68:
451:
506:
25:
546:
536:
637:, has been used successfully as a treatment for APL, although it has been withdrawn from the US market due to concerns regarding potential toxicity of the drug and it is not currently marketed in Australia, Canada or the UK. Given in conjunction with ATRA, it produces a response in around 84% of patients with APL, which is comparable to the rate seen in patients treated with ATRA and anthracycline-based therapy. It produces less
526:
665:. In the 2000, European APL study, the 2-year relapse rate for those that did not receive consolidation chemotherapy (ATRA not included) therapy was 27% compared to 11% in those that did receive consolidation therapy (p<0.01). Likewise, in the 2000 US APL study, the survival rates in those receiving ATRA maintenance was 61% compared to just 36% without ATRA maintenance.
182:(ATRA; also known as tretinoin) therapy. Acute promyelocytic leukemia was first characterized in 1957 by French and Norwegian physicians as a hyperacute fatal illness, with a median survival time of less than a week. Today, prognoses have drastically improved; 10-year survival rates are estimated to be approximately 80-90% according to one study.
1529:
567:. Treatment with ATRA dissociates the NCOR-HDAC complex from RAR and allows DNA transcription and differentiation of the immature leukemic promyelocytes into mature granulocytes by targeting the oncogenic transcription factor and its aberrant action. Unlike other chemotherapies, ATRA does not directly kill the
1574:
Fenaux, P; Chastang, C; Chevret, S; Sanz, M; Dombret, H; Archimbaud, E; Fey, M; Rayon, C; Huguet, F; Sotto, JJ; Gardin, C; Makhoul, PC; Travade, P; Solary, E; Fegueux, N; Bordessoule, D; Miguel, JS; Link, H; Desablens, B; Stamatoullas, A; Deconinck, E; Maloisel, F; Castaigne, S; Preudhomme, C; Degos,
768:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia represents 10–12% of AML cases. The median age is approximately 30–40 years, which is considerably younger than the other subtypes of AML (70 years), however in elderly population APL has peculiar characteristics. Incidence is higher among individuals of Latin
American or
736:
Prognosis is generally good relative to other leukemias. Because of the acuteness of onset compared to other leukemias, early death is comparatively more common. If untreated, it has median survival of less than a month. It has been transformed from a highly fatal disease to a highly curable one. The
644:
According to recent updates, the combination of ATRA and arsenic trioxide (ATO) is now preferred for induction therapy in many cases, offering at least as effective results with fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. In cases of relapse, options include re-treatment with ATO or the
1065:
Adès, L; Guerci, A; Raffoux, E; Sanz, M; Chevallier, P; Lapusan, S; Recher, C; Thomas, X; Rayon, C; Castaigne, S; Tournilhac, O; de Botton, S; Ifrah, N; Cahn JY; Solary E; Gardin, C; Fegeux, N; Bordessoule, D; Ferrant, A; Meyer-Monard, S; Vey, N; Dombret, H; Degos, L; Chevret, S; Fenaux, P; European
1339:
Hence, ATRA-ATO for induction and consolidation has emerged as the new standard of care for patients with low-(to-intermediate) risk acute promyelocytic leukemia. ATRA-ATO therapy is also a reasonable choice for patients with severe comorbidities, older adults, patients with cardiac dysfunction who
756:
Relapse rates are extremely low. Most deaths following remission are from other causes, such as second malignancies, which in one study occurred in 8% of patients. In this study, second malignancies accounted for 41% of deaths, and heart disease, 29%. Survival rates were 88% at 6.3 years and 82% at
2060:
Shetty, Aditya Vittal; Ravandi, Farhad; Alapati, Naga; Borthakur, Gautam; Garcia-Manero, Guillermo; Kadia, Tapan M.; Wierda, William; Estrov, Zeev; Pierce, Sherry (2014-12-06). "Survivorship in APL- Outcomes of Acute
Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Patients (pts) after Maintaining Complete Remission
2287:
Elliott, MA; Letendre, L; Tefferi, A; Hogan, WJ; Hook, C; Kaufmann, SH; Pruthi, RK; Pardanani, A; Begna, KH; Ashrani, AA; Wolanskyj, AP; Al-Kali, A; Litzow, MR (March 2012). "Therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia: observations relating to APL pathogenesis and therapy".
741:. Early death from hemorrhage occurs in 5–10% of patients in countries with adequate access to healthcare and 20–30% of patients in less developed countries. Risk factors for early death due to hemorrhage include delayed diagnosis, late treatment initiation, and high
1340:
cannot tolerate anthracycline-based regimens or overall poor functional status. Maintenance therapy after the initial consolidation is widely debated. Maintenance may not be necessary for patients receiving intensive induction/consolidation including ATO.
668:
However, recent research on consolidation therapy following ATRA-ATO, which became the standard treatment in 2013, has found that maintenance therapy in low-risk patients following this therapy may be unnecessary, although this is controversial.
