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40:
826:(CAS) decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers. The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios; the CAS board affirmed in 2001 that "the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."
533:
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death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral ... If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbÄrium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortÄs virÄ«lÄs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.
784:
outlook. Not only has the overall profession ranked highly, but it also is considered one of the best professions for women, and one of the best recession-proof professions. In the United States, the profession was rated as the best profession by CareerCast, which uses five key criteria to rank jobsâenvironment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress, in 2010, 2013, and 2015. In other years, it remained in the top 20.
808:
promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the
Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam. Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures.
300:
contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner that will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.
768:
effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models. In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory, but is still not completely aligned with modern
748:, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums. In the mid-19th century, professional bodies were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards. Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.
431:
will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes,
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stated: "Although students find it hard to believe, the Board of
Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass
798:
Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as
Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting. In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series
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Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbÄria, or for both ... If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after
430:
for insurance policies covering various risks. On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer
3755:
The
Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now ... company employees without
807:
As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams. Also, many companies that employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or
299:
in the United States of
America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension
254:
While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity, the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in the 17th century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries of the 21st century require analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human
3979:
My task is now finished ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward
3853:
This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that
783:
The actuarial profession has been consistently ranked for decades as one of the most desirable. Actuaries work comparatively reasonable hours, in comfortable conditions, without the need for physical exertion that may lead to injury, are well paid, and the profession consistently has a good hiring
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with actuarial science. In the early 20th century, some economists and actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct
751:
Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries. In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical
679:
valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate
453:
Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their
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They were relevant to, and achieved recognition from, short-term derivatives traders and the like, but most actuaries ignored them because they were unsuitable for long-term actuarial calculations; they relied heavily on parameter values that were derived from obsolete economic history and were
563:
procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society.
554:
came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to
743:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums can be burdensome. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using arithmetical short-cuts called
1006:
Actuaries have appeared in works of fiction including literature, theater, television, and film. At times, they have been portrayed as "math-obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb-overs", which has resulted in a mixed response amongst actuaries themselves.
627:, where there is record of a 14th-century contract to insure a shipment of wheat. In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300
576:
of societies. Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity; religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, charitable operations in
291:, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industries, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the
549:
The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After
944:
Morgan was the appointed
Actuary of the Society for Equitable Assurances in 1775. He expanded on Mores's and Dodson's work, and may be considered the father of the actuarial profession in that his title became applied to the field as a
848:
Early
American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. In 1804, Bowditch became what was probably the United States of America's second insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in
362:
Non-life actuaries, also known as "property and casualty" (mainly US) or "general insurance" (mainly UK) actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include
262:
The profession has consistently been ranked as one of the most desirable. In various studies in the United States, being an actuary was ranked first or second multiple times since 2010, and in the top 20 for most of the past decade.
494:
risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk.
816:
Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations. To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former chairman of the Board of
Examiners of the
246:
management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms. The name of the corresponding academic discipline is
989:
American actuary and abolitionist, professor of mathematics at
Western Reserve College (Ohio). He campaigned for laws that required life insurance companies to hold sufficient reserves to guarantee that policies would be
884:
While Halley actually predated much of what is now considered the start of the actuarial profession, he was the first to rigorously calculate premiums for a life insurance policy mathematically and statistically
510:. They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance
604:. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of
410:, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments. Actuaries are also involved in other areas in the economic and financial field, such as analyzing
703:) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates that were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757,
2793:"An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives"
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760:. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown vastly.
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Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often, their work may relate to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called
3205:
2083:
4000:
Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and
Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. (eds.).
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needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific; however, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete.
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supported 1,500 suffering people. Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era, but receiving charity is uncertain and often accompanied by
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took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an
2977:
729:. Other companies that did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable.
559:. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve.
780:
As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render.
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for both financial and non-financial corporations. Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance. The
684:. In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity.
443:
of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side.
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Head of the Royal Mathematical School, and Stone's School, Dodson built on the statistical mortality tables developed by Edmund Halley in 1693
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pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forebears, and to Celtic society.
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Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of
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insurance. In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing
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In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poorâthese were often not part of the
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in 2005. Actuaries need to estimate long-term levels of such damage in order to accurately price property insurance, set appropriate
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they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.
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by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages.
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3295:"The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates"
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3420:. Auckland, New Zealand: International Association for Statistical Education. pp. 405â410. Archived from
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led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as
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of examinations. In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure.
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623:, who lived in the 4th century BCE. The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from
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As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and
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is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." In 2000, the
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Swedish actuary and probabilist notable for his contributions in mathematical statistics, such as the
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On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and
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is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of
17:
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quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.
2537:
711:. Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or
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4341:
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938:
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596:, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monumentsâprecursors to
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extremely uncertain â in effect, arbitrary â in the context of predicting the longer-term future.
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3493:"Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of actuarial science in the United Kingdom"
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3054:. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475â§476.
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Canadian qualified actuary who in the first decade of the 21st century pioneered the use of
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were developed. Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of
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showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or
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accord for insurance companies (in force since 2016), require institutions to account for
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Most traditional actuarial disciplines fall into two main categories: life and non-life.
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behavior and information systems to design and manage programs that control risk. The
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4004:. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42.
