Actinic keratosis - Knowledge

998:, thereby interrupting DNA and RNA synthesis. This in turn prevents the proliferation of dysplastic cells in AK. Topical 5-FU is the most utilized treatment for AK, and often results in effective removal of the lesion. Overall, there is a 50% efficacy rate resulting in 100% clearance of AKs treated with topical 5-FU. 5-FU may be up to 90% effective in treating non-hyperkeratotic lesions. While topical 5-FU is a widely used and cost-effective treatment for AKs and is generally well tolerated, its potential side-effects can include: pain, crusting, redness, and local swelling. These adverse effects can be mitigated or minimized by reducing the frequency of application or taking breaks between uses. The most commonly used application regimen consists of applying a layer of topical cream to the lesion twice a day after washing; duration of treatment is typically 2–4 weeks to thinner skin like the cheeks and up to 8 weeks for the arms; treatment of up to 8 weeks has demonstrated a higher cure rate. 411:(HPV) plays a role in the development of AKs. The HPV virus has been detected in AKs, with measurable HPV viral loads (one HPV-DNA copy per less than 50 cells) measured in 40% of AKs. Similar to UV radiation, higher levels of HPV found in AKs reflect enhanced viral DNA replication. This is suspected to be related to the abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in AKs, which facilitate an environment for HPV replication. This in turn may further stimulate the abnormal proliferation that contributes to the development of AKs and carcinogenesis. 679: 1033:

gel is recommended for the scalp and face, while a 2-day treatment course with the 0.05% gel is recommended for the trunk and extremities. Treatment with the 0.015% gel was found to completely clear 57% of AK, while the 0.05% gel had a 34% clearance rate. Advantages of ingenol mebutate treatment include the short duration of therapy and a low recurrence rate. Local skin reactions including pain, itching and redness can be expected during treatment with ingenol mebutate. This treatment was derived from the petty spurge,

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including local erythema, scabbing, and flaking at the application site, while nearly a third of individuals using the 5% cream reported the same types of reactions with Imiquimod treatment. However, it is ultimately difficult to compare the efficacy of the different strength creams directly, as current study data varies in methodology (e.g. duration and frequency of treatment, and amount of skin surface area covered).

960: 7228: 1106: 1230:) lasers is a treatment approach being utilized with increased frequency, and sometimes in conjunction with computer scanning technology. Laser therapy has not been extensively studied, but current evidence suggests it may be effective in cases involving multiple AKs refractive to medical therapy, or AKs located in cosmetically sensitive locations such as the face. The CO 1017:. Treatment with Imiquimod cream applied 2–3 times per week for 12 to 16 weeks was found to result in complete resolution of AKs in 50% of people, compared to 5% of controls. The Imiquimod 3.75% cream has been validated in a treatment regimen consisting of daily application to entire face and scalp for two 2-week treatment cycles, with a complete clearance rate of 36%. 1324:

particularly after unprotected sun exposure. Left untreated, there is a chance that the lesion will advance to become invasive. Although it is difficult to predict whether an AK will advance to become squamous cell carcinoma, it has been noted that squamous cell carcinomas originate in lesions formerly diagnosed as AKs with frequencies reported between 65 and 97%.

525:: People with a compromised immune system from medical conditions (such as AIDS) or immunosuppressive therapy (such as chronic immunosuppression after organ transplantation, or chemotherapy for cancer) are at increased risk for developing AKs. They may develop AK at an earlier age or have an increased number of AK lesions compared to immunocompetent people. 969:

There are a variety of treatment options for AK depending on the patient and the clinical characteristics of the lesion. AKs show a wide range of features, which guide decision-making in choosing treatment. As there are multiple effective treatments, patient preference and lifestyle are also factors

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Recent research implicating human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of AKs suggests that HPV prevention might in turn help prevent development of AKs, as UV-induced mutations and oncogenic transformation are likely facilitated in cases of active HPV infection. A key component of HPV prevention

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is frequently used for few and well-defined lesions, but undesired skin lightening, or hypopigmentation, may occur at the treatment site. By following up with a dermatologist, AKs can be treated before they progress to skin cancer. If cancer does develop from an AK lesion, it can be caught early with

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Given the aforementioned differering clinical outcomes, it is difficult to predict the clinical course of any given actinic keratosis. AK lesions may also come and go—in a cycle of appearing on the skin, remaining for months, and then disappearing. Often they will reappear in a few weeks or months,

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is a topically applied agent that wounds the outermost layer of the skin, promoting organized repair, exfoliation, and eventually the development of smooth and rejuvenated skin. Multiple therapies have been studied. A medium-depth peel may effectively treat multiple non-hyperkeratotic AKs. It can be

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when deemed appropriate by the physician): This technique is often used for treatment of AKs, and particularly for lesions appearing more similar to squamous cell carcinoma, or those that are unresponsive to other treatments. The surface of the lesion can be scraped away using a scalpel, or the base

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Multiple treatment regimens using different photosensitizers, incubation times, light sources, and pretreatment regimens have been studied and suggest that longer incubation times lead to higher rates of lesion clearance. Photodynamic therapy is gaining in popularity. It has been found to have a 14%

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Treatment begins with preparation of the lesion, which includes scraping away scales and crusts using a dermal curette. A thick layer of topical MAL or 5-ALA cream is applied to the lesion and a small area surrounding the lesion, which is then covered with an occlusive dressing and left for a period

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is a newer treatment for AK used in Europe and the United States. It works in two ways, first by disrupting cell membranes and mitochondria resulting cell death, and then by inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to eliminate remaining tumor cells. A 3-day treatment course with the 0.015%

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is performed if the diagnosis remains uncertain after a clinical physical exam, or if there is suspicion that the AK might have progressed to squamous cell carcinoma. The most common tissue sampling techniques include shave or punch biopsy. When only a portion of the lesion can be removed due to its

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Balding: AKs are commonly found on the scalps of balding men. The degree of baldness seems to be a risk factor for lesion development, as men with severe baldness were found to be seven times more likely to have 10 or more AKs when compared to men with minimal or no baldness. This observation can be

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Progression: The overall risk of an AK turning into invasive cancer is low. In average-risk individuals, likelihood of an AK lesion progressing to SCC is less than 1% per year. Despite this low rate of progression, studies suggest that a full 60% of SCCs arise from pre-existing AKs, reinforcing the

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Cryotherapy is particularly indicated for cases where there are fewer than 15 thin, well-demarcated lesions. Caution is encouraged for thicker, more hyperkeratotic lesions, as dysplastic cells may evade treatment. Treatment with both cryotherapy and field treatment can be considered for these more

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gel is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is thought to work in the treatment of AK through its inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway, thereby limiting the production of prostaglandins which are thought to be involved in the development of UVB-induced skin cancers. Recommended duration

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Bowenoid: This term is controversial and usually refers to full-thickness atypia, microscopically indistinguishable from Bowen's Disease. However most dermatologists and pathologists will use it in reference to tissue samples that are notable for small foci of atypia that involve the full thickness

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The lesions are usually asymptomatic, but can be tender, itch, bleed, or produce a stinging or burning sensation. AKs are typically graded in accordance with their clinical presentation: Grade I (easily visible, slightly palpable), Grade II (easily visible, palpable), and Grade III (frankly visible

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Given the causal relationship between sun exposure and AK growth, they often appear on a background of sun-damaged skin and in areas that are commonly sun-exposed, such as the face, ears, neck, scalp, chest, backs of hands, forearms, or lips. Because sun exposure is rarely limited to a small area,

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Men are more likely to develop AK than women, and the risk of developing AK lesions increases with age. These findings have been observed in multiple studies, with numbers from one study suggesting that approximately 5% of women ages 20–29 develop AK compared to 68% of women ages 60–69, and 10% of

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of variable thickness with surrounding redness; they have a sandpaper-like texture when felt with a gloved hand. Skin nearby the lesion often shows evidence of solar damage characterized by pigmentary alterations, being yellow or pale in color with areas of hyperpigmentation; deep wrinkles, coarse

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When compared to treatment with 5-FU, chemical peels have demonstrated similar efficacy and increased ease of use with similar morbidity. Chemical peels must be performed in a controlled clinic environment and are recommended only for individuals who are able to comply with follow-up precautions,

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Carneiro RV, Sotto MN, Azevedo LS, Ianhez LE, Rivitti EA (February 2005). "Acitretin and skin cancer in kidney transplanted patients. Clinical and histological evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis of lymphocytes, natural killer cells and Langerhans' cells in sun exposed and sun protected

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Geography seems to play a role in the sense that individuals living in locations where they are exposed to more UV radiation throughout their lifetime have a significantly higher risk of developing AK. Much of the literature on AK comes from Australia, where the prevalence of AK is estimated at

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can be recognized as "IDRBEU": I (induration/inflammation), D (diameter > 1 cm), R (rapid enlargement), B (bleeding), E (erythema), and U (ulceration). AKs are usually diagnosed clinically, but because they are difficult to clinically differentiate from squamous cell carcinoma, any

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Werner RN, Stockfleth E, Connolly SM, Correia O, Erdmann R, Foley P, Gupta AK, Jacobs A, Kerl H, Lim HW, Martin G, Paquet M, Pariser DM, Rosumeck S, Röwert-Huber HJ, Sahota A, Sangueza OP, Shumack S, Sporbeck B, Swanson NA, Torezan L, Nast A (November 2015). "Evidence- and consensus-based (S3)

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While the clearance rate observed with the Imiquimod 3.75% cream was lower than that observed with the 5% cream (36 and 50 percent, respectively), there are lower reported rates of adverse reactions with the 3.75% cream: 19% of individuals using Imiquimod 3.75% cream reported adverse reactions

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Extent of sun exposure: Cumulative sun exposure leads to an increased risk for development of AKs. In one U.S. study, AKs were found in 55% of fair-skinned men with high cumulative sun exposure, and in only 19% of fair-skinned men with low cumulative sun exposure in an age-matched cohort (the

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Kaufmann R, Spelman L, Weightman W, Reifenberger J, Szeimies RM, Verhaeghe E, Kerrouche N, Sorba V, Villemagne H, Rhodes LE (May 2008). "Multicentre intraindividual randomized trial of topical methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy vs. cryotherapy for multiple actinic keratoses on the

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The process can be repeated multiple times in one office visit, as tolerated. Cure rates from 67 to 99 percent have been reported, depending on freeze time and lesion characteristics. Disadvantages include discomfort during and after the procedure; blistering, scarring and redness; hypo- or

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Polarized contact dermoscopy of AKs occasionally reveals a "rosette sign," described as four white points arranged in a clover pattern, often localized to within a follicular opening. It is hypothesized that the "rosette sign" corresponds histologically to the changes of orthokeratosis and

303:: A cutaneous horn is a keratinic projection with its height at least one-half of its diameter, often conical in shape. They can be seen in the setting of actinic keratosis as a progression of an HAK, but are also present in other skin conditions. 38–40% of cutaneous horns represent AKs. 1164:

higher likelihood of achieving complete lesion clearance at 3 months compared to cryotherapy, and seems to result in superior cosmetic outcomes when compared to cryotherapy or 5-FU treatment. Photodynamic therapy can be particularly effective in treating areas with multiple AK lesions.

