415:, a 12-minute travelogue designed to provide views of England to Australians. This film is an actual documentary; although rather roughly assembled, it consists of many short shots and is clearly shaped in the manner of a documentary. In 1905, the Lumières ended their production of actualities, and within the next two years, major producers such as Edison and Biograph began to abandon the actuality genre; by 1907, American Biograph was no longer making them, and new start-up companies such as Kalem never produced them at all, concentrating instead on fiction films with actors. When
122:(1894) was the first Edison subject to be filmed outdoors, it necessitated the construction of a special pen next to the Black Maria. The Edison and early Biograph motion picture cameras were bulky and could not be lifted or carried by a single person and required transport by way of a horse cart. The Lumière cameras—from the very start—were small, light, and also functioned as projectors. The Paul-Acres camera, registered in Britain in 1895, was likewise a smaller and more readily portable device than the Edison model, and
62:. Unlike documentaries, actuality films are not structured into a larger narrative or coherent whole. During the era of early cinema, actualities—usually lasting no more than a minute or two and usually assembled together into a program by an exhibitor—were just as popular and prominent as their fictional counterparts. The line between "fact" and "fiction" was not as prominent in early cinema as it would become once documentaries became the predominant non-fiction filmmaking form. Actuality as a film genre is related to
395:(1894) actually precede the advent of actualities altogether and, as the genre evolved through 1916, consisted of a mixture of actual, re-enacted, and staged bouts. The fixed camera position common in early cinema was a good match for taking in even many rounds of boxing, and interest in such subjects was further supported by the fact that boxing itself was illegal in most places, and the films provided access to such entertainment where live boxing matches were prohibited by law.
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143:, which by 1897 had founded a British subsidiary that Dickson headed. Although their cameras were even bulkier than Edison's at first, utilizing 68mm film, Biograph's very first subjects—a series of views of Niagara Falls—were actualities. (However, subjects filmed solely in a studio dominate the Biograph's years before 1900.) Other pre-1900 concerns such as
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owned by the companies that employed them. Biograph relented in 1903, discontinuing the use of 68mm and adopting the increasingly universal 35mm format at this time. The significance of this was that it then became easier for filmmakers to record actuality films generally, though the genre's popularity decreased significantly soon after this.
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Spanish–American War; although cameras were dispatched to the front in Cuba, the footage sent back was often disappointing, so it was more effective to find a setting in New Jersey and to restage the battle scenes with actors. These films were often promoted to exhibitors and the public alike as an actual recording of the event depicted.
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A special kind of actuality film is the traveling actuality, in which a camera is placed on a kind of conveyance—such as a bus, or rail car—so that the scene can change by virtue of the movement of the vehicle which is transporting the camera. These films were among the first in which camera movement
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The first three descriptors nearly encompass the whole of the subject matter represented in actuality films, to which may be added "news events", though these were relatively rare, as it was difficult for any motion picture cameraman to make it, with his equipment, to an actual news event in a timely
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Certain types of early films often considered within the actuality genre are merely related forms and do not entirely belong to the designation. While sporting events—particularly boat and yacht races—are within the actuality genre, fight films constitute their own genre. The first fight films, such
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personally approved every subject released and rejected about 500 films made for the company that did not meet his standards. They were consciously building a document of the world around them in 50-second shots, and Lumière cameramen had the greatest reach worldwide of any motion picture company in
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The Lumières never shared their camera system—with its 35mm film and round perforations—with anyone. But Pathé did begin to market its smaller, lighter camera to cinematographers around 1903, and even some cameramen employed by Edison and
Biograph began to use them in defiance to the patent cameras
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Reconstructions of various kinds typify early kinds of news coverage; as the camera could not be brought to so many events of public significance or interest, the events were brought before the cameras, with actors or models or both of various kinds employed. This was especially common during the
432:, the first company established for the exclusive purpose of distributing documentaries and other kinds of non-fiction films. Although some actuality films continued to be made after 1910, the genre ceased to have much influence as public interest shifted toward newsreels and documentaries.