2219:"The actuary: The role and limitations of the profession since the mid-19th century"
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First person to use the title 'actuary' with respect to a business position
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The Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era
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International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics 3, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4162:"Robert J. Myers, Actuary Who Shaped Social Security Program, Dies at 97"
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player, he was the youngest person ever to pass four examinations of the
866:. Cramér was an Honorary President of the Swedish Actuarial Society
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4034:. Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Archived from
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608:, or burial vaults, owned by the fund. Other early examples of mutual
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3231:"Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance"
2978:"Actuaries in Risk Management Actuarial Profession Survey 2010/2011"
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Feldblum, Sholom (2001) . "Introduction". In Lowe, Robert F. (ed.).
323:
risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include
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Actuaries and Product Development: A step beyond Px:n = Ax:n / Àx:n
2763:
1812:
1334:
1298:
467:
272:
4085:"Is Serving as an Expert Witness in Your Future? You be the Judge"
3912:
3006:
2675:
1346:
954:
American actuary who was instrumental in the creation of the U.S.
514:
requires both actuarial and finance skills. Actuaries also act as
4703:
3559:"CAS Board of Directors Approves New Pass Mark Disclosure Policy"
2712:"U.S. charitable giving estimated to be $ 307.65 billion in 2008"
2488:
676:
312:
157:
4019:
3841:
3549:
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1604:
967:
British actuary who developed the Redington Immunization Theory.
470:
accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the
4422:
3677:
3594:"Actuaries in action: Why it's rated the number one profession"
2772:
1060:
1058:
656:
624:
609:
4195:
4139:. Staple Inn Actuarial Society. pp. 34â35. Archived from
3260:"The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise"
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agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity. Early in the
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4200:
3108:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)
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1021:
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Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly
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3724:"6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality"
1640:
231:
3615:"Recipe for Disaster: The Formula That Killed Wall Street"
2261:
1980:
1818:
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234:
and uncertainty. These risks can affect both sides of the
4196:
Be an Actuary: The SOA and CAS jointly sponsored web site
3188:
2798:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Social Security: Actuarial Projections of the Trust Funds
1405:
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1201:
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American actuarial educator, researcher, and author
4105:"Dust Off Your Math Skills: Actuary Is Best Job of 2013"
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1544:
1233:
1231:
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Another modern development is the convergence of modern
2929:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from
1992:
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1862:
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2721:. Giving USA Foundation. June 10, 2009. Archived from
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Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in
2477:"James C. Hickman, former business school dean, dies"
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During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for
3410:
Actuarial Statistics â The European Perspective
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1710:
1592:
1173:
1171:
1123:
450:, or the development or re-pricing of new products.
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2016:
1968:
1920:
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1842:
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719:, in ancient times originally the secretary of the
435:are often used to determine frequency and severity
4160:
3980:both of those who have fallen and their survivors.
3949:
3455:(2). Faculty and Institute of Actuaries: 233â246.
1956:
1896:
1830:
1746:
1734:
1652:
1526:
1502:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1364:
1153:
1108:
1077:
1075:
1073:
4130:"Actuaries' contributions to financial economics"
2050:
1722:
1168:
5206:
3999:
2828:Heeney, David; Probert, Terry (March 22, 2002).
2004:
1580:
1358:
1138:
3732:Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics
2053:"Actuarial Salaries & Benefits 2022 â Hays"
1944:
1872:
1794:
1782:
1388:
1316:
1304:
1070:
540:was one of America's first insurance actuaries.
4158:
3072:. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003
2200:
2184:
2168:
1986:
1824:
1037:
1025:
4216:
4056:"Actuary one of ten best UK jobs, says study"
4002:Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations
3893:. International Series on Actuarial Science.
3302:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
3267:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2827:
2692:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2626:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2591:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
1382:
457:
3832:(1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
3292:
1610:
811:
179:
4029:"Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science"
3640:Seltzer, Frederic; Alin, Steven I. (1969).
3639:
3506:. Faculty and Institute of Actuaries: 7â8.
3257:
2685:"Retrospective Rating: Excess Loss Factors"
2619:"On Becoming An Actuary of the Fourth Kind"
2149:. Vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 1â39.
2082:
1998:
1890:
1634:
775:
506:, and can be general business managers and
4223:
4209:
4159:Williams Walsh, Mary (February 25, 2010).
4026:
3991:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3623:. Vol. 17, no. 3. Archived from
2616:
2584:"On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind"
2581:
2373:
2352:
2331:
2310:
2289:
1680:
1409:
1267:
1252:
1222:
1207:
1192:
1049:
787:
311:Life actuaries, which includes health and
38:
3862:"Careers: Breaking the actuarial ceiling"
3384:
3015:The Official Guide to Becoming an Actuary
2810:
2710:
2654:Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science
2503:
2237:
2138:Bader, Lawrence N.; Gold, Jeremy (2003).
2137:
1764:
1704:
1496:
1237:
631:. For this he was paid a premium of 18%.
421:
4053:
3888:
3791:Transactions of the Society of Actuaries
3556:
3040:
2853:Hennessy, Kathleen (February 16, 2003).
2852:
2839:27th International Congress of Actuaries
2651:
2559:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2474:
2216:
1938:
1866:
1813:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a
1716:
1692:
1646:
1622:
1574:
1520:
1421:
1335:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b
1132:
1064:
638:
634:
531:
27:Analyst of business risk and uncertainty
4054:Ugwumadu, Judith (September 12, 2013).