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is a noninvasive technique utilizing a handheld magnifying device coupled with a transilluminating lift. It is often used in the evaluation of cutaneous lesions but lacks the definitive diagnostic ability of biopsy-based tissue diagnosis. Histopathologic exam remains the gold standard.

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Ultraviolet radiation is believed to contribute to the development of actinic keratoses by inducing mutations in epidermal keratinocytes, leading to proliferation of atypical cells. Therefore, preventive measures for AKs are targeted at limiting exposure to solar radiation, including:

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Hauschild A, Popp G, Stockfleth E, Meyer KG, Imberger D, Mohr P, Itschert G, Kaufmann R, Neuber K, Frambach Y, Gollnick H, Brunnert M, Stocker M, Ortland C, Karrer S (February 2009). "Effective photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses on the head and face with a novel, self-adhesive

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that physicians consider when determining the management plan for actinic keratosis. Regular follow-up is advisable after any treatment to make sure no new lesions have developed and that old ones are not progressing. Adding topical treatment after a procedure may improve outcomes.

465:: Studies show that even a single episode of painful sunburn as a child can increase an individual's risk of developing AK as an adult. Six or more painful sunburns over the course of a lifetime was found to be significantly associated with the likelihood of developing AK. 1332:

Actinic keratosis is very common, with an estimated 14% of dermatology visits related to AKs. It is seen more often in fair-skinned individuals, and rates vary with geographical location and age. Other factors such as exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, certain

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Specific findings depend on the clinical variant and particular lesion characteristics. The seven major histopathologic variants are all characterized by atypical keratinocytic proliferation beginning in the basal layer and confined to the epidermis; they include:

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Atrophic: With slight hyperkeratosis and overall atrophic changes to the epidermis; the basal layer shows cells with large, hyperchromatic nuclei in close proximity to each other. These cells have been observed to proliferate into the dermis as buds and duct-like

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Swanson N, Abramovits W, Berman B, Kulp J, Rigel DS, Levy S (April 2010). "Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles".

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Szeimies RM, Torezan L, Niwa A, Valente N, Unger P, Kohl E, Schreml S, Babilas P, Karrer S, Festa-Neto C (July 2012). "Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of human skin field cancerization before and after photodynamic therapy".

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gel daily for 4 weeks, and then twice daily thereafter for a total of nine months led to a significant but modest reduction in the number AKs compared to placebo; it demonstrated the additional advantage of improving the appearance of photodamaged skin.

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40–50% in adults over 40, as compared to the United States and Europe, where prevalence is estimated at under 11–38% in adults. One study found that those who immigrated to Australia after age 20 had fewer AKs than native Australians in all age groups.

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is a pigment in the epidermis that functions to protect keratinocytes from the damage caused by UV radiation; it is found in higher concentrations in the epidermis of darker-skinned individuals, affording them protection against the development of AKs.

179:(PDT) is one option for the treatment of numerous AK lesions in a region of the skin, termed field cancerization. It involves the application of a photosensitizer to the skin followed by illumination with a strong light source. Topical creams, such as 1368:

In terms of treatment, a number of medications are being studied. Resiquimod is a TLR 7/8 agonist that works similarly to imiquimod, but is 10 to 100 times more potent; when used to treat AK lesions, complete response rates have range from 40 to 74%.

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percents for women in this same study were 37% and 12% respectively). Furthermore, the use of sunscreen (SPF 17 or higher) has been found to significantly reduce the development of AK lesions, and also promotes the regression of existing lesions.

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of therapy is 60 to 90 days with twice daily application. Treatment of facial AK with diclofenac gel led to complete lesion resolution in 40% of cases. Common side effects include dryness, itching, redness, and rash at the site of application.

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Lawrence N, Cox SE, Cockerell CJ, Freeman RG, Cruz PD (February 1995). "A comparison of the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses".

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Nelson MA, Einspahr JG, Alberts DS, Balfour CA, Wymer JA, Welch KL, Salasche SJ, Bangert JL, Grogan TM, Bozzo PO (September 1994). "Analysis of the p53 gene in human precancerous actinic keratosis lesions and squamous cell cancers".

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Thai KE, Fergin P, Freeman M, Vinciullo C, Francis D, Spelman L, Murrell D, Anderson C, Weightman W, Reid C, Watson A, Foley P (September 2004). "A prospective study of the use of cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses".

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was found to be safe, well tolerated and moderately effective in chemoprophylaxis for skin cancers in kidney transplant patients. Acitretin is a viable treatment option for organ transplant patients according to expert opinion.

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of 14.1 and 6.5, respectively), and AKs are uncommon in dark-skinned people of African descent. Other phenotypic features seen in fair-skinned individuals that are associated with an increased propensity to develop AKs include:

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can be removed with a curette. Tissue can be evaluated histopathologically under the microscope, but specimens acquired using this technique are not often adequate to determine whether a lesion is invasive or intraepidermal.

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Patel G, Armstrong AW, Eisen DB (December 2014). "Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs other interventions in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of actinic keratoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Human papillomavirus (HPV): The role of HPV in the development of AK remains unclear, but evidence suggests that infection with the betapapillomavirus type of HPV may be associated with an increased likelihood of

5231: 5216: 1176:: Excision should be reserved for cases when the AK is a thick, horny papule, or when deeper invasion is suspected and histopathologic diagnosis is necessary. It is a rarely utilized technique for AK treatment. 839:

such as hats, sunglasses, long-sleeved shirts, long skirts, or trousers. “Consider taking 10 micrograms of vitamin D a day if you always cover up outdoors. This is because you may not get enough vitamin D from

453:, as well as other molecules associated with inflammation. Eventually, over time these changes lead to the formation of AKs. Several predictors for increased AK risk from UV radiation have been identified: 320:: When an AK forms on the lip, it is called actinic cheilitis. This usually presents as a rough, scaly patch on the lip, often accompanied by the sensation of dry mouth and symptomatic splitting of the lips. 3635:

Rosen RH, Gupta AK, Tyring SK (March 2012). "Dual mechanism of action of ingenol mebutate gel for topical treatment of actinic keratoses: rapid lesion necrosis followed by lesion-specific immune response".

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Gupta AK, Davey V, Mcphail H (October 2005). "Evaluation of the effectiveness of imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Critical review and meta-analysis of efficacy studies".

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Drake LA, Ceilley RI, Cornelison RL, Dobes WL, Dorner W, Goltz RW, Graham GF, Lewis CW, Salasche SJ, Turner ML (January 1995). "Guidelines of care for actinic keratoses. Committee on Guidelines of Care".

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Röwert-Huber J, Patel MJ, Forschner T, Ulrich C, Eberle J, Kerl H, Sterry W, Stockfleth E (May 2007). "Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification".

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Kang S, Goldfarb MT, Weiss JS, Metz RD, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ, Griffiths CE (July 2003). "Assessment of adapalene gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses and lentigines: a randomized trial".

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that can manifest as AKs or other neoplastic growths. With years of sun damage, it is possible to develop multiple AKs in a single area on the skin. This condition is termed field cancerization.

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of time. During this time the photosensitizer accumulates in the target cells within the AK lesion. The dressings are then removed and the lesion is treated with light at a specified wavelength.

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Engel A, Johnson ML, Haynes SG (January 1988). "Health effects of sunlight exposure in the United States. Results from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971-1974".

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Diagnostically, researchers are investigating the role of novel biomarkers to assist in determining which AKs are more likely to develop into cutaneous or metastatic SCC. Upregulation of

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Pirard D, Vereecken P, Mélot C, Heenen M (November 2005). "Three percent diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses: a meta-analysis of the recent studies".

3279:"Network meta-analysis of the outcome 'participant complete clearance' in nonimmunosuppressed participants of eight interventions for actinic keratosis: a follow-up on a Cochrane review" 4842:

Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB (August 2002). "A survey of office visits for actinic keratosis as reported by NAMCS, 1990-1999. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey".

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to act as a protective factor against UVB radiation. It is being studied to determine its efficacy in preventing AKs in organ transplant patients who are on immunosuppressive therapy.

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Akay BN, Kocyigit P, Heper AO, Erdem C (December 2010). "Dermatoscopy of flat pigmented facial lesions: diagnostic challenge between pigmented actinic keratosis and lentigo maligna".

1116:(−195.8 °C) is the most commonly used destructive therapy for the treatment of AK in the United States. It is a well-tolerated office procedure that does not require anesthesia. 293:

or rough papule or plaque, often adherent to an erythematous base. Classic AKs can progress to become HAKs, and HAKs themselves can be difficult to distinguish from malignant lesions.

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Untreated AKs follow one of three paths: they can either persist as AKs, regress, or progress to invasive skin cancer, as AK lesions are considered to be on the same continuum with

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formation in DNA and RNA, leading to significant cellular mutations. In particular, mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been found in 30–50% of AK lesion skin samples.

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Iyer S, Friedli A, Bowes L, Kricorian G, Fitzpatrick RE (February 2004). "Full face laser resurfacing: therapy and prophylaxis for actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancer".

