129:
physician's personal beliefs and practices, placing great importance on his faith in God and personal health and hygiene, as well as his manner with his colleagues, nurses, and patients. Al-Ruhawi emphasizes respect for the physician in patients and visitors, even allowing for a doctor to overrule a patient's wishes when it is necessary for their health to do so. He says that doctors should be placed high in the social hierarchy, with enough pay that they aren't forced into other work, although he also instructs doctors not to flaunt their wealth. Al-Ruhawi says that the fees charged for rich patients should be enough to cover the expenses of poor patients who cannot pay for themselves, as otherwise medical care for both the rich and the poor suffer.
136:, Al-Ruhawi also discusses legislative practices and penalties for false and incompetent doctors. To weed out quacks, he advocates medical exams and licenses, the contents of which would be heavily based on the works of Galen. He encourages doctors to keep records of the patient's symptoms, treatments, and progress, so that it may be reviewed by peers should the patient die under his care. For this reason,
116:
Because contemporary and later
Islamic works have been relatively neglected in analysis, it is difficult to ascertain Al-Ruhawi's impact on later thinkers in the field. Given Al-Ruhawi's extensive research and reliance on older traditions, and the degree to which Islamic medical ethics followed his
128:
is divided into twenty chapters, each dealing with a specific topic of medical ethics. They fall into three general categories: the conduct of the physician, the conduct of the patient, and the conduct of the public at large towards the medical profession and their patients. The text covers a
113:. Despite his thoroughness in citing his influences, Al-Ruhawi notably makes no mention or acknowledgement to any earlier texts that specifically deal with Islamic medical ethics, suggesting that this book may have been the earliest work on the subject.
82:
is primarily an
Islamic text, built upon Islamic beliefs and practices. Due to this strong Islamic influence, a modern scholar has disputed this interpretation, claiming that only a full Muslim could have produced such a text.
58:, the Islamic concept of etiquette and personal ethics, as it is defined in a medical context. One of the earliest texts on Islamic medical ethics, it has been called the "crowning achievement" of early works concerning
144:. Although he admits that patient survival is not always possible and is ultimately up to God, Al-Ruhawi recommends severe penalties for doctors who allow patients to die through negligence, even up to execution.
97:. However, it draws from many other historical traditions as well, especially those of ancient Greece. The book incorporates themes and direct quotes from Greek philosophers such as
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1297:
1464:
411:
1388:
604:
74:
that had split from mainstream
Christianity in 530. Although it is not entirely clear, he was most likely still a Christian when he wrote
54:, a 9th-century physician. The title can be roughly translated "Practical Ethics of the Physician". As the name suggests, it focuses on
1282:
394:
253:
Levey, Martin (1967). "Medical Ethics of
Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhawi's 'Practical Ethics of the Physician'".
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builds on the works of several earlier Muslim and middle-eastern
Christian philosophers and medical authorities, like
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325:
The
Religious Tradition of Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi: the Author of the First Medical Ethics Book in Islamic Medicine
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911:
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109:, among others. It also borrows particularly heavily from the writings of the prominent Roman physician
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ideas, it is likely that Al-Ruhawi's book was generally well-received and accepted.
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Journal of the
International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
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records one of the first known descriptions of what we today call
1381:
234:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 18, 2012
699:
341:
Spier, Ray (2002). "The history of the peer-review process".
110:
102:
46:) is the common title of a historical Arabic book on
255:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
329:International Congress on the History of Medicine
1492:
70:Al-Ruhawi was born a Christian, probably of the
388:
605:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1506:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world
161:
159:
157:
395:
381:
1389:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
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286:
284:
154:
16:Historical Arabic book on medical ethics
1089:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
248:
246:
244:
242:
240:
165:
1493:
376:
340:
281:
252:
1340:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
402:
237:
1191:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
309:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
29:
13:
14:
1522:
615:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
953:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
184:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00540.x
1227:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
1211:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
832:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
334:
317:
220:
1:
902:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
524:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
355:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6
147:
65:
1150:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
938:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
842:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
837:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
690:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
595:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
7:
1327:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
912:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
10:
1527:
1375:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
1160:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
1109:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
291:Al-Ghazal, Sharif (2004).