279:, after he left the Edison company in 1895. His equipment used 70 mm wide film, and each frame was printed separately onto paper sheets for insertion into their viewing machine. The image sheets stood out from the periphery of a rotating drum and flipped into view in succession.
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In mid-1908, French Pathé introduced the first newsreel. The newsreel was a format in which actualities could be combined, and it provided a context for the views that was timely. Also that year, Charles Urban founded the
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arrived in the United States to found the
American division of Star Film, he started out making actualities, but swiftly moved into making Westerns. This left production of actualities to smaller producers such as
101:(1895)—the first film exhibited by the Lumières—is by default the earliest actuality film; it might have not been the first one made, but it was definitively the first one shown publicly, on December 28, 1895.
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the business, filming in Asia, Africa, and other hard-to-reach places. They were careful to preserve and properly store their films, and all but 18 of the 1,423 films they made have survived.
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Although actuality films largely ceased production around 1908, the term "actuality footage" is sometimes used in documentary production to refer to the raw footage.
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in 1898. He called it the 'Birtac Home Cinema', and it used a 17.5mm gauge. Its purpose, in his words, was 'to place animated photography in the reach of everyone'.
196:
97:, in France, were the principal advocates for this genre and also coined the term—"Actualités"—and used it as a descriptor in the printed catalogs of their films.
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fashion, leading to the inception of event reconstructions. Nevertheless, both
Vitagraph and Biograph released subjects filmed in Galveston after the
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became managing director of the
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Lumière cameramen were trained to shoot in a specific type of framing and to be alert for certain kinds of action.
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The most successful motion picture company in the United States, with the largest production until 1900, was the
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in the UK, a company that made no other kinds of films, although Pathé continued to produce actuality films.
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Dan
Strieble - Fight Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema. University of California Press, 2008;
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132:(1895) on it in May. But this, and Paul's other films, were not projected in public until February 1896.
378:(1906), which was shot on a San Francisco streetcar and dropped off for processing on the day before an
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163:(UK) all made actuality films, though in varying degrees in relation to films made in other genres.
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going back to 1893, the films themselves took place solely inside Edison's improvised studio, the
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327:; the aftermath of the San Francisco Earthquake was likewise filmed by at least three companies.
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The Star Film Ranch: Texas' First
Picture Show: Frank Thompson: 9781556224812: Amazon.com: Books
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348:(1900) appears to have been shot from a horse-drawn carriage. More notable examples include
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Gordon
Hendricks, "Origins of the American Film", New York: Arno Press, New York Times 1972
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Before and After the Great
Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897 to 1916
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When the Lumière films as a whole were submitted to the "Memory of the World" register at
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company. This was initially set up to exploit peep-show type short movies displayed with
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1006:"Edison Film and Sound: History: The Shift to Projectors and the Vitascope (1895–1896)"
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in 1908. Urban's business was the first to be located in what became the home of the
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car shortly after the system first opened. One notable traveling actuality is the
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broke away from the company in late 1895 to act as a partner in his own concern,
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History of Edison Motion
Pictures: Origins of Motion Pictures--the Kinetoscope