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Berker, D.; McGregor, J.M.; Mohd Mustapa, M.F.; Exton, L.S.; Hughes, B.R.; McHenry, P.M.; Gibbon, K.; Buckley, D.A.; Nasr, I.; Duarte Williamson, C.E.; Swale, V.J. (January 2017).

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Zalaudek I, Ferrara G, Leinweber B, Mercogliano A, D'Ambrosio A, Argenziano G (December 2005). "Pitfalls in the clinical and dermoscopic diagnosis of pigmented actinic keratosis".

1361:(Serpins) is also being investigated. SerpinA1 was found to be elevated in the keratinocytes of SCC cell lines, and SerpinA1 upregulation was correlated with SCC tumor progression 296:

Atrophic: Atrophic AKs lack an overlying scale, and therefore appear as a nonpalpable change in color (or macule). They are often smooth and red and are less than 10mm in diameter.

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Taguchi M, Watanabe S, Yashima K, Murakami Y, Sekiya T, Ikeda S (October 1994). "Aberrations of the tumor suppressor p53 gene and p53 protein in solar keratosis in human skin".

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Pigmented AKs: gray to brown dots or globules surrounding follicular openings, and annular-granular rhomboidal structures; often difficult to differentiate from lentigo maligna.

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may show a loss of polarity, pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Some irregular downward proliferation into the uppermost dermis may be observed, but does not represent frank invasion.

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Non-pigmented AKs: linear or wavy vascular patterning, or a "strawberry pattern," described as unfocused vessels between hair follicles, with white-haloed follicular openings.

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Lebwohl M, Shumack S, Stein Gold L, Melgaard A, Larsson T, Tyring SK (June 2013). "Long-term follow-up study of ingenol mebutate gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses".

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have been studied in the treatment of AK with modest results, and the American Academy of Dermatology does not currently recommend this as first-line therapy. Treatment with

755:: Intercellular clefts or lacunae in the lowermost epidermal layer that result from anaplastic changes; these produce dyskeratotic cells with disrupted intercellular bridges. 4980:

Marks R, Jolley D, Lectsas S, Foley P (January 1990). "The role of childhood exposure to sunlight in the development of solar keratoses and non-melanocytic skin cancer".

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Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis - International League of Dermatological Societies in cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum - Short version".

1357:(MMP) is seen in many different types of cancers, and the expression and production of MMP-7 in particular has been found to be elevated in SCC specifically. The role of 978:

Topical medications are often recommended for areas where multiple or ill-defined AKs are present, as the medication can easily be used to treat a relatively large area.

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Normal skin (left) and actinic keratosis (right) with the defining characteristic of atypical basal keratinocytes that do not involve the full thickness of the epidermis.

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There are some data that in individuals with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer, a low-fat diet can serve as a preventative measure against future actinic keratoses.

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Hensen P, Müller ML, Haschemi R, Ständer H, Luger TA, Sunderkötter C, Schiller M (2009). "Predisposing factors of actinic keratosis in a North-West German population".

5317: 1194:: Dermabrasion is useful in the treatment of large areas with multiple AK lesions. The process involves using a hand-held instrument to "sand" the skin, removing the 539:

interfere with DNA repair after sun exposure, thereby putting these individuals at higher risk for the development of AKs. Examples of such genetic disorders include

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Pigmented AK: Pigmented AKs are rare variants that often present as macules or plaques that are tan to brown in color. They can be difficult to distinguish from a

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radiation have been implicated as causes of AKs. UV-A radiation (wavelength 320–400 nm) reaches more deeply into the skin and can lead to the generation of

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Szeimies RM, Bichel J, Ortonne JP, Stockfleth E, Lee J, Meng TC (July 2008). "A phase II dose-ranging study of topical resiquimod to treat actinic keratosis".

5122:"[Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone significantly increased pigmentation and decreased UV damage in fair-skinned Caucasian volunteers" 1365:. Further investigation into specific biomarkers could help providers better assess prognosis and determine best treatment approaches for particular lesions. 6412: 694:

On histologic examination, actinic keratoses usually show a collection of atypical keratinocytes with hyperpigmented or pleomorphic nuclei, extending to the

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Feldman SR, Fleischer AB, Williford PM, Jorizzo JL (January 1999). "Destructive procedures are the standard of care for treatment of actinic keratoses".

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Frost CA, Green AC, Williams GM (December 1998). "The prevalence and determinants of solar keratoses at a subtropical latitude (Queensland, Australia)".

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Physicians usually diagnose actinic keratosis by doing a thorough physical examination, through a combination of visual observation and touch. However a

1206:, necessitating a hospital stay. One-year clearance rates with dermabrasion treatment are as high as 96%, but diminish drastically to 54% at five years. 2125:

Bagazgoitia L, Cuevas J, Juarranz A (February 2010). "Expression of p53 and p16 in actinic keratosis, bowenoid actinic keratosis and Bowen's disease".

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are used in the treatment of various types of cancers, and are currently being investigated for potential use in the treatment and prevention of AKs.

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Werner RN, Sammain A, Erdmann R, Hartmann V, Stockfleth E, Nast A (September 2013). "The natural history of actinic keratosis: a systematic review".

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is disordered to varying degrees: there may be widening of the intracellular spaces, cytologic atypia such as abnormally large nuclei, and a mild

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explained by an absence of hair causing a larger proportion of scalp to be exposed to UV radiation if other sun protection measures are not taken.

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Cuellar F, Vilalta A, Puig S, Palou J, Salerni G, Malvehy J (June 2009) . "New dermoscopic pattern in actinic keratosis and related conditions".

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Bowenoid AK: Usually presents as a solitary, erythematous, scaly patch or plaque with well-defined borders. Bowenoid AKs are differentiated from

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Fleming P, Zhou S, Bobotsis R, Lynde C (2017). "Comparison of the Treatment Guidelines for Actinic Keratosis: A Critical Appraisal and Review".

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Actinic keratoses characteristically appear as thick, scaly, or crusty areas that often feel dry or rough. Size commonly ranges between 2 and 6

1590: 148:, but they can grow to be several centimeters in diameter. AKs are often felt before they are seen, and the texture is sometimes compared to 7131: 5824: 651:

size or location, the biopsy should sample tissue from the thickest area of the lesion, as SCCs are most likely to be detected in that area.

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McBride P, Neale R, Pandeya N, Green A (July 2007). "Sun-related factors, betapapillomavirus, and actinic keratoses: a prospective study".

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layer of the epidermis. Diamond fraises or wire brushes revolving at high speeds are used. The procedure can be quite painful and requires

1092:(Klisyri) was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2020, for the treatment of actinic keratosis on the face or scalp. 832:

Applying sunscreen at least 15 minutes before going outside, as this allows time for the sunscreen to be absorbed appropriately by the skin

133:, usually over the course of decades. Given their pre-cancerous nature, if left untreated, they may turn into a type of skin cancer called 6887: 4749:"Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial" 2660:

Clinical practice guide: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (and related lesions): a guide to clinical management in Australia

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Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, Krekels GA (Jul–Aug 2006). "Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones?".

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advanced lesions. Cryotherapy is generally performed using an open-spray technique, wherein the AK is sprayed for several seconds.

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Lichenoid: Demonstrate a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis, directly beneath the dermal-epidermal junction.

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induces mutations in the keratinocytes of the epidermis, promoting the survival and proliferation of these atypical cells. Both

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may be necessary when the keratosis is large in diameter, thick, or bleeding, in order to make sure that the lesion is not a

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Fair-skinned individuals have a significantly increased risk of developing AKs when compared to olive-skinned individuals (

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of the p53 pathway can thus result in unchecked replication of dysplastic keratinocytes, thereby serving as a source of

6832: 5913: 4470:

Coleman WP, Yarborough JM, Mandy SH (January 1996). "Dermabrasion for prophylaxis and treatment of actinic keratoses".

3986: 152:. They may be dark, light, tan, pink, red, a combination of all these, or have the same color as the surrounding skin. 4945:

Green A, Beardmore G, Hart V, Leslie D, Marks R, Staines D (December 1988). "Skin cancer in a Queensland population".

4701:

Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS (April 1988). "Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma".

4051:"Athenex Announces FDA Approval of Klisyri (Tirbanibulin) for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis on the Face or Scalp" 3328:"Effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil treatment for actinic keratosis--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 6764: 6759: 5814: 2866: 1505: 1440: 897: 347:

should raise concern for malignancy. Specifically, clinical findings suggesting an increased risk of progression to

7136: 6827: 6794: 6744: 6521: 5923: 1378: 1184: 925: 1295:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the nose. This skin cancer can develop from actinic keratoses if they are not treated.

580:(SCC) but both diseases can present similarly upon physical exam and can be difficult to distinguish clinically. 7151: 6892: 6822: 6677: 1957:

Rosen T, Lebwohl MG (January 2013). "Prevalence and awareness of actinic keratosis: barriers and opportunities".

6784: 6774: 5882: 5508: 2444:

Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, Harwood C, Proby C, Breuer J, Majewski S, Pfister H, Wieland U (July 2005).

2012:

Butani AK, Butani A, Arbesfeld DM, Schwartz RA (April 2005). "Premalignant and early squamous cell carcinoma".

1076:

is ineffective as treatment for reducing the number of AKs. For secondary prevention of AK, systemic, low-dose

360:

The most important cause of AK formation is solar radiation, through a variety of mechanisms. Mutation of the

4018: 3211:"Cryosurgery combined with topical interventions for actinic keratosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 907: 6913: 6779: 6739: 6075: 5766: 5603: 1314:

Recurrence: Recurrence rates after 1 year for single AK lesions that have regressed range between 15 and 53%.

2951:

Peris K, Micantonio T, Piccolo D, Fargnoli MC (November 2007). "Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis".

364:

tumor suppressor gene, induced by UV radiation, has been identified as a crucial step in AK formation. This

7146: 6769: 6643: 6462: 6242: 5997: 5688: 5618: 4027: 3995: 3963: 2047:

Yu RC, Pryce DW, Macfarlane AW, Stewart TW (May 1991). "A histopathological study of 643 cutaneous horns".

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in order to provide sufficient tissue for diagnosis; ideally, it would extend to the mid-reticular dermis.

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Regression: Reported regression rates for single AK lesions have ranged between 15 and 63% after one year.

