876:
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928:, each holding specific object types and following a particular replication pattern. Microsoft often refers to these partitions as 'naming contexts. The 'Schema' partition defines object classes and attributes within the forest. The 'Configuration' partition contains information on the physical structure and configuration of the forest (such as the site topology). Both replicate all domains in the forest. The 'Domain' partition holds all objects created in that domain and replicates only within it.
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installed software more complex. If planning to implement Active
Directory, a business should purchase multiple Windows server licenses to have at least two separate domain controllers. Administrators should consider additional domain controllers for performance or redundancy and individual servers for tasks like file storage, Exchange, and SQL Server since this will guarantee that all server roles are adequately supported.
810:(OUs). OUs can provide hierarchy to a domain, ease its administration, and can resemble the organization's structure in managerial or geographical terms. OUs can contain other OUs—domains are containers in this sense. Microsoft recommends using OUs rather than domains for structure and simplifying the implementation of policies and administration. The OU is the recommended level at which to apply
182:. The part of the directory in charge of managing domains, which was a core part of the operating system, was renamed Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS) and became a server role like others. "Active Directory" became the umbrella title of a broader range of directory-based services. According to Byron Hynes, everything related to identity was brought under Active Directory's banner.
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automatically due to change notifications, which prompt peers to begin a pull replication cycle. Replication intervals between different sites are usually less consistent and don't usually use change notifications. However, it's possible to set it up to be the same as replication between locations on the same network if needed.
912:. Once created, these shadow groups are selectable in place of the OU in the administrative tools. Microsoft's Server 2008 reference documentation mentions shadow groups but does not provide instructions on creating them. Additionally, there are no available server methods or console snap-ins for managing these groups.
836:. Allowing for duplication of object names in the directory, or completely removing the use of NetBIOS names, would prevent backward compatibility with legacy software and equipment. However, disallowing duplicate object names in this way is a violation of the LDAP RFCs on which Active Directory is supposedly based.
814:, which are Active Directory objects formally named group policy objects (GPOs), although policies can also be applied to domains or sites (see below). The OU is the level at which administrative powers are commonly delegated, but delegation can be performed on individual objects or attributes as well.
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The immediate purpose of organizing OUs is to simplify administrative delegation and, secondarily, to apply group policies. While OUs serve as an administrative boundary, the forest itself is the only security boundary. All other domains must trust any administrator in the forest to maintain security.
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An organization must determine the structure of its information infrastructure by dividing it into one or more domains and top-level OUs. This decision is critical and can base on various models such as business units, geographical locations, IT service, object type, or a combination of these models.
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when needed. However, because each schema object is integral to the definition of Active
Directory objects, deactivating or changing them can fundamentally alter or disrupt a deployment. Modifying the schema affects the entire system automatically, and new objects cannot be deleted, only deactivated.
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include attributes that map closely enough to RFC 2307 to be generally usable. The reference implementation of RFC 2307, nss_ldap and pam_ldap provided by PADL.com, support these attributes directly. The default schema for group membership complies with RFC 2307bis (proposed). Windows Server 2003 R2
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to synchronize changes, meaning replicas pull changes from the server where the change occurred rather than being pushed to them. The
Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) uses defined sites to manage traffic and create a replication topology of site links. Intra-site replication occurs frequently and
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Organizational units do not each have a separate namespace. As a consequence, for compatibility with Legacy NetBios implementations, user accounts with an identical SamAccountName are not allowed within the same domain even if the accounts objects are in separate OUs. This is because SamAccountName,
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for each OU in their
Directory. The scripts run periodically to update the group to match the OU's account membership. However, they cannot instantly update the security groups anytime the directory changes, as occurs in competing directories, as security is directly implemented into the Directory.
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a user object attribute, must be unique within the domain. However, two users in different OUs can have the same common name (CN), the name under which they are stored in the directory itself such as "fred.staff-ou.domain" and "fred.student-ou.domain", where "staff-ou" and "student-ou" are the OUs.
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if the price is low. However, KCC automatically costs a direct site-to-site link lower than transitive connections. A bridgehead server in each zone can send updates to other DCs in the exact location to replicate changes between sites. To configure replication for Active
Directory zones, activate
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On the other hand, a tree is a collection of domains and domain trees in a contiguous namespace linked in a transitive trust hierarchy. The forest is at the top of the structure, a collection of trees with a standard global catalog, directory schema, logical structure, and directory configuration.
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The isMemberOfPartialAttributeSet attribute of an attributeSchema object is set to TRUE if the attribute is replicated to the global catalog. When deciding whether or not to place an attribute in the global catalog remember that you are trading increased replication and increased disk storage on
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Since certain
Microsoft products, like SQL Server and Exchange, can interfere with the operation of a domain controller, isolation of these products on additional Windows servers is advised. Combining them can complicate the configuration and troubleshooting of the domain controller or the other
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model. Each DC has a copy of the Active
Directory. Member servers joined to Active Directory that are not domain controllers are called Member Servers. In the domain partition, a group of objects acts as copies of domain controllers set up as global catalogs. These global catalog servers offer a
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Because duplicate usernames cannot exist within a domain, account name generation poses a significant challenge for large organizations that cannot be easily subdivided into separate domains, such as students in a public school system or university who must be able to use any computer across the
449:. It also limits the operations authorized users can perform on them, such as viewing, editing, copying, saving, or printing. IT administrators can create pre-set templates for end users for convenience, but end users can still define who can access the content and what actions they can take.
883:
In
Microsoft's Active Directory, OUs do not confer access permissions, and objects placed within OUs are not automatically assigned access privileges based on their containing OU. It represents a design limitation specific to Active Directory, and other competing directories, such as Novell
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These management tools may not provide enough functionality for efficient workflow in large environments. Some third-party tools extend the administration and management capabilities. They provide essential features for a more convenient administration process, such as automation, reports,
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Active
Directory requires a separate step for an administrator to assign an object in an OU as a group member also within that OU. Using only the OU location to determine access permissions is unreliable since the entity might not have been assigned to the group object for that OU yet.
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preceded the Active
Directory concept that uses those methods. The LDAP concept began to emerge even before the founding of Microsoft in April 1975, with RFCs as early as 1971. RFCs contributing to LDAP include RFC 1823 (on the LDAP API, August 1995), RFC 2307, RFC 3062, and RFC 4533.
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Generally, a network utilizing Active Directory has more than one licensed Windows server computer. Backup and restore of Active Directory are possible for a network with a single domain controller. However, Microsoft recommends more than one domain controller to provide automatic
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Global Catalog servers replicate all objects from all domains to themselves, providing an international listing of entities in the forest. However, to minimize replication traffic and keep the GC's database small, only selected attributes of each object are replicated, called the
859:. Workarounds include adding a digit to the end of the username. Alternatives include creating a separate ID system of unique employee/student ID numbers to use as account names in place of actual users' names and allowing users to nominate their preferred word sequence within an
393:
assertions. AD FS's purpose is an extension of that of AD DS: The latter enables users to authenticate with and use the devices that are part of the same network, using one set of credentials. The former enables them to use the same set of credentials in a different network.
