National Climate Assessment
3364:Discharge Monitoring Report
3217:Food Quality Protection Act
3039:Coastal Zone Management Act
2142:National Climate Assessment
1475:American Lung Association.
1210:Easton TA, editor. (2006).
1175:Acid Rain Retirement Fund,
1147:Acid Rain Retirement Fund,
717:Journal of Public Economics
567:
10:
3547:
3194:Global Change Research Act
2844:United States v. Bestfoods
1847:Presidential proclamations
956:27563-27567, May 10, 1993.
461:Pacific Research Institute
446:Environmental Defense Fund
62:
3467:Section 608 Certification
3407:Maximum contaminant level
3344:Best available technology
3332:
3284:
2990:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
2970:Air Pollution Control Act
2934:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
2866:
2832:
2706:
2644:
2614:
2504:
2434:
2363:
2297:
2237:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
2070:Energy Policy Act of 1992
2010:
1916:
1874:Joint session of Congress
1768:White House horseshoe pit
1692:
1632:Acid Rain Retirement Fund
1070:, January 13, 1992, p. 1.
1058:, December 9, 1991, p. 1.
969:. Washington, DC: USGPO.
931:. Washington, DC: USGPO.
273:U.S. Department of Energy
45:coal-burning power plants
3495:Toxicity category rating
3490:Total maximum daily load
3427:National Priorities List
3309:Office of Surface Mining
3134:Federal Noxious Weed Act
3035:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
3009:Solid Waste Disposal Act
2750:Rapanos v. United States
2313:Clinton administration â
2126:Wetlands Reserve Program
2047:Civil Rights Act of 1991
1817:Supreme Court candidates
1649:templates for discussion
1531:. 8:1-2. March 27, 2001.
1505:. December 1, 2002, 12A.
986:. Washington, DC: USGPO.
528:Impact of sulfur dioxide
324:Internal Revenue Service
137:Nitrogen oxide reduction
118:flue-gas desulfurization
69:Clean Air Act Amendments
3457:Renewable Fuel Standard
3275:Inflation Reduction Act
3082:Safe Drinking Water Act
2304:â Reagan administration
2174:Immigration Act of 1990
1957:Chemical Weapons Accord
1395:McAllister LK. (2009).
1248:San Francisco Chronicle
1214:(11th edition), p. 109.
1082:, March 29, 1993, p. 4.
943:, Nov/Dec, 1992, p. 24.
677:The National Law Review
440:Overall, the Program's
116:. Units that installed
43:that primarily targets
3070:Endangered Species Act
3015:Endangered Species Act
2897:Rivers and Harbors Act
2446:United States v. SCRAP
2392:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
2223:National Space Council
2119:USDA Rural Development
1971:1991 Madrid Conference
1616:Clean Air Act timeline
1402:July 25, 2011, at the
471:(EU), which reduced SO
114:Chicago Board of Trade
3395:Executive Order 13990
3389:Executive Order 13432
3384:Environmental justice
3269:CHIPS and Science Act
2976:Fish and Wildlife Act
2852:Guam v. United States
2384:Sierra Club v. Morton
2098:Forest Legacy Program
1803:Judicial appointments
1518:. March 26, 2001, A1.
1516:Portland Press Herald
1503:Maine Sunday Telegram
1490:Portland Press Herald
842:, October, pp. 51â59.
442:cap and trade program
223:coal and natural gas;
182:Compliance strategies
3478:State of the Climate
3146:MagnusonâStevens Act
2952:McSweeney-McNary Act
2604:West Virginia v. EPA
2556:Massachusetts v. EPA
2251:Truth in Savings Act
2202:Lead and Copper Rule
2077:FDIC Improvement Act
1927:Soviet Union summits
1775:Presidential pardons
1574:, 12(Summer): 69-88.
855:. August, pp. 17â22.
758:"Reducing Acid Rain"
542:Educational programs
104:emissions per year.
