960:
Objects which have the same chromaticity coordinates as the white object usually appear neutral, or fairly so, and normalizing in this fashion ensures that their coordinates lie at the origin. Adams plotted the first one the horizontal axis and the latter, multiplied by 0.4, on the vertical axis. The
1326:
1177:
These expressions, he noted, depended only on the chromaticity of the sample. Accordingly, he called their plot a "constant-brightness chromaticity diagram". This diagram does not have the white point at the origin, but at (1, 1) instead.
2232:
1981:
1618:
1477:
1172:
1071:
1854:
1754:
637:
174:
883:
830:
2109:
2056:
939:
514:
731:
686:
417:
293:
1208:
465:
339:
215:
2117:
1866:
110:
366:
242:
961:
scaling factor is to ensure that the contours of constant chroma (saturation) lie on a circle. Distances along any radius from the origin are proportional to
2400:
1485:
1344:
1076:
978:
2369:
1759:
1659:
2241:
is applied to the tristimulus value indicated in the subscript. (Note that the two spaces use different lightness approximations.)
2334:
772:
is very perceptually non-uniform: small perceptual changes in chromaticity in greens, for example, translate into large
38:
Chromatic value/valence spaces are notable for incorporating the opponent process model and the empirically-determined
545:
119:
2414:
2383:
2352:
2375:
1650:
835:
785:
1331:
The remaining two axes are formed by multiplying the two uniform chromaticity coordinates by the lightness,
753:
740:
different by a corresponding amount, so Adams proposed a new class of spaces, which he termed chromatic
2061:
2008:
891:
470:
1321:{\displaystyle Y=1.2219V_{J}-0.23111V_{J}^{2}+0.23951V_{J}^{3}-0.021009V_{J}^{4}+0.0008404V_{J}^{5}.}
752:
In chromaticity scales, lightness is factored out, leaving two dimensions. Two lights with the same
690:
642:
371:
247:
2227:{\displaystyle \Delta E={\sqrt {(0.23\Delta V_{Y})^{2}+(\Delta W_{X})^{2}+(0.4\Delta W_{Z})^{2}}}}
535:
32:
1976:{\displaystyle \Delta E={\sqrt {(0.5\Delta V_{J})^{2}+(\Delta W_{X})^{2}+(0.4\Delta W_{Z})^{2}}}}
957:, but these would be considered obsolete today. This exposition is generalized from his papers.)
430:
304:
180:
2268:
776:, while larger perceptual differences in chromaticity in other colors are usually much smaller.
2468:
1187:
85:
2505:
2340:
968:
The chromance diagram is not invariant to brightness, so Adams normalized each term by the
769:
344:
220:
8:
2289:
2264:
1653:
954:
744:. These spaces have "nearly equal radial distances for equal changes in Munsell chroma".
24:
2293:
2410:
2379:
2348:
2238:
1991:
1199:
1195:
946:
113:
2482:
2446:
2315:
1857:
779:
Adams suggested a relatively simple uniform chromaticity scale in his 1942 paper:
773:
539:
73:
2431:
2273:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual
Meeting of the Optical Society of America
1624:
950:
1613:{\displaystyle {\frac {Z/z_{n}}{Y/y_{n}}}-1={\frac {Z/z_{n}-Y/y_{n}}{Y/y_{n}}}.}
1472:{\displaystyle {\frac {X/x_{n}}{Y/y_{n}}}-1={\frac {X/x_{n}-Y/y_{n}}{Y/y_{n}}},}
1167:{\displaystyle {\frac {y_{n}}{z_{n}}}{\frac {Z}{Y}}={\frac {z/z_{n}}{y/y_{n}}}.}
1066:{\displaystyle {\frac {y_{n}}{x_{n}}}{\frac {X}{Y}}={\frac {x/x_{n}}{y/y_{n}}}}
538:
along any one hue radius (i.e., to make the diagram perceptually uniform). For
1627:. As with chromatic value, these functions are plotted with a scale factor of
2499:
52:
factor in the red/green vs. blue/yellow chromaticity components (such as in
2486:
2319:
1191:
962:
757:
1641:
to give nearly equal radial distance for equal changes in
Munsell chroma.