1267:

including avoidance of sun exposure. Furthermore, they should be avoided in individuals with a history of

1009:

is a topical immune-enhancing agent licensed for the treatment of genital warts. Imiquimod stimulates the

6749: 6531: 6526: 6457: 5992: 5523: 5478: 3671: 5120:

Barnetson RS, Ooi TK, Zhuang L, Halliday GM, Reid CM, Walker PC, Humphrey SM, Kleinig MJ (August 2006).

3453:"British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the care of patients with actinic keratosis 2017" 2662:. Cancer Council Australia., Australian Cancer Network. Sydney, N.S.W.: Cancer Council Australia. 2008. 7218: 7119: 6754: 6553: 6345: 6065: 2691: 137:. Untreated lesions have up to a 20% risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma, so treatment by a 4556:

Massey RA, Eliezri YD (June 1999). "A case report of laser resurfacing as a skin cancer prophylaxis".

7037: 6658: 6600: 6267: 2779:"Prevalence of actinic keratosis and its risk factors in the general population: the Rotterdam Study" 1354: 886: 348: 134: 5309: 806:

Avoid sun exposure during noontime hours between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM when UV light is most powerful

7114: 7109: 7042: 6864: 6467: 6110: 5756: 5693: 5588: 5246: 159:

If clinical examination findings are not typical of AK and the possibility of in situ or invasive

6982: 6811: 6637: 6605: 6375: 6070: 5789: 5761: 5391: 1649:

Moy RL (January 2000). "Clinical presentation of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma".

1300: 882: 836: 595: 577: 432: 160: 6390: 3250:

Robins P, Gupta AK (August 2002). "The use of topical fluorouracil to treat actinic keratosis".

3134: 560: 384:

growth and the development of AK, as well as possible progression from AK to skin cancer. Other

6994: 6494: 6350: 6262: 5578: 2446:"Human papillomavirus-DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers" 1561:. Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. (Thomas Bernard), 1919-2003., Kang, Sewon (Ninth ed.). New York. 1149: 1137: 995: 932: 401: 88: 5286: 1252: 6933: 6908: 6630: 6252: 6179: 5867: 5401: 5381: 4907:

Salasche SJ (January 2000). "Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma".

1153: 818: 765:

Pigmented: Show pigmentation in the basal layer of the epidermis, similar to a solar lentigo.

540: 388:

that have been associated with the development of AK include the expression of p16, p14, the

365: 286:. They are usually 2–6mm in diameter but can sometimes reach several centimeters in diameter. 2777:

Flohil SC, van der Leest RJ, Dowlatshahi EA, Hofman A, de Vries E, Nijsten T (August 2013).

809:

Minimize all time in the sun, since UV exposure occurs even in the winter and on cloudy days

187:, may require daily application to affected skin areas over a typical time course of weeks. 7248: 7004: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6728: 6625: 6447: 5598: 5396: 5371: 1684:

Stockfleth E, Kerl H (Nov–Dec 2006). "Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses".

1268: 1248: 1234:

laser has been recommended for extensive actinic cheilitis that has not responded to 5-FU.

1145: 893: 723: 607: 603: 408: 270:

Actinic keratoses can have various clinical presentations, often characterized as follows:

176: 20: 2705: 8: 7170: 6928: 6849: 6479: 6320: 6257: 6232: 6206: 6060: 6038: 5633: 5593: 5513: 5503: 5235: 2546: 1199: 627: 611: 5297: 4993: 4141:

Lubritz RR, Smolewski SA (November 1982). "Cryosurgery cure rate of actinic keratoses".

851:, and the CDC currently recommends routine vaccination in all children at age 11 or 12. 759:

of the epidermis, in the background of a lesion that is otherwise consistent with an AK.

6918: 6859: 6854: 6434: 6169: 6033: 5918: 5877: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5568: 5179: 5162: 5102: 5054: 5027: 5005: 4824: 4778: 4726: 4538: 4495: 4483: 4417: 4368: 4343: 4288: 4239: 4212: 3939: 3855: 3830: 3811: 3730: 3403: 3357: 3308: 3191: 3019: 2976: 2756: 2685: 2641: 2510: 2379: 2354: 2292: 2196: 2169: 2150: 2072: 2060: 1893: 1841: 1824: 1805: 1761: 1584: 1474: 1457: 324: 168: 5240: 4958: 4714: 4604: 4448: 4189: 4154: 678: 7126: 7009: 6543: 6538: 6227: 5933: 5809: 5804: 5683: 5657: 5583: 5573: 5411: 5257: 5184: 5143: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5059: 4997: 4962: 4924: 4886: 4851: 4816: 4782: 4770: 4718: 4680: 4644: 4640: 4608: 4573: 4569: 4530: 4487: 4452: 4409: 4405: 4373: 4324: 4280: 4276: 4244: 4193: 4158: 4123: 4096: 3931: 3927: 3895: 3860: 3803: 3765: 3722: 3653: 3617: 3578: 3512: 3482: 3474: 3430: 3395: 3349: 3344: 3327: 3312: 3300: 3259: 3232: 3183: 3060: 3023: 3011: 3007: 2968: 2964: 2933: 2893: 2862: 2826: 2800: 2748: 2673: 2663: 2633: 2629: 2591: 2550: 2502: 2498: 2467: 2462: 2445: 2423: 2419: 2384: 2330: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2228: 2201: 2142: 2138: 2107: 2064: 2029: 1974: 1934: 1929: 1912: 1885: 1881: 1846: 1797: 1793: 1753: 1693: 1666: 1629: 1572: 1562: 1534: 1501: 1479: 1436: 1411: 1276: 1173: 1048: 522: 443: 385: 317: 175:

examination of the lesional tissue. Multiple treatment options for AK are available.

59: 5009: 4828: 4730: 4542: 4421: 4292: 3943: 3815: 3361: 3195: 2980: 2760: 2645: 2154: 2076: 1897: 1809: 1765: 7175: 6594: 6575: 6325: 6174: 6080: 6028: 5898: 5673: 5608: 5174: 5133: 5086: 5049: 5039: 4989: 4954: 4916: 4878: 4808: 4760: 4710: 4672: 4636: 4600: 4565: 4522: 4499: 4479: 4444: 4401: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4320: 4316: 4272: 4234: 4224: 4185: 4150: 4088: 3923: 3887: 3850: 3842: 3795: 3761: 3757: 3712: 3645: 3609: 3568: 3464: 3387: 3339: 3290: 3222: 3175: 3108: 3050: 3003: 2960: 2925: 2790: 2740: 2625: 2581: 2542: 2514: 2494: 2457: 2415: 2374: 2366: 2322: 2276: 2191: 2181: 2134: 2099: 2056: 2021: 1966: 1924: 1877: 1836: 1789: 1745: 1658: 1469: 1035: 1029: 739: 699: 667: 536: 450: 435:, which in turn can damage cell membranes, signaling proteins, and nucleic acids. 3734: 3407: 1999:

Epithelial precancerous lesions. In: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine

202: 7232: 7075: 7019: 6989: 6548: 6472: 6452: 6422: 6310: 6237: 5908: 5623: 5468: 5406: 5251: 4747:

Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF (June 2009).

2929: 2326: 1195: 1113: 715: 311: 210: 2586: 2569: 2186: 1711: 474: 449:

UV radiation has also been shown to cause elevated inflammatory markers such as

262: 7201: 6879: 6669: 6484: 6370: 6360: 6277: 5819: 5647: 5262: 4676: 3846: 3649: 3613: 2744: 2103: 1970: 1337:

features, and immunosuppression can also contribute to the development of AKs.

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Hypertrophic (or hyperkeratotic): Hypertrophic AKs (HAKs) appears as a thicker

236: 5225: 4213:"Review of photodynamic therapy in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma" 3799: 3391: 2370: 2025: 1576: 194:

close monitoring, at a time when treatment is likely to have a high cure rate.

110: 7242: 7065: 6999: 6355: 6330: 6285: 6247: 6115: 5982: 5842: 5794: 5726: 5698: 3478: 3179: 2677: 1370: 1256: 1243: 1215: 1010: 735: 707: 615: 377: 369: 307: 138: 4920: 4092: 3831:"Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma" 3699:

Lebwohl M, Swanson N, Anderson LL, Melgaard A, Xu Z, Berman B (March 2012).

3055: 3038: 1662: 93: 7070: 6789: 6584: 6579: 6300: 5872: 5852: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5493: 5188: 5147: 5138: 5121: 5098: 5063: 4928: 4890: 4855: 4820: 4774: 4612: 4577: 4534: 4413: 4377: 4328: 4284: 4248: 4127: 4100: 3935: 3899: 3864: 3807: 3769: 3726: 3657: 3621: 3582: 3573: 3556: 3516: 3486: 3434: 3399: 3353: 3304: 3263: 3236: 3187: 3064: 3015: 2972: 2937: 2885: 2804: 2752: 2506: 2471: 2388: 2288: 2232: 2205: 2146: 2111: 2033: 1978: 1889: 1850: 1801: 1757: 1712:"Actinic keratosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice" 1697: 1670: 1621: 1538: 1483: 1291: 1191: 1089: 987: 774: 752: 719: 663: 655: 247: 180: 101: 5044: 5001: 4966: 4882: 4722: 4684: 4648: 4491: 4456: 4197: 4162: 3829:

Kim JY, Kozlow JH, Mittal B, Moyer J, Olenecki T, Rodgers P (March 2018).

3717: 3700: 2637: 2595: 2554: 2427: 2334: 2068: 1938: 6700: 6589: 6430: 6335: 6160: 5862: 5528: 5281: 5028:"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Emerging need for novel biomarkers" 3891: 2795: 2778: 991: 848: 822: 695: 619: 573: 510: 420: 190: 145: 130: 105: 64: 6648: 6295: 6136: 6013: 5731: 5703: 5473: 5292: 4765: 4748: 4229: 2857:

Schaffer (2012). Jean L. Bolognia; Joseph L. Jorizzo; Julie V. (eds.).