67:
2522:
Sanz, Miguel A.; Grimwade, David; Tallman, Martin S.; Lowenberg, Bob; Fenaux, Pierre; Estey, Elihu H.; Naoe, Tomoki; Lengfelder, Eva; Büchner, Thomas; Döhner, Hartmut; Burnett, Alan K.; Lo-Coco, Francesco (2009).
1575:
L (August 1999). "A Randomized
Comparison of All Transretinoic Acid (ATRA) Followed by Chemotherapy and ATRA Plus Chemotherapy and the Role of Maintenance Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia".
2123:
Rosati, Serena; Gurnari, Carmelo; Breccia, Massimo; Carmosino, Ida; Scalzulli, Emilia; Montefusco, Enrico; Perrone, Salvatore; Annibali, Ombretta; Martini, Vincenza; Trapè, Giulio; Colafigli, Gioia (2021-11-02).
2408:
2393:
571:. ATRA induces the terminal differentiation of the leukemic promyelocytes, after which these differentiated malignant cells undergo spontaneous apoptosis on their own. ATRA alone is capable of inducing
419:
binds with enhanced affinity to sites on the cell's DNA, blocking transcription and differentiation of granulocytes. It does so by enhancing interaction of nuclear co-repressor (NCOR) molecule and
1610:
Tallman, MS; Andersen, JW; Schiffer, CA; Appelbaum, FR; Feusner, JH; Woods, WG; Ogden, A; Weinstein, H; Shepherd, L; Willman, C; Bloomfield, CD; Rowe, JM; Wiernik, PH (December 2002).
1193:"Fusion between a novel KrĂĽppel-like zinc finger gene and the retinoic acid receptor-alpha locus due to a variant t(11;17) translocation associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia"
1354:"Clinical and biological features of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients developing retinoic acid syndrome during induction treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and idarubicin"
404:) genes. Some of these rearrangements are ATRA-sensitive or have unknown sensitivity to ATRA because they are so rare; STAT5B/RARA and PLZF/RARA are known to be resistant to ATRA.
745:
on admission. Despite advances in treatment, early death rates have remained relatively constant, as described by several groups including Scott McClellan, Bruno
Medeiros, and
478:) on the peripheral blood smear is highly suggestive of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Definitive diagnosis requires testing for the PML/RARA fusion gene. This may be done by
599:)-based chemotherapy. Both chemotherapies result in a clinical remission in approximately 90% of patients with arsenic trioxide having a more favorable side effect profile.
3380:
3203:
2191:"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia in patients originating in Latin America and is associated with an increased frequency of the bcr1 subtype of the PML/RARalpha fusion gene"
1352:
Breccia, M; Latagliata, R; Carmosino, I; Cannella, L; Diverio, D; Guarini, A; De
Propris, MS; Petti, MC; Avvisati, G; Cimino, G; Mandelli, F; Lo-Coco, F (December 2008).
688:) is currently being evaluated for treatment of relapsed/refractory disease. Remission with arsenic trioxide has been reported. Studies have shown arsenic reorganizes
1948:"Early hemorrhagic death before starting therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia: association with high WBC count, late diagnosis and delayed treatment initiation"
1508:
2423:
4124:
2683:
575:
but it is short-lived in the absence of concurrent "traditional" chemotherapy. As of 2013 the standard of treatment for concurrent chemotherapy has become
4104:
4100:
3338:
1068:"Very long-term outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy: the European APL Group experience"
359:
1612:"All-transretinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term outcome and prognostic factor analysis from the North American Intergroup protocol"
3124:
2003:
McClellan, James Scott; Kohrt, Holbrook E.; Coutre, Steven; Gotlib, Jason R.; Majeti, Ravindra; Alizadeh, Ash A.; Medeiros, Bruno C. (2012-01-01).
831:
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1697:
1533:
2612:
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2983:
2693:
1807:"Valproic acid induces differentiation and transient tumor regression, but spares leukemia-initiating activity in mouse models of APL"
857:
3331:
3104:
450:
249:
2760:
653:
After stable remission was induced, the standard of care previously was to undergo 2 years of maintenance chemotherapy with
3269:
2189:
Douer, D; Santillana, S; Ramezani, L; Samanez, C; Slovak, ML; Lee, MS; Watkins, K; Williams, T; Vallejos, C (August 2003).
1946:
Breccia, Massimo; Latagliata, Roberto; Cannella, Laura; Minotti, Clara; Meloni, Giovanna; Lo-Coco, Francesco (2010-05-01).
1754:
Martens, JH; Brinkman, AB; Simmer, F; Francoijs, KJ; Nebbioso, A; Ferrara, F; Altucci, L; Stunnenberg, HG (February 2010).
1805:
Leiva, M; Moretti, S; Soilihi, H; Pallavicini, I; Peres, L; Mercurio, C; Dal Zuffo, R; Minucci, S; de Thé, H (July 2012).
724:
in treating APL. According to one study, a cinnamon extract has effect on the apoptotic process in acute myeloid leukemia
4020:
3119:
2434:
1434:
Ravandi, F; Estey, EH; Appelbaum, FR; Lo-Coco, F; Schiffer, CA; Larson, RA; Burnett, AK; Kantarjian, HM (November 2012).
