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case study of the development of a specific set of resource management information systems in the UK National Health
Service, and they evaluate their findings using concepts from actor-network theory. The actor-network approach does not prioritize social or technological aspects, which mirrors the situation in the case study, where arguments about social structures and technology are intertwined within actors' discourse as they try to persuade others to align with their own goals. The research emphasizes the interpretative flexibility of information technology and systems, in the sense that seemingly similar systems produce drastically different outcomes in different locales as a result of the specific translation and network-building processes that occurred. They show how the boundary between the technological and the social, as well as the link between them, is the topic of constant battles and trials of strength in the creation of facts, rather than taking technology for granted.
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They argue that ANT's ontological realism makes it "less well equipped for pursuing a critical account of organizations—that is, one which recognises the unfolding nature of reality, considers the limits of knowledge and seeks to challenge structures of domination." This implies that ANT does not account for pre-existing structures, such as power, but rather sees these structures as emerging from the actions of actors within the network and their ability to align in pursuit of their interests. Accordingly, ANT can be seen as an attempt to re-introduce
1433:. In the past, researchers or scholars from design field mainly view the world as a human interactive situation. No matter what design we applied, it is for human's action. However, the idea of ANT now applies into design principle, where design starts to be viewed as a connector. As the view of design itself has changed, the design starts to be considered more important in daily lives. Scholars analyze how design shapes, connects, reflects, interacts our daily activities.
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1252:", ANT does not usually explain "why" a network takes the form that it does. Rather, ANT is a way of thoroughly exploring the relational ties within a network (which can be a multitude of different things). As Latour notes, "explanation does not follow from description; it is description taken that much further." It is not, in other words, a theory "of" anything, but rather a method, or a "how-to book" as Latour puts it.
1089:. Latour, however, still contends that network is a fitting term to use, because "it has no a priori order relation; it is not tied to the axiological myth of a top and of a bottom of society; it makes absolutely no assumption whether a specific locus is macro- or micro- and does not modify the tools to study the element 'a' or the element 'b'." This use of the term "network" is very similar to Deleuze and Guattari's
1097:
that they form an apparently coherent whole. These networks are potentially transient, existing in a constant making and re-making. This means that relations need to be repeatedly "performed" or the network will dissolve. They also assume that networks of relations are not intrinsically coherent, and may indeed contain conflicts. Social relations, in other words, are only ever in process, and must be
40:
928:; London: Macmillan Press Ltd.) is a good example of early explorations of how the growth and structure of knowledge could be analyzed and interpreted through the interactions of actors and networks. Initially created in an attempt to understand processes of innovation and knowledge-creation in science and technology, the approach drew on existing work in
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also, and do also, transport this class distinction. But taken as mediators these fabrics would have to be engaged with by the analyst in their specificity: the internal real-world complexities of silk and nylon suddenly appear relevant, and are seen as actively constructing the ideological class distinction which they once merely reflected.
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has responded to this criticism by stating that the amorality of ANT is not a necessity. Moral and political positions are possible, but one must first describe the network before taking up such positions. This position has been further explored by Stuart
Shapiro who contrasts ANT with the history of
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Nonhuman actors can be considered as mediators. On the one hand, nonhumans could constantly modify relations between actors. On the other hand, nonhumans share the same features with other actors not solely as means for human actors. In this circumstance, nonhuman actors impact human interactions. It
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For the committed ANT analyst, social things—like class distinctions in taste in the silk and nylon example, but also groups and power—must constantly be constructed or performed anew through complex engagements with complex mediators. There is no stand-alone social repertoire lying in the background
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For instance, a sociologist might take silk and nylon as intermediaries, holding that the former "means", "reflects", or "symbolises" the upper classes and the latter the lower classes. In such a view the real world silk–nylon difference is irrelevant– presumably many other material differences could
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As the term implies, the actor-network is the central concept in ANT. The term "network" is somewhat problematic in that it, as Latour notes, has a number of unwanted connotations. Firstly, it implies that what is described takes the shape of a network, which is not necessarily the case. Secondly, it
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As of 2008, ANT is a widespread, if controversial, range of material-semiotic approaches for the analysis of heterogeneous relations. In part because of its popularity, it is interpreted and used in a wide range of alternative and sometimes incompatible ways. There is no orthodoxy in current ANT, and
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The theory demonstrates that everything in the social and natural worlds, human and nonhuman, interacts in shifting networks of relationships without any other elements out of the networks. ANT challenges many traditional approaches by defining nonhumans as actors equal to humans. This claim provides
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It was John Law who, from an inside-outside position, did an important job of synthesizing all the work developed at the CSI at the time taking up the term ANT (Law, 1992), a term whose origin is difficult to trace but which stems from the 'actor-network' used by Michel Callon in his analysis of the
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Some critics have argued that research based on ANT perspectives remains entirely descriptive and fails to provide explanations for social processes. ANT—like comparable social scientific methods—requires judgement calls from the researcher as to which actors are important within a network and which
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Recently, there has been a movement to introduce actor network theory as an analytical tool to a range of applied disciplines outside of sociology, including nursing, public health, urban studies (Farias and Bender, 2010), and community, urban, and regional planning (Beauregard, 2012; Beauregard and
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The distinction between intermediaries and mediators is key to ANT sociology. Intermediaries are entities which make no difference (to some interesting state of affairs which we are studying) and so can be ignored. They transport the force of some other entity more or less without transformation and
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An actor (actant) is something that acts or to which activity is granted by others. It implies no motivation of human individual actors nor of humans in general. An actant can literally be anything provided it is granted to be the source of action. In another word, an actor, in this circumstance, is
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was reflected in an intense commitment to the development of theory through qualitative empirical case-studies. Its links with largely US-originated work on large technical systems were reflected in its willingness to analyse large scale technological developments in an even-handed manner to include
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ANT holds that social forces do not exist in themselves, and therefore cannot be used to explain social phenomena. Instead, strictly empirical analysis should be undertaken to "describe" rather than "explain" social activity. Only after this can one introduce the concept of social forces, and only
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where everything in the social and natural worlds exists in constantly shifting networks of relationships. It posits that nothing exists outside those relationships. All the factors involved in a social situation are on the same level, and thus there are no external social forces beyond what and how
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note that "ANT has also sought to move beyond deterministic models that trace organizational phenomena back to powerful individuals, social structures, hegemonic discourses or technological effects. Rather, ANT prefers to seek out complex patterns of causality rooted in connections between actors."