1374: 1203: 896:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

711: 490: 381: 373: 344: 340: 336: 228: 118: 91:

area of thick, scaly, or crusty skin. Actinic keratosis is a disorder (

5208: 4812: 4526: 3557:"Imiquimod for actinic keratosis: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3469: 3452: 3295: 3278: 3227: 3210: 1749: 702:. A "flag sign" is often described, referring to alternating areas of 686: 6956: 6719: 6704: 6340: 6290: 6054: 5641: 5613: 5518: 5353: 5339: 5163:"Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer" 2170:"Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update" 1523:"Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones?" 1386: 1382: 1334: 1180: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1014: 1006: 631: 599: 583: 440: 328: 232: 184: 172: 149: 98: 4390: 2776: 1132: 734:

Hypertrophic: Notable for marked hyperkeratosis, often with evident

6563: 6503: 6365: 5987: 5967: 5903: 5857: 5799: 5736: 5678: 5498: 5447: 5376: 4114:

Zimmerman EE, Crawford P (December 2012). "Cutaneous cryosurgery".

2089: 635: 283: 243: 4079:

Dinehart SM (January 2000). "The treatment of actinic keratoses".

46: 6442: 6420: 6164: 6018: 5928: 5847: 5834: 5784: 5713: 5437: 5432: 5427: 1303:(SCC). AK lesions that regress also have the potential to recur. 1272: 591: 590:

or excision may be necessary to definitively distinguish AK from

498: 482: 462: 279: 275: 224: 4434: 3747: 3503:

Correale CE (2002). "Actinic keratoses: new treatment options".

2484: 2267:

Rossi R, Mori M, Lotti T (September 2007). "Actinic keratosis".

352:

concerning features warrant biopsy for diagnostic confirmation.

218:

Actinic keratoses (AKs) most commonly present as a white, scaly

5776: 5721: 5488: 5483: 5457: 5366: 5220: 5076: 4342:

Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, Brintnell W (December 2012).

3450: 1734: 1358: 1227: 659: 647: 587: 569: 164: 4341: 3698: 2950: 2312: 2127:

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

1738:

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

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AKs are one of the most common dermatologic lesions for which

7162: 5442: 4746: 2443: 2218: 2011: 1911:

Taylor CR, Stern RS, Leyden JJ, Gilchrest BA (January 1990).

1520: 1341:

men ages 20–29 develop AK compared to 79% of men ages 60–69.

397: 4798: 4261: 2404: 829:

light, at least every 2 hours and after swimming or sweating

7060: 7052: 6567: 6023: 5542: 5361: 4868: 4841: 4661: 4625: 3598: 1140:

one week after exposure. Patient has light skin, blue eyes.

1039:

which has been used as a traditional remedy for keratosis.

658:

is performed, it should extend through to the level of the

436: 428: 424: 389: 126: 5119: 3912: 3785: 1910: 1866: 1778: 1255:

in a once-daily application for a minimum of 3 weeks; 70%

1136:

Interim result of phototherapy for actinic keratosis with

1105: 266:

Hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis on lip ("cutaneous horn")

163:

cannot be excluded based on clinical examination alone, a

4512: 3325: 2124: 826: 393: 361: 274:

Classic (or common): Classic AKs present as white, scaly

122: 4944: 3208: 3163: 2772: 2770: 2730: 2046: 282:

or plaques of various thickness, often with surrounding

4979: 4591:

Monheit GD (July 2001). "Medium-depth chemical peels".

3326:

Askew DA, Mickan SM, Soyer HP, Wilkinson D (May 2009).

2915: 2570:"Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use" 1521:

Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, Krekels GA (2006).

670:

when the entire length of the punch blade is utilized.

5160: 4469: 3209:

Heppt MV, Steeb T, Ruzicka T, Berking C (April 2019).

2993: 2439: 2437: 2167: 1124:

hyperpigmentation; and destruction of healthy tissue.

1109:

Cryosurgery instrument used to treat actinic keratoses

7216: 3877: 3664: 2767: 1405: 718:

are often seen. The normal ordered maturation of the

598:. In addition to SCCs, AKs can be mistaken for other 5198: 4210: 3828: 1373:

is a drug that induces the production of melanin by

129:

gets damaged by UV radiation from the sun or indoor

5161:Amini S, Viera MH, Valins W, Berman B (June 2010). 4305: 2953:

Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft

2567: 2434: 214:

Multiple lesions of actinic keratosis on the scalp.