1848:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce remission in transgenic models of therapy-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia"
3324:
1500:
483:
347:
4010:
2525:"Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: Recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European Leukemia
3593:
2844:
2605:
2572:
PDQ Adult
Treatment Editorial Board (2002–2020). "Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version".
462:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia can be distinguished from other types of AML based on microscopic examination of the
438:
produces a subtype of APL that is unresponsive to tretinoin therapy and less responsive to standard anthracycline
4151:
3992:
3935:
3525:
3109:
3020:
2849:
470:
or biopsy as well as finding the characteristic rearrangement. The presence of promyelocytes containing multiple
3986:
3925:
3863:
3193:
824:
3480:
2961:
2822:
2720:
1398:
Kotiah, SD; Besa, EC (3 June 2013). Sarkodee-Adoo, C; Talavera, F; Sacher, RA; McKenna, R; Besa, EC (eds.).
1164:
Kotiah, SD; Besa, EC (3 June 2013). Sarkodee-Adoo, C; Talavera, F; Sacher, RA; McKenna, R; Besa, EC (eds.).
905:
Kotiah, SD; Besa, EC (3 June 2013). Sarkodee-Adoo, C; Talavera, F; Sacher, RA; McKenna, R; Besa, EC (eds.).
3929:
3877:
3569:
3509:
3444:
3422:
3301:
3236:
2772:
692:
and degrades the mutant PML-RAR fusion protein. Arsenic also increases caspase activity which then induces
505:
308:
167:
4120:
4108:
3488:
3375:
3286:
3067:
3003:
2951:
2939:
2710:
2678:
2598:
324:
2507:
769:
South
European origin. It can also occur as a secondary malignancy in those that receive treatment with
454:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia may also have a hypogranular variant, which can have very scant Auer rods.
3867:
3565:
3561:
3198:
2965:
1897:"The effect of aqueous cinnamon extract on the apoptotic process in acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells"
853:
828:
1483:
4034:
3996:
3795:
3630:
3013:
2904:
623:
479:
163:
2331:
Rashidi, A; Fisher, SI (2013). "Therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia: a systematic review".
3484:
3089:
3055:
2755:
2625:
2445:
603:
295:
4050:
4042:
4028:
4014:
3972:
3893:
3605:
2782:
1399:
1165:
906:
738:
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556:
427:
is believed to be the initiating event, additional mutations are required for the development of
175:
1895:
Assadollahi V, Parivar K, Roudbari NH, Khalatbary AR, Motamedi M, Ezatpour B, Dashti GR (2013).
3496:
3347:
3259:
3045:
2929:
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2812:
2745:
2668:
786:
494:
of peripheral blood or bone marrow. This mutation involves a translocation of the long arms of
143:
1498:
579:, which combined with ATRA is referred to ATRA-ATO; before 2013 the standard of treatment was
190:
The symptoms tend to be similar to AML in general with the following being possible symptoms:
3296:
662:
634:
3851:
3776:
3715:
3521:
3218:
3208:
3114:
2590:
2005:"Treatment advances have not improved the early death rate in acute promyelocytic leukemia"
1242:
812:
742:
572:
467:
307:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the
1658:"Complete remission after treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide"
8:
4024:
3837:
3471:
2412:
1548:
750:
713:
630:
499:
498:
and 17. On rare occasions, a cryptic translocation may occur which cannot be detected by
420:
785:
representing the majority of such patients. Around 40% of patients with APL also have a
78:
smear from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia, showing characteristic abnormal
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1532:(Press release). United States Food and Drug Administration. 2017-09-17. Archived from
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2155:
2126:"Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in very old patients: real-life behind protocols"
2078:
2042:
2024:
1985:
1967:
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1828:
1787:
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1679:
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2317:
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1117:"Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future"
1101:
1013:"Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future"
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2202:
2145:
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2070:
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2016:
1975:
1959:
1918:
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1859:
1818:
1777:
1767:
1728:
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1623:
1584:
1455:
1447:
1365:
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1212:
1204:
1136:
1128:
1079:
1032:
1024:
982:
945:
770:
677:
641:
than anthracycline-based treatments and hence may be preferable in these patients.
611:
576:
220:
2141:
2074:
1732:
4095:
3684:
3274:
2545:
2524:
2496:
2450:
2255:
2020:
1963:
1084:
1067:
835:
568:
395:
391:
335:, a translocation denoted as t(15;17)(q22;q21). The RAR receptor is dependent on
16:
Subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia characterised by accumulation of promyelocytes
2125:
1674:
1657:
1609:
1316:
3769:
3735:
3730:
3405:
2573:
2461:
2097:
1628:
1611:
760:
In another study, 10-year survival rate was estimated to be approximately 77%.