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Although ANT is mostly associated with studies of science and technology and with the sociology of science, it has been making steady progress in other fields of sociology as well. ANT is adamantly empirical, and as such yields useful insights and tools for sociological inquiry in general. ANT has
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actors, it might be hard for people to imagine their roles in the network. For example, say two people, Jacob and Mike, are speaking through texts. Within the current technology, they are able to communicate with each other without seeing each other in person. Therefore, when typing or writing, the
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Nonhuman actors can be considered as members of moral and political associations. For example, noise is a nonhuman actor if the topic is applied to actor-network theory. Noise is the criteria for humans to regulate themselves to morality, and subject to the limitations inherent in some legal rules
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The actor–network theory can also be applied to design, using a perspective that is not simply limited to an analysis of an object's structure. From the ANT viewpoint, design is seen as a series of features that account for a social, psychological, and economical world. ANT argues that objects are
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Also important to the notion is the role of network objects in helping to smooth out the translation process by creating equivalencies between what would otherwise be very challenging people, organizations or conditions to mesh together. Bruno Latour spoke about this particular task of objects in
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academics are using it explicitly in their research. Despite the fact that these applications vary greatly, all of the scholars cited below agree that the theory provides new notions and ideas for understanding the socio-technical character of information systems. Bloomfield present an intriguing
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in its tendency to presume that God is not a social actor. The ANT is used to problematize the role of God, as a nonhuman actor, and speak of how They affect religious practice. Others have used the ANT to speak of the structures and placements of religious buildings, especially in cross-cultural
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Theoretically, scholars within IR have employed ANT in order to disrupt traditional world political binaries (civilised/barbarian, democratic/autocratic, etc.), consider the implications of a posthuman understanding of IR, explore the infrastructures of world politics, and consider the effects of
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When an actor network breaks down, the punctualisation effect tends to cease as well. In the automobile example above, a non-working engine would cause the driver to become aware of the car as a collection of parts rather than just a vehicle capable of transporting him or her from place to place.
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Actor–network theory tries to explain how material–semiotic networks come together to act as a whole; the clusters of actors involved in creating meaning are both material and semiotic. As a part of this it may look at explicit strategies for relating different elements together into a network so
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entities are creatures including plants, animals, geology, and natural forces, as well as a collective human making of arts, languages. In ANT, nonhuman covers multiple entities including things, objects, animals, natural phenomena, material structures, transportation devices, texts, and economic
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explanations of events or innovations (i.e. ANT explains a successful theory by understanding the combinations and interactions of elements that make it successful, rather than saying it is true and the others are false). Likewise, it is not a cohesive theory in itself. Rather, ANT functions as a
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ANT has also been widely applied in museums. ANT proposes that it is difficult to discern the 'hard' from the 'soft' components of the apparatus in curatorial practice; that the object 'in progress' of being curated is slick and difficult to separate from the setting of the experiment or the
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Nonhuman actors can be considered as a condition in human social activities. Through the human's formation of nonhuman actors such as durable materials, they provide a stable foundation for interactions in society. Reciprocally, nonhumans' actions and capacities serve as a condition for the
1604:, ANT can be seen as an attempt to explain successful innovators by saying only that they were successful. Likewise, for organization studies, Whittle and Spicer assert that ANT is, "ill suited to the task of developing political alternatives to the imaginaries of market managerialism."
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or means as a stable presence in the corpus of ANT, while mediators function more powers to influence actors and networks. Technical mediation exerts itself on four dimensions: interference, composition, the folding of time and space, and crossing the boundary between signs and
955:, and in particular a concern with non-foundational and multiple material-semiotic relations. At the same time, it was much more firmly embedded in English-language academic traditions than most post-structuralist-influenced approaches. Its grounding in (predominantly English)
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The belief that neither a human nor a nonhuman is pure, in the sense that neither is human or nonhuman in an absolute sense, but rather beings created via interactions between the two. Humans are thus regarded as quasi-subjects, while nonhumans are regarded as quasi-objects.
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Nonhuman actors can be considered as gatherings. Alike nonhumans' impacts on morality and politics, they could gather actors from other times and spaces. Interacted with variable ontologies, times, spaces, and durability, nonhumans exert subtle influences within a
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so are fairly uninteresting. Mediators are entities which multiply difference and so should be the object of study. Their outputs cannot be predicted by their inputs. From an ANT point of view sociology has tended to treat too much of the world as intermediaries.
1179:: The researchers attempted to make themselves important to the other players in the drama by identifying their nature and issues, then claiming that they could be remedied if the actors negotiated the 'obligatory passage point' of the researchers' study program.
2296:". In: J. Law and J. Hassard (eds.) Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell, 220–247; Valderrama Pineda, Andres, and Jorgensen, Ulrik (2008) "Urban Transport Systems in Bogota and Copenhagen: An Approach from STS." Built Environment 34(2),200–217.