505:(SID). An object represents a single entity, such as a user, computer, printer, or group, along with its attributes. Some objects may even contain other objects within them. Each object has a unique name, and its definition is a set of characteristics and information by a
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overlay, which can extend entries in any remote LDAP server with additional attributes stored in a local database. Clients pointed at the local database see entries containing both the remote and local attributes, while the remote database remains completely untouched.
377:) or network resources using only one set of credentials stored at a central location, as opposed to having to be granted a dedicated set of credentials for each service. AD FS uses many popular open standards to pass token credentials such as
133:"A domain represents a database. That database holds records about network services-things like computers, users, groups and other things that use, support, or exist on a network. The domain database is, in effect, Active Directory."
102:
or a non-admin user. Furthermore, it allows the management and storage of information, provides authentication and authorization mechanisms, and establishes a framework to deploy other related services: Certificate Services,
955:) links. Site definitions are independent of the domain and OU structure and are shared across the forest. Sites play a crucial role in managing network traffic created by replication and directing clients to their nearest
1095:(ESE98). Each domain controller's database is limited to 16 terabytes and 2 billion objects (but only 1 billion security principals). Microsoft has created NTDS databases with more than 2 billion objects. NT4's
525:
In an Active Directory network, the framework that holds objects has different levels: the forest, tree, and domain. Domains within a deployment contain objects stored in a single replicable database, and the
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After SQL Server is installed on a computer, you cannot change the computer from a domain controller to a domain member. You must uninstall SQL Server before you change the host computer to a domain member.
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is used to replicate between sites but only for modifications in the Schema, Configuration, or Partial Attribute Set (Global Catalog) GCs. It's not suitable for reproducing the default Domain partition.
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Trusts inside a forest are automatically created when domains are created. The forest sets the default boundaries of trust, and implicit, transitive trust is automatic for all domains within a forest.
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In Active Directory, organizational units (OUs) cannot be assigned as owners or trustees. Only groups are selectable, and members of OUs cannot be collectively assigned rights to directory objects.
170:. Active Directory support was also added to Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT 4.0 via patch, with some unsupported features. Additional improvements came with subsequent versions of
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An alternative option is to use another directory service as non-Windows clients authenticate to this while Windows Clients authenticate to Active Directory. Non-Windows clients include
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or Java and Unix-based programs) through standards-compliant LDAP clients, but these systems usually do not interpret many attributes associated with Windows components, such as
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71:. Originally, only centralized domain management used Active Directory. However, it ultimately became an umbrella title for various directory-based identity-related services.
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In general, the reason for this lack of allowance for duplicate names through hierarchical directory placement is that Microsoft primarily relies on the principles of
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An explicit trust between domains in different trees or the same tree when a descendant/ancestor (child/parent) relationship does not exist between the two domains.
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A simplified example of a publishing company's internal network. The company has four groups with varying permissions to the three shared folders on the network.
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Active Directory uses four distinct directory partition types to store data. Directory partitions contain domain, configuration, schema, and application data.
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link can have a cost, and the KCC alters the site link topology accordingly. Replication may occur transitively through several site links on same-protocol
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However, service administrators have abilities that cross domain boundaries. For this reason, the forest is the ultimate security boundary, not the domain.
150:(IETF) oversees the RFC process and has accepted numerous RFCs initiated by widespread participants. For example, LDAP underpins Active Directory. Also,
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protection of the directory. Domain controllers are ideally single-purpose for directory operations only and should not run any other software or role.
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1071:. However, for proper failover protection, Microsoft recommends not running multiple virtualized domain controllers on the same physical hardware.
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that run on Windows 2000 and later. Accessing the objects in Active Directory databases is possible through various interfaces such as LDAP, ADSI,
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a computer which is part of a Windows domain, Active Directory checks the submitted username and password and determines whether the user is a
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domain-type network, assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers and installing or updating software. For example, when a user
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295:. However, AD LDS does not require the creation of domains or domain controllers. It provides a Data Store for storing directory data and a
30:
This article is about Microsoft's on-premises directory service. For their cloud-based system formerly known as Azure Active Directory, see
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a domain controller can locate only the objects in its domain. The global catalog provides the ability to locate objects from any domain
218:. A domain controller is contacted when a user logs into a device, accesses another device across the network, or runs a line-of-business
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1400:. Free and non-free Active Directory administration tools can help to simplify and possibly automate Active Directory management tasks.
990:(PAS). The PAS can be modified by modifying the schema and marking features for replication to the GC. Earlier versions of Windows used
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534:. A domain is a logical group of network objects such as computers, users, and devices that share the same Active Directory database.
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You should attempt to avoid creating potential single points of failure when you plan your virtual domain controller deployment.frank
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1361:. The latter two are both able to perform two-way synchronization with Active Directory and thus provide a "deflected" integration.
461:. It is responsible for managing requests and maintaining the database. The Directory System Agent is the executable part, a set of
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Administration (querying, modifying, and monitoring) of Active Directory can be achieved via many scripting languages, including
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Active Directory Services consist of multiple directory services. The best known is Active Directory Domain Services, commonly
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One domain allows access to users on another domain, but the other domain does not allow access to users on the first domain.
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For security and performance reasons, we recommend that you do not install a standalone SQL Server on a domain controller.
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825:, which is a flat-namespace method of network object management that, for Microsoft software, goes all the way back to
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with an LDAP Directory Service Interface. Unlike AD DS, multiple AD LDS instances can operate on the same server.
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Like many information-technology efforts, Active Directory originated out of a democratization of design using
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As the number of users in a domain increases, conventions such as "first initial, middle initial, last name" (
232:, as described below) and most Microsoft server technologies rely on or use Domain Services; examples include
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for internal uses of an organization. These certificates can be used to encrypt files (when used with
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437:. It uses encryption and selective denial to restrict access to various documents, such as corporate
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uses the site topology for mail routing. Administrators can also define policies at the site level.
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Running SQL Server on the same computer as a production Exchange mailbox server is not recommended.
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Domain controllers request (pull) changes rather than send (push) changes that might not be needed.
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Microsoft Server 2008 Reference, discussing shadow groups used for fine-grained password policies:
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The forest is a secure boundary that limits access to users, computers, groups, and other objects.
501:(which include user or computer accounts and groups). Each security principal is assigned a unique
330:
3174:
2097:"How to Replace the SSL, Service Communications, Token-Signing, and Token-Decrypting Certificates"
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Whenever possible, your domain controllers should run on dedicated servers (physical or virtual).
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service. With an AD FS infrastructure in place, users may use several web-based services (e.g.
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2546:"You may encounter problems when installing SQL Server on a domain controller (Revision 3.0)"
2010:
2001:
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2480:"AD DS: All domains should have at least two functioning domain controllers for redundancy"
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member servers, belong to a domain but do not contain a copy of the Active Directory data.
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To allow users in one domain to access resources in another, Active Directory uses trusts.
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Connect to other forests or non-Active Directory domains. Nontransitive, one- or two-way.
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Microsoft Windows Internals: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000
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Active Directory Administrative Center (Introduced with Windows Server 2012 and above),
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Edge, Charles S. Jr; Smith, Zack; Hunter, Beau (2009). "Chapter 3: Active Directory".