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was one of the first to produce films as well as being the first traveling
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The first actuality films date to the inception of projected cinema. The
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in the United States was producing films and exhibiting them via the
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637:"Bucking broncho / Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; producer, W.K.L. Dickson"
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that uses footage of real events, places, and things (essentially
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reporter. In 1894, he created a 70 mm format and filmed the
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in 1897, soon becoming one of the largest film producers in the
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The Cinématographe Lumière - The first public paying screening
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1071:
Review of "The Lumière
Brothers' First Films" from Silent Era
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1126:
827:
The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry
37:
867:(Spring 1995). Society of Camera Operators. Archived from
178:. He went on to make some of Britain's first films with
948:"Guide to Motion Picture Catalogs - The Edison Papers"
299:, they were subdivided into the following categories:
925:"UNESCO Memory of the World Register - Lumiere Films"
892:
The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907
1066:The Library of Congress American Memory Collection
3682:
604:
721:The History of the Discovery of Cinematography
220:. In July 1903 he formed his own company, the
1111:
985:"The Spanish–American War in Motion Pictures"
380:earthquake and fire severely damaged the city
197:The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race
1086:The Spanish–American War in Motion Pictures
364:(1905), which was shot from the front of a
1118:
1104:
764:
1051:British Pathé, "History of British Pathé"
922:
407:In 1904, American-born English filmmaker
375:A Trip Down Market Street Before the Fire
362:Interior N.Y. Subway, 14th St. to 42nd St
1091:Reviews of Films by White and Blechynden
1025:
858:
334:
76:
18:
940:
135:Edison's first principal film producer
16:Film genre using footage of real events
3683:
1019:
916:
889:
614:. institut-lumiere.org. Archived from
1099:
1059:
823:
714:
998:
977:
435:
346:Panoramic View of the Champs Elysees
87:Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory
13:
3458:List of American independent films
792:
708:
629:
315:Circus or music-hall entertainment
14:
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758:
739:
683:
385:
282:
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206:. Birt Acres designed the first
1125:
1044:
961:
883:
852:
817:
252:. Other early pioneers include
141:American Mutoscope and Biograph
674:
650:
612:"Bienvenue sur Adobe GoLive 4"
586:
155:(New York), Méliès Star-Film,
1:
579:
356:(1903), and several films by
312:Fiction (comic or historical)
222:Charles Urban Trading Company
190:, the Kineopticon, including
72:
192:Incident at Clovelly Cottage
99:La sortie des usines Lumière
83:La sortie des usines Lumière
7:
1030:. Republic of Texas Press.
1026:Thompson, Frank T. (1996).
923:Mary Chin (15 March 2011).
557:
393:The Hornbacker-Murphy Fight
30:Place des Cordeliers à Lyon
10:
3707:
3349:Classical Hollywood cinema
2538:Commedia sexy all'italiana
1446:Exploitation film template
1390:Commedia sexy all'italiana
402:
159:and Gaumont (France), and
3650:
3253:
3171:
2916:German underground horror
2871:Documentary Film Movement
2779:American eccentric cinema
2764:
2010:
1136:
902:Press. pp. 303–313.
691:"Acres, Birt (1854–1918)"
492:Auguste and Louis Lumière
900:University of California
890:Musser, Charles (1994).
36:which shows a street in
2851:Cinema of Transgression
1985:Cinema of Transgression
865:The Operating Cameraman
824:Slide, Anthony (1998).
717:"Chapter 15, 1895–1900"
658:"Pioneers: Robert Paul"
166:In the United Kingdom,
161:Warwick Trading Company
3071:The Prague film school
2936:Hollywood on the Tiber
600:. Library of Congress.
208:camera for amateur use
106:Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
90:
41:
2926:Grupo Cine Liberación
2866:Czechoslovak New Wave
2861:Commedia all'italiana
1208:Commedia all'italiana
861:"The Biograph Camera"
771:. Osprey Publishing.
755:accessed 21 June 2007
542:Manuel Trujillo Durán
477:William K. L. Dickson
457:Frederick S. Armitage
350:Frederick S. Armitage
335:Traveling actualities
234:British film industry
80:
28:
3453:Guerrilla filmmaking
3116:Kitchen sink realism
3001:New French Extremity
2911:German Expressionist
2819:Kitchen sink realism
2684:Contemporary Western
2464:Environmental issues
1995:New French Extremity
1953:New French Extremity
1778:Softcore pornography
1773:Hardcore pornography
1640:New French Extremity
950:. edison.rutgers.edu
896:Berkeley, California
800:"Ops! | Flickr"
751:12 July 2011 at the
746:Birt Acres biography
715:Burns, Paul (1999).