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tool for mapping innovations in science and technology ("co-word analysis") were initially developed during the 1980s, predominantly in and around the CSI. The "state of the art" of ANT in the late 1980s is well-described in Latour's 1987 text,
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vital new modes of interpreting and engaging with literary texts. She claims that Latour's model has the capacity to allow "us to wiggle out of the straitjacket of suspicion," and to offer meaningful solutions to the problems associated with
1108:'. The basic idea of patterned network is that human is not the only factor or contributor in the society, or in any social activities and networks. Thus, the network composes machines, animals, things, and any other objects. For those
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See e.g. Carroll, Patrick (2012) "Water and
Technoscientific State Formation in California." Social Studies of Science 42(2), 313–321; Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University
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Latour, B. (1992) 'Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artifacts', in Bijker, W. E. and Law, J. (eds) Shaping
Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, pp.
856:(between concepts). It assumes that many relations are both material and semiotic. The term actor-network theory was coined by John Law in 1992 to describe the work being done across case studies in different areas at the
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the hyphen." He further remarked how he had been helpfully reminded that the ANT acronym "was perfectly fit for a blind, myopic, workaholic, trail-sniffing, and collective traveler"—qualitative hallmarks of actor-network
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together as hybrids. Although the interlocks between human actors and nonhumans effects the modernized society, this parliamentary setting based on nonhuman actors would eliminate such fake modernization, and changes the
1392:. Felski suggests that the purpose of applying ANT to literary studies "is no longer to diminish or subtract from the reality of the texts we study but to amplify their reality, as energetic coactors and vital partners."
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Key early criticism came from other members of the STS community, in particular the "Epistemological
Chicken" debate between Collins and Yearley with responses from Latour and Callon as well as Woolgar. In an article in
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In relativist theory, reflexivity is considered as a problem. It requires not only the observer requests a status it denies to others, but also as silent as others to which any privileged status is denied. There is no
1197:: The researchers utilized a series of approaches to ensure that ostensible spokespeople for various key collectivities were appropriately able to represent those collectivities and were not deceived by the latter.
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requires all entities must be described in the same terms before a network is considered. Any differences between entities are generated in the network of relations, and do not exist before any network is applied.
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are not. Critics argue that the importance of particular actors cannot be determined in the absence of "out-of-network" criteria, such as is a logically proven fact about deceptively coherent systems given
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In the above examples, "social order" and "functioning car" come into being through the successful interactions of their respective actor-networks, and actor-network theory refers to these creations as
1093:; Latour even remarks tongue-in-cheek that he would have no objection to renaming ANT "actant-rhizome ontology" if it only had sounded better, which hints at Latour's uneasiness with the word "theory".
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stated that there are four things wrong with actor-network theory: "actor", "network", "theory" and the hyphen. In a later book, however, Latour reversed himself, accepting the wide use of the term, "
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different authors use the approach in substantially different ways. Some authors talk of "after-ANT" to refer to "successor projects" blending together different problem-focuses with those of ANT.
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Empirically, IR scholars have drawn on insights from ANT in order to study phenomena including political violences like the use of torture and drones, piracy and maritime governance, and garbage.
1417:. In fact, ANT is a useful method that can be applied in different studies. Moreover, with the development of the digital communication, ANT now is popular in being applied in science field like
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In the study of
Christianity by anthropologists, the ANT has been employed in a variety of ways of understanding how humans interact with nonhuman actors. Some have been critical of the field of
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for its political effects. After nonhumans are visible actors through their associations with morality and politics, these collectives become inherently regulative principles in social networks.
1039:– if they did not take action (at least according to Pasteur's intentions) – then Pasteur's story may be a bit different. It is in this sense that Latour can refer to microorganisms as actors.
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designed to shape human action and mold or influence decisions. In this way, the objects' design serves to mediate human relationships and can even impact our morality, ethics, and politics.
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If taken to its logical conclusion, then, nearly any actor can be considered merely a sum of other, smaller actors. A car is an example of a complex system. It contains many electronic and
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are not inert, they cause unsterilized materials to ferment while leaving behind sterilized materials not affected. If they took other actions, that is, if they did not cooperate with
1142:, Latour likens depunctualization to the opening of a black box. When closed, the box is perceived simply as a box, although when it is opened all elements inside it become visible.
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been deployed in studies of identity and subjectivity, urban transportation systems, and passion and addiction. It also makes steady progress in political and historical sociology.
1164:, a central network in which all the actors agree that the network is worth building and defending. In his widely debated 1986 study of how marine biologists tried to restock the
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Collins, H. M., & Yearley, S. (1992). Epistemological
Chicken. In A. Pickering (Ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (pp. 301–326). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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1235:. When the token is decreasingly transmitted, or when an actor fails to transmit the token (e.g., the oil pump breaks), punctualization and reification are decreased as well.
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The quasi-object is an entity characterized by the way it is connective and weaves networks, social collectives, and associations (such as a basketball, language, or bread).
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From about 1990 onwards, ANT started to become popular as a tool for analysis in a range of fields beyond STS. It was picked up and developed by authors in parts of
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the network participants interact at present. Thus, objects, ideas, processes, and any other relevant factors are seen as just as important in creating
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2353:"Using Actor-Network Theory to understand planning practice: Exploring relationships between actants in regulating low-carbon commercial development"
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Isaac
Marrero-Guillamón. 2013. "Actor-Network Theory, Gabriel Tarde and the Study of an Urban Social Movement: The Case of Can Ricart, Barcelona."
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John Law (1987). "Technology and
Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of Portuguese Expansion." In W.E. Bijker, T.P. Hughes, and T.J. Pinch (eds.),
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components, all of which are essentially hidden from view to the driver, who simply deals with the car as a single object. This effect is known as
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Many of the characteristic ANT tools (including the notions of translation, generalized symmetry and the "heterogeneous network"), together with a
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strategy that assists people in being sensitive to terms and the often unexplored assumptions underlying them. It is distinguished from many other
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Seio
Nakajima. 2013. "Re-imagining Civil Society in Contemporary Urban China: Actor-Network-Theory and Chinese Independent Film Consumption."
1873:", in James D. Wright (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edition, Oxford, Elsevier: vol. 1, 80-84.