4700: 4211:Ericson MB, Wennberg AM, Larkö O (February 2008). 4176:Kuflik EG (December 1994). "Cryosurgery updated". 3979: 2615: 2532: 2168:Casari, A; Chester, J; Pellacani, G (March 2018). 5340:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology 5167:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 4113: 4011: 3374: 2820: 1829:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 1455: 246:changes, resulting in a proliferation of mutated 7240: 6699: 4140: 3634: 3554: 3101: 2352: 5025: 2568:Thompson SC, Jolley D, Marks R (October 1993). 1862: 1860: 327:by degree of epithelial involvement as seen on 156:most people who have an AK have more than one. 54:Actinic keratosis seen on the back of the hands 4947:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4909:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4629:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4437:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4178:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4143:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4081:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4053:(Press release). Athenex Inc. 15 December 2020 3880:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3835:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3638:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3602:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3043:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2266: 2092:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1959:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1917:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1683: 1651:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1516: 1514: 892:Please review the contents of the section and 439:radiation (wavelength 290–320 nm) causes 171:can be considered for definitive diagnosis by 7132:Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus 6685: 6406: 5825:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 5325: 4902: 4900: 4794: 4792: 4555: 2825:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2355:"Actinic keratosis: rationale and management" 1498:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine 1435:. J. B. Lippincott and Company. p. 512. 576:. Actinic keratosis may progress to invasive 564:Actinic keratosis, left upper paraspinal back 5479:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 4204: 3701:"Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis" 3423:The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 1996: 1956: 1913:"Photoaging/photodamage and photoprotection" 1857: 1822: 1433:Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations 1308:idea that these lesions are closely related. 206:Close-up view of an actinic keratosis lesion 6888:Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma 4348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3276: 3249: 1825:"Actinic keratoses: a comprehensive update" 1511: 1449: 821:ratings 30 or greater that also block both 478:Actinic keratoses on the forehead of a male 121:people and those who are frequently in the 6924:Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma 6692: 6678: 6413: 6399: 5332: 5318: 4897: 4789: 4043: 1589:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1410:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 108. 1406:Rapini RP, Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL (2007). 1251:(TCA) alone or at 35% in combination with 762:Epidermolytic: With granular degeneration. 45: 5178: 5137: 5053: 5043: 4764: 4367: 4238: 4228: 4217:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 3854: 3716: 3572: 3555:Hadley G, Derry S, Moore RA (June 2006). 3468: 3379:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 3343: 3294: 3226: 3167:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 3054: 2880: 2878: 2794: 2585: 2461: 2378: 2195: 2185: 1928: 1840: 1473: 1430: 1013:through the release and up-regulation of 7142:Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome 5126:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 5026:Kivisaari A, Kähäri VM (November 2013). 4906: 4078: 3561:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 3502: 3421:"New treatments for actinic keratoses". 2856: 2783:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2450:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2400: 2398: 2353:Dodds A, Chia A, Shumack S (June 2014). 2315:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2308: 2306: 1290: 1131: 1104: 1042: 782:parakeratosis known as the "flag sign." 685: 677: 624:erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp 559: 473: 414: 261: 209: 201: 7181:Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus 4590: 3036: 2821:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2016). 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2528: 2526: 2524: 1399: 1127: 1024: 242:Photoaging leads to an accumulation of 7241: 7186:Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus 7033:Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum 6132:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 5021: 5019: 4940: 4938: 4742: 4740: 4696: 4694: 4175: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2884: 2875: 2816: 2814: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2262: 1620: 1614: 1167: 40:Solar keratosis, senile keratosis (SK) 6673: 6394: 5313: 4344:"Interventions for actinic keratoses" 3781: 3779: 3594: 3592: 3550: 3548: 3536: 3498: 3496: 3446: 3444: 3109:"Actinic keratoses (solar keratoses)" 3039:"The scientific basis of skin cancer" 2911: 2909: 2861:(3rd ed.). : Elsevier Saunders. 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2395: 2303: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1490: 1226:) or erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet ( 981: 516: 197: 6802:Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome 3332:International Journal of Dermatology 2710:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 2602: 2547:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670010036018 2521: 2269:International Journal of Dermatology 1870:International Journal of Dermatology 1556: 1456:Prajapati V, Barankin B (May 2008). 861: 469: 396:-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( 6654:Photosensitivity with HIV infection 5016: 4994:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124456.x 4935: 4737: 4691: 4065: 3788:Archives of Dermatological Research 3705:The New England Journal of Medicine 3523: 3152: 3071: 2811: 2574:The New England Journal of Medicine 2341: 1648: 1385:, and anti-EGFR antibodies such as 376:arrest when DNA or RNA is damaged. 13: 5957: 5914:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation 5079:The British Journal of Dermatology 5032:World Journal of Clinical Oncology 4801:The British Journal of Dermatology 4484:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00565.x 4394:The British Journal of Dermatology 3776: 3589: 3545: 3493: 3441: 3283:The British Journal of Dermatology 3277:Gupta AK, Paquet M (August 2013). 3215:The British Journal of Dermatology 2996:The British Journal of Dermatology 2906: 2839: 2618:The British Journal of Dermatology 2487:The British Journal of Dermatology 2239: 2061:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00624.x 2049:The British Journal of Dermatology 1985: 1945: 1823:Ibrahim SF, Brown MD (July 2009). 1782:The British Journal of Dermatology 1545: 1318: 1001: 14: 7260: 5815:Transient acantholytic dermatosis 1237: 673: 586:examination of the lesion from a 125:. They are believed to form when 117:These growths are more common in 16:Rough skin induced by UV exposure 7226: 7137:Linear verrucous epidermal nevus 6522:Hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis 5924:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis 5091:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08615.x 4982:The Medical Journal of Australia 4570:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08260.x 4406:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08488.x 4277:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00770.x 3928:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2004.00311.x 3345:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04045.x 3008:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10025.x 2965:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06318.x 2630:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02560.x 2499:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07860.x 2463:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23733.x 2281:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03166.x 2139:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03337.x 1882:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02056.x 1794:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10887.x 1379:Epidermal growth factor receptor 1210: 990:(5-FU) destroys AKs by blocking 958: 866: 803:Limiting extent of sun exposure 690:Actinic keratosis, atrophic form 407:Evidence also suggests that the 7152:Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica 5934:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides 5154: 5113: 5070: 4973: 4871:European Journal of Dermatology 4862: 4835: 4655: 4619: 4584: 4549: 4506: 4463: 4428: 4384: 4335: 4299: 4263:5-aminolaevulinic acid patch". 4255: 4169: 4134: 4107: 3950: 3906: 3871: 3822: 3741: 3692: 3628: 3414: 3368: 3319: 3270: 3243: 3202: 3127: 3088:American Academy of Dermatology 3030: 2987: 2944: 2724: 2698: 2652: 2561: 2478: 2221:European Journal of Dermatology 2212: 2161: 2118: 2083: 2040: 2005: 1904: 1816: 1772: 1728: 1704: 1686:European Journal of Dermatology 1677: 1527:European Journal of Dermatology 1327: 1084: 630:, inflammatory dermatoses like 6421:Radiation-related disorders / 6175:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus 5883:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis 5509:Infantile digital fibromatosis 4515:Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 4360:10.1002/14651858.CD004415.pub2 4321:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1253 4019:"FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION" 3762:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2766 3457:British Journal of Dermatology 1642: 1597: 1458:"Dermacase. Actinic keratosis" 1424: 1100: 894:add the appropriate references 1: 6914:Microcystic adnexal carcinoma 5767:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5604:Langerhans cell histiocytosis 4959:10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70270-4 4715:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91658-3 4605:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70282-5 4449:10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70526-8 4190:10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70261-6 4155:10.1016/s0190-9622(82)70143-4 3958:"Klisyri: FDA-Approved Drugs" 3135:"HPV Vaccine Recommendations" 2823:Andrews' Diseases of the Skin 1997:Duncan KO, Geisse JK (2008). 1392: 1259:(α-hydroxy acid); or solid CO 1095: 973: 857: 793: 769: 161:squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 7147:Systematized epidermal nevus 6893:Extramammary Paget's disease 6463:Benign summer light eruption 6243:Systemic lupus erythematosus 5998:Systemic lupus erythematosus 5689:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4641:10.1016/0190-9622(95)90191-4 4028:Food and Drug Administration 3996:Food and Drug Administration 3964:Food and Drug Administration 2930:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.86 2420:10.1016/0304-3835(94)90234-8 2327:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12395643 2001:. McGraw-Hill. p. 1007. 1930:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70001-x 1609:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 1286: 1055: 555: 7: 6532:Pigmented actinic keratosis 6527:Lichenoid actinic keratosis 6458:Polymorphous light eruption 5524:Lymphangioma circumscriptum 3541:(Sixth ed.). Elsevier. 3037:Leffell DJ (January 2000). 2587:10.1056/nejm199310143291602 2187:10.3390/biomedicines6010008 1348: 879:reliable medical references 400:) and TRAIL receptors, and 257: 10: 7265: 7120:Nevus comedonicus syndrome 6755:Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus 6554:Chronic actinic dermatitis 6517:Atrophic actinic keratosis 6346:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 4677:10.1001/archderm.131.2.176 4061:– via GlobeNewswire. 3847:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.007 3650:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.038 3614:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.004 2892:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. 