531:
20:
2450:
1849:{\displaystyle W_{Z}=\left({\frac {z/z_{n}}{y/y_{n}}}-1\right)V_{J}}
1749:{\displaystyle W_{X}=\left({\frac {x/x_{n}}{y/y_{n}}}-1\right)V_{J}}
2406:
1994:
and the 0.4 factor is incorporated to better make differences in W
2005:
In chromatic value color spaces, the chromaticity components are
53:
28:
76:
responses and is derived from Adams' theory of color vision.
2469:"Evaluation of Single-Number Expressions of Color Difference"
2332:
2473:
2344:
2306:
941:
are the chromaticities of the reference white object (the
530:
scale factor is intended to make radial distance from the
2367:
736:
Constant differences along the chroma dimension did not
2333:
Hunter, Richard Sewall; Harold, Richard Wesley (1987).
79:
A chromatic value space consists of three components:
2120:
2064:
2011:
1869:
1762:
1662:
1656:
for lightness. Defining chromatic valence components
1488:
1347:
1211:
1079:
981:
894:
838:
788:
693:
645:
548:
473:
433:
374:
347:
307:
250:
223:
183:
122:
88:
2269:"Chromatic Valence as a Correlate of Munsell Chroma"
1186:
Chromatic valence spaces incorporate two relatively
27:. Two important Adams chromatic valence spaces are
2226:
2103:
2050:
1975:
1848:
1748:
1612:
1471:
1320:
1166:
1065:
933:
877:
824:
733:In other words, the white point is at the origin.
725:
680:
631:
508:
459:
411:
360:
333:
287:
236:
209:
168:
104:
1198:scale. The lightness scale, determined using the
2497:
2302:planes in the 1931 I.C.I. system of colorimetry"
632:{\displaystyle (y_{n}/x_{n})X=Y=(y_{n}/z_{n})Z,}
341:, the blue–yellow chromaticity dimension, where
169:{\displaystyle V_{Y}^{2}=1.4742Y-0.004743Y^{2};}
756:, but different luminance, will have identical
217:, the red–green chromaticity dimension, where
2275:. Vol. 33. Pittsburgh, PA. p. 683.
1623:This is essentially what Hunter used in his
2368:Widdel, Heino; Post, David Lucien (1992).
878:{\displaystyle {\frac {y_{n}}{z_{n}}}Z-Y,}
2284:
2282:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2002:perceptually correspond to one another.
825:{\displaystyle {\frac {y_{n}}{x_{n}}}X-Y}
2462:
2460:
2398:
427:A chromatic value diagram is a plot of
2498:
2466:
2279:
2250:
1202:, forms one axis of the color space:
2457:
2430:Adams, Elliot Quincy (January 1923).
2429:
2288:
2263:
1992:Newhall-Nickerson-Judd value function
1200:Newhall–Nickerson–Judd value function
2239:Munsell-Sloan-Godlove value function
1181:
114:Munsell–Sloan–Godlove value function
2467:Little, Angela C. (February 1963).
1644:
64:In 1942, Adams suggested chromatic
13:
2199:
2167:
2138:
2121:
1948:
1916:
1887:
1870:
68:color spaces. Chromatic value, or
59:
14:
2517:
2104:{\displaystyle W_{Z}=V_{Z}-V_{Y}}
2051:{\displaystyle W_{X}=V_{X}-V_{Y}}
934:{\displaystyle x_{n},y_{n},z_{n}}
368:is the value function applied to
244:is the value function applied to
72:, refers to the intensity of the
1649:Adams' color spaces rely on the
509:{\displaystyle 0.4(V_{Z}-V_{Y})}
760:coordinates. The familiar CIE (
2423:
2392:
2361:
2326:
2213:
2193:
2181:
2164:
2152:
2132:
1962:
1942:
1930:
1913:
1901:
1881:
726:{\displaystyle V_{Z}-V_{Y}=0.}
681:{\displaystyle V_{X}-V_{Y}=0,}
620:
592:
577:
549:
503:
477:
412:{\displaystyle (y_{n}/z_{n})Z}
403:
375:
288:{\displaystyle (y_{n}/x_{n})X}
279:
251:
1:
2336:The Measurement of Appearance
2244:
1858:difference between two colors
2371:Color in Electronic Displays
747:
19:color spaces are a class of
7:
2399:Shevell, Steven K. (2003).