689:
658:
638:
416:
2402:
2344:
1772:
1756:"PML-RARa/RXR Alters the Epigenetic Landscape in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia"
1755:
1351:
4145:
3964:
3764:
3725:
3720:
3648:
3634:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3554:
3459:
3437:
3432:
3410:
2869:
2801:
2159:
2082:
2028:
1971:
1913:
1753:
1698:"Arsenic Compound Improves Survival in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Patients"
1588:
1499:
The
American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team (2024-06-06).
1451:
782:
774:
717:
615:
580:
495:
355:
336:
332:
316:
174:) gene and is distinguished from other forms of AML by its responsiveness to
115:
3759:
3666:
3662:
3542:
3530:
3514:
3502:
3492:
3395:
3316:
3184:
3173:
2583:
2564:
2352:
2309:
2273:
2216:
2167:
2046:
1989:
1932:
1881:
1832:
1791:
1740:
1637:
1596:
1469:
1379:
1370:
1353:
1328:
1298:
1150:
1093:
1046:
994:
959:
701:
654:
596:
584:
491:
475:
439:
245:
239:
159:
155:
79:
2188:
1804:
1683:
1433:
1279:
1262:
1226:
3781:
3752:
3747:
3644:
3153:
2639:
2286:
793:
or isochromosome 17 which do not appear to impact on long-term outcomes.
588:
463:
435:
323:
gene on chromosome 17 is involved in a reciprocal translocation with the
289:
255:
232:
75:
2571:
1823:
1806:
1289:
1132:
1028:
502:; on these occasions PCR testing is essential to confirm the diagnosis.
3901:
3897:
3703:
3449:
3427:
3417:
2150:
1547:
Kotiah, SD (28 October 2013). Anand, J; Braden, CD; Harris, JE (eds.).
1251:
Last author update: 1 February 2013 Last staff update: 29 November 2022
721:
592:
442:
hence leading to poorer long-term outcomes in this subset of patients.
415:
results in expression of a hybrid protein with altered functions. This
342:
Eight other rare gene rearrangements have been described in APL fusing
267:
92:
2555:
2385:
1782:
781:) due to the carcinogenic effects of these agents, with patients with
3742:
3698:
3390:
3385:
2657:
2491:
2467:
1863:
1573:
1263:"Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia"
790:
778:
693:
564:
545:
471:
279:
1894:
535:
3858:
3808:
3804:
3676:
3355:
3142:
2883:
2734:
2502:
428:
96:
3911:
3694:
3367:
2992:
2918:
2621:
2472:
1064:
607:
525:
368:
213:
2439:
1945:
618:. The etiology of retinoic acid syndrome has been attributed to
3099:
2648:
2633:
2397:
1530:"FDA approves Mylotarg for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia"
973:
Hillestad, LK (November 1957). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia".
382:
373:
195:
147:
4000:
3939:
3915:
3845:
3034:
2122:
2059:
737:
cause of early death is most commonly severe bleeding, often
725:
704:, is licensed for use as a treatment for ATRA-resistant APL.
697:
696:. It does reduce the relapse rate for high risk patients. In
661:
and ATRA. A significant portion of patients relapsed without
400:
377:
226:
3204:
Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis
2620:
2521:
1846:
He LZ; Tolentino T; Grayson P; et al. (November 2001).
1656:
Soignet SL, Maslak P, Wang ZG, et al. (November 1998).
712:
Some evidence supports the potential therapeutic utility of
125:
Develops in about 600 to 800 people per year (United States)
4046:
4038:
3982:
3968:
3943:
3871:
3841:
3831:
1011:
Coombs, C. C.; Tavakkoli, M.; Tallman, M. S. (2015-04-17).
2002:
602:
ATRA therapy is associated with the unique side effect of
3827:
1845:
1400:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment & Management"
423:(HDAC). Although the chromosomal translocation involving
555:
APL is unique among leukemias due to its sensitivity to
154:. In APL, there is an abnormal accumulation of immature
1719:
Miwako, I; Kagechika, H (August 2007). "Tamibarotene".
1260:
809:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings:
1010:
2095:
1718:
934:"Curative strategies in acute promyelocytic leukemia"
2375:
2330:
1317:"Cancer, Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute (APL, APML)"
1239:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for findings:
1166:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Clinical Presentation"
360:
signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b
1397:
1261:Francesco Lo-Coco, M.D.; et al. (July 2013).
1163:
904:
1655:
1549:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukema Treatment Protocols"
1501:"Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)"
672:
645:targeted drug gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg).
510:Hypogranular variant of APL. Giemsa stain, 1000x.
4143:
3125:Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia
2098:"Chapter 124: Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults"
829:PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database)
2788:Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia
2240:"Therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia"
1651:
1649:
1647:
262:Easy bleeding from low platelets may include:
4086:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
3332:
2606:
2575:Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)
2100:. In Bast, RC; Kufe, DW; Pollock, RE (eds.).
972:
931:
606:. This is associated with the development of
3346:
1345:
1315:Cingam, Shashank R.; Koshy, Nebu V. (2018),
1240:
1191:Chen Z, Brand NJ, et al. (March 1993).