1630:"Install Active Directory Domain Services on Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise 64-bit"
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3089:"Introducing AWS Directory Service for Microsoft Active Directory (Standard Edition)"
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Third parties offer Active Directory integration for Unix-like platforms, including:
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Example of the geographical organizing of zones of interest within trees and domains
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Server edition, and revised it to extend functionality and improve administration in
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1823:"The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Content Synchronization Operation"
1311:, formerly Likewise Software) – Allows a non-Windows client to join Active Directory
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functionality level) 'bastion' forest, which issues time-limited group memberships.
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A trust that can extend beyond two domains to other trusted domains in the forest.
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AD CS predates Windows Server 2008, but its name was simply Certificate Services.
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network. It stores information about domain members, including devices and users,
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Varying levels of interoperability with Active Directory can be achieved on most
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AD FS requires an AD DS infrastructure, although its federation partner may not.
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Defines several kinds of trusts. (automatic, shortcut, forest, realm, external)
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examples of how multiple AD objects can be created with the same SamAccountName
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2007:
Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows server 2003 Network Infrastructure
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A common workaround for an Active Directory administrator is to write a custom
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Trusts enable authentication and sharing resources across domains or forests
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The Active Directory is made up of one or more naming contexts or partitions.
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Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), previously called
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The domain that is trusted; whose users have access to the trusting domain.
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to communicate. Active Directory is fully integrated with DNS and requires
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163:
3112:(Single technical document that gives an overview about Active Directory.)
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Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) establishes an on-premises
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1559:"The Future of Windows: Directory Services in Windows Server "Longhorn""
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A trust that an admin creates. It is not transitive and is one way only.
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The Active Directory information is physically held on one or more peer
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999:
971:
896:
840:
780:
762:
729:
711:
693:
606:
1822:
1791:
1760:
1729:
943:
subnets. AD also defines connections, distinguishing low-speed (e.g.,
660:
642:
624:
591:
573:
555:
5658:
5653:
5287:
5176:
5124:
4894:
4479:
4434:
4399:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4217:
4011:
3538:
3210:
2714:
2680:
2646:
2614:
2553:
2489:
2457:
2168:
2137:
2106:
2075:
2044:
1923:
1602:
1568:
1484:
1274:
531:
313:. It can create, validate, revoke and perform other similar actions,
241:
162:
Microsoft previewed Active Directory in 1999, released it first with
49:
4040:
2259:
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770394%28WS.10%29.aspx
939:
are physical (rather than logical) groupings defined by one or more
744:
675:
202:
Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is the foundation of every
6238:
6142:
6002:
5762:
5627:
5257:
5114:
5001:
4986:
4924:
4784:
4744:
4564:
4349:
3767:
3643:
3352:
2843:"Privileged Access Management for Active Directory Domain Services"
1479:
1381:
1365:
1286:
1199:
Can be transitive or nontransitive (intransitive), one- or two-way.
1080:
1057:
888:, can set access privileges through object placement within an OU.
446:
263:
The self-managed Active Directory DS must be distinct from managed
27:
Directory service, created by Microsoft for Windows domain networks
2384:
global catalog servers for, potentially, faster query performance.
2234:"SamAccountName is always unique in a Windows domain... or is it?"
1187:
Joins two domains in different trees, transitive, one- or two-way.
6258:
6192:
5930:
5816:
5779:
5767:
5452:
5171:
5144:
5119:
5081:
5076:
4779:
4704:
4554:
4544:
4364:
4190:
3695:
3468:
1436:
991:
822:
497:
classified into two categories: resources (such as printers) and
374:
5046:
1099:
could support up to 40,000 objects. It has two main tables: the
425:), previously known as Rights Management Services or RMS before
178:, Microsoft added further services to Active Directory, such as
6332:
6182:
5851:
5632:
5557:
4971:
4571:
4549:
4464:
4379:
4307:
4237:
4055:
3762:
2890:
2605:"Installing Exchange on a domain controller is not recommended"
995:
830:
438:
322:
291:
and offers the same functionality as AD DS, including an equal
6298:
5734:
5562:
5267:
5041:
4754:
4559:
4504:
3628:
1868:"Dsclient.exe connects Windows 9x/NT PCs to Active Directory"
1761:"An Approach for Using LDAP as a Network Information Service"
1416:
1330:
1282:
1114:
Programs may access the features of Active Directory via the
382:
334:
151:
95:
5826:
5500:
5319:
5282:
4576:
3660:
3520:
1389:
1278:
390:
378:
366:
280:
2005:. In Harding, Kathy; Jean, Trenary; Linda, Zacker (eds.).
1920:
Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2012 Tech Center
1193:
Applies to the entire forest. Transitive, one- or two-way.
397:
As the name suggests, AD FS works based on the concept of
5744:
3779:
3001:"Active Directory Administration with Windows PowerShell"
1067:
One way to lower the physical hardware costs is by using
512:
Administrators can extend or modify the schema using the
493:
Active Directory structures consist of information about
292:
1169:
A one way trust that does not extend beyond two domains.
509:, which determines the storage in the Active Directory.
457:
Active Directory is a service comprising a database and
2637:"Security Considerations for a SQL Server Installation"
2937:
1699:(3rd ed.). Alameda, Calif.: Sybex. p. 159.
1353:(formerly Fedora Directory Server, FDS), ViewDS v7.2
1228:
Microsoft Active Directory management tools include:
806:
The objects held within a domain can be grouped into
2737:
2735:
2435:
SMTP can be used to transport nondomain replication
2331:"Planning for domain controllers and member servers"
2191:
Windows Server 2003: Active Directory Infrastructure
1407:
offers integration with Microsoft Active Directory.
1215:
from a (possibly low-level) production forest to a (
998:—DNS. To fully operate, the DNS server must support
2271:"Specifying Security and Administrative Boundaries"
1595:"Active Directory on a Windows Server 2003 Network"
1107:. Windows Server 2003 added a third main table for
3425:Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft
2882:
2577:"Can I install SQL Server on a domain controller?"
2066:"Overview of authentication in Power Apps portals"
2000:
1938:"Compare Active Directory-based services in Azure"
1916:"What's New in Active Directory in Windows Server"
1697:Mastering Active directory for Windows server 2003
1516:
1507:
1151:Two domains allow access to users on both domains.
357:Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) is a
3145:: Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
3139:: Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
2732:
2414:"What Is the Active Directory Replication Model?"
1854:"Active Directory Client (dsclient) for Win98/NT"
1627:
982:comprehensive list of all objects in the forest.
843:) or the reverse (Eastern order) fail for common
270:
6385:
4644:
2431:"What Is Active Directory Replication Topology?"
2035:"Active Directory Certificate Services Overview"
2002:"11: Creating and Managing Digital Certificates"
129:Robert R. King defined it in the following way:
118:(LDAP) versions 2 and 3, Microsoft's version of
2951:. SAMBA Project. 5 October 2009. Archived from
2880:
2512:"10 tips for effective Active Directory design"
1346:snap-in that creates and edits the attributes.
517:Changing the schema usually requires planning.