3946:"VI â Funeral Oration of Pericles"
3820:
3557:Prevosto, Virginia R. (December 2000).
3525:
3406:
3385:Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010).
3327:
3102:
2917:
2877:"Edmond Halley: astronomer and actuary"
2874:
2523:
2475:Chaptman, Dennis (September 13, 2006).
2140:"Reinventing Pension Actuarial Science"
2034:
2022:
1914:
1851:
1776:
1598:
1484:
1347:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014
1117:
655:was being developed. In 1662, a London
14:
5207:
4127:
4082:
3940:
3919:
3859:
3692:
3670:
3612:
3490:
3439:
3352:
3156:
3134:
3106:(1983). "A Tribute to Harald Cramer".
3046:"Burial places and funeral ceremonies"
2787:
2682:
2552:
2526:"Was "About Schmidt" about actuaries?"
2313:"The Best Jobs of 2015: No. 1 Actuary"
1974:
1962:
1902:
1836:
1752:
1740:
1658:
1562:
1550:
1535:
1508:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1370:
1162:
995:
4204:
4102:
3745:from the original on October 10, 2022
3591:
3500:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
3449:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
3315:from the original on October 10, 2022
3203:
3181:
3135:Kiviat, Barbara (November 13, 2008).
2884:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
2751:(Report). pp. 19â85. AIMD-00-53R
2656:(4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia:
2604:from the original on October 10, 2022
2249:from the original on October 10, 2022
2156:from the original on October 10, 2022
1926:
1728:
1177:
1147:
1102:
544:
4175:from the original on January 6, 2022
3952:The History of the Peloponnesian War
3891:Financial Enterprise Risk Management
3721:
3673:"The 12 Best Jobs For Women In 2014"
3258:MacGinnitie, James (November 1980).
3228:
3137:"Where the Recession-Proof Jobs Are"
3021:. September 26, 2014. Archived from
2905:from the original on October 8, 2015
2617:D'Arcy, Stephen P. (November 2005).
2422:
2355:"The Best Jobs of 2019: 10. Actuary"
2334:"The Best Jobs of 2016: 10. Actuary"
2084:"The Greatest British Actuary everÂź"
2010:
1586:
1299:Government Actuary's Department 2015
1081:
829:
733:Development of the modern profession
3801:: 616. October 1984. Archived from
3785:
3763:"Admission Requirements to the SOA"
3761:
3526:Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995).
3513:from the original on March 20, 2012
3478:from the original on March 20, 2012
3355:"The Practicing Investment Actuary"
3184:"The best job you never thought of"
3163:Financial Engineering News Magazine
2740:
2450:
2394:
2376:"The Best Jobs of 2021: 9. Actuary"
2110:
2066:
1950:
1878:
1800:
1788:
1394:
1322:
1310:
976:Founder and first president of the
671:. Combining this idea with that of
266:
24:
4262:Accidental death and dismemberment
4064:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3870:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3442:"The Professional Name of Actuary"
3210:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3019:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2985:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2958:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2556:Mathematical Methods of Statistics
2116:Property-Casualty Insurance Basics
2092:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2067:Actuarial Standards Board (2022).
819:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
687:
454:communications and work products.
56:and capital management strategies.
25:
5236:
4189:
3229:Loan, Albert (Winter 1991â1992).
3182:Kurtz, Annalyn (April 25, 2013).
2927:Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science
2920:"History of Actuarial Profession"
2857:. Wage slaves: careers profiled.
902:American actuary best known as a
794:Actuarial credentialing and exams
567:
371:, commercial property insurance,
5225:Mathematical science occupations
4388:Directors and officers liability
3596:. STEM Education. Archived from
3293:Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920).
2742:Government Accountability Office
2524:Coleman, Lynn G. (Spring 2003).
2217:BĂŒhlmann, Hans (November 1997).
723:, responsible for compiling the
528:Actuarial science § History
478:separately, and in addition to,
331:, pensions, short and long term
4128:Whelan, Shane (December 2002).
4027:Trowbridge, Charles L. (1989).
3821:Stearns, Frank Preston (1905).
3671:Shavin, Naomi (June 13, 2014).
3440:Ogborn, M. E. (December 1956).
2769:Government Actuary's Department
2582:D'Arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989).
2485:University of WisconsinâMadison
2406:. March 2, 2001. Archived from
2396:"Policy For Setting Pass Marks"
2292:"Best Jobs of 2014: 4. Actuary"
1664:
1287:Bureau of Labor Statistics 2022
924:collateralized debt obligations
802:
498:Actuaries are also involved in
315:actuaries, primarily deal with
293:Government Actuary's Department
5220:Financial services occupations
3693:Sieger, Richard (March 1998).
3204:Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007).
3051:The Private Life of the Romans
2632:(177): 745â754. Archived from
2112:American Insurance Association
2043:
1359:Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012
303:
297:Social Security Administration
13:
1:
4230:
3922:"Be happy: Become an actuary"
3159:"Insurance Linked Securities"
2267:Occupational Outlook Handbook
295:in the United Kingdom or the
5155:Savings and loan association
3642:"The First American Actuary"
3613:Salmon, Felix (March 2009).
3273:(127): 49â56. Archived from
2378:. CareerCast. Archived from
2357:. CareerCast. Archived from
2336:. CareerCast. Archived from
2315:. CareerCast. Archived from
2294:. CareerCast. Archived from
1010:
347:, and other factors such as
7:
4588:Insurance-linked securities
3491:Ogborn, M. E. (July 1973).