810:
3908:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
1644:
1436:"Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: Time to Resurrect?"
1314:
1243:"Bone marrow neoplastic, APL with PML-RARA"
1060:
1058:
1056:
925:
366:), protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (
3339:
3325:
2613:
2599:
2237:
1546:
1488:. Pharmaceutical Press. 23 September 2011.
231:Infection as a result of low neutrophils (
2554:
2544:
2263:
2206:
2149:
2036:
1979:
1922:
1912:
1871:
1822:
1781:
1771:
1673:
1627:
1603:
1567:
1459:
1369:
1288:
1278:
1216:
1190:
1140:
1083:
1036:
949:
707:
1254:
1053:
858:National Organization for Rare Disorders
626:from the differentiating promyelocytes.
544:
534:
524:
504:
449:
3105:Refractory anemia with excess of blasts
2104:(5th ed.). Hamilton, ON: BC Decker
1485:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
1393:
1391:
1389:
4144:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
938:Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program
900:
898:
896:
894:
848:
846:
844:
648:
250:disseminated intravascular coagulation
3320:
2594:
1540:
1310:
1308:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
185:
162:. The disease is characterized by a
3270:Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis
1386:
1006:
1004:
563:(ATRA; tretinoin), the acid form of
520:
18:
4021:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
3120:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
2089:
1418:
1157:
1114:
841:
821:Last author update: 1 February 2013
13:
2891:
2578:. National Cancer Institute (US).
1305:
1209:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05757.x
987:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb00124.x
871:
348:promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger
14:
4163:
2371:
1852:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1001:
339:for regulation of transcription.
3594:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
2845:Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
2302:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01727.x
2208:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04480.x
2096:Schiffer, CA; Stone, RM (2000).
66:
23:
3993:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3936:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
3864:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
3526:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
3110:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
3021:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
2850:Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
2761:Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia
2324:
2290:European Journal of Haematology
2280:
2231:
2182:
2116:
2053:
1996:
1939:
1888:
1839:
1798:
1747:
1712:
1690:
1522:
1511:from the original on 2024-07-13
1492:
1476:
1267:New England Journal of Medicine
1233:
1184:
951:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.391
763:
302:
3194:Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
2195:British Journal of Haematology
1108:
966:
932:Tallman MS, Altman JK (2008).
907:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia"
854:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia"
825:File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg
803:
673:Relapsed or refractory disease
319:. In 95% of cases of APL, the
288:Increased menstrual bleeding (
114:Uncontrolled proliferation of
1:
3716:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
3481:1q21.1 copy number variations
2962:Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
2721:Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
2142:10.1080/0284186X.2021.1971291
2075:10.1182/blood.V124.21.954.954
1733:10.1358/dot.2007.43.8.1072615
1115:C C, Coombs (17 April 2015).
796:
398:-binding fold containing 2A (
358:, nuclear matrix associated,
3922:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
3878:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
3570:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
3445:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
3423:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
3302:Biphenotypic acute leukaemia
3237:Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis
2546:10.1182/blood-2008-04-150250
2256:10.3324/haematol.2011.041970
2102:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
2061:(CR) for at Least 3 Years".
2021:10.3324/haematol.2011.046490
1964:10.3324/haematol.2009.017962
1440:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1085:10.1182/blood-2009-07-233387
731:
515:
445:
309:retinoic acid receptor alpha
238:Elevated white blood cells (
168:retinoic acid receptor alpha
132:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
61:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
7:
3489:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
3376:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
2679:Acute myeloblastic leukemia
1675:10.1056/NEJM199811053391901
372:), factor interacting with
325:promyelocytic leukemia gene
10:
4168:
3199:Erythrodermic mastocytosis
2966:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
1629:10.1182/blood-2002-02-0632
298:(intracerebral hemorrhage)
223:) leading to easy bleeding
4064:
4035:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
3957:
3886:
3816:
3803:
3794:
3770:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
3736:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
3731:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
3693:
3675:
3661:
3470:
3363:
3354:
3283:
3256:
3249:
3227:
3182:
3150:
3141:
3086:
3064:
3042:
3033:
3014:Essential thrombocythemia
3000:
2991:
2982:
2948:
2926:
2917:
2882:
2862:
2831:
2809:
2800:
2769:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2632:
2482:
2379:
2345:10.1007/s12032-013-0625-5
2238:Ravandi, F (April 2011).
1773:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.042
1323:, StatPearls Publishing,
480:polymerase chain reaction
164:chromosomal translocation
121:
110:
102:
86:
74:
65:
60:
32:This article needs to be
3510:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
3485:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
3348:Chromosome abnormalities
2626:hematological malignancy
1914:10.4103/2277-9175.108001
1589:10.1182/blood.V94.4.1192
1452:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.0132
1066:APL Group (March 2010).