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positions held by early theory of science. Collins and Yearley accused ANTs approach of collapsing into an endless relativist regress.
1185:: A series of procedures used by the researchers to bind the other actors to the parts that had been assigned to them in that program.
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or limits on knowledge. If actors, or actants are able to account for others, then they do so. If they cannot, they would still try.
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communication is basically not mediated by either of them, but instead by a network of objects, like their computers or cell phones.
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ANThology. Ein einführendes Handbuch zur Akteur–Netzwerk-Theorie, von Andréa Belliger und David Krieger, transcript Verlag (German)
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As the token is increasingly transmitted or passed through the network, it becomes increasingly punctualized and also increasingly
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Shapiro, S. (1997). Caught in a web: The implications of ecology for radical symmetry in STS. Social Epistemology, 11(1), 97-110.
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3371:. Chapter 7, p. 115-144. In Ed Tatnall (ed). Technological Advancements and the Impact of Actor-Network Theory, IGI Global.
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and its detailed descriptions of how common activities, habits and procedures sustain themselves. Similarities between ANT and
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ecology, and argues that research decisions are moral rather than methodological, but this moral dimension has been sidelined.
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The Pasteur story that was mentioned above introduced the patterned network of diverse materials, which is called the idea of '
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implies "transportation without deformation," which, in ANT, is not possible since any actor-network involves a vast number of
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Fernback, J., 2007. "Beyond the Diluted Community Concept: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Online Social Relations."
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3364:. International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation (IJANTTI), Volume 4, Number 3, pp. 52–70.
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Amsterdamska, O. (1990). 'Surely You're Joking, Mr Latour!'. Science, Technology, Human Values. Vol.15(4) pp.495-504.
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Leander, Anna (2013). "Technological Agency in the Co-Constitution of Legal Expertise and the US Drone Program".
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1973:"Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay"
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Tate, Laura (2013). "Growth management implementation in Metro Vancouver: Lessons from actor network theory".
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to be reflected off, expressed through, or substantiated in, interactions (as in an intermediary conception).
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The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology
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Acuto, Michele (2014). "Everyday International Relations: Garbage, Grand Designs, and Mundane Matters".
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either creates an atmosphere for humans to agree with each other, or lead to conflict as the mediators.
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This can also occur when elements of a network act contrarily to the network as a whole. In his book
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2679:"Does God Exist in Methodological Atheism? On Tanya Lurhmann's When God Talks Back and Bruno Latour"
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The approach is related to other versions of material-semiotics (notably the work of philosophers
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Chambon, Michel (August 2017). "The Action of Christian Buildings on their Chinese Environment".
2045:"Actor–Network Theory and methodology: Just what does it mean to say that nonhumans have agency?"
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do not cover entities such as humans, supernatural beings, and other symbolic objects in nature.
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Walsham, G. (1997). Actor-network theory and IS research: current status and future prospects
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In recent years, actor-network theory has gained a lot of traction, and a growing number of
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2812:"Curating actor-network theory: testing object-oriented sociology in the Science Museum"
2431:"We have never been civilized: Torture and the Materiality of World Political Binaries."
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to be actors or participants in networks and systems. Critics including figures such as
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as an abstract theoretical concept, not something which genuinely exists in the world.
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2004:
1421:
research. In addition, it widen the horizon of researchers from arts field as well.
4236:
4211:
4111:
3972:
3967:
3748:
3267:
3209:
3162:
3120:
3073:
3026:
2949:
2858:
2823:
2788:
2784:
2745:
2701:
2693:
2615:
2611:
2577:
2548:
2509:
2465:
2401:
2364:
2325:
2182:
2056:
1984:
1819:
1380:
1310:
1268:
905:
837:
450:
430:
167:
142:
1031:
considered as any entity that does things. For example, in the "Pasteur Network",
4480:
4405:
4251:
4096:
4074:
3843:
3758:
3743:
3508:
3498:
3436:
Actor-Network Theory and the ethnographic imagination: An exercise in translation
3406:
3383:
2907:
2862:
2553:
2536:
2279:
2214:
2168:"Notes on the theory of the actor-network: Ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity"
1646:
They locate agency neither in human "subjects" nor in nonhuman "objects", but in
1625:
1276:
1260:
825:
694:
634:
611:
360:
2213:
Latour, Bruno; Latour, Centre de Sociologie de L'Innovation Bruno (1999-06-30).
2126:
1943:
1588:
1339:
Actor–network theory has become increasingly prominent within the discipline of
1279:
like situational analysis, exist, although Latour objects to such a comparison.
4445:
4309:
4261:
4216:
4009:
3945:
3858:
3818:
3658:
3618:
3422:
Notes on the Theory of the Actor Network: Ordering, Strategy, and Heterogeneity
3263:
3124:
3077:
2953:
1621:
1617:
1569:
1405:
contexts, which can see architecture as agents making God's presence tangible.
1256:
1156:
Central to ANT is the concept of translation which is sometimes referred to as
1098:
1056:
945:
881:
821:
649:
355:
172:
132:
3390:"Dolwick, JS. 2009. The 'Social' and Beyond: Introducing Actor–Network Theory"
2999:
2513:
1823:
816:
Although it is best known for its controversial insistence on the capacity of
4510:
4121:
4091:
4029:
3830:
3778:
3773:
3683:
3221:
3213:
3174:
3132:
3108:
3085:
3038:
2961:
2937:
2757:
2469:
2369:
2329:
2068:
2060:
1996:
1831:
1689:
1647:
1565:
1264:
1169:
1036:
1032:
964:
941:
936:, and on a range of French intellectual resources including the semiotics of
901:
833:
801:
527:
522:
470:
192:
824:
or both, ANT is also associated with forceful critiques of conventional and
4390:
4081:
3940:
3878:
3613:
3014:
2979:
2848:"Actor-Network Theory and IS Research: Current Status and Future Prospects"
2828:
2076:
1839:
1737:
1694:
1677:
1655:
1640:
1593:
1531:—we are all networked to one another). Other research perspectives such as
1389:
1165:
994:
909:
872:
841:
435:
325:
31:
3030:
2749:
2537:"Practice, Pirates and Coast Guards: the grand narrative of Somali piracy"
4490:
4475:
4116:
3813:
3783:
3768:
3633:
3628:
3434:
Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Diana Graizbord, and Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz. 2013. "
3414:
3303:
Andrea Whittle and André Spicer, 2008. Is actor network theory critique?