2801:"Domain and Forest Trusts Technical Reference"
2286:
2221:is analogous to a directory in the file system
924:The Active Directory database is organized in
903:script to automatically create and maintain a
520:
214:. The server running this service is called a
4630:
3195:
2159:"Test Lab Guide: Deploying an AD RMS Cluster"
530:name structure identifies their domains, the
407:
325:standard), and network traffic (when used by
2744:"Large AD database? Probably not this large"
1851:
1820:
185:
74:A domain controller is a server running the
3115:Microsoft Technet: Detailed description of
2717:. Planning to Virtualize Domain Controllers
2379:"Attributes Included in the Global Catalog"
2350:. Microsoft Corporation. 10 December 2009.
419:Active Directory Rights Management Services
414:Active Directory Rights Management Services
389:. AD FS supports encryption and signing of
228:Other Active Directory services (excluding
6367:
4637:
4623:
3202:
3188:
3123:: Active Directory Technical Specification
3023:"Using Scripts to Search Active Directory"
2399:. Microsoft Corporation. 21 January 2005.
2333:. Microsoft Corporation. 21 January 2005.
2318:A site is a set of well-connected subnets.
2316:. Microsoft Corporation. 21 January 2005.
2273:. Microsoft Corporation. 23 January 2005.
2193:. Microsoft Press. 2003. pp. 1–8–1–9.
1827:The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1796:The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1734:The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1727:
1469:
1467:
3209:
2820:. Microsoft Corporation. 11 December 2012
2574:
2381:. Microsoft Corporation. 26 August 2010.
2009:. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. pp.
1792:"LDAP Password Modify Extended Operation"
4173:
3133:Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM)
2803:. Microsoft Corporation. 28 March 2003.
2433:. Microsoft Corporation. 28 March 2003.
2416:. Microsoft Corporation. 28 March 2003.
1789:
1730:"The LDAP Application Program Interface"
874:
484:
343:AD CS requires an AD DS infrastructure.
3117:Active Directory on Windows Server 2003
2876:
2874:
2705:"Running Domain Controllers in Hyper-V"
1464:
801:
304:
14:
6386:
3045:"ITAdminTools Perl Scripts Repository"
2741:
2289:"Active Directory Replication Traffic"
1998:
1883:
1821:Zeilenga, K.; Choi, J.H. (June 2006).
1765:Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1758:
1265:integration with other services, etc.
346:
107:, Lightweight Directory Services, and
6244:Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
4618:
3183:
3175:Active Directory Certificate Services
3169:Active Directory Certificate Services
3163:Extending the Active Directory Schema
2925:from the original on 15 November 2010
2768:
2509:
2448:"Active Directory Backup and Restore"
1896:from the original on 2 September 2019
1879:
1877:
1587:
1556:
1523:(4th ed.). Redmond, Washington:
1503:
1501:
1250:Active Directory Schema snap-ins for
1235:Active Directory Users and Computers,
1035:DNS in the domain based on the site.
931:
429:, is server software that allows for
116:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
3127:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
2915:"Samba 4.0.0 Available for Download"
2885:Enterprise Mac Administrator's Guide
2871:
1886:"Windows Server 2008 - New Features"
1728:Howes, T.; Smith, M. (August 1995).
1694:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1241:Active Directory Sites and Services,
1238:Active Directory Domains and Trusts,
452:
353:Active Directory Federation Services
180:Active Directory Federation Services
105:Active Directory Federation Services
5373:Distributed Transaction Coordinator
2788:Active Directory Service Interfaces
2746:. Blogs.technet.com. Archived from
1628:Rackspace Support (27 April 2016).
1268:
1223:
1120:Active Directory Service Interfaces
24:
5704:User Interface Privilege Isolation
2575:Degremont, Michel (30 June 2011).
2287:Andreas Luther (9 December 2009).
2209:Distributed Systems Resource Kit (
1874:
1833:from the original on 30 April 2020
1802:from the original on 30 April 2020
1771:from the original on 30 April 2020
1740:from the original on 30 April 2020
1640:from the original on 30 April 2020
1609:from the original on 30 April 2020
1575:from the original on 30 April 2020
1498:
1337:The schema additions shipped with
1333:) – Can act as a domain controller
1087:, in Windows 2000 Server uses the
197:
25:
6430:
3102:
1660:"Microsoft Kerberos - Win32 apps"
1545:
1050:
1042:(RPC) over IP (RPC/IP) are used.
1002:, also known as service records.
283:protocol for AD DS. It runs as a
277:Active Directory Application Mode
6366:
6356:
6355:
4599:
4598:
3108:Microsoft Technet: White paper:
1884:Thomas, Guy (29 November 2000).
1432:Flexible single master operation
1359:Sun Java System Directory Server
1293:and support for one-way trusts.
870:
779:
761:
743:
728:
710:
692:
674:
659:
641:
623:
605:
590:
572:
554:
76:Active Directory Domain Services
5433:Remote Differential Compression
4329:High Heat Major League Baseball
3081:
3059:
3037:
3015:
2993:
2967:
2907:
2853:
2835:
2818:"Domain and Forest Trusts Work"
2810:
2793:
2781:
2762:
2697:
2663:
2629:
2597:
2568:
2538:
2510:Posey, Brien (23 August 2010).
2503:
2472:
2440:
2423:
2406:
2389:
2371:
2357:
2340:
2323:
2306:
2280:
2263:
2251:
2226:
2197:
2183:
2151:
2128:"Step 1: Preinstallation Tasks"
2120:
2089:
2058:
2027:
1992:
1930:
1908:
1860:
1852:Daniel Petri (8 January 2009).
1845:
1814:
1783:
1752:
1447:System Security Services Daemon
1038:To replicate Active Directory,
480:
148:Internet Engineering Task Force
6289:Windows System Assessment Tool
3984:Where do you want to go today?
1790:Zeilenga, K. (February 2001).
1721:
1688:
1670:
1652:
1621:
1557:Hynes, Byron (November 2006).
1136:
1005:
961:Microsoft Exchange Server 2007
271:Lightweight Directory Services
13:
1:
4031:Bundling of Microsoft Windows
3110:Active Directory Architecture
2348:"What Is the Global Catalog?"
1458:
1301:PowerBroker Identity Services
1277:operating systems (including
919:
431:information rights management
90:all users and computers in a
5578:Open XML Paper Specification
5438:Remote Installation Services
4646:Microsoft Windows components
3161:Microsoft TechNet Magazine:
3069:. Perl Open-Source Community
2865:social.technet.microsoft.com
1892:. Computer Performance Ltd.