773:inhibitors (such as the
604:differentiation syndrome
3894:Philadelphia chromosome
3765:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
3726:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
3721:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
3606:22q13 deletion syndrome
3381:2q31.1 microduplication
2783:Philadelphia chromosome
1505:American Cancer Society
787:chromosomal abnormality
739:intracranial hemorrhage
620:capillary leak syndrome
4152:Acute myeloid leukemia
3753:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
3685:Turner syndrome (45,X)
3566:Smith–Magenis syndrome
3562:Miller–Dieker syndrome
3497:1p36 deletion syndrome
1371:10.3324/haematol.13510
743:white blood cell count
708:Investigational agents
700:a synthetic retinoid,
610:, fever, weight gain,
552:
542:
532:
512:
459:
285:Bleeding from the gums
212:Difficulty breathing (
144:acute myeloid leukemia
3760:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
3748:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
3631:Prader–Willi syndrome
3297:Primary myelofibrosis
3229:Systemic mastocytosis
3174:Systemic mastocytosis
1280:10.1056/NEJMoa1300874
663:consolidation therapy
635:gemtuzumab ozogamicin
548:
538:
528:
508:
453:
3852:Mantle cell lymphoma
3522:Cri du chat syndrome
3219:Solitary mastocytoma
3209:Urticaria pigmentosa
3115:Sideroblastic anemia
1121:Blood Cancer Journal
1017:Blood Cancer Journal
614:and is treated with
468:bone marrow aspirate
3838:Follicular lymphoma
1824:10.1038/leu.2012.39
1133:10.1038/bcj.2015.25
1029:10.1038/bcj.2015.25
813:"APL with PML-RARA"
751:Stanford University
716:inhibitors such as
714:histone deacetylase
649:Maintenance therapy
631:monoclonal antibody
500:cytogenetic testing
421:histone deacetylase
4077:Uniparental disomy
4072:Fragile X syndrome
4007:Myxoid liposarcoma
3859:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
3743:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
3621:genomic imprinting
3401:Distal trisomy 10q
3164:Mast cell leukemia
3056:Erythroleukemia/M6
2940:Acute eosinophilic
2483:External resources
1553:Medscape Reference
1404:Medscape Reference
1247:Pathology Outlines
1170:Medscape Reference
911:Medscape Reference
834:2009-03-01 at the
553:
543:
533:
513:
490:, or conventional
460:
186:Signs and symptoms
142:) is a subtype of
4139:
4138:
4091:Marker chromosome
4060:
4059:
3953:
3952:
3790:
3789:
3657:
3656:
3627:Angelman syndrome
3582:DiGeorge syndrome
3550:Jacobsen syndrome
3538:Williams syndrome
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3245:
3244:
3214:Mast cell sarcoma
3169:Mast cell sarcoma
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3100:Refractory anemia
3078:Polycythemia vera
3029:
3028:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2913:
2912:
2878:
2877:
2858:
2857:
2796:
2795:
2729:
2728:
2517:
2516:
2136:(11): 1520–1526.
1622:(13): 4298–4302.
1446:(32): 3921–3923.
1241:Syed Zaidi, M.D.
817:APL with PML-RARA
811:Syed Zaidi, M.D.
521:Initial treatment
388:BCL-6 corepressor
274:Gingival bleeding
152:white blood cells
129:
128:
55:Medical condition
53:
52:
4159:
4082:XX male syndrome
3979:Synovial sarcoma
3856:Multiple myeloma
3824:Burkitt lymphoma
3814:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3704:other karyotypes
3673:
3672:
3455:Cat-eye syndrome
3361:
3360:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3290:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3250:Multiple/unknown
3230:
3187:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3093:
3071:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2955:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2905:Acute basophilic
2898:
2889:
2888:
2838:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2776:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2714:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2539:(9): 1875–1891.
2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2333:Medical Oncology
2328:
2322:
2321:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1864:10.1172/JCI11537
1858:(9): 1321–1330.
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1817:(7): 1630–1637.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1583:(4): 1192–1200.
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1431:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1078:(9): 1690–1696.
1062:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1008:
999:
998:
970:
964:
963:
953:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
902:
869:
868:
866:
864:
850:
839:
820:
807:
771:topoisomerase II
678:Arsenic trioxide
624:cytokine release
612:peripheral edema
577:arsenic trioxide
221:thrombocytopenia
70:
58:
57:
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4096:Ring chromosome
4056:
3949:
3882:
3786:
3702:
3689:
3653:
3466:
3365:
3350:
3345:
3315:
3306:
3284:
3279:
3275:Myeloid sarcoma
3257:
3241:
3228:
3223:
3183:
3178:
3151:
3129:
3087:
3082:
3065:
3060:
3043:
3025:
3001:
2970:
2949:
2944:
2927:
2909:
2892:
2874:
2854:
2832:
2827:
2810:
2792:
2770:
2765:
2743:
2725:
2708:
2703:
2666:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2478:
2477:
2388:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2329:
2325:
2285:
2281:
2236:
2232:
2187:
2183:
2130:Acta Oncologica
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2058:
2054:
2001:
1997:
1944:
1940:
1893:
1889:
1844:
1840:
1803:
1799:
1752:
1748:
1717:
1713:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1662:N. Engl. J. Med
1654:
1645:
1608:
1604:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1432:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1387:
1364:(12): 1918–20.