594:"The Actuality Film"
366:New York City Subway
176:Henley Royal Regatta
58:), a predecessor to
3189:Children and family
3163:Yugoslav Black Wave
3036:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
2921:Nigerian Golden Age
2886:European art cinema
2789:Australian New Wave
765:Wade, John (2004).
512:Mitchell and Kenyon
422:Mitchell and Kenyon
238:Mitchell and Kenyon
3487:Major film studios
3081:Pure Film Movement
3061:Polish Film School
2961:Italian neorealist
2941:Hong Kong New Wave
2543:Mexican sex comedy
1600:German underground
1060:External resources
871:on 1 November 2004
522:William Daly Paley
497:Wallace McCutcheon
472:J. Stuart Blackton
358:G. W. Billy Bitzer
318:The Lumière family
269:American Mutoscope
203:Rough Sea at Dover
91:
42:
32:(1895), a film by
3678:
3677:
3617:Socialist realist
3329:Behind-the-scenes
3106:Socialist realist
3101:Spaghetti Western
3091:Romanian New Wave
2966:Japanese New Wave
2632:Sword and sorcery
2548:Nazi exploitation
2130:Mumbai underworld
1886:Planetary romance
695:BFI Screen Online
574:Travelogue (film)
436:Noted film-makers
352:and A. E. Weed's
325:hurricane of 1900
64:still photography
26:
3698:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3637:Vulgar auteurism
3465:Interstitial art
3443:Hyperlink cinema
3158:Vulgar auteurism
3153:Toronto New Wave
3143:Telefoni Bianchi
3138:Sword-and-sandal
2956:Italian futurist
2951:Iranian New Wave
2814:British New Wave
2627:Sword-and-sandal
2508:Rape and revenge
2449:Mouth of Garbage
2295:Tentacle erotica
2243:Goona-goona epic
2223:Extraterrestrial
2110:Heroic bloodshed
1744:Occult detective
1575:Christmas horror
1427:Sword-and-sandal
1159:Hong Kong action
1154:Heroic bloodshed
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:. memory.loc.gov
1002:
996:
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992:
987:. memory.loc.gov
981:
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832:Lanham, Maryland
821:
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811:
802:. Archived from
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723:. Archived from
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564:Documentary film
447:Raymond Ackerman
442:Alfred C. Abadie
254:James Williamson
151:(Philadelphia),
137:W. K. L. Dickson
95:Lumière Brothers
60:documentary film
27:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3646:
3587:Semidocumentary
3512:Minimalist film
3502:Message picture
3497:Maximalist film
3391:Database cinema
3374:Computer screen
3334:Black-and-white
3259:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3167:
3123:Soviet parallel
3046:Parallel cinema
3041:Pan-Indian film
2971:Kammerspielfilm
2906:French New Wave
2826:Budapest school
2809:Brighton School
2784:New Objectivity
2766:
2760:
2729:Science fiction
2361:Bruceploitation
2270:Girls with guns
2216:Turksploitation
2090:Gentleman thief
2006:
1841:Science fiction
1687:Minimalist film
1682:Maximalist film
1660:Science fiction
1620:Japanese horror
1417:Social guidance
1132:
1124:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
983:
982:
978:
966:
962:
953:
951:
946:
945:
941:
932:
930:
927:
921:
917:
910:
888:
884:
874:
872:
857:
853:
846:
836:Scarecrow Press
822:
818:
809:
807:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
779:
763:
759:
753:Wayback Machine
744:
740:
730:
728:
727:on 24 July 2011
713:
709:
699:
697:
689:
688:
684:
679:
675:
666:
664:
662:EarlyCinema.com
656:
655:
651:
642:
640:
635:
634:
630:
621:
619:
610:
609:
605:
592:
591:
587:
582:
560:
537:Albert E. Smith
527:Gaston Quiribet
438:
413:Everyday London
405:
388:
354:Down the Hudson
337:
309:Official events
306:Everyday scenes
303:Military events
285:
240:was founded by
224:, and moved to
119:Bucking Broncho
75:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:Reverse motion
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Modernist film
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:midnight movie
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3172:By demographic
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3111:Social realist
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Poliziotteschi
3063:
3058:
3056:Poetic realist
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:New generation
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Modernist film
2983:
2978:
2976:L.A. Rebellion
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Cinéma du look
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2754:Zapata Western
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Singing cowboy
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Dacoit Western
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Shoshimin-eiga
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:Nunsploitation
2555:
2553:Pornochanchada
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Food and drink
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Blaxploitation
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:Poliziotteschi
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:Extreme cinema
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:Chinese horror
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1036:
1018:
997:
976:
960:
939:
915:
908:
882:
859:Billy Bitzer.