1344:Microsoft Management Console
1252:Microsoft Management Console
7:
6409:Microsoft server technology
5730:Windows Subsystem for Linux
5689:Mandatory Integrity Control
5443:Windows Deployment Services
5240:Wireless Zero Configuration
4097:Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
1599:Active Directory Collection
1453:Univention Corporate Server
1410:
1125:
1074:
521:Forests, trees, and domains
212:defines their access rights
10:
6435:
5832:Universal Windows Platform
5538:Kernel Transaction Manager
5523:Hardware Abstraction Layer
5220:Multimedia Class Scheduler
4395:Nokia Devices and Services
4288:Fast Search & Transfer
4228:The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
4154:Microsoft v. United States
4146:United States v. Microsoft
3661:C/AL a.k.a Navision Attain
2671:"Exchange Server Analyzer"
2217:An organizational unit in
1678:"Domain Name System (DNS)"
1421:role based access controls
1403:Since October 2017 Amazon
1317:(Thursby Software Systems)
1213:Microsoft Identity Manager
411:
408:Rights Management Services
350:
208:verifies their credentials
137:
109:Rights Management Services
29:
6404:Public key infrastructure
6351:
6311:
6284:Windows Services for UNIX
6206:
5975:
5894:
5887:
5860:
5743:
5717:
5669:Data Execution Prevention
5641:
5518:Graphics Device Interface
5466:
5408:Network Access Protection
5333:
5248:
5195:
5095:
5027:Remote Desktop Connection
4860:
4690:
4652:
4594:
4164:
4132:Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft
4086:
4021:
3975:
3940:
3855:
3814:
3807:
3718:
3619:
3529:
3449:
3442:
3417:
3390:
3325:
3263:
3242:
3235:
3217:
2771:"Active Directory basics"
2581:Microsoft SQL Server blog
2236:. Joeware. 4 January 2012
1890:ComputerPerformance.co.uk
1759:Howard, L. (March 1998).
1364:Another option is to use
1093:Extensible Storage Engine
951:) from high-speed (e.g.,
908:Such groups are known as
794:
749:
680:
665:
611:
475:Security Accounts Manager
311:public key infrastructure
229:
186:Active Directory Services
5649:Security and Maintenance
5593:Security Account Manager
5187:Windows XP visual styles
4157:(2018 data privacy case)
3121:Microsoft MSDN Library:
3025:. Microsoft. 26 May 2010
2945:"The great DRS success!"
2367:. Microsoft Corporation.
1980:. Microsoft. 2 July 2012
1475:"Directory System Agent"
1211:A one-way trust used by
1097:Security Account Manager
1012:multi-master replication
331:Transport Layer Security
327:virtual private networks
6234:Media Control Interface
6068:Help and Support Center
5684:Kernel Patch Protection
5448:System Resource Manager
5428:Remote Desktop Services
5423:Print Services for UNIX
5205:Service Control Manager
4815:Windows Error Reporting
4735:DirectX Diagnostic Tool
4273:Double Fine Productions
4111:Microsoft v. Commission
3151:Active Directory Schema
2291:. Microsoft Corporation
1357:, and Sun Microsystems
1247:Local Users and Groups,
315:public key certificates
279:(ADAM), implements the
250:Remote Desktop Services
194:as AD DS or simply AD.
63:include it as a set of
6214:Desktop Cleanup Wizard
5790:COM Structured storage
5491:Desktop Window Manager
5383:Windows Media Services
4410:Obsidian Entertainment
4303:GIANT Company Software
3326:Senior leadership team
2742:efleis (8 June 2006).
2397:"Directory data store"
2205:"Organizational Units"
1999:Zacker, Craig (2003).
1515:(2005). "Chapter 13".
1339:Windows Server 2003 R2
1040:Remote Procedure Calls
1010:Active Directory uses
880:
490:
319:Encrypting File System
238:Encrypting File System
135:
114:Active Directory uses
5842:Windows Mixed Reality
5513:Enhanced Write Filter
5363:Roaming user profiles
4405:Nuance Communications
4149:(2001 antitrust case)
3910:Outercurve Foundation
3347:Carolina Dybeck Happe
3211:Microsoft Corporation
1978:"AD LDS versus AD DS"
1695:King, Robert (2003).
1636:. Rackspace US, Inc.
1442:List of LDAP software
1355:XML Enabled Directory
1079:The Active-Directory
988:partial attribute set
878:
861:acceptable use policy
579:Domain-New York
488:
144:Requests for Comments
131:
6123:Mobile Device Center
6073:Health & Fitness
5871:Solitaire Collection
5699:User Account Control
5694:Protected Media Path
5598:Server Message Block
5548:Logical Disk Manager
4800:System Policy Editor
4785:System Configuration
4525:Vermeer Technologies
4460:Revolution Analytics
4370:Massive Incorporated
4340:inXile Entertainment
4125:Microsoft v. Lindows
3571:Open source software
3430:Microsoft and unions
3338:Takeshi Numoto (CMO)
3157:Understanding Schema
2981:on 27 September 2011
1427:Apple Open Directory
1423:using nested groups)
1351:389 Directory Server
1000:SRV resource records
808:organizational units
802:Organizational units
305:Certificate Services
246:Domain Name Services
154:directories and the
100:system administrator
6269:Virtual DOS machine
5613:System Idle Process
5588:Resource Protection
5496:Portable Executable
5388:Active DRM Services
4790:System File Checker
4760:Performance Monitor
4515:Twisted Pixel Games
4500:Winternals Software
4196:Activision Blizzard
3930:Activision Blizzard
3880:Digital Crimes Unit
3302:Carlos A. Rodriguez
3173:Microsoft TechNet:
3155:Microsoft TechNet:
3143:Microsoft TechNet:
3093:Amazon Web Services
2769:Berkouwer, Sander.
2215:. Microsoft. 2011.
1217:Windows Server 2016
1111:single instancing.
1109:security descriptor
503:security identifier
499:security principals
427:Windows Server 2008
347:Federation Services
267:, a cloud product.
176:Windows Server 2008
168:Windows Server 2003
156:Organizational Unit
6414:Windows components
6399:Directory services
6274:Windows on Windows
5998:Backup and Restore
5810:Transaction Server
5528:I/O request packet
5368:Folder redirection
5037:Speech Recognition
4795:System Information
4750:Management Console
4263:Consumers Software
4104:Apple v. Microsoft
3863:Engineering groups
3601:Visual Studio Code
3273:(Chairman and CEO)
3264:Board of directors
3095:. 24 October 2017.
3047:. ITAdminTools.com
2955:on 13 October 2009
2867:. 17 January 2024.
2849:. 8 February 2023.
2847:docs.microsoft.com
1942:docs.microsoft.com
1684:. 10 January 2022.
1682:docs.microsoft.com
1664:docs.microsoft.com
1386:JScript/JavaScript
1166:Intransitive trust
968:domain controllers
957:domain controllers
932:Physical structure
881:
491:
399:federated identity
32:Microsoft Entra ID
6381:
6380:
6307:
6306:
6264:Video for Windows
6219:Games for Windows
6088:Internet Explorer
5182:Windows Spotlight
4825:Windows Installer
4612:
4611:
4590:
4589:
4530:Visio Corporation
4208:Altamira Software
4139:Microsoft v. Shah
4046:Internet Explorer
3998:Mojave Experiment
3971:
3970:
3920:Xbox Game Studios
3803:
3802:
3773:LinkedIn Learning
3751:Developer Network
3438:
3437:
3317:Padmasree Warrior
2921:. SAMBA Project.
2900:978-1-4302-2443-3
2889:. New York City:
2750:on 17 August 2009
2460:. 9 December 2009
2040:Microsoft TechNet
1926:. 31 August 2016.
1706:978-0-7821-5201-2
1666:. 7 January 2021.
1605:. 13 March 2003.
1513:Russinovich, Mark
1509:Solomon, David A.