3442:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
3374:Environmental crime
3369:Effluent guidelines
3130:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
2870:federal legislation
2376:Missouri v. Holland
2274:1992 VRA Amendments
2267:Ryan White CARE Act
1782:International trips
1250:, December 3, 2007.
1201:42 U.S. Code 7651c.
811:Wall Street Journal
671:(August 25, 2012).
455:Since the 1990s, SO
349:United Mine Workers
229:retiring old units;
186:The market based SO
3262:Louisiana v. Biden
3176:CERCLA (Superfund)
3084:(1974, 1986, 1996)
2400:Hughes v. Oklahoma
2001:NAFTA negotiations
1992:Unified Task Force
1950:Invasion of Panama
1856:Clinton transition
1603:§7651c(c) Table A.
1492:. May 5, 2000, 5B.
1185:2013-08-29 at the
1154:2012-01-31 at the
1122:2013-04-13 at the
3508:
3507:
3437:New Source Review
3223:Energy Policy Act
3206:Oil Pollution Act
3076:Oil Pollution Act
3064:Noise Control Act
2994:Acid Rain Program
2982:Oil Pollution Act
2946:Oil Pollution Act
2940:ClarkeâMcNary Act
2862:
2861:
2822:Sackett v. EPA II
2323:
2322:
2061:Acid Rain Program
1912:
1911:
1896:1992 SOTU Address
1889:1991 SOTU Address
1882:1990 SOTU Address
1833:Executive actions
1761:Broccoli comments
1754:Vomiting incident
853:Power Engineering
826:, May, pp. 44â49.
479:In 2007, total SO
333:holding companies
120:equipment (e.g.,
41:emissions trading
21:Acid Rain Program
3538:
3354:Clean Power Plan
3286:Federal agencies
2928:WeeksâMcLean Act
2782:Sackett v. EPA I
2432:
2431:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2307:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1985:Somali Civil War
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1840:Executive orders
1835:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1789:Oval Office desk
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1370:. Archived from
1354:(6): 1292â1326.
1345:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1303:. Archived from
1297:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1173:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:Federal Register
1007:
1001:
993:
987:
976:
970:
963:
957:
954:Federal Register
950:
944:
938:
932:
925:
919:
913:
907:
900:
894:
891:Electrical World
887:Electrical World
883:Electrical World
879:
873:
862:
856:
849:
843:
840:Electrical World
836:
827:
824:Electrical World
820:
814:
807:
801:
794:
777:
770:
764:
755:
749:
748:
708:
702:
701:
694:
688:
687:
685:
683:
665:
659:
658:
656:
655:
646:. Archived from
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
611:
519:Pursuant to the
67:Title IV of the
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3336:
3328:
3280:
3033:Clean Water Act
2877:
2876:and lower court
2875:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2828:
2702:
2640:
2610:
2588:Michigan v. EPA
2500:
2430:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2195:JFK Records Act
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2040:Cannabis policy
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2011:Domestic policy
2006:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1978:New world order
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1861:
1854:
1845:
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1831:
1822:
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1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
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1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1682:
1652:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1587:108: 1292-1326.
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1487:
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1470:
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1457:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1404:Wayback Machine
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1301:"Archived copy"
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:, January 2009.
1282:
1278:
1270:
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1258:
1254:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1187:Wayback Machine
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1156:Wayback Machine
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1134:
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1124:Wayback Machine
1113:
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1103:
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897:
880:
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863:
859:
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580:Further reading
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33:nitrogen oxides
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3484:Tailoring Rule
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1610:External links
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1377:on 13 May 2014
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1824:controversies
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1553:on 2009-03-22
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1423:§7651 et seq.