3353:Mungan, Kenneth P. (2002).
3330:"Q&A: Making the grade"
2683:Gillam, William R. (1991).
1002:List of fictional actuaries
381:product liability insurance
10:
5241:
4277:Total permanent disability
4083:Wagner, Darryl G. (2006).
3895:Cambridge University Press
3570:Casualty Actuarial Society
3042:Johnston, Harold Whetstone
2987:. May 2011. Archived from
2875:Heywood, Geoffrey (1985).
2658:Casualty Actuarial Society
2460:Casualty Actuarial Society
2432:Casualty Actuarial Society
2404:Casualty Actuarial Society
2271:Bureau of Labor Statistics
2051:Actuarial Careers (2022).
999:
978:Casualty Actuarial Society
922:models for the pricing of
833:
824:Casualty Actuarial Society
791:
736:
695:'s pioneering work on the
525:
521:
464:enterprise risk management
458:Non-traditional employment
404:dynamic financial analysis
400:enterprise risk management
5180:
5032:
5017:Health insurance coverage
4957:
4741:
4570:
4512:
4441:
4360:
4312:
4282:Business overhead expense
4247:
4238:
3461:10.1017/S0020268100046424
3387:"The Best and Worst Jobs"
3328:Muckart, Richard (2010).
3094:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2896:10.1017/S002026810004213X
1383:Heeney & Probert 2002
812:Pass marks and pass rates
448:retrospective reinsurance
212:
185:
172:
140:
135:
102:
74:
66:
61:
52:, and design appropriate
37:
4418:Protection and indemnity
3860:Stefan, Michael (2010).
3834:J. B. Lippincott Company
3407:Norberg, Ragnar (1990).
2275:U.S. Department of Labor
2118:(Report). Archived from
776:Remuneration and ranking
647:) table, Table 1, Page 1
508:chief financial officers
4875:Explanation of benefits
4347:Variable universal life
4109:The Wall Street Journal
3889:Sweeting, Paul (2011).
3722:Slud, Eric V. (2006) .
3392:The Wall Street Journal
2918:Hickman, James (2004).
2553:Cramér, Harald (1946).
2239:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046
1891:Seltzer & Alin 1969
956:Social Security program
788:Credentialing and exams
337:health savings accounts
281:mathematical statistics
180:Credentialing and exams
127:social welfare programs
5012:Health insurance costs
4413:Professional liability
4103:Weber, Lauren (2013).
3920:Thomas, David (2012).
2960:. 2011. Archived from
2812:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007
2505:"Best Jobs in America"
2456:Exams & Admissions
2434:. 2008. Archived from
2400:Exams & Admissions
2094:. 2003. Archived from
648:
574:cultural consciousness
541:
422:Traditional employment
4868:Out-of-pocket expense
4729:Workers' compensation
4383:Collateral protection
4373:Business interruption
3767:Education & Exams
3709:on September 15, 2015
3695:"What is an Actuary?"
3592:Riley, Cindy (2013).
3579:on September 23, 2015
3235:Humane Studies Review
3157:Krutov, Alex (2006).
3028:on September 24, 2017
2204:. Be an Actuary. 2022
2188:. Be an Actuary. 2022
2172:. Be an Actuary. 2022
1705:Bader & Gold 2003
872:(c. 1705 â 1757)
864:CramĂ©râRao inequality
758:deterministic methods
746:commutation functions
717:ecclesiastical courts
643:2003 U.S. mortality (
642:
635:Development of theory
535:
391:, and other types of
373:workers' compensation
5091:Corpus Juris Civilis
4089:Society of Actuaries
3799:Society of Actuaries
3771:Society of Actuaries
3738:. pp. 149â150.
3657:Society of Actuaries
3600:on February 23, 2014
3370:Society of Actuaries
3165:(48). Archived from
2964:on February 12, 2012
2950:"Our qualifications"
2805:(192â206): 596â610.
2744:(January 14, 2000).
2186:"How we manage risk"
1613:, pp. 224, 230.
908:Society of Actuaries
851:Salem, Massachusetts
754:stochastic processes
697:level premium system
412:securities offerings
369:homeowners insurance
335:, health insurance,
333:disability insurance
199:superannuation funds
5150:Rochdale Principles
5145:Mutual savings bank
5140:Mutual organization
5125:Cooperative banking
5042:Mesopotamian banker
4322:Longevity insurance
3705:(1). Archived from
3530:. London, England:
3241:(1). Archived from
3216:on October 20, 2011
3206:"Actuarial History"
2536:(1). Archived from
2438:on October 30, 2008
2382:on December 5, 2022
2374:CareerCast (2021).
2353:CareerCast (2019).
2340:on January 11, 2018
2332:CareerCast (2016).
2311:CareerCast (2015).
2290:CareerCast (2014).
2277:. September 8, 2022
1987:Williams Walsh 2010
1825:Be an Actuary 2022c
1649:, pp. 169â171.