1908:
Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society
1414:
1372:
998:
982:
607:
475:
232:
105:
72:
2145:
1944:"Toward an analytical and methodological understanding of actor-network"
4049:
4044:
3989:
3653:
3623:
3605:
3410:
2697:
2186:
1573:
1480:
his conceptual "parliament of things" consists of social, natural, and
587:
3491:
3369:
Actor-Network Theory: A Bureaucratic View of Public Service Innovation
2906:
Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A.; Oetzel, John G. (2021-05-07).
2581:
2352:
1498:
It is noticeable that the status of mediation is more affiliated with
4226:
3693:
3668:
3547:
1633:
1613:
1486:
1481:
1267:). It can also be seen as a way of being faithful to the insights of
1109:
1068:
1010:
990:
986:
849:
817:
560:
555:
487:
2242:
Quasi-Object | Quasi-Subject: Technology, Drugs, Language, Ethnicity
1624:
fundamentally distinguish humans from animals or from "things" (see
960:
political, organizational, legal, technical and scientific factors.
2773:"Making the social hold: Towards an actor-network theory of design"
2597:"Making the Social Hold: Towards an Actor-Network Theory of Design"
2405:
1889:
Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. Sonderheft
1385:
853:
848:, and others, it can more technically be described as a "material-
3570:
1117:
597:
577:
545:
335:
3109:"Pursuing the Discussion of Interobjectivity With a Few Friends"
1782:
Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory
1551:
theory are held to be important alternatives to ANT approaches.
1325:
4359:
4203:
2451:"Of Parts and Wholes: International Relations beyond the Human"
1632:
They do not attribute intentionality and similar properties to
1430:
806:
572:
3486:
1885:"Actor-Network Theory: sensitive terms and enduring tensions"
1628:). ANT scholars respond with the following arguments:
1554:
1331:
Lieto, 2015; Rydin, 2012; Rydin and Tate, 2016, Tate, 2013).
3504:
Reassembling Ethnography: Actor-Network Theory and Sociology
1572:
argue that the ANT approach is a step backwards towards the
1413:
ANT has been considered more than just a theory, but also a
951:
ANT appears to reflect many of the preoccupations of French
582:
3400:"N00bz & the Actor-Network: Transhumanist Traductions"
3274:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 301–327,
1925:(Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review).
2216:
Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies
864:
a new perspective when applying the theory in practice.
39:
3392:, which includes an analysis of other social theories
2641:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 175.
2294:
A Sociology of Attachment: Music Amateurs, Drug Users
2292:
See e.g. Gomart, Emilie, and Hennion, Antoin (1999) "
3360:
Carroll, N., Whelan, E., and Richardson, I. (2012).
2905:
1388:. The theory has been crucial to her formulation of
1228:
which are passed between actors within the network.
2316:Beauregard, Robert (2012). "Planning with Things".
1458:
3538:
3362:Service Science – an Actor Network Theory Approach
2425:
2423:
2239:
800:) is a theoretical and methodological approach to
2707:20.500.11820/97e26446-0176-4a22-9348-e15014ed325a
1808:"Actor Network Theory, Bruno Latour, and the CSI"
1499:
4508:
2909:Theories of Human Communication: Twelfth Edition
1667:In a workshop called "On Recalling ANT", Latour
1612:Actor–network theory insists on the capacity of
1055:Human normally refers to human beings and their
3376:"On Actor Network Theory: A Few Clarifications"
2420:
2273:Bruno Latour: Hybrid thoughts in a hybrid world
2127:"On actor-network theory: A few clarifications"
1286:
3261:
3151:"Techno-economic Networks and Irreversibility"
2448:
1429:ANT is a big influencer in the development of
4375:
3524:
3465:ANT and Politics: Working in and on the World
2931:
2929:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1489:between modern society and premodern society.
1326:Actor–network theory and specific disciplines
1243:
898:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
884:for its distinct material-semiotic approach.
774:
3060:Latour, Bruno; Venn, Couze (December 2002).
2458:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
2212:
2434:European Journal of International Relations
1395:
4382:
4368:
3531:
3517:
3378:, in which Latour responds to criticisms.
3059:
2926:
2318:Journal of Planning Education and Research
2315:
2270:Blok, A, & Elgaard Jensen, T. (2011).
2091:
1966:
1964:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1555:From STS itself and organizational studies
1334:
1160:, in which innovators attempt to create a
781:
767:
3012:
2827:
2705:
2552:
2449:Cudworth, Erika; Hobden, Stephen (2013).
2368:
1468:possibility of the formation of society.
1375:has argued that ANT offers the fields of
1238:
887:
3482:John Law's actor-network theory resource
2676:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1921:John Law and John Hassard (eds) (1999).
2984:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2845:
2735:
2499:
1961:
1941:
1858:
1168:Bay in order to produce more scallops,
4509:
3398:Transhumanism as Actor-Network Theory
3266:(1992), "Epistemological chicken", in
3195:
3148:
3106:
2977:
2935:
2809:
2770:
2636:
2594:
2534:
2124:
1970:
1899:
1805:
1778:
1275:approaches such as the newer forms of
4363:
3512:
3463:John Law and Vicky Singleton. 2013. "
3144:
3142:
2973:
2971:
2841:
2839:
2567:
2490:Barry, A., 2013. "Material Politics."