851:
844:
816:
791:
777:
757:
738:
707:
682:
673:
649:
628:
603:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
559:
556:
555:
554:
552:James H. White
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
507:Miles Brothers
504:
502:Georges Méliès
499:
494:
489:
484:
482:Max Glücksmann
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
437:
434:
430:Kinora Company
404:
401:
387:
386:Related genres
384:
370:Miles Brothers
342:James H. White
336:
333:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
284:
283:Lumière genres
281:
273:W.K.L. Dickson
262:Cecil Hepworth
250:United Kingdom
242:Sagar Mitchell
230:Wardour Street
218:Anglo-Boer War
180:Robert W. Paul
74:
71:
45:Actuality film
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Postmodernist
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Participatory
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Musical short
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Found footage
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Cinéma vérité
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:or production
3252:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Prussian film
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:New Nollywood
3019:
3017:
3016:New Hollywood
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Cannibal boom
2834:
2832:
2831:Calligrafismo
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Berlin School
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Weird Western
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Slice of life
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Bavarian porn
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:Sexploitation
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Partisan film
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Muslim social
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2435:Zombie comedy
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Giant monster
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Mexploitation
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Coming-of-age
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:Transgressive
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Psychological
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Slice of life
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
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973:0-520-25075-3
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909:0-520-08533-7
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845:0-8108-3426-X
841:
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806:on 2019-04-06
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778:9780747805922
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639:. hdl.loc.gov
638:
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618:on 2014-05-12
617:
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547:Charles Urban
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487:William Heise
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417:Gaston Méliès
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409:Charles Urban
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289:Louis Lumière