1038:Be an Actuary 2022b
1026:Be an Actuary 2022a
996:Fictional actuaries
770:financial economics
402:. This can involve
393:liability insurance
389:terrorism insurance
196:Insurance companies
34:
4902:Insurable interest
4403:Payment protection
4304:Payment protection
4168:The New York Times
4070:on October 6, 2015
3830:Cambridge sketches
3808:on October 9, 2016
2540:on August 28, 2006
2530:The Future Actuary
2491:on January 9, 2008
2098:on October 5, 2015
843:Nathaniel Bowditch
649:
602:friendly societies
545:Need for insurance
542:
538:Nathaniel Bowditch
349:medical technology
174:Education required
165:business knowledge
32:
5215:Actuarial science
5202:
5201:
5047:Code of Hammurabi
5022:Vehicle insurance
4917:Replacement value
4809:Actual cash value
4773:Adverse selection
4763:Actuarial science
4737:
4736:
4669:Kidnap and ransom
4642:Extended warranty
4289:Income protection
4115:on April 23, 2013
4011:978-1-4613-9332-0
3967:978-0-525-26035-6
3928:on April 20, 2012
3904:978-0-521-11164-5
3541:978-0-415-11363-2
3061:978-0-8154-0453-8
2994:on March 20, 2012
2936:on August 4, 2004
2667:978-0-9624762-2-8
2639:on August 8, 2007
2566:978-0-691-08004-8
2410:on August 7, 2013
2319:on April 27, 2015
2298:on April 25, 2015
2125:on March 23, 2015
1637:, pp. 50â51.
1611:Michelbacher 1920
1349:, pp. 12â14.
930:Edward Rowe Mores
836:List of actuaries
830:Notable actuaries
739:Actuarial science
705:Edward Rowe Mores
680:these values was
673:compound interest
433:stochastic models
249:actuarial science
224:
223:
162:analytical skills
46:Hurricane Katrina
16:(Redirected from
5232:
5160:Social insurance
5115:Friendly society
5007:Health insurance
4835:Short rate table
4583:Catastrophe bond
4484:Lenders mortgage
4245:
4244:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4146:on July 24, 2006
4145:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4111:. Archived from
4099:
4097:
4095:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4066:. Archived from
4050:
4048:
4046:
4041:on June 29, 2006
4040:
4033:
4023:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3956:. Translated by
3955:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3924:. Archived from
3916:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3872:. Archived from
3856:
3850:
3848:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3563:
3553:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:on March 9, 2012
3426:
3415:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3336:. Archived from
3324:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3280:on March 5, 2016
3279:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3245:on June 14, 2006
3225:
3223:
3221:
3212:. Archived from
3200:
3198:
3196:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3008:"Practice areas"
3003:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2824:
2814:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:on March 4, 2012
2727:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2679:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2578:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:. Archived from
2471:
2469:
2467:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:on June 14, 2020
2349:
2347:
2345:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2170:"What Do We Do?"
2165:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1999:The Actuary 2003
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1635:MacGinnitie 1980
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
971:Isaac M. Rubinow
888:James C. Hickman
752:foundations for
598:burial insurance
516:expert witnesses
504:asset management
476:operational risk
385:marine insurance
359:considerations.
289:computer science
267:Responsibilities
240:asset management
202:consulting firms
104:Activity sectors
42:
35:
31:
21:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5176:
5172:Insurance cycle
5135:Fraternal order
5028:
4959:
4953:
4912:Proximate cause
4907:Insurance fraud
4887:General average
4846:Claims adjuster
4788:Risk management
4783:Risk assessment
4747:
4744:
4733:
4699:Prize indemnity
4566:
4514:
4508:
4437:
4398:Over-redemption
4356:
4308:
4299:National health
4240:
4234:
4229:
4192:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4132:
4118:
4116:
4093:
4091:
4073:
4071:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4012:
3984:
3983:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3958:Richard Crawley
3931:
3929:
3905:
3879:
3877:
3876:on July 4, 2015
3846:
3844:
3825:
3823:"Elizur Wright"
3811:
3809:
3805:
3787:"Oswald Jacoby"
3776:
3774:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3712:
3710:
3683:
3681:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3630:
3628:
3627:on May 16, 2015
3603:
3601:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3561:
3542:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3495:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3444:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3397:
3395:
3375:
3373:
3357:
3343:
3341:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:(14): 201â249.
3297:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3262:
3248:
3246:
3219:
3217:
3194:
3192:
3172:
3170:
3169:on June 9, 2007
3147:
3145:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3010:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2980:
2967:
2965:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2922:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2879:
2865:
2863:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2778:
2776:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2714:
2701:
2699:
2687:
2668:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2621:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2586:
2567:
2543:
2541:
2514:
2512:
2494:
2492:
2465:
2463:
2441:
2439:
2413:
2411:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2341:
2322:
2320:
2301:
2299:
2280:
2278:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2221:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2189:
2175:
2173:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2101:
2099:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:, pp. 8â9.
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1274:
1268:CareerCast 2021
1266:
1259:
1253:CareerCast 2019
1251:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1223:CareerCast 2016
1221:
1214:
1208:CareerCast 2014
1206:
1199:
1193:CareerCast 2015
1191:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1105:, pp. 3â4.