2350:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2042:
2027:
1912:Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1650:associations of humans and nonhumans.
1366:
3492:Normalization Process Theory toolkit
3015:"We Have Never Been Modern (review)"
2391:
2104:"Technology Is Society Made Durable"
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
894:Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation
858:Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation
820:to act or participate in systems or
4025:Digital media use and mental health
3739:Sociology of the history of science
3346:from the original on July 14, 2014.
2502:Leiden Journal of International Law
2165:
1882:
1785:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1654:ANT has been criticized as amoral.
1643:does not presuppose intentionality.
13:
3354:
3330:"Keynote Speech: On Recalling ANT"
3167:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1990.tb03351.x
3139:
2968:
2836:
2661:
2240:Sonnenberg-Schrank, Björn (2020).
2201:
2152:
2113:
1989:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00113.x
1755:
1734:nor social structure have primacy)
1408:
1172:defined 4 moments of translation:
1062:
14:
4583:
4438:Aramis, or the Love of Technology
3734:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3579:History and philosophy of science
3561:Economics of scientific knowledge
3475:
2570:International Political Sociology
2043:Sayes, Edwin (30 December 2013).
1928:
1717:Social construction of technology
1620:maintain that such properties as
1440:
1044:principle of generalized symmetry
4389:
4327:
4326:
4301:
3458:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 403–421.
3449:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 383–402.
2981:Nous N'Avons Jamais Ete Modernes
1743:Outline of organizational theory
1459:Contributions of nonhuman actors
1453:
1124:, and is similar to the idea of
1086:
1079:
1042:Under the framework of ANT, the
916:). The 1984 book co-authored by
38:
3471:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 485–502.
3442:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 323–341.
3322:
3310:
3297:
3288:
3272:Science as practice and culture
3255:
3246:
3236:
3189:
3100:
3053:
3006:
2899:
2803:
2764:
2729:
2670:
2655:
2630:
2588:
2561:
2528:
2493:
2484:
2442:
2385:
2344:
2309:
2299:
2286:
2264:
2248:
2233:
1607:
1562:Science as Practice and Culture
1525:Gödel's incompleteness theorems
1211:
1050:
1025:
1020:
892:ANT was first developed at the
3540:Science and technology studies
3374:Online version of the article
3196:Kochan, Jeff (14 April 2010).
2789:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643291
2616:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643291
2429:Austin, Jonathan Luke., 2015.
2023:. University of Chicago Press.
2011:
1951:Journal of Arts and Humanities
1923:Actor Network Theory and After
1915:
1876:
1799:
1705:Science and technology studies
1598:science and technology studies
1424:
1303:
1145:
957:science and technology studies
830:science and technology studies
728:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
3318:doi:10.1080/02691729708578832
3066:Theory, Culture & Society
2738:Studies in World Christianity
2686:Anthropology of Consciousness
1748:
940:, the writing of philosopher
926:Science for Social Scientists
900:in the early 1980s by staff (
4414:The Pasteurization of France
4087:Normalization process theory
3644:Philosophy of social science
3107:Latour, Bruno (1996-10-01).
2936:Latour, Bruno (1996-10-01).
2863:10.1007/978-0-387-35309-8_23
2677:Bialecki, Jon (March 2014).
2554:10.1080/01436597.2013.851896
2438:doi:10.1177/1354066115616466
2260:doi:10.1177/1461444807072417
2219:. Harvard University Press.
1730:(according to which neither
1662:
1545:normalization process theory
1537:social shaping of technology
1517:
1316:
1287:Intermediaries and mediators
16:Theory within social science
7:
3431:(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
3339:. Department of Sociology.
3149:Callon, Michel (May 1990).
3113:Mind, Culture, and Activity
2942:Mind, Culture, and Activity
1971:Callon, Michel (May 1984).
1683:
1130:object-oriented programming
934:large technological systems
871:approach in that it avoids
867:Broadly speaking, ANT is a
10:
4588:
3710:construction of technology
3125:10.1207/s15327884mca0304_6
3078:10.1177/026327602761899246
3013:Pickering, Andrew (1994).
2954:10.1207/s15327884mca0304_2
2535:Bueger, Christian (2013).
2394:Environment and Planning B
1806:Akrich, Madeleine (2023).
1244:A material semiotic method
1149:
912:) and visitors (including
748:List of indigenous peoples
4463:
4430:We Have Never Been Modern
4397:
4297:
4242:Politicization of science
4202:
3988:
3757:
3692:
3604:
3569:
3546:
3202:Social Studies of Science
3062:"Morality and Technology"
2514:10.1017/S0922156513000423
2049:Social Studies of Science
2020:Beyond Nature and Culture
1824:10.1177/03063127231158102
1812:Social Studies of Science
1529:six degrees of separation
1474:We Have Never Been Modern
1437:experimenter's identity.
1357:
1248:Although it is called a "
493:Cross-cultural comparison
4572:Anthropology of religion
4532:Philosophy of technology
3649:Philosophy of technology
3214:10.1177/0306312709360263
2470:10.1177/0305829813485875
2370:10.1177/1473095212455494
2330:10.1177/0739456X11435415
2061:10.1177/0306312713511867
1942:Jackson, Sharon (2015).
1711:Obligatory passage point
1549:diffusion of innovations
1402:Anthropology of Religion
1396:Anthropology of religion
1158:sociology of translation
665:Historical particularism
4496:Translation (sociology)
3155:The Sociological Review
2846:Walsham, Geoff (1997).
2810:Waller, Laurie (2016).
2771:Yaneva, Albena (2015).
2595:Yaneva, Albena (2009).