1350:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1259:
1255:
1238:
1234:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1162:
1158:
1113:
1109:
1063:
1054:
1009:
1002:
971:
967:
930:
926:
916:
914:
903:
872:
862:
860:
852:
851:
842:
838:(Public Domain)
836:Wayback Machine
822:
808:
804:
799:
766:
734:
710:
687:
683:
675:
651:
569:malignant cells
523:
518:
448:
396:oligosaccharide
392:oligonucleotide
305:
260:
219:Low platelets (
188:
56:
49:
43:
40:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4093:
4088:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4032:
4018:
4004:
3990:
3976:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3933:
3919:
3905:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3861:
3849:
3835:
3820:
3818:
3811:
3798:
3796:Translocations
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3406:Patau syndrome
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2405:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:Classification
2373:
2372:External links
2370:
2367:
2366:
2323:
2296:(3): 237–243.
2279:
2250:(4): 493–495.
2230:
2181:
2115:
2088:
2052:
2015:(1): 133–136.
1995:
1958:(5): 853–854.
1938:
1901:Adv Biomed Res
1887:
1838:
1797:
1766:(2): 173–185.
1746:
1727:(8): 563–568.
1721:Drugs of Today
1711:
1689:
1668:(19): 1341–8.
1643:
1602:
1566:
1539:
1536:on 2024-03-07.
1521:
1491:
1475:
1417:
1385:
1344:
1304:
1273:(2): 111–121.
1253:
1232:
1183:
1156:
1107:
1052:
1000:
975:Acta Med Scand
965:
924:
870:
840:
823:Source image:
801:
800:
798:
795:
775:anthracyclines
765:
762:
733:
730:
709:
706:
690:nuclear bodies
685:
681:
674:
671:
659:mercaptopurine
650:
647:
639:cardiotoxicity
522:
519:
517:
514:
496:chromosomes 15
456:Wright's stain
447:
444:
417:fusion protein
407:The fusion of
304:
301:
300:
299:
293:
286:
283:
276:
271:
259:
258:
253:
243:
236:
229:
224:
217:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
192:
187:
184:
166:involving the
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
90:
84:
83:
72:
71:
63:
62:
54:
51:
50:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4164:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:Ewing sarcoma
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3649:Proximal 18q-
3646:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:Down syndrome
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3364:Duplications,
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2870:Histiocytosis
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Myelomonocyte
2799:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Haematologica
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:(4): 563–70.
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Haematologica
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:Haematologica
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Haematologica
1355:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:(3): 1161–7.
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:(3): 189–94.
980:
976:
969:
961:
957:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
859:
855:
849:
847:
845:
837:
833:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:breast cancer
780:
776:
772:
761:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:valproic acid
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:dexamethasone
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:anthracycline
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:retinoic acid
560:
551:
547:
541:
537:
531:
527:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:hybridization
487:
484:fluorescence
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
452:
443:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:nucleophosmin
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
337:retinoic acid
334:
333:chromosome 15
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:chromosome 17
314:
310:
297:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:Nose bleeds (
277:
275:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
183:
181:
180:retinoic acid
179:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:promyelocytes
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
120:
117:
116:promyelocytes
113:
109:
106:~40 years old
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:promyelocytes
77:
73:
69:
64:
59:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3921:
3619:
3493:TAR syndrome
3396:Tetrasomy 9p
3285:
3258:
3185:Mastocytosis
3152:
3088:
3066:
3044:
3002:
2950:
2928:
2893:
2833:
2811:
2771:
2744:
2709:
2698:
2667:
2640:granulocytes
2574:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2501:
2490:
2466:
2455:
2444:
2433:
2422:
2407:
2392:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2133:
2129:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1552:
1542:
1534:the original
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1504:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1332:, retrieved
1320:
1290:11380/980318
1270:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1235:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1075:
1071:
1020:
1016:
978:
974:
968:
941:
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
861:. Retrieved
816:
805:
767:
764:Epidemiology
759:
755:
747:Ash Alizadeh
735:
711:
702:tamibarotene
676:
667:
655:methotrexate
652:
643:
628:
601:
597:mitoxantrone
585:daunorubicin
558:
554:
550:Methotrexate
549:
540:Mitozantrone
539:
529:
509:
492:cytogenetics
485:
476:faggot cells
461:
440:chemotherapy
433:
424:
412:
408:
406:
399:
381:
367:
363:
351:
343:
341:
328:
320:
312:
306:
303:Pathogenesis
261:
246:Coagulopathy
240:leukocytosis
189:
177:
171:
156:granulocytes
139:
135:
131:
130:
41:
33:
3782:46,XX/46,XY
3699:tetrasomies
3645:Distal 18q-
3154:Mastocytoma
2151:2108/278430
2069:(21): 954.
1760:Cancer Cell
1708:(10). 2007.
1023:(4): e304.
757:7.9 years.