1101:
1088:
1080:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1050:Trowbridge 1989
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1004:
998:
993:
962:Frank Redington
949:Robert J. Myers
920:Gaussian copula
904:contract bridge
838:
832:
814:
805:
796:
790:
778:
741:
735:
690:
688:Early actuaries
653:risk management
637:
570:
547:
530:
524:
460:
424:
416:market research
306:
269:
215:
208:
190:
188:
175:
168:
131:
105:
98:
77:
76:Occupation type
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5238:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5193:List of topics
5189:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5078:Burial society
5068:
5067:
5066:
5060:§235â238; §240
5052:§100â105; §126
5044:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Climate change
4994:
4992:United Kingdom
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4937:Underinsurance
4934:
4929:
4927:Self-insurance
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Political risk
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Legal expenses
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Builder's risk
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Business owner
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Universal life
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Long-term care
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4190:External links
4188:
4186:
4185:
4156:
4125:
4100:
4080:
4051:
4024:
4010:
3997:
3966:
3938:
3917:
3903:
3886:
3857:
3818:
3783:
3759:
3719:
3699:Future Fellows
3690:
3668:
3637:
3620:Wired Magazine
3610:
3589:
3566:Future Fellows
3554:
3540:
3523:
3488:
3437:
3404:
3382:
3350:
3340:on May 5, 2015
3325:
3290:
3255:
3226:
3201:
3179:
3154:
3132:
3114:(3): 211â212.
3104:Kendall, David
3100:
3060:
3038:
3004:
2974:
2946:
2915:
2890:(2): 279â301.
2872:
2850:
2825:
2789:Halley, Edmond
2785:
2761:
2738:
2708:
2680:
2666:
2649:
2614:
2597:(145): 45â76.
2579:
2565:
2550:
2521:
2501:
2472:
2448:
2420:
2392:
2371:
2350:
2329:
2308:
2287:
2259:
2232:(2): 165â171.
2226:ASTIN Bulletin
2214:
2198:
2182:
2166:
2135:
2108:
2080:
2064:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 407.
1769:
1765:Needleman 2010
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1625:, p. 168.
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1577:, p. 166.
1567:
1565:, p. 233.
1555:
1553:, p. 235.
1540:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1497:GivingUSA 2009
1489:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1272:
1257:
1242:
1238:CNN Money 2017
1227:
1212:
1197:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
1086:
1069:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1014:
1012:
1009:
997:
994:
992:
991:
987:
981:
974:
968:
965:
959:
952:
946:
942:
939:William Morgan
936:
933:
927:
916:
911:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
860:
854:
846:
839:
831:
828:
813:
810:
804:
801:
792:Main article:
789:
786:
777:
774:
765:finance theory
737:Main article:
734:
731:
701:Equitable Life
689:
686:
636:
633:
569:
568:Early attempts
566:
557:financial risk
546:
543:
536:Mathematician
523:
520:
512:securitization
459:
456:
423:
420:
408:stress testing
365:auto insurance
357:cost of living
341:long-term care
325:life insurance
305:
302:
268:
265:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
193:
191:
186:
183:
182:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
163:
160:
155:
150:
144:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
106:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
80:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5237:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:United States
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4881:Force majeure
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4802:Value of life
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Interest rate
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Inland marine
4530:
4528:
4527:GAP insurance
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:Communication
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Unitised fund
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Mortgage life
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3981:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:September 24,
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2544:September 24,
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2160:September 14,
2152:
2148:
2147:Pension Forum
2141:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2065:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1939:Chaptman 2006
1935:
1929:, p. 38.
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1867:Prevosto 2000
1863:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1717:Hennessy 2003
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1693:Feldblum 2001
1689:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1647:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1623:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1575:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1523:, p. 14.
1522:
1521:Sweeting 2011
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1422:Feldblum 2001
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:Feldblum 2001
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:Johnston 1903
1061:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
988:
985:
984:Elizur Wright
982:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
950:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
921:
917:
915:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
897:Oswald Jacoby
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:Edmond Halley
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:Harald Cramér
855:
852:
847:
844:
841:
840:
837:
827:
825:
820:
809:
800:
795:
785:
781:
773:
771:
766:
761:
759:
755:
749:
747:
740:
730:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
683:
682:Edmond Halley
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
641:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:social stigma
580:
575:
565:
562:
558:
553:
539:
534:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
437:distributions
434:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
260:
258:
252:
250:
245:
241:
237:
236:balance sheet
233:
229:
220:
217:
211:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
184:
181:
177:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
134:
128:
125:
123:
122:pension plans
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
101:
95:
94:mathematician
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5191:
5184:
5130:Credit union
5096:
5089:
5070:
4942:Underwriting
4897:Insurability
4879:
4858:Co-insurance
4828:
4824:Cancellation
4767:
4615:Catastrophic
4600:Climate risk
4428:Trade credit
4177:. Retrieved
4166:
4148:. Retrieved
4141:the original
4136:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:the original
4108:
4092:. Retrieved
4072:. Retrieved
4068:the original
4059:
4043:. Retrieved
4036:the original
4001:
3978:
3971:. Retrieved
3951:
3930:. Retrieved
3926:the original
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3865:
3852:
3845:. Retrieved
3829:
3810:. Retrieved
3803:the original
3794:
3790:
3789:. Obituary.