1032:site link bridges
799:
798:
790:
789:
652:
651:
453:Logical structure
298:Directory Service
258:SharePoint Server
216:domain controller
61:operating systems
46:directory service
16:(Redirected from
6426:
6394:Active Directory
6370:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6279:Windows SideShow
6058:Food & Drink
5952:Spider Solitaire
5892:
5891:
5785:ActiveX Document
5753:Active Scripting
5709:Windows Firewall
5664:Credential Guard
5343:Active Directory
5140:Indexing Service
4770:Resource Monitor
4765:Recovery Console
4639:
4632:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4430:Playground Games
4425:Perceptive Pixel
4380:Mobile Data Labs
4360:Lionhead Studios
4253:Compulsion Games
4171:
4170:
4118:FTC v. Microsoft
3948:Microsoft campus
3812:
3811:
3447:
3446:
3277:John W. Thompson
3240:
3239:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3167:Microsoft MSDN:
3149:Microsoft MSDN:
3137:Microsoft MSDN:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2977:. Archived from
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2888:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2556:. 7 January 2013
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:"Global Catalog"
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2314:"Sites overview"
2310:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2219:Active Directory
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2171:. 31 August 2016
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1564:TechNet Magazine
1554:
1543:
1542:
1522:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1471:
1269:Unix integration
1224:Management tools
1178:Cross-link trust
1160:Transitive trust
970:, replacing the
783:
765:
747:
732:
714:
696:
678:
663:
656:
655:
645:
627:
609:
594:
576:
558:
545:
544:
541:
540:
463:Windows services
433:, included with
225:into a machine.
38:Active Directory
21:
18:Active directory
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6347:
6315:Microsoft Store
6313:
6303:
6249:POSIX subsystem
6229:File Protection
6202:
6173:Program Manager
6158:Phone Companion
6148:Outlook Express
6098:Make Compatible
6028:Desktop Gadgets
5988:Anytime Upgrade
5971:
5883:
5856:
5847:Windows Runtime
5739:
5713:
5679:Family features
5637:
5462:
5418:DFS Replication
5329:
5244:
5235:Error Reporting
5191:
5091:
4967:Mobility Center
4962:Movies & TV
4856:
4840:Windows Insider
4730:Driver Verifier
4725:Drive Optimizer
4692:
4686:
4677:Booting process
4648:
4643:
4613:
4608:
4586:
4510:Tellme Networks
4490:Sunrise Atelier
4318:Groove Networks
4186:Access Software
4160:
4082:
4017:
3967:
3963:Microsoft Japan
3958:Microsoft India
3953:Microsoft Egypt
3936:
3905:.NET Foundation
3851:
3799:
3741:Microsoft Learn
3714:
3621:
3615:
3525:
3434:
3418:Employee groups
3413:
3386:
3321:
3282:John W. Stanton
3259:
3231:
3213:
3208:
3105:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2879:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2740:
2733:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2617:. 22 March 2013
2603:
2602:
2598:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2524:
2522:CBS Interactive
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1944:. 3 April 2023.
1936:
1935:
1931:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1846:
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1834:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1784:
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1772:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1525:Microsoft Press
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1413:
1271:
1226:
1139:
1128:
1085:directory store
1077:
1053:
1008:
934:
922:
873:
804:
630:Domain-Atlanta
523:
483:
459:executable code
455:
445:documents, and
416:
410:
371:online shopping
355:
349:
321:), emails (per
307:
273:
254:Exchange Server
220:Metro-style app
200:
198:Domain Services
188:
140:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6432:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6364:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6178:Steps Recorder
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5898:
5896:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5805:OLE Automation
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Object Manager
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Imaging Format
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Task Scheduler
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:Special folder
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:Voice Recorder
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4835:Windows Update
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4805:System Restore
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:Device Manager
4712:
4707:
4705:Command Prompt
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4550:WebTV Networks
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Secure Islands
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Pando Networks
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Mojang Studios
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3719:Web properties
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Power Platform
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3403:Richard Rashid
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3381:Kathleen Hogan
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Charles Scharf
3304:
3299:
3297:Penny Pritzker
3294:
3292:Sandi Peterson
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3103:External links
3101:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3058:
3036:
3014:
2992:
2966:
2936:
2906:
2899:
2870:
2861:"TechNet Wiki"
2852:
2834:
2809:
2792:
2780:
2775:Veeam Software
2761:
2731:
2696:
2662:
2628:
2596:
2567:
2537:
2502:
2471:
2439:
2422:
2405:
2388:
2370:
2356:
2339:
2322:
2305:
2279:
2262:
2250:
2225:
2196:
2182:
2164:Microsoft Docs
2150:
2119:
2088:
2071:Microsoft Docs
2057:
2026:
2019:
1991:
1969:
1947:
1929:
1907:
1873:
1870:. 5 June 2003.
1859:
1844:
1813:
1782:
1751:
1720:
1705:
1687:
1669:
1651:
1620:
1586:
1544:
1537:
1497:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:(implementing
1412:
1409:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1312:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:Explicit trust
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:Trusted domain
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1116:COM interfaces
1076:
1073:
1069:virtualization
1052:
1051:Implementation
1049:
1007:
1004:
933:
930:
921:
918:
872:
869:
827:Windows NT 3.1
812:group policies
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
741:
737:
736:
733:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
672:
668:
667:
666:Domain-Dallas
664:
653:
650:
649:
648:Domain-Dallas
646:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
621:
618:
614:
613:
612:Tree-Southern
610:
603:
599:
598:
597:Domain-Philly
595:
588:
585:
581:
580:
577:
570:
567:
563:
562:
561:Domain-Boston
559:
552:
549:
522:
519:
482:
479:
454:
451:
443:Microsoft Word
435:Windows Server
412:Main article:
409:
406:
387:OpenID Connect
363:internet forum
359:single sign-on
351:Main article:
348:
345:
306:
303:
289:Windows Server
272:
269:
204:Windows domain
199:
196:
187:
184:
172:Windows Server
139:
136:
58:Windows Server
54:Windows domain
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6431:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Windows To Go
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6163:Photo Gallery
6161:
6159:
6156:
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6119:
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6109:
6108:Meeting Space
6106:
6104:
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6078:HyperTerminal
6076:
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6049:
6048:Easy Transfer
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5718:Compatibility
5716:
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5707:
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5697:
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5543:Library files
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5303:Reparse point
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5105:Action Center
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5032:Snipping Tool
5030:
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4890:Character Map
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4710:Control Panel
4708:
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4703:
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4700:App Installer