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81:A still from
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39:
35:
34:Louis Lumière
31:
3406:Experimental
3401:Ethnofiction
3271:
3148:Third Cinema
3051:Persian Film
2794:Auteur films
2765:By movement
2622:Swashbuckler
2481:Ozploitation
2476:Outlaw biker
2356:Martial arts
2351:Magical girl
2201:Exploitation
2196:Ethnographic
2125:Mafia comedy
1768:Pornographic
1645:Psycho-biddy
1630:Lovecraftian
1464:Contemporary
1445:
1439:Exploitation
1434:Experimental
1314:Mockumentary
1183:Biographical
1046:
1027:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1000:
989:. Retrieved
979:
963:
952:. Retrieved
942:
931:. Retrieved
918:
891:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
864:
854:
826:
819:
808:. Retrieved
804:the original
794:
782:. Retrieved
768:Cine Cameras
767:
760:
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:the original
720:
710:
698:. Retrieved
694:
685:
676:
665:. Retrieved
661:
652:
641:. Retrieved
631:
620:. Retrieved
616:the original
606:
597:
588:
569:Reality film
467:Billy Bitzer
426:
412:
406:
397:
392:
391:as Edison's
389:
373:
361:
353:
345:
338:
329:
321:
294:
286:
266:
246:James Kenyon
212:
201:
195:
191:
165:
157:Pathé Frères
134:
127:
117:
103:
98:
92:
82:
68:
44:
43:
29:
3691:Film genres
3632:Video nasty
3627:Underground
3612:Slow cinema
3582:Sceneggiata
3470:Live action
3448:Independent
3428:Film à clef
3396:Docufiction
3364:Compilation
3339:Blockbuster
3307:Traditional
3302:Stop-motion
3238:Chick flick
3096:Slow cinema
3086:Remodernist
2901:Free Cinema
2881:Erra Cinema
2846:Cinema Novo
2724:Revisionist
2233:Gendai-geki
2169:Psychedelic
2157:Apocalyptic
2023:Beach party
1918:Slow cinema
1891:Space opera
1856:Fantastique
1727:Sceneggiata
1717:Musicarello
1590:Fantastique
1469:Fantastique
1412:Educational
1339:Video essay
1294:Documentary
875:30 November
700:24 February
462:Will Barker
147:(Chicago),
116:; although
114:Black Maria
110:Kinetoscope
49:non-fiction
3552:Paracinema
3537:Neorealist
3532:Mythopoeia
3517:Mockbuster
3482:Low-budget
3423:Featurette
3256:technique,
3254:By format,
3133:Surrealist
3128:Structural
3006:New German
2996:Neorealist
2991:Mumblecore
2931:Heimatfilm
2891:Film d'art
2856:Cinéma pur
2590:South Seas
2563:Sex report
1829:Paranormal
1792:Propaganda
1692:Mumblecore
1479:Historical
1361:Historical
1250:Remarriage
1240:Mo lei tau
1037:1556224818
1012:2014-05-12
991:2014-05-12
954:2014-05-12
933:2014-07-06
810:2022-01-19
784:7 February
667:2021-02-06
643:2014-05-12
622:2014-05-12
580:References
532:R. W. Paul
517:Paul Nadar
452:Birt Acres
258:G.A. Smith
168:Birt Acres
124:Birt Acres
73:Beginnings
52:film genre
3542:No-budget
3507:Meta-film
3475:animation
3433:Film-poem
3369:Composite
3314:Anthology
3277:Animation
3272:Actuality
3258:approach,
3026:New Queer
2946:Indiewood
2896:Film gris
2767:or period
2744:Spaghetti
2667:Submarine
2647:Vigilante
2612:Superhero
2366:Chopsocky
2312:Jidaigeki
2181:Dystopian
2080:Detective
2038:Buddy cop
2028:Body swap
1958:Political
1938:Financial
1901:Tokusatsu
1896:Steampunk
1812:Bromantic
1784:Malayalam
1763:Crossover
1739:Detective
1707:Backstage
1655:Religious
1511:Tech noir
1506:Pulp noir
1496:Film noir
1371:Melodrama
1309:Docudrama
1282:Cyberpunk
1275:Slapstick
1265:Screwball