3775:. Retrieved
3766:
3754:
3747:. Retrieved
3731:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3702:
3698:
3682:. Retrieved
3676:
3660:. Retrieved
3652:
3648:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3618:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3581:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3565:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3503:
3499:
3480:. Retrieved
3452:
3448:
3431:February 27,
3429:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3417:
3409:
3396:. Retrieved
3390:
3374:. Retrieved
3365:
3361:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3333:
3317:. Retrieved
3305:
3301:
3282:. Retrieved
3275:the original
3270:
3266:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:the original
3238:
3234:
3220:February 27,
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3193:. Retrieved
3187:
3173:November 30,
3171:. Retrieved
3167:the original
3162:
3146:. Retrieved
3140:
3111:
3107:
3081:
3074:. Retrieved
3050:
3030:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3014:
2998:February 27,
2996:. Retrieved
2989:the original
2968:February 27,
2966:. Retrieved
2962:the original
2953:
2938:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2926:
2907:. Retrieved
2887:
2883:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:The Guardian
2858:
2842:. Retrieved
2830:
2802:
2796:
2777:. Retrieved
2768:
2753:. Retrieved
2730:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2718:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2691:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2629:
2625:
2606:. Retrieved
2594:
2590:
2555:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2533:
2529:
2513:. Retrieved
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2480:
2464:. Retrieved
2455:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2428:CAS Overview
2427:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2399:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2300:. Retrieved
2296:the original
2279:. Retrieved
2266:
2251:. Retrieved
2229:
2225:
2206:. Retrieved
2190:. Retrieved
2174:. Retrieved
2158:. Retrieved
2146:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2087:
2072:. Retrieved
2056:. Retrieved
2035:Coleman 2003
2030:
2023:Stearns 1905
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1977:, p. 8.
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1915:Kendall 1983
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1852:Muckart 2010
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1777:Norberg 1990
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1601:, p. 4.
1599:Hickman 2004
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1485:Perkins 1995
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1424:, p. 8.
1417:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1135:, p. 6.
1118:Heywood 1985
1067:, §475â§476.
1052:, p. 7.
1045:
1033:
1005:
945:whole.
926:(CDOs)
870:James Dodson
815:
806:
803:Exam support
797:
782:
779:
762:
750:
742:
726:Acta Senatus
724:
721:Roman senate
712:
708:
693:James Dodson
691:
650:
618:
594:Roman empire
587:
571:
548:
497:
461:
452:
445:
425:
397:
361:
345:demographics
310:
307:
270:
261:
257:actual steps
253:
238:and require
227:
225:
214:Related jobs
141:Competencies
89:statistician
44:Damage from
29:
5165:Trade union
5120:Cooperative
4793:Uncertainty
4652:Index-based
4620:Multi-peril
4578:Reinsurance
4537:Public auto
4442:Residential
4179:December 8,
4137:The Actuary
4060:The Actuary
3973:October 28,
3932:December 8,
3866:The Actuary
3777:January 10,
3649:The Actuary
3334:The Actuary
2855:"Actuaries"
2844:January 10,
2755:December 8,
2702:January 10,
2495:January 11,
2466:December 5,
2386:December 5,
2365:December 5,
2344:January 10,
2281:December 5,
2263:"Actuaries"
2208:December 5,
2202:"Exam FAQs"
2192:December 5,
2176:December 5,
2088:The Actuary
2074:December 7,
2069:"About ASB"
2058:December 8,
2044:Works cited
1975:Ogborn 1973
1963:Salmon 2009
1903:Cramér 1946
1837:Sieger 1998
1753:Kiviat 2008
1741:Shavin 2014
1681:D'Arcy 1989
1659:Whelan 2002
1563:Ogborn 1956
1551:Ogborn 1956
1536:Halley 1693
1470:Wagner 2006
1458:Krutov 2006
1446:Stefan 2010
1434:Mungan 2002
1410:D'Arcy 2005
1371:Gillam 1991
1163:Thomas 2012
986:(1804â1885)
973:(1875â1936)
964:(1906â1984)
951:(1912â2010)
941:(1750â1833)
932:(1731â1778)
914:David X. Li
899:(1902â1984)
890:(1927â2006)
881:(1656â1742)
859:(1893â1985)
845:(1773â1838)
661:John Graunt
621:Demosthenes
588:Elementary
502:advice and
472:Solvency II
379:insurance,
377:malpractice
304:Disciplines
283:, but also
277:probability
219:Underwriter
148:Mathematics
136:Description
117:reinsurance
54:reinsurance
5209:Categories
4960:by country
4958:Insurance
4932:Total loss
4853:Deductible
4814:Cash value
4758:Act of God
4743:Insurance
4657:Parametric
4637:Expatriate
4513:Transport/
4479:Landlords'
4464:Earthquake
4352:Whole life
4272:Disability
3960:. Greece.
3942:Thucydides
3913:2011025050
3398:January 7,
3362:The Record
2765:"About us"
2719:Giving USA
2676:2001088378
2442:August 14,
1927:Lewin 2007
1729:Kurtz 2013
1509:Thucydides
1178:Weber 2013
1148:Riley 2013
1103:Lewin 2007
1000:See also:
834:See also:
669:life table
606:columbÄria
590:mutual aid
526:See also:
500:investment
492:insolvency
441:parameters
205:government
189:employment
153:statistics
84:Profession
62:Occupation
5106:Syndicate
5072:Collegium
4967:Australia
4922:Risk pool
4892:Indemnity
4863:Copayment
4797:Knightian
4709:Terrorism
4679:Liability
4547:Satellite
4408:Pollution
4332:Term life
4241:insurance
4239:Types of
4232:Insurance
4119:April 24,
4094:April 26,
3987:cite book
3944:(2009) .
3880:April 27,
3532:Routledge
3517:April 27,
3482:April 27,
3186:. Money.
3120:0035-9238
3090:cite book
3044:(1932) .