2745:10.1001/archderm.143.7.862 2104:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.052 2014:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 1971:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.09.052 1628:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. 1500:. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1496:Freedberg, et al. (2003). 1431:Logan CM, Rice MK (1987). 1381:(EGFR) inhibitors such as 1359:serin peptidase inhibitors 421:ultraviolet (UV) radiation 18: 7194: 7160: 7099: 7092: 7051: 7018: 6955: 6946: 6901: 6878: 6810: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6659:Phototoxic tar dermatitis 6618: 6601:Cutis rhomboidalis nuchae 6562: 6502: 6493: 6429: 6309: 6276: 6220: 6205: 6196: 6153: 6124: 6103: 6094: 6047: 6006: 5975: 5964: 5946: 5891: 5833: 5775: 5712: 5632: 5561: 5550: 5541: 5456: 5420: 5352: 5345: 5272: 5202: 4184:(6): 925–44, quiz 944–6. 4116:American Family Physician 3800:10.1007/s00403-005-0601-9 3429:(1133): 57–8. June 2002. 3392:10.1007/s10227-005-0148-6 2371:10.1007/s13555-014-0049-y 2026:10.1016/j.cps.2004.11.001 1559:Fitzpatrick's dermatology 1462:Canadian Family Physician 1408:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set 1355:matrix metalloproteinases 1247:achieved with 35% to 50% 885:or relies too heavily on 817:Applying sunscreens with 714:and surrounding areas of 641: 355: 239:are also characteristic. 58: 53: 44: 36: 31: 7115:Schimmelpenning syndrome 7110:Epidermal nevus syndrome 6865:Erythroplasia of Queyrat 6644:Favre–Racouchot syndrome 6468:Juvenile spring eruption 6111:Thrombocytopenic purpura 5757:Dermatitis herpetiformis 5742:Acute contact dermatitis 5694:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 5619:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 5589:Lichen simplex chronicus 5469:Epidermal inclusion cyst 4265:Experimental Dermatology 3916:Clinical Transplantation 3180:10.1177/1203475417708166 3084:"How to apply sunscreen" 2706:"Actinic Keratosis (AK)" 503:Light hair and eye color 19:Not to be confused with 6638:Chronic radiodermatitis 6606:Poikiloderma of Civatte 6376:Squamous-cell carcinoma 6371:Systemic histoplasmosis 5762:Porphyria cutanea tarda 5392:Squamous-cell carcinoma 4921:10.1067/mjd.2000.103342 4665:Archives of Dermatology 4093:10.1067/mjd.2000.103338 3505:Advances in Dermatology 3056:10.1067/mjd.2000.103340 2918:Archives of Dermatology 2890:Weedon's Skin Pathology 2733:Archives of Dermatology 2535:Archives of Dermatology 2359:Dermatology and Therapy 1663:10.1067/mjd.2000.103343 1626:Weedon's Skin Pathology 1301:squamous cell carcinoma 1275:, and in those who are 1183:(sometimes followed by 1156:(5-ALA), is indicated. 837:sun protective clothing 738:. Keratinocytes in the 666:usually extends to the 578:squamous cell carcinoma 433:reactive oxygen species 349:squamous cell carcinoma 135:squamous cell carcinoma 6995:Pilar sheath acanthoma 6351:Cicatricial pemphigoid 6268:Acne keloidalis nuchae 6263:Folliculitis decalvans 5139:10.1038/sj.jid.5700317 3574:10.1038/sj.jid.5700264 2690:: CS1 maint: others ( 1296: 1150:methyl aminolevulinate 1141: 1138:methyl aminolevulinate 1110: 996:thymidylate synthetase 691: 683: 565: 479: 402:loss of heterozygosity 267: 215: 207: 6934:Malignant mixed tumor 6909:Merkel-cell carcinoma 6253:Loose anagen syndrome 6180:Necrobiosis lipoidica 6116:Actinic/solar purpura 5790:Insect bite reactions 5579:Seborrheic dermatitis 5402:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5382:Molluscum contagiosum 5045:10.5306/wjco.v4.i4.85 4883:10.1684/ejd.2009.0706 3718:10.1056/nejmoa1111170 1294: 1154:5-aminolevulinic acid 1135: 1108: 1043:Diclofenac sodium gel 814:Using sun protection 689: 681: 563: 541:xeroderma pigmentosum 506:Propensity to sunburn 477: 415:Ultraviolet radiation 366:tumor suppressor gene 265: 254:and hyperkeratotic). 213: 205: 7028:Generalized eruptive 7005:Seborrheic keratosis 6626:Radiation dermatitis 6448:Phytophotodermatitis 6076:Annulare centrifugum 5599:Glucagonoma syndrome 5397:Basal-cell carcinoma 5372:Seborrheic keratosis 4593:Dermatologic Clinics 4558:Dermatologic Surgery 4472:Dermatologic Surgery 3892:10.1067/mjd.2003.451 3539:Clinical Dermatology 2796:10.1038/jid.2013.134 1716:bestpractice.bmj.com 1557:Kang, Sewon (2019). 1249:trichloroacetic acid 1148:, including topical 1146:photodynamic therapy 1128:Photodynamic therapy 1025:Ingenol mebutate gel 724:chronic inflammatory 712:Epidermal thickening 608:basal cell carcinoma 604:seborrheic keratoses 409:human papillomavirus 177:Photodynamic therapy 79:), sometimes called 21:Seborrheic keratosis 7171:Nevus unius lateris 6929:Verrucous carcinoma 6480:Hydroa vacciniforme 6321:Aphthous stomatitis 6258:Lichen planopilaris 6233:Androgenic alopecia 6039:Fixed drug eruption 5614:Pemphigus foliaceus 5514:Granular cell tumor 1965:(1 Suppl 1): S2-9. 1604:"actinic keratosis" 1200:procedural sedation 1179:Shave excision and 1168:Surgical techniques 908:"Actinic keratosis" 628:pemphigus foliaceus 612:lichenoid keratosis 419:It is thought that 104:that is induced by 6919:Mucinous carcinoma 6860:Bowenoid papulosis 6341:Pemphigus vulgaris 6170:Granuloma annulare 6034:Carcinoid syndrome 5919:Tuberous sclerosis 5878:Coccidioidomycosis 5752:Bullous pemphigoid 5747:Pemphigus vulgaris 5679:Secondary syphilis 5569:Contact dermatitis 5273:External resources 4766:10.1002/cncr.24284 4599:(3): 413–25, vii. 4230:10.2147/TCRM.S1769 3679:Accessdate.fda.gov 3672:"Picato Gel label" 2712:. 12 November 2020 1297: 1279:or who are taking 1253:Jessner's solution 1185:electrodesiccation 1142: 1111: 982:Fluorouracil cream 692: 684: 602:lesions including 566: 517:Other risk factors 480: 268: 216: 208: 198:Signs and symptoms 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7127:Nevus comedonicus 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7010:Warty dyskeratoma 6942: 6941: 6870:Actinic keratosis 6667: 6666: 6614: 6613: 6544:Actinic granuloma 6539:Actinic cheilitis 6512:Actinic keratosis 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6228:Telogen effluvium 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6090: 6089: 5942: 5941: 5810:Lichen spinulosus 5805:Keratosis pilaris 5684:Mycosis fungoides 5584:Stasis dermatitis 5574:Atopic dermatitis 5537: 5536: 5412:Trichoepithelioma 5387:Actinic keratosis 5307: 5306: 5298:Actinic keratosis 4850:(2 Suppl): 8–13. 4813:10.1111/bjd.12420 4527:10.1002/lsm.20012 3470:10.1111/bjd.15107 3296:10.1111/bjd.12343 3228:10.1111/bjd.17435 3049:(1 Pt 2): 18–22. 2899:978-0-7020-3485-5 2832:978-0-323-31967-6 2669:978-0-9775060-6-4 2493:(Suppl 3): 8–12. 1750:10.1111/jdv.13180 1635:978-0-7020-3485-5 1568:978-0-07-183778-1 1417:978-1-4160-2999-1 1174:Surgical excision 1049:diclofenac sodium 967: 966: 943: 740:stratum malphigii 537:genetic disorders 523:Immunosuppression 470:Skin pigmentation 386:molecular markers 318:Actinic cheilitis 73:Actinic keratosis 70: 69: 32:Actinic keratosis 26:Medical condition 7256: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7176:Patch blue nevus 7097: 7096: 7061:Verruca vulgaris 6953: 6952: 6850:Marjolin's ulcer 6838:Signet-ring-cell 6725: 6724: 6716: 6715: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6595:Peat fire cancer 6576:Erythema ab igne 6500: 6499: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6392: 6391: 6326:Oral candidiasis 6203: 6202: 6101: 6100: 6029:Erythema nodosum 5973: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5899:Tinea versicolor 5737:Bullous impetigo 5674:Pityriasis rosea 5609:Lichen sclerosus 5594:Darier's disease 5559: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5504:Kaposi's sarcoma 5350: 5349: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5047: 5023: 5014: 5013: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4768: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4371: 4354:(12): CD004415. 4339: 4333: 4332: 4309:JAMA Dermatology 4303: 4297: 4296: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4087:(1 Pt 2): 25–8. 4076: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3750:JAMA Dermatology 3745: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3537:Habif T (2016). 3534: 3521: 3520: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3472: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3347: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3298: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3258:(2 Suppl): 4–7. 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3161: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3080: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2854: 2837: 2836: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2530: 2519: 2518: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2465: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2264: 2237: 2236: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2189: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1983: 1982: 1954: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1844: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1657:(1 Pt 2): 8–10. 1646: 1640: 1639: 1618: 1612: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1580: 1554: 1543: 1542: 1518: 1509: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1477: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1403: 1281:photosensitizing 1277:immunosuppressed 1036:Euphorbia peplus 1030:Ingenol mebutate 962: 961: 953: 950: 944: 942: 901: 870: 869: 862: 716:sun-damaged skin 668:subcutaneous fat 451:arachidonic acid 372:132, allows for 335:The presence of 235:, and scattered 141:is recommended. 108:light exposure ( 106:ultraviolet (UV) 85:senile keratosis 49: 29: 28: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7190: 7156: 7100:Epidermal nevus 7080: 7076:Periungual wart 7047: 7020:Keratoacanthoma 7014: 6990:Melanoacanthoma 6948: 6938: 6897: 6874: 6855:Bowen's disease 6806: 6707: 6698: 6668: 6663: 6610: 6558: 6549:Actinic prurigo 6489: 6473:Acne aestivalis 6453:Solar urticaria 6425: 6423:Photodermatoses 6419: 6389: 6380: 6312: 6305: 6272: 6238:Alopecia areata 6216: 6198: 6184: 6141: 6120: 6096: 6086: 6043: 6002: 5988:Viral exanthems 5966: 5950: 5948: 5938: 5909:Pityriasis alba 5887: 5829: 5771: 5708: 5628: 5624:Zinc deficiency 5554: 5552: 5533: 5461: 5452: 5416: 5407:Nevus sebaceous 5341: 5338: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5268: 5267: 5211: 5197: 5196: 5159: 5155: 5118: 5114: 5075: 5071: 5024: 5017: 4978: 4974: 4943: 4936: 4915:(1 Pt 2): 4–7. 4905: 4898: 4867: 4863: 4840: 4836: 4797: 4790: 4759:(11): 2523–30. 4745: 4738: 4709:(8589): 795–7. 4699: 4692: 4660: 4656: 4624: 4620: 4589: 4585: 4554: 4550: 4511: 4507: 4468: 4464: 4433: 4429: 4389: 4385: 4340: 4336: 4304: 4300: 4260: 4256: 4209: 4205: 4174: 4170: 4139: 4135: 4122:(12): 1118–24. 4112: 4108: 4077: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3911: 3907: 3876: 3872: 3827: 3823: 3784: 3777: 3746: 3742: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3633: 3629: 3597: 3590: 3553: 3546: 3535: 3524: 3501: 3494: 3449: 3442: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3373: 3369: 3324: 3320: 3275: 3271: 3248: 3244: 3207: 3203: 3162: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3035: 3031: 2992: 2988: 2949: 2945: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2855: 2840: 2833: 2819: 2812: 2775: 2768: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2683: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2614: 2603: 2580:(16): 1147–51. 2566: 2562: 2531: 2522: 2483: 2479: 2442: 2435: 2403: 2396: 2351: 2342: 2311: 2304: 2265: 2240: 2217: 2213: 2166: 2162: 2123: 2119: 2088: 2084: 2045: 2041: 2010: 2006: 1995: 1986: 1955: 1946: 1909: 1905: 1865: 1858: 1821: 1817: 1777: 1773: 1744:(11): 2069–79. 1733: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1682: 1678: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1619: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1582: 1581: 1569: 1555: 1546: 1519: 1512: 1495: 1491: 1468:(5): 691, 699. 