2256:New Media & Society
1977:The Sociological Review
1728:Theory of structuration
1600:; like the myth of the
1341:international relations
1335:International relations
1273:symbolic interactionist
1263:, and feminist scholar
1205:Reassembling the Social
1152:Translation (sociology)
1007:technical communication
979:organizational analysis
938:Algirdas Julien Greimas
920:and fellow-sociologist
498:Participant observation
4562:Sociology of knowledge
3722:Sociology of knowledge
2978:Latour, Bruno (1993).
2829:10.29311/mas.v14i1.634
2664:The Limits of Critique
2639:The Limits of Critique
2351:Rydin, Yvonne (2012).
2125:Latour, Bruno (1996).
1533:social constructionism
1351:technological agency.
1239:Other central concepts
888:Background and context
809:situations as humans.
640:Cross-cultural studies
4542:Sociological theories
4527:Philosophy of science
4486:Mapping controversies
4289:Transition management
4279:Technology assessment
4247:Regulation of science
4222:Evidence-based policy
4107:Sociotechnical system
3956:Traditional knowledge
3836:Psychology of science
3809:Mapping controversies
3715:shaping of technology
3674:Social constructivism
3639:Philosophy of science
3596:History of technology
3469:Qualitative Sociology
3456:Qualitative Sociology
3447:Qualitative Sociology
3440:Qualitative Sociology
3388:Introductory article
3031:10.1353/mod.1994.0044
2938:"On Interobjectivity"
2750:10.3366/swc.2017.0179
2637:Felski, Rita (2015).
2541:Third World Quarterly
2283:. Suffolk: Routledge.
2278:May 24, 2015, at the
2108:Sociology of Monsters
1700:Mapping controversies
1541:social network theory
1106:heterogenous networks
4557:Technological change
4547:Actor-network theory
4471:Actor–network theory
4194:Women in engineering
4040:Financial technology
4020:Digital anthropology
3789:Criticism of science
3702:Actor–network theory
3664:Religion and science
3556:Economics of science
3367:Carroll, N. (2014).
3337:Lancester University
3305:Organization Studies
3198:"Latour's Heidegger"
3161:(1_suppl): 132–161.
2857:. pp. 466–480.
1983:(1_suppl): 196–233.
1871:Actor-Network Theory
1869:Muniesa, F., 2015. "
1639:Their conception of
1585:organization studies
1371:The literary critic
794:Actor–network theory
733:Anthropology by year
670:Boasian anthropology
645:Cultural materialism
630:Actor–network theory
228:Paleoanthropological
4035:Engineering studies
4005:Cyborg anthropology
3794:Demarcation problem
3679:Social epistemology
3487:Bruno Latour's Page
3262:Collins, Harry M.;
3019:Modernism/Modernity
2244:. pp. 137–186.
2106:. In Law, J., ed.,
2102:Latour, B. (1999).
1905:Latour, B. (1987).
1779:Latour, B. (2005).
1723:Technology dynamics
685:Performance studies
578:Kinship and descent
518:Cultural relativism
168:Paleoethnobotanical
143:Ethnoarchaeological
4453:Politics of Nature
4315:History of science
4232:Funding of science
4102:Skunkworks project
3799:Double hermeneutic
3584:History of science
3497:2021-04-26 at the
3420:John Law (1992). "
3405:2010-10-08 at the
3382:2021-04-26 at the
2912:. Waveland Press.
2816:Museum and Society
2777:Design and Culture
2698:10.1111/anoc.12017
2604:Design and Culture
2258:, 9(1), pp.49-69.
2187:10.1007/BF01059830
2166:Law, John (1992).
1568:and his co-writer
1377:literary criticism
1367:Literary criticism
985:, health studies,
953:post-structuralism
844:, the sociologist
826:critical sociology
705:Post-structuralism
464:Research framework
4504:
4503:
4422:Science in Action
4357:
4356:
4284:Technology policy
4015:Dematerialization
3824:black swan events
3268:Pickering, Andrew
2991:978-0-674-07675-4
2919:978-1-4786-4710-2
2872:978-0-387-35309-8
2725:on 29 March 2022.
2582:10.1111/ips.12067
2547:(10): 1811–1827.
2226:978-0-674-65335-1
1853:electric vehicle.
1345:political science
971:Science in Action
880:and sociological
791:
790:
690:Political economy
513:Thick description
310:Political economy
173:Zooarchaeological
133:Bioarchaeological
4579:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4330:
4329:
4305:
4257:Right to science
4237:Horizon scanning
4212:Academic freedom
4112:Technical change
3973:Women in science
3968:Unity of science
3749:Strong programme
3533:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3072:(5–6): 247–260.
3057:
3051:
3050:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2718:. Archived from
2709:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2175:Systems Practice
2172:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2040:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1883:Mol, A. (2010).
1880:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1776:
1381:cultural studies
1269:ethnomethodology
1177:Problematisation
1003:feminist studies
932:, on studies of
906:Madeleine Akrich
882:network theories
838:Madeleine Akrich
783:
776:
769:
311:
193:Anthrozoological
42:
19:
18:
4587:
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4582:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
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4537:Science studies
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4481:Graphism thesis
4459:
4406:Laboratory Life
4393:
4388:
4358:
4353:
4293:
4252:Research ethics
4198:
4097:Reverse salient
3991:
3984:
3760:
3753:
3744:Sociotechnology
3688:
3600:
3565:
3542:
3537:
3499:Wayback Machine
3478:
3407:Wayback Machine
3384:Wayback Machine
3357:
3355:Further reading
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3328:
3327:
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3264:Yearley, Steven
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2357:Planning Theory
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2300:
2291:
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2280:Wayback Machine
2269:
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2170:
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2153:
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2017:
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2012:
1969:
1962:
1946:
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1626:Activity Theory
1610:
1602:heroic inventor
1557:
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1427:
1411:
1409:ANT in practice
1398:
1369:
1360:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1306:
1289:
1277:grounded theory
1261:Michel Foucault
1246:
1241:
1214:
1154:
1148:
1122:punctualisation
1082:
1074:nonhuman actors
1067:Traditionally,
1065:
1063:Nonhuman actors
1057:human behaviors
1053:
1028:
1023:
890:
832:(STS) scholars
828:. Developed by
787:
758:
757:
723:
715:
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695:Practice theory
635:Alliance theory
625:
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612:Postcolonialism
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4133:Technological
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4017:
4012:
4010:Design studies
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3946:Scientometrics
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3819:Paradigm shift
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3698:
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3666:
3661:
3659:Postpositivism
3656:
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3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Antipositivism
3616:
3610:
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3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
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3589:and technology
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2728:
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1609:
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1570:Steven Yearley
1564:, sociologist
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1500:intermediaries
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1441:ANT in science
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1150:Main article:
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1139:Pandora's Hope
1101:continuously.