2909:April 29,
2821:186214203
2779:April 29,
2732:August 4,
2575:185436716
2515:April 14,
2509:CNN Money
2424:"History"
2323:April 27,
2302:April 26,
2129:April 29,
2011:CASF 2008
1587:Slud 2006
1082:Loan 1992
1011:Citations
614:assurance
353:inflation
329:annuities
321:morbidity
317:mortality
285:economics
244:liability
187:Fields of
112:Insurance
18:Actuaries
5186:Category
5064:§275â277
4982:Pakistan
4830:Pro rata
4719:War risk
4684:No-fault
4595:Casualty
4552:Shipping
4522:Aviation
4499:Renters'
4494:Property
4489:Mortgage
4459:Contents
4433:Umbrella
4393:Fidelity
4361:Business
4257:Accident
4173:Archived
4150:June 28,
4045:June 28,
4020:92048819
3847:June 10,
3842:05011051
3812:March 5,
3749:June 28,
3740:Archived
3713:July 20,
3604:July 20,
3550:94042650
3508:Archived
3473:Archived
3469:41139195
3344:June 13,
3319:June 28,
3310:Archived
3284:July 20,
3249:June 26,
3076:June 26,
3070:32007692
2940:June 28,
2900:Archived
2791:(1693).
2608:June 28,
2599:Archived
2414:June 12,
2253:June 28,
2244:Archived
2151:Archived
2114:(2014).
1951:SOA 1984
1879:CAS 2001
1801:CAS 2022
1789:SOA 2018
1395:ASB 2022
1323:AIA 2014
1311:GAO 2000
468:Basel II
439:and the
428:reserves
273:calculus
50:reserves
5111:Benefit
5098:Digesta
5034:History
4768:Actuary
4724:Weather
4714:Tuition
4704:Takaful
4632:Deposit
4562:Vehicle
4074:May 15,
3684:May 15,
3148:May 15,
3128:2981652
2954:Student
2696:LXXVIII
2643:July 5,
2452:"Exams"
709:actuary
677:annuity
629:florins
522:History
484:reserve
313:pension
275:-based
228:actuary
158:finance
70:Actuary
33:Actuary
4987:Serbia
4947:Profit
4819:Broker
4745:policy
4557:Travel
4542:Marine
4449:Boiler
4423:Surety
4267:Dental
4249:Health
4018:
4008:
3964:
3911:
3901:
3840:
3826:(text)
3773:. 2018
3678:Forbes
3662:May 1,
3631:May 1,
3583:May 4,
3548:
3538:
3467:
3376:May 4,
3372:: 1â27
3195:May 4,
3126:
3118:
3068:
3058:
2866:May 4,
2819:
2775:. 2015
2773:Gov.uk
2698:: 1â40
2674:
2664:
2573:
2563:
2511:. 2017
2462:. 2022
2102:May 1,
958:
910:
853:
665:cohort
659:named
657:draper
625:Sicily
610:surety
561:Credit
552:barter
490:, and
480:credit
355:, and
339:, and
319:risk,
5083:Guild
4977:India
4972:China
4841:Claim
4647:Group
4627:Cyber
4605:Crime
4571:Other
4504:Title
4469:Flood
4144:(PDF)
4133:(PDF)
4039:(PDF)
4032:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3743:(PDF)
3736:(PDF)
3727:(PDF)
3655:(8).
3645:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3562:(PDF)
3511:(PDF)
3496:(PDF)
3476:(PDF)
3465:JSTOR
3445:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3414:(PDF)
3368:(3).
3358:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3298:(PDF)
3278:(PDF)
3271:LXVII
3263:(PDF)
3124:JSTOR
3026:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2992:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2934:(PDF)
2923:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2880:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2817:S2CID
2749:(PDF)
2726:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2622:(PDF)
2602:(PDF)
2595:LXXVI
2587:(PDF)
2247:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
990:paid.
715:, of
488:asset
67:Names
5056:§234
4778:Risk
4748:and
4610:Crop
4474:Home
4368:Bond
4314:Life
4181:2022
4152:2006
4121:2013
4096:2015
4076:2015
4047:2006
4016:LCCN
4006:ISBN
3993:link
3975:2014
3962:ISBN
3934:2022
3909:LCCN
3899:ISBN
3882:2015
3849:2015
3838:LCCN
3814:2016
3779:2018
3751:2006
3715:2015
3686:2015
3664:2015
3633:2015
3606:2015
3585:2015
3546:LCCN
3536:ISBN
3519:2011
3484:2011
3433:2012
3400:2010
3378:2015
3346:2013
3321:2006
3286:2015
3251:2006
3222:2012
3197:2015
3175:2006
3150:2015
3142:Time
3116:ISSN
3096:link
3078:2006
3066:LCCN
3056:ISBN
3034:2017
3000:2012
2970:2012
2942:2006
2911:2015
2868:2015
2846:2021
2781:2015
2757:2022
2734:2011
2704:2021
2672:LCCN
2662:ISBN
2645:2007
2630:XCII
2610:2006
2571:OCLC
2561:ISBN
2546:2017
2517:2020
2497:2008
2481:News
2468:2022
2444:2011
2416:2013
2388:2022
2367:2022
2346:2018
2325:2015
2304:2015
2283:2022
2255:2006
2210:2022
2194:2022
2178:2022
2162:2008
2131:2015
2104:2015
2076:2022
2060:2022
713:acts
675:and
645:life
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