1454: 1450: 1443: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1351: 1330: 1321: 1319:Clinical course 1289: 1262: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1213: 1196:stratum corneum 1170: 1130: 1114:Liquid nitrogen 1103: 1098: 1087: 1058: 1045: 1027: 1004: 1002:Imiquimod cream 984: 976: 963: 959: 954: 948: 945: 902: 891: 887:primary sources 871: 867: 860: 796: 772: 676: 644: 558: 519: 472: 417: 358: 325:Bowen's disease 312:lentigo maligna 260: 237:telangiectasias 200: 81:solar keratosis 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7262: 7252: 7251: 7236: 7235: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7202:Cutaneous horn 7198: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7167: 7165: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6961: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6880:Adenocarcinoma 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6508: 6506: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6485:Solar erythema 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6361:Coxsackievirus 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6078: 6073: 6071:Gyratum repens 6068: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5993:Toxic erythema 5990: 5985: 5983:Drug eruptions 5979: 5977: 5970: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5820:Lichen nitidus 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722:Herpes simplex 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5254: 5243: 5228: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203:Classification 5195: 5194: 5153: 5132:(8): 1869–78. 5112: 5069: 5015: 4972: 4953:(6): 1045–52. 4934: 4896: 4861: 4834: 4788: 4736: 4690: 4654: 4618: 4583: 4548: 4505: 4462: 4427: 4392:extremities". 4383: 4334: 4315:(12): 1281–8. 4298: 4254: 4203: 4168: 4133: 4106: 4064: 4042: 4010: 3987:"NDA APPROVAL" 3978: 3949: 3905: 3870: 3841:(3): 560–578. 3821: 3775: 3740: 3711:(11): 1010–9. 3691: 3663: 3627: 3588: 3544: 3522: 3492: 3440: 3413: 3367: 3318: 3269: 3242: 3221:(4): 740–748. 3201: 3174:(5): 408–417. 3151: 3126: 3100: 3070: 3029: 2986: 2943: 2905: 2898: 2874: 2867: 2838: 2831: 2810: 2766: 2723: 2697: 2668: 2651: 2601: 2560: 2520: 2477: 2433: 2408:Cancer Letters 2394: 2340: 2302: 2275:(9): 895–904. 2238: 2211: 2160: 2117: 2082: 2039: 2004: 1984: 1944: 1903: 1856: 1815: 1771: 1727: 1703: 1692:(6): 599–606. 1676: 1641: 1634: 1613: 1596: 1567: 1544: 1510: 1489: 1448: 1441: 1423: 1416: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1350: 1347: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1288: 1285: 1260: 1239: 1238:Chemical peels 1236: 1231: 1223: 1220:carbon dioxide 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1189: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1129: 1126: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1086: 1083: 1057: 1054: 1044: 1041: 1026: 1023: 1003: 1000: 983: 980: 975: 972: 965: 964: 957: 955: 874: 872: 865: 859: 856: 844: 843: 842: 841: 833: 830: 812: 811: 810: 807: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 760: 756: 750: 747: 743: 704:orthokeratosis 675: 674:Histopathology 672: 643: 640: 557: 554: 553: 552: 548: 545:Bloom syndrome 533:Genodermatoses 530: 526: 518: 515: 514: 513: 507: 504: 501: 471: 468: 467: 466: 459: 416: 413: 370:chromosome 17p 357: 354: 333: 332: 321: 315: 304: 301:cutaneous horn 297: 294: 287: 259: 256: 199: 196: 181:5-fluorouracil 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 38: 34: 33: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7261: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7234: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:Verruca plana 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:Seboacanthoma 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6983:Epidermolytic 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Lichen planus 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Onychomycosis 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Tinea capitis 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197:Miscellaneous 6195: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095:Nonblanchable 6093: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5945: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892:Hypopigmented 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Acne vulgaris 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795:Lichen planus 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Herpes zoster 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699:Parapsoriasis 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085:(1): 205–10. 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877:(4): 345–54. 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4807:(3): 502–18. 4806: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4671:(2): 176–81. 4670: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271:(2): 116–21. 4270: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922:(1): 115–21. 3921: 3917: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756:(6): 666–70. 3755: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644:(3): 486–93. 3643: 3639: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608:(4): 582–90. 3607: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3567:(6): 1251–5. 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386:(5): 209–14. 3385: 3381: 3380: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3338:(5): 453–63. 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3115:. 14 Sep 2017 3114: 3110: 3104: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:(6): 1212–7. 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959:(11): 970–6. 2958: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2870: 2868:9780723435716 2864: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2789:(8): 1971–8. 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624:(6): 1033–9. 2623: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2516: 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410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Dysregulation 375: 371: 368:, located on 367: 363: 353: 350: 346: 342: 338: 330: 326: 322: 319: 316: 313: 309: 308:solar lentigo 305: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272: 271: 264: 255: 251: 249: 248:keratinocytes 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 212: 204: 195: 192: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 151: 147: 142: 140: 139:dermatologist 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102:keratinocytes 100: 96: 95: 90: 89:pre-cancerous 86: 82: 78: 74: 66: 63: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 35: 30: 22: 7071:Plantar wart 6869: 6843:Spindle-cell 6790:Rodent ulcer 6765:Micronodular 6760:Infiltrative 6585:Kairo cancer 6580:Kangri ulcer 6516: 6511: 6504:Actinic rays 6495:Non-ionizing 6301:Ingrown nail 5873:Dermatophyte 5868:Gonococcemia 5853:Folliculitis 5494:Neurofibroma 5462:subcutaneous 5386: 5291: 5280: 5256: 5245: 5230: 5215: 5173:(6): 20–34. 5170: 5166: 5156: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5038:(4): 85–90. 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5529:Myxoid cyst 5377:Acrochordon 5282:MedlinePlus 4988:(2): 62–6. 4635:(1): 95–8. 4443:(1): 43–7. 4057:15 December 3971:15 December 3144:13 December 3093:13 December 2859:Dermatology 2541:(1): 72–9. 2456:(1): 93–7. 2414:(1): 23–9. 1923:(1): 1–15. 1835:(7): 43–8. 1375:melanocytes 1101:Cryotherapy 992:methylation 877:needs more 849:vaccination 746:structures. 696:basal layer 620:viral warts 574:skin cancer 491:odds ratios 461:History of 191:Cryotherapy 146:millimeters 65:Dermatology 37:Other names 7106:Syndromes 6978:Clear-cell 6968:Large-cell 6833:Clear-cell 6649:Photoaging 6296:Paronychia 6137:Vasculitis 6061:Multiforme 6059:Erythema ( 6014:Cellulitis 5965:Blanchable 5714:Blistering 5704:Ichthyosis 5562:Eczematous 5474:Hemangioma 5293:Patient UK 5258:DiseasesDB 4223:(1): 1–9. 3511:: 339–55. 2924:(6): 732. 1721:2019-11-25 1577:1055569130 1393:References 1335:phenotypic 1204:anesthetic 1096:Procedures 974:Medication 919:newspapers 858:Management 840:sunlight.” 794:Prevention 775:Dermoscopy 770:Dermoscopy 535:: Certain 382:neoplastic 374:cell cycle 341:nodularity 337:ulceration 229:ecchymoses 173:histologic 7195:Ungrouped 6973:Fissuring 6957:Acanthoma 6902:Ungrouped 6785:Pore-like 6775:Pigmented 6720:Carcinoma 6705:epidermis 6291:Psoriasis 6199:disorders 6154:Indurated 6055:Urticaria 6007:Localized 5949:epidermal 5732:Varicella 5642:Psoriasis 5553:epidermal 5519:Leiomyoma 5421:Pigmented 5354:Epidermal 5107:205257237 4783:205654597 3479:0007-0963 3313:207070300 3024:205260667 2686:cite book 2678:311871073 2297:221808877 1585:cite book 1387:cetuximab 1383:gefitinib 1287:Prognosis 1181:curettage 1152:(MAL) or 1078:acitretin 1074:tretinoin 1066:adapalene 1062:retinoids 1056:Retinoids 1015:cytokines 1007:Imiquimod 847:includes 700:epidermis 646:A lesion 632:psoriasis 600:cutaneous 556:Diagnosis 499:Freckling 441:thymidine 329:histology 244:oncogenic 223:texture, 185:imiquimod 150:sandpaper 99:epidermal 60:Specialty 7243:Category 7233:Medicine 7043:Solitary 7038:Multiple 6828:Basaloid 6780:Polypoid 6740:Aberrant 6564:Infrared 6435:ionizing 6366:Syphilis 6313:membrane 5968:Erythema 5904:Vitiligo 5858:Impetigo 5835:Pustular 5800:Miliaria 5648:Corporis 5499:Xanthoma 5448:Melanoma 5428:Freckles 5189:20725548 5148:16763547 5099:18476957 5064:24926428 5010:24283465 4929:10607349 4891:19470418 4856:12353680 4829:24851936 4821:23647091 4775:19382202 4731:10685710 4613:11599398 4578:10469105 4543:11048857 4535:15004822 4422:28246511 4414:18341663 4378:23235610 4329:25162181 4293:23405229 4285:18643849 4249:18728698 4128:23316984 4101:10607354 4035:30 March 4003:30 March 3944:27938071 3936:15659144 3900:12833014 3865:29331386 3816:20675689 3808:16235081 3770:23553119 3727:22417254 3684:30 March 3658:22055282 3622:20133013 3583:16557235 3517:12528411 3487:28098380 3435:12080275 3400:16502198 3362:13367783 3354:19416373 3305:23550994 3264:12353679 3237:30447074 3196:22467851 3188:28510496 3065:10607352 3016:21083845 2981:40465474 2973:17908179 2938:19528439 2888:(2010). 2886:Weedon D 2805:23510990 2761:34277084 2753:17638729 2646:21909024 2507:17488400 2472:15982308 2389:24627245 2289:17822489 2233:16935787 2206:29316678 2180:(1): 8. 2155:23353708 2147:19515076 2112:16310072 2077:73180732 2034:15814119 1979:23228302 1898:24067576 1890:15357755 1851:20729970 1810:10970924 1802:22329784 1766:19644716 1758:26370093 1698:17229598 1671:10607350 1624:(2010). 1622:Weedon D 1539:16935787 1484:18474700 1349:Research 1072:Topical 1060:Topical 1047:Topical 986:Topical 835:Wearing 636:melanoma 392:ligand, 345:bleeding 299:AK with 284:erythema 258:Variants 233:dry skin 169:excision 6823:Adenoid 6770:Nodular 6703:of the 6443:Sunburn 6165:morphea 6125:Papular 6104:Macular 6097:Purpura 6081:Ab igne 6066:Migrans 6019:Abscess 5947:Without 5929:Leprosy 5848:Rosacea 5785:Scabies 5777:Papular 5646:Tinea ( 5634:Scaling 5438:Melasma 5433:Lentigo 5346:Growths 5252:D055623 5180:2921754 5055:4053710 5002:2296232 4967:3204179 4723:2895318 4685:7857114 4649:7529779 4500:9346937 4492:8556252 4457:9922011 4369:6599879 4240:2503644 4198:7962774 4163:7142470 3914:skin". 3856:6652228 2716:26 June 2638:9990367 2596:8377777 2555:3257372 2515:1748119 2428:7923098 2380:4065271 2335:7930674 2197:5874665 2069:2039721 1939:2405022 1842:2924136 1475:2377206 1363:in vivo 1273:keloids 933:scholar 898:removed 698:of the 592:in situ 483:Melanin 463:sunburn 280:papules 276:macules 225:purpura 87:, is a 7219:Portal 7161:Other 6964:Forms 6949:tumors 6947:Benign 6819:Forms 6750:Cystic 6736:Forms 6311:Mucous 6207:Ulcers 5668:Faciei 5663:Manuum 5653:Cruris 5543:Rashes 5489:Lipoma 5484:Keloid 5458:Dermal 5367:Callus 5287:000827 5187: 5177: 5146: 5105: 5097: 5062: 5052: 5008: 5000: 4965: 4927: 4889: 4854: 4827: 4819: 4781: 4773: 4753:Cancer 4729: 4721: 4703:Lancet 4683: 4647: 4611: 4576: 4541: 4533: 4498: 4490: 4455: 4420: 4412: 4376: 4366: 4327: 4291: 4283: 4247: 4237: 4196: 4161: 4126: 4099: 3942: 3934: 3898: 3863: 3853: 3814: 3806: 3768: 3735:481891 3733: 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3309:S2CID 3252:Cutis 3192:S2CID 3119:1 Apr 3020:S2CID 2977:S2CID 2757:S2CID 2642:S2CID 2511:S2CID 2293:S2CID 2151:S2CID 2073:S2CID 1894:S2CID 1806:S2CID 1762:S2CID 940:JSTOR 926:books 654:If a 634:, or 444:dimer 398:TRAIL 343:, or 291:scale 97:) of 94:-osis 7053:Wart 6568:heat 6278:Nail 6221:Hair 6024:Boil 5551:With 5362:Wart 5247:MeSH 5236:9-CM 5185:PMID 5144:PMID 5095:PMID 5060:PMID 4998:PMID 4963:PMID 4925:PMID 4887:PMID 4852:PMID 4817:PMID 4771:PMID 4719:PMID 4681:PMID 4645:PMID 4609:PMID 4574:PMID 4531:PMID 4488:PMID 4453:PMID 4410:PMID 4374:PMID 4325:PMID 4281:PMID 4245:PMID 4194:PMID 4159:PMID 4124:PMID 4097:PMID 4059:2020 4037:2022 4005:2022 3973:2020 3932:PMID 3896:PMID 3861:PMID 3804:PMID 3766:PMID 3723:PMID 3686:2022 3654:PMID 3618:PMID 3579:PMID 3513:PMID 3483:PMID 3475:ISSN 3431:PMID 3396:PMID 3350:PMID 3301:PMID 3260:PMID 3233:PMID 3184:PMID 3146:2018 3121:2024 3095:2018 3061:PMID 3012:PMID 2969:PMID 2934:PMID 2894:ISBN 2863:ISBN 2827:ISBN 2801:PMID 2749:PMID 2718:2021 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