1225:Gross out
1188:Christian
1166:Adventure
731:14 August
411:produced
277:mutoscope
153:Vitagraph
129:The Derby
104:Although
3685:Category
3660:Category
3547:One-shot
3411:Abstract
3297:Computer
2981:Lettrist
2876:Dogme 95
2804:Bourekas
2774:Absolute
2714:Northern
2709:Meat pie
2662:Euro War
2657:Anti-war
2523:Rumberas
2444:Mountain
2346:Luchador
2302:Homeland
2290:Shotacon
2263:Suburban
2191:Economic
2152:Disaster
2085:Gangster
2060:Colonial
2050:Cannibal
2011:By theme
1968:Romantic
1923:Thriller
1881:New Wave
1876:Military
1834:Thriller
1802:Romantic
1749:Whodunit
1722:Operetta
1702:Arthouse
1670:Splatter
1565:Cannibal
1555:Arthouse
1538:Suburban
1528:Southern
1501:Neo-noir
1405:Thriller
1299:Animated
1287:Japanese
1255:Romantic
1245:Thriller
1171:Survival
1149:Arthouse
1137:By style
749:Archived
558:See also
172:newsreel
40:, France
3642:Z movie
3418:Feature
3354:Collage
3324:B movie
3292:Cartoon
3031:No wave
2699:Florida
2694:Fantasy
2674:Western
2617:Surfing
2605:Eurospy
2575:Slavery
2425:Vampire
2405:Monster
2376:Kung fu
2317:Samurai
2285:Lolicon
2253:Romance
2100:Gong'an
2070:Concert
2055:Chicano
2018:Animals
1906:Western
1861:Fantasy
1819:Fantasy
1797:Reality
1734:Mystery
1712:Jukebox
1697:Musical
1675:Satanic
1665:Slasher
1635:Natural
1615:Holiday
1523:Romance
1489:Science
1454:Fantasy
1356:Dramedy
1220:Dramedy
403:Decline
182:with a
126:filmed
89:, 1895)
3670:Portal
3607:Silent
3597:Shinpa
3592:Serial
3577:Satire
3562:Poetry
3492:Masala
3221:Shōnen
3204:Seinen
2719:Ostern
2704:Horror
2637:Travel
2595:Sports
2518:Rubble
2491:Prison
2459:Nature
2430:Zombie
2371:Gun fu
2307:Isekai
2280:Hentai
2248:Gothic
2174:Stoner
2140:Yakuza
2095:Gokudō
2043:Female
1973:Techno
1943:Giallo
1933:Erotic
1928:Comedy
1871:Horror
1866:Gothic
1851:Comedy
1824:Gothic
1807:Comedy
1756:Giallo
1610:Giallo
1580:Comedy
1550:Horror
1518:Gothic
1459:Comedy
1385:Erotic
1376:Korean
1334:Travel
1324:Pseudo
1270:Silent
1235:Parody
1230:Horror
1198:Action
1193:Comedy
1144:Action
1130:genres
1034:
971:
906:
842:
775:
297:UNESCO
226:London
188:camera
186:movie
56:B-roll
3622:Sound
3602:Short
3359:Color
3282:Anime
3243:Josei
3233:Women
3226:Shōjo
3194:Anime
3184:Black
3179:Adult
2739:Space
2642:Trial
2585:Snuff
2496:Women
2471:Opera
2420:Mummy
2415:Kaiju
2398:Anime
2393:Mecha
2386:Wuxia
2381:Ninja
2329:LGBTQ
2324:Kaitō
2275:Harem
2258:Space
2238:Ghost
2186:Ecchi
2147:Dance
2120:Mafia
2105:Heist
2075:Crime
2033:Buddy
2002:Trick
1948:Legal
1605:Ghost
1543:Urban
1533:Space
1366:Legal
1346:Drama
1319:Mondo
1203:Black
928:(PDF)
149:Lubin
145:Selig
47:is a
3379:Cult
3216:Teen
3209:Stag
3200:Men
2679:Acid
2513:Road
2503:Race
2339:Yuri
2334:Yaoi
2164:Drug
2115:Hood
1560:Body
1474:High
1444:see
1422:Epic
1395:Pink
1329:Semi
1213:Sexy
1127:Film
1032:ISBN
969:ISBN
904:ISBN
877:2004
840:ISBN
786:2013
773:ISBN
733:2011
702:2013
344:'s'
260:and
244:and
200:and
184:35mm
38:Lyon
3319:Art
3287:Art
2652:War
2600:Spy
1846:Art
1585:Eco
1260:Sex
1178:Art
275:'s
228:'s
3687::
3267:3D
898::
894:.
863:.
838:.
834::
830:.
719:.
693:.
660:.
596:.
382:.
372:'
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194:,
66:.
1786:)
1782:(
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646:.
625:.
85:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