4698:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
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4662:
4661:Architecture
4660:
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4582:ZeniMax Media
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4345:Jellyfish.com
4343:
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4181:6Wunderkinder
4179:
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4051:Microsoft Bob
4049:
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3925:ZeniMax Media
3923:
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3918:
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3913:
3911:
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3900:Retail stores
3898:
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3596:Visual Studio
3594:
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3554:Microsoft 365
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3410:
3409:CĂ©sar Cernuda
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:Corporate VPs
3389:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
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3343:
3342:Scott Guthrie
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:Satya Nadella
3331:
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3328:
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3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Emma Walmsley
3310:
3308:
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3298:
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3271:Satya Nadella
3269:
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3125:(part of the
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2975:"RFC 2307bis"
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2020:0-7356-1893-3
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1327:free software
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1148:Two-way trust
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1142:One-way trust
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910:shadow groups
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871:Shadow groups
868:
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841:Western order
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681:OU-Marketing
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514:schema object
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471:messaging API
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84:authenticates
81:
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72:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
48:developed by
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6419:Windows 2000
6328:File Manager
6168:Photo Viewer
6103:Media Center
6063:Groove Music
5993:Address Book
5964:
5957:
5950:
5945:Purble Place
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5910:Chess Titans
5908:
5901:
5888:Discontinued
5876:
5869:
5568:Ntoskrnl.exe
5476:Boot Manager
5468:Architecture
5358:Group Policy
5342:
5250:File systems
5150:Saved search
5057:Sticky Notes
5022:Quick Assist
4950:Media Player
4920:Feedback Hub
4915:Fax and Scan
4810:Task Manager
4740:Event Viewer
4720:Disk Cleanup
4390:Ninja Theory
4355:LinkExchange
4327:
4166:Acquisitions
4152:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
3707:
3700:
3686:Transact-SQL
3649:Visual Basic
3620:Programming
3459:Azure Kinect
3398:Joe Belfiore
3376:Phil Spencer
3287:Reid Hoffman
3092:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:"Win32::OLE"
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2918:
2909:
2884:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2829:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2804:
2795:
2783:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2726:
2719:. Retrieved
2708:
2699:
2691:
2684:. Retrieved
2674:
2665:
2657:
2650:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2591:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2532:
2525:. Retrieved
2517:TechRepublic
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2483:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2391:
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2359:
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2342:
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2317:
2308:
2300:
2293:. Retrieved
2282:
2274:
2265:
2253:
2245:
2240:18 September
2238:. Retrieved
2228:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2162:
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2141:. Retrieved
2131:
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2100:
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2069:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2006:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1932:
1919:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1889:
1862:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
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1764:
1754:
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1733:
1723:
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1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1644:22 September
1642:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1598:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1562:
1518:
1488:. Retrieved
1480:MSDN Library
1478:
1402:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1348:
1336:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:Group Policy
1272:
1263:
1258:SysInternals
1227:
1190:Forest trust
1132:
1129:
1119:
1118:provided by
1113:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1017:
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987:
984:
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936:
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925:
923:
914:
909:
904:
901:Visual Basic
894:
890:
882:
865:
856:
852:
848:
845:family names
838:
820:
816:
805:
536:
524:
511:
492:
481:Objects used
456:
422:
418:
417:
403:
396:
356:
342:
339:
333:protocol or
308:
297:
276:
274:
262:
234:Group Policy
227:
201:
189:
164:Windows 2000
161:
146:(RFCs). The
141:
132:
128:
113:
79:
75:
73:
41:
37:
36:
6343:Minesweeper
6312:Spun off to
6133:MSN Dial-up
6128:Movie Maker
6033:Diagnostics
5983:ActiveMovie
5725:COMMAND.COM
5603:Shadow Copy
5458:Server Core
5298:Mount Point
5225:Shadow Copy
4820:Windows Ink
4520:Undead Labs
4470:ScreenTonic
4323:Havok Group
4313:GreenButton
4298:Forethought
4283:FASA Studio
4201:acquisition
3815:Conferences
3785:Outlook.com
3359:Kevin Scott
3003:. Microsoft
2985:20 November
2949:SambaPeople
2919:SambaPeople
2790:, Microsoft
2754:20 November
2050:24 November
1984:25 February
1958:. Microsoft
1837:26 November
1806:26 November
1775:26 November
1744:26 November
1613:25 December
1370:translucent
1342:includes a
1309:BeyondTrust
1303:, formerly
1260:ADExplorer.
1137:Terminology
1006:Replication
834:LAN Manager
337:protocol).
265:Azure AD DS
192:abbreviated
82:) role. It
6388:Categories
6323:DVD Player
6138:NetMeeting
6038:DriveSpace
5903:3D Pinball
5403:SharePoint
5167:Start menu
5012:Phone Link
4875:Calculator
4830:PowerShell
4691:Management
4540:VoloMetrix
4450:ProClarity
4445:Press Play
4375:Metaswitch
4213:AltspaceVR
4088:Litigation
3873:Skype unit
3795:Translator
3709:Visual J++
3691:TypeScript
3681:PowerShell
3371:Harry Shum
3365:Brad Smith
3255:Paul Allen
3250:Bill Gates
2959:2 November
2824:29 January
2721:5 February
2686:5 February
2652:5 February
2621:5 February
2586:5 February
2560:5 February
2527:5 February
2495:5 February
2464:5 February
2175:30 January
2143:21 October
2112:30 January
2081:30 January
1527:. p.
1459:References
1378:PowerShell
1244:ADSI Edit,
1105:link table
1101:data table
926:partitions
920:Partitions
905:user group
897:PowerShell
477:services.
223:sideloaded
88:authorizes
56:networks.
6118:Messenger
6113:Messaging
6043:DVD Maker
6013:CD Player
6008:CardSpace
5959:Solitaire
5659:BitLocker
5654:AppLocker
5288:Hard link
5177:Task View
5155:Namespace
5125:ClearType
4945:Messaging
4930:Magnifier
4895:Clipchamp
4870:3D Viewer
4480:Simplygon
4435:PlaceWare
4258:Connectix
4248:Colloquis
4243:Clipchamp
4218:aQuantive
4174:Completed
4023:Criticism
4012:Scroogled
3991:Champagne
3976:Campaigns
3856:Divisions
3746:Channel 9
3702:Visual J#
3622:languages
3539:Clipchamp
3494:Laptop Go
2715:Microsoft
2681:Microsoft
2647:Microsoft
2615:Microsoft
2554:Microsoft
2490:Microsoft
2458:Microsoft
2169:Microsoft
2138:Microsoft
2107:Microsoft
2076:Microsoft
2045:Microsoft
1924:Microsoft
1634:Rackspace
1603:Microsoft
1569:Microsoft
1485:Microsoft
1368:with its
1275:Unix-like
1208:PAM trust
867:network.