589:doxorubicin
436:gene fusion
296:Brain bleed
290:menorrhagia
256:Bicytopenia
248:(including
233:neutropenia
103:Usual onset
76:Bone marrow
3777:45,X/46,XY
3677:Monosomies
3450:Trisomy 22
3428:Trisomy 18
3418:Trisomy 16
3366:including
2638:and other
2556:1765/18239
2457:DiseasesDB
2339:(3): 625.
2108:15 January
1783:2066/84175
1559:14 January
1515:2024-08-19
1410:14 January
1334:2018-12-11
1321:StatPearls
1176:14 January
1127:(4): 304.
917:14 January
797:References
722:vorinostat
593:idarubicin
464:blood film
434:RARA/PLZF
315:) gene on
268:ecchymosis
266:Bruising (
209:Depression
93:Hematology
3695:Trisomies
3472:Deletions
3391:Trisomy 9
3386:Trisomy 8
3368:trisomies
3356:Autosomal
2658:Myelocyte
2624:-related
2492:eMedicine
2468:SNOMED CT
2176:238748395
2160:0284-186X
2083:0006-4971
2029:0390-6078
1972:0390-6078
944:: 391–9.
791:trisomy 8
779:etoposide
732:Prognosis
694:apoptosis
573:remission
565:vitamin A
530:Tretinoin
516:Treatment
472:Auer rods
446:Diagnosis
280:epistaxis
146:(AML), a
122:Frequency
88:Specialty
4146:Category
3817:Lymphoid
3809:lymphoma
3805:Leukemia
3143:CFU-Mast
2884:CFU-Baso
2735:Monocyte
2584:26389377
2565:18812465
2503:Orphanet
2473:28950004
2353:23771799
2318:42345682
2310:22023492
2274:21454880
2225:20065990
2217:12899711
2168:34461798
2047:21993679
1990:20015875
1933:23977653
1882:11696577
1833:22333881
1811:Leukemia
1792:20159609
1741:17925887
1702:Oncology
1638:12393590
1597:10438706
1509:Archived
1470:22987091
1380:18945746
1329:29083825
1299:23841729
1151:25885425
1102:18553186
1094:20018913
1047:25885425
995:13508085
960:19074116
863:March 9,
832:Archived
789:such as
474:(termed
429:leukemia
203:Weakness
97:oncology
44:May 2015
4045:) t (1
3912:RUNX1T1
3887:Myeloid
3708:mosaics
2993:CFU-Meg
2919:CFU-Eos
2756:AMoL/M5
2622:Myeloid
2451:D015473
2429:M9866/3
2361:5454988
2265:3069223
2038:3248942
1981:2864399
1924:3748636
1684:9801394
1555:. WebMD
1461:4874205
1406:. WebMD
1227:8384553
1172:. WebMD
1142:4450325
1038:4450325
913:. WebMD
728:cells.
608:dyspnea
486:in situ
482:(PCR),
369:PRKAR1A
214:dyspnea
200:Fatigue
158:called
150:of the
34:updated
3997:COL1A1
3669:linked
2699:APL/M3
2649:CFU-GM
2634:CFU-GM
2582:
2563:
2497:med/34
2440:102578
2359:
2351:
2316:
2308:
2272:
2262:
2223:
2215:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2081:
2045:
2035:
2027:
1988:
1978:
1970:
1931:
1921:
1907:: 25.
1880:
1873:209432
1870:
1831:
1790:
1739:
1682:
1636:
1595:
1468:
1458:
1378:
1327:
1297:
1225:
1218:413318
1215:
1197:EMBO J
1149:
1139:
1100:
1092:
1045:
1035:
993:
958:
583:(e.g.
383:FIP1L1
374:PAPOLA
364:STAT5B
206:Chills
196:Anemia
148:cancer
111:Causes
4065:Other
4051:FOXO1
4049:; 13
4043:FOXO1
4041:; 13
4027:; 22
4023:t(11
4013:; 16
4011:DDIT3
4009:t(12
4001:PDGFB
3995:t(17
3971:; 22
3967:t(11
3958:Other
3940:RBM15
3924:t(15
3916:RUNX1
3900:; 22
3840:t(14
3035:CFU-E
2863:Other
2835:MD-MP
2533:Blood
2462:34779
2424:ICD-O
2418:205.0
2403:C92.4
2357:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2221:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2063:Blood
1616:Blood
1577:Blood
1098:S2CID
1072:Blood
827:from
726:HL-60
698:Japan
622:from
559:trans
466:or a
401:NABP1
378:CPSF1
331:) on
227:Fever
178:trans
4047:PAX7
4039:PAX3
4037:t(2
3999:;22
3985:;18
3981:t(x
3969:FLI1
3944:MKL1
3942:;22
3938:t(1
3930:RARA
3928:,17
3914:;21
3910:t(8
3896:t(9
3872:NPM1
3866:t(2
3846:BCL2
3844:;18
3830:;14
3826:t(8
2580:PMID
2561:PMID
2446:MeSH
2435:OMIM
2413:9-CM
2349:PMID
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