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1398:
1392:
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1357:
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1307:on 2012-10-24
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718:
714:
707:
699:
693:
682:September 16,
678:
674:
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664:
650:on 2011-07-11
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592:
584:
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535:Hubbard Brook
525:
522:
521:Clean Air Act
512:
510:
506:
496:
492:
488:
477:
470:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
436:Effectiveness
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
386:Market prices
383:
381:
375:
372:
369:For example,
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
334:
330:
325:
321:
313:Uncertainties
310:
306:
302:
298:
289:
285:
276:
274:
269:
260:
257:
256:air pollution
251:
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34:
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26:
22:
3476:
3349:Citizen suit
3337:and concepts
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3000:
2993:
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2374:
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2060:
1903:Chicken Kiev
1710:Inauguration
1642:
1628:, PDF format
1600:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1541:
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1471:
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1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1351:
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1334:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1295:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1177:
1143:
1131:
1105:
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1092:
1087:
1080:Coal Outlook
1079:
1075:
1068:Coal Outlook
1067:
1063:
1056:Coal Outlook
1055:
1051:
1044:Coal Outlook
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1005:
991:
983:
979:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
936:
928:
923:
916:Coal Outlook
915:
911:
903:
898:
890:
886:
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877:
869:
865:
860:
852:
847:
839:
823:
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805:
797:
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720:
716:
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680:. Retrieved
676:
663:
652:. Retrieved
648:the original
638:
627:. Retrieved
609:
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3334:Regulations
1687:(1989â1993)
1637:âč The
615:"Acid Rain"
371:Ohio Edison
357:Gavin plant
345:Sierra Club
292:Age matters
3515:Categories
2903:Refuse Act
1703:Transition
1557:2009-12-30
1311:2009-10-24
1032:Coal Voice
941:Coal Voice
723:: 104440.
654:2011-07-11
629:2008-11-20
602:References
347:, and the
2916:Weeks Act
2910:Lacey Act
2878:decisions
2874:treaties,
2368:decisions
2084:FIRRE Act
1601:U.S. Code
1529:Air Daily
1434:U.S. Code
1421:U.S. Code
774:U.S. Code
745:237713962
737:0047-2727
263:Windfalls
122:scrubbers
37:acid rain
3401:LDV Rule
1964:Gulf War
1941:Helsinki
1866:Speeches
1717:Timeline
1694:Timeline
1639:template
1400:Archived
1320:cite web
1183:Archived
1152:Archived
1120:Archived
623:Archived
568:See also
322:and the
221:cofiring
3041:(1972)
2899:(1899)
1796:Cabinet
1745:1992â93
1641:below (
1436:§7651j.
1368:3037737
450:million
63:History
3486:(2010)
3403:(2010)
3397:(2022)
3391:(2007)
3277:(2022)
3271:(2022)
3257:(2021)
3251:(2018)
3245:(2016)
3231:(2007)
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3219:(1996)
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3017:(1969)
3011:(1965)
2984:(1961)
2978:(1956)
2972:(1955)
2966:(1954)
2960:(1934)
2954:(1928)
2948:(1924)
2942:(1924)
2936:(1918)
2930:(1913)
2924:(1911)
2918:(1911)
2912:(1900)
2893:(1897)
2887:(1872)
2855:(2021)
2847:(1998)
2834:CERCLA
2825:(2023)
2817:(2020)
2809:(2018)
2801:(2016)
2793:(2013)
2785:(2012)
2777:(2009)
2769:(2009)
2761:(2007)
2753:(2006)
2745:(2006)
2737:(2004)
2729:(2001)
2721:(1985)
2699:(2021)
2691:(2018)
2683:(2007)
2675:(1995)
2667:(1992)
2659:(1978)
2637:(2012)
2629:(1978)
2607:(2022)
2599:(2021)
2591:(2015)
2583:(2014)
2575:(2011)
2567:(2007)
2559:(2007)
2551:(2004)
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2527:(1984)
2519:(1975)
2497:(2010)
2489:(2008)
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2473:(2004)
2465:(1983)
2457:(1983)
2449:(1973)
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2419:(2000)
2411:(1990)
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