750:OU-Sales
532:namespace
467:processes
447:web pages
242:BitLocker
96:logs into
65:processes
50:Microsoft
6362:Category
6239:MS-DOS 7
6224:ScanDisk
6143:NTBackup
6023:Contacts
6003:Cardfile
5938:Hold 'Em
5917:FreeCell
5763:VBScript
5674:Defender
5642:Security
5628:Winlogon
5583:Registry
5197:Services
5130:Explorer
5115:AutoPlay
5002:Paint 3D
4987:OneDrive
4977:Narrator
4925:Get Help
4880:Calendar
4775:Settings
4745:IExpress
4604:Category
4565:AppNexus
4495:SwiftKey
4440:Powerset
4350:LinkedIn
4278:Farecast
4014:" (2012)
4007:" (2008)
4005:I'm a PC
4000:" (2006)
3993:" (2002)
3986:" (1994)
3895:Research
3768:LinkedIn
3676:Power Fx
3644:VBScript
3544:Dynamics
3531:Software
3464:HoloLens
3451:Hardware
3443:Products
3353:Amy Hood
3243:Founders
2929:9 August
2923:Archived
1962:28 April
1956:"AD LDS"
1900:30 April
1894:Archived
1831:Archived
1800:Archived
1769:Archived
1738:Archived
1715:62876800
1638:Archived
1607:Archived
1579:30 April
1573:Archived
1490:23 April
1411:See also
1382:VBScript
1366:OpenLDAP
1315:ADmitMac
1305:Likewise
1287:Mac OS X
1202:External
1184:Shortcut
1126:Trusting
1103:and the
1089:JET Blue
1081:database
1075:Database
1058:failover
120:Kerberos
69:services
6338:Mahjong
6259:Interix
6193:WinHelp
6093:Journal
6083:Imaging
5931:InkBall
5817:DirectX
5780:ActiveX
5768:JScript
5481:Console
5453:Hyper-V
5348:Domains
5172:Taskbar
5145:IFilter
5120:AutoRun
5082:WordPad
5077:Weather
4992:OneNote
4982:Notepad
4905:Cortana
4780:Sysprep
4555:Xamarin
4545:VXtreme
4415:Onfolio
4365:Maluuba
4335:Hotmail
4293:Firefly
4191:Acompli
4061:Windows
4056:_NSAKEY
3941:Estates
3832:Inspire
3808:Company
3756:TechNet
3736:Copilot
3611:Xbox OS
3606:Windows
3581:Servers
3474:Surface
3469:LifeCam
3227:Outline
3222:History
2710:TechNet
2676:TechNet
2642:TechNet
2610:TechNet
2550:Support
2485:TechNet
2453:TechNet
2211:TechNet
2133:TechNet
2102:TechNet
1437:FreeIPA
1091:-based
992:NetBIOS
959:(DCs).
823:NetBIOS
699:Hewitt
495:objects
439:e-mails
375:webmail
285:service
138:History
92:Windows
44:) is a
6371:
6360:
6333:Hover!
6207:Others
6188:Travel
6183:Syskey
5966:Tinker
5924:Hearts
5852:WinUSB
5837:WinAPI
5822:Native
5633:WinUSB
5558:MinWin
5335:Server
5135:Search
5047:Sports
5017:Photos
5007:People
4885:Camera
4572:Yammer
4535:Vivaty
4465:RiskIQ
4308:GitHub
4268:Danger
4238:Bungie
4223:Azyxxi
4036:Clippy
3915:Gaming
3885:Garage
3868:Mobile
3847:WinHEC
3827:Ignite
3763:GitHub
3634:VB.NET
3559:Office
3504:Studio
3489:Laptop
3236:People
3073:22 May
3051:22 May
3029:22 May
3007:7 June
2897:
2891:Apress
2295:26 May
2017:
1713:
1703:
1535:
1449:(SSSD)
1396:, and
1394:Python
1329:under
1254:(MMC),
1083:, the
1026:, and
996:TCP/IP
857:Garcia
831:MS-DOS
786:Ralph
776:
773:
758:
755:
740:
735:Steve
725:
722:
707:
704:
689:
686:
671:
638:
635:
620:
617:
602:
587:
584:
569:
566:
551:
548:
507:schema
473:, and
423:AD RMS
323:S/MIME
256:, and
210:, and
122:, and
6299:WinFS
6198:Write
5895:Games
5862:Games
5735:WoW64
5563:NTLDR
5553:LSASS
5486:CSRSS
5293:links
5268:exFAT
5097:Shell
5062:Store
5052:Start
5042:Skype
4997:Paint
4972:Money
4900:Clock
4847:WinRE
4755:Netsh
4693:tools
4682:Games
4560:Xandr
4505:Teleo
4485:Skype
4071:Vista
3890:Press
3822:Build
3790:Store
3726:Azure
3629:BASIC
3586:Start
3564:Teams
3549:Havok
3405:(SVP)
3383:(CPO)
3367:(CLO)
3361:(CTO)
3355:(CFO)
3349:(COO)
3335:(CEO)
2011:11–16
1417:AGDLP
1331:GPLv3
1322:Samba
1283:Linux
1196:Realm
1018:Each
937:Sites
853:Smith
851:(李),
847:like
768:Bill
383:OAuth
335:IPSec
174:. In
152:X.500
80:AD DS
6373:List
6254:HPFS
6018:Chat
5976:Apps
5878:Surf
5827:.NET
5795:DCOM
5623:WHEA
5618:USER
5608:SMSS
5398:WSUS
5378:MSMQ
5320:ReFS
5283:NTFS
5258:CDFS
5215:CLFS
5210:BITS
5110:Aero
5087:Xbox
5067:Tips
4955:2022
4940:Maps
4935:Mail
4910:Edge
4862:Apps
4657:APIs
4577:Yupi
4455:Rare
4233:Beam
4041:iLoo
3731:Bing
3671:MVPL
3521:Xbox
3075:2012
3053:2012
3031:2012
3009:2011
2987:2011
2961:2009
2931:2016
2895:ISBN
2826:2013
2756:2011
2723:2014
2688:2014
2654:2014
2623:2014
2588:2014
2562:2014
2529:2014
2497:2014
2466:2014
2297:2010
2242:2013
2177:2022
2145:2021
2114:2022
2083:2022
2052:2015
2015:ISBN
1986:2013
1964:2009
1902:2020
1839:2013
1808:2013
1777:2013
1746:2013
1711:OCLC
1701:ISBN
1646:2016
1615:2010
1581:2020
1533:ISBN
1492:2014
1398:Ruby
1390:Perl
1279:Unix
1044:SMTP
1028:ISDN
829:and
717:Aon
465:and
391:SAML
379:SAML
367:blog
281:LDAP
86:and
67:and
52:for
6153:Pay
6053:Fax
5800:OLE
5775:COM
5758:WSH
5745:API
5506:DLL
5501:EXE
5413:PWS
5393:IIS
5353:DNS
5325:UDF
5313:EFS
5308:TxF
5278:FAT
5273:IFS
5263:DFS
4852:WMI
4400:npm
3842:PDC
3837:MIX
3780:MSN
3639:VBA
3591:Tay
3514:Neo
3509:Duo
3499:Pro
3479:Hub
1529:840
1405:AWS
1020:DS3
979:BDC
975:PDC
953:LAN
949:VPN
945:WAN
899:or
886:NDS
855:or
528:DNS
385:or
293:API
287:on
230:LDS
124:DNS
6390::
4670:NT
4665:9x
4076:10
4066:XP
3696:Q#
3666:F#
3656:C#
3484:Go
3091:.
2947:.
2917:.
2893:.
2873:^
2863:.
2845:.
2828:.
2773:.
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2037:.
2013:.
1940:.
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1876:^
1829:.
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1767:.
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1567:.
1561:.
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1531:.
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1500:^
1483:.
1477:.
1466:^
1392:,
1388:,
1384:,
1380:,
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1281:,
1122:.
1024:T1
1022:,
972:NT
947:,
941:IP
863:.
849:Li
441:,
401:.
381:,
373:,
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365:,
329:,
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248:,
244:,
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