1081:
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1061:
1052:
1049:
1033:microorganisms
1027:
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946:Annales School
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869:constructivist
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4028:
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4000:Co-production
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1967:
1965:
1956:
1952:
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1938:
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1932:
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1226:quasi-objects
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802:social theory
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753:Organizations
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726:
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700:Structuralism
698:
696:
693:
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688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
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675:Functionalism
673:
671:
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521:
519:
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501:
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471:Anthropometry
469:
468:
465:
460:
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436:Ethnopoetical
434:
432:
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394:
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369:
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332:
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329:
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305:
302:
300:
299:Environmental
297:
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136:
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4517:Anthropology
4470:
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4391:Bruno Latour
4337:Associations
4172:criticism of
4082:Leapfrogging
4065:linear model
3951:Team science
3941:Scientocracy
3864:Neo-colonial
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2692:(1): 32–52.
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1980:
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1917:
1906:
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1892:
1888:
1878:
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1811:
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1738:Thing theory
1695:Helen Verran
1678:epistemology
1672:
1668:
1666:
1656:Wiebe Bijker
1653:
1611:
1608:Human agency
1594:Whig history
1589:André Spicer
1583:Whittle and
1582:
1561:
1558:
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1471:In Latour's
1462:
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1087:translations
1083:
1066:
1054:
1051:Human actors
1041:
1029:
1026:Actor/Actant
1021:Key concepts
1015:
995:anthropology
976:
969:
962:
950:
948:of history.
925:
910:Bruno Latour
891:
873:essentialist
866:
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842:Bruno Latour
815:
811:
797:
793:
792:
738:Bibliography
680:Interpretive
655:Diffusionism
629:
624:Key theories
610: /
540:Key concepts
451:Sociological
431:Ethnological
218:Neurological
203:Evolutionary
148:Experiential
32:Anthropology
4491:Oligopticon
4476:Blackboxing
4182:theories of
4167:and society
4163:Technology
4157:transitions
4147:determinism
4142:convergence
4117:Technocracy
3899:controversy
3885:Scientific
3869:post-normal
3814:Metascience
3784:Consilience
3769:Antiscience
3634:Neo-Luddism
3629:Fuzzy logic
3415:Woody Evans
1957:(2): 29–44.
1425:ANT in arts
1415:methodology
1373:Rita Felski
1304:Reflexivity
1146:Translation
1072:goods. But
999:archaeology
983:informatics
922:Peter Lodge
608:Colonialism
551:Development
508:Reflexivity
476:Ethnography
426:Descriptive
284:Development
223:Nutritional
198:Biocultural
123:Battlefield
4522:Innovation
4511:Categories
4320:Technology
4272:science of
4267:history of
4152:revolution
4060:disruptive
4050:Innovation
4045:Hype cycle
3990:Technology
3961:ecological
3934:skepticism
3924:misconduct
3909:enterprise
3727:scientific
3654:Positivism
3624:Empiricism
3606:Philosophy
3000:1260345015
1749:References
1587:professor
1574:positivist
1311:privileges
1189:Enrollment
1118:mechanical
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588:Prehistory
441:Historical
414:Linguistic
326:Historical
294:Ecological
186:Biological
88:Linguistic
78:Biological
4552:Semiotics
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4055:diffusion
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3230:145685585
3222:0306-3127
3183:109998444
3175:0038-0261
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2069:0306-3127
1997:0038-0261
1848:257183188
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1673:including
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1614:nonhumans
1518:Criticism
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1482:discourse
1317:Hybridity
1202:his work
1166:St Brieuc
1099:performed
1011:economics
991:sociology
987:geography
818:nonhumans
561:Evolution
556:Ethnicity
488:Ethnology
366:Political
274:Cognitive
213:Molecular
4464:Concepts
4448:" (1993)
4347:Scholars
4342:Journals
4332:Category
4306:Portals
4187:transfer
4177:dynamics
4127:feminist
3929:priority
3914:literacy
3874:rhetoric
3840:Science
3804:Logology
3495:Archived
3403:Archived
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854:semiotic
850:semiotic
846:John Law
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660:Feminism
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386:Symbolic
381:Religion
316:Feminist
304:Economic
254:Cultural
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163:Maritime
158:Forensic
153:Feminist
128:Biblical
118:Aviation
83:Cultural
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22:Part of
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3992:studies
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3761:studies
3759:Science
3706:Social
3571:History
3270:(ed.),
3243:225-58.
1669:himself
1578:realist
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1233:reified
1037:Pasteur
598:Society
546:Culture
361:Musical
356:Museums
351:Medical
336:Kinship
289:Digital
264:Applied
56:History
51:Outline
4456:(1999)
4441:(1992)
4433:(1991)
4425:(1987)
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4204:Policy
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1358:Design
1250:theory
1222:tokens
1009:, and
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573:Gender
503:Holism
401:Visual
376:Public
279:Cyborg
249:Social
113:Aerial
93:Social
4398:Works
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3226:S2CID
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