228:Nestorius and Nestorianism
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1405:
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1219:
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1084:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
1079:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
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1003:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
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847:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
824:
713:
685:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
587:
496:
475:
419:
410:
232:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1444:Ancient Iranian medicine
1232:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
1104:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
968:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
933:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
756:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
655:Al-Tamimi, the physician
442:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1396:Lives of the Physicians
1361:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
1307:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
1263:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
1145:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
1008:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
731:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
660:Eutychius of Alexandria
635:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
343:Trends in Biotechnology
166:Padella, Aasim (2007).
78:. Despite his beliefs,
1439:Ancient Greek medicine
1099:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1013:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
857:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
751:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
721:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
625:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
323:Aksoy, Sahin (2002). "
226:Chapman, John (1911).
168:"Islam Medical Ethics"
44:Conduct of a Physician
1423:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
1314:The Canon of Medicine
1135:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
741:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
726:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
630:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
574:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
142:scholarly peer review
1206:Sultan Ali Khorasani
907:Serapion the Younger
549:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
432:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1475:Medical Renaissance
1333:The Book of Healing
1237:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
1028:Zakariya al-Qazwini
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559:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1413:Al-'Adudi Hospital
1321:Tacuinum Sanitatis
1247:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
766:Badi' al-Asturlabi
665:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
640:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
620:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
569:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
462:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
457:Nafi ibn al-Harith
1488:
1487:
1480:Medieval medicine
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1130:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
963:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
852:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
467:Zaynab al-Awadiya
1518:
1470:Learned medicine
1465:Ibn Sina Academy
1165:Şerafeddin Kadir
1140:Husayni Isfahani
1074:Mansur ibn Ilyas
1018:Rashidun al-Suri
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610:Abu Bakr al-Razi
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539:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
534:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
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202:. Archived from
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178:(3): 169–178.
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62:in medicine.
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50:, written by
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33:Adab aț-Ṭabīb
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1501:Ethics books
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1256:18th century
1220:17th century
1174:16th century
1123:15th century
1114:Zayn-e-Attar
1037:14th century
988:Ibn al-Nafis
926:13th century
825:12th century
806:Ibn al-Wafid
714:11th century
588:10th century
519:Ali al-Ridha
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1347:De Gradibus
993:Ibn al-Quff
497:9th century
476:8th century
452:Masarjawaih
420:7th century
331:. Istanbul.
107:Hippocrates
1495:Categories
1458:Influenced
1432:Influences
1418:Bimarestan
1288:Psychology
1242:Tunakabuni
1155:Nurbakhshi
1054:Ibn Shuayb
1044:Al-Nagawri
978:Ibn Tumlus
958:As-Suwaydi
943:Al-Dakhwar
882:Ibn Tufayl
877:Ibn Jumay‘
781:Ibn Butlan
670:Ibn Juljul
645:Al-Kaŝkarī
514:Albubather
412:Physicians
213:2012-08-31
148:References
66:Influences
30:أدب الطبيب
1354:Al-Tasrif
1094:Nakhshabi
872:Ibn Habal
791:Ibn Jazla
786:Ibn Hindu
736:Al-Biruni
650:Al-Natili
554:Masawaiyh
529:Bukhtishu
509:Al-Ruhawi
483:Bukhtishu
447:Ibn Uthal
437:Bukhtishu
172:Bioethics
99:Aristotle
52:Al-Ruhawi
1449:Ayurveda
1276:Concepts
1069:Jaghmini
1049:Aqsara'i
887:Ibn Zuhr
867:Averroes
862:Avempace
816:Masawaih
761:Avicenna
695:Muvaffak
504:Al-Kindi
363:12127284
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192:17845488
91:Al-Kindi
1406:Centers
1382:Al-Hawi
275:1006137
121:Content
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105:, and
38:Morals
26:Arabic
1298:Works
700:Qumri
271:JSTOR
207:(PDF)
196:S2CID
111:Galen
103:Plato
359:PMID
311:link
188:PMID
93:and
60:adab
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351:doi
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180:doi
132:In
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