754:spectral power distribution
460:{\displaystyle V_{X}-V_{Y}}
334:{\displaystyle V_{Z}-V_{Y}}
210:{\displaystyle V_{X}-V_{Y}}
10:
2522:
2432:"A Theory of Color Vision"
949:). (Adams had used smoked
467:(horizontal axis) against
1856:, we can determine the
17:Adams chromatic valence
2487:10.1364/JOSA.53.000293
2320:10.1364/JOSA.32.000168
2228:
2105:
2052:
1977:
1850:
1750:
1614:
1473:
1322:
1168:
1067:
935:
879:
826:
727:
682:
633:
510:
461:
413:
362:
335:
289:
238:
211:
170:
106:
105:{\displaystyle V_{Y},}
2341:John Wiley & Sons
2290:Adams, Elliott Quincy
2229:
2111:. The difference is:
2106:
2053:
1978:
1851:
1751:
1615:
1474:
1323:
1169:
1068:
936:
880:
827:
728:
683:
634:
516:(vertical axis). The
511:
462:
414:
363:
361:{\displaystyle V_{Z}}
336:
290:
239:
237:{\displaystyle V_{X}}
212:
171:
107:
2439:Psychological Review
2402:The Science of Color
2265:Adams, Elliot Quincy
2118:
2062:
2009:
1867:
1760:
1660:
1486:
1345:
1209:
1188:perceptually uniform
1077:
979:
892:
836:
786:
770:chromaticity diagram
691:
643:
546:
471:
431:
372:
345:
305:
248:
221:
181:
120:
86:
1314:
1293:
1272:
1251:
972:tristimulus value:
963:colorimetric purity
534:correlate with the
137:
25:Elliot Quincy Adams
2224:
2101:
2048:
1973:
1846:
1746:
1610:
1469:
1318:
1300:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1164:
1063:
931:
875:
822:
723:
678:
629:
506:
457:
409:
358:
331:
285:
234:
207:
166:
123:
102:
2222:
1971:
1823:
1723:
1605:
1531:
1464:
1390:
1182:Chromatic valence
1159:
1112:
1102:
1061:
1014:
1004:
861:
811:
2513:
2491:
2490:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2451:10.1037/h0075074
2436:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2378:. pp. 5–6.
2365:
2359:
2358:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2267:(October 1943).
2261:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1645:Color difference
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1292:
1287:
1271:
1266:
1250:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:
993:
992:
983:
955:CIE Illuminant C
940:
938:
937:
932:
930:
929:
917:
916:
904:
903:
884:
882:
881:
876:
862:
860:
859:
850:
849:
840:
831:
829:
828:
823:
812:
810:
809:
800:
799:
790:
732:
730:
729:
724:
716:
715:
703:
702:
687:
685:
684:
679:
668:
667:
655:
654:
638:
636:
635:
630:
619:
618:
609:
604:
603:
576:
575:
566:
561:
560:
529:
528:
524:
521:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
501:
489:
488:
466:
464:
463:
458:
456:
455:
443:
442:
418:
416:
415:
410:
402:
401:
392:
387:
386:
367:
365:
364:
359:
357:
356:
340:
338:
337:
332:
330:
329:
317:
316:
294:
292:
291:
286:
278:
277:
268:
263:
262:
243:
241:
240:
235:
233:
232:
216:
214:
213:
208:
206:
205:
193:
192:
175:
173:
172:
167:
162:
161:
136:
131:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
97:
74:opponent process
51:
50:
46:
43:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2465:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2409:. p. 161.
2397:
2393:
2386:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2331:
2327:
2287:
2280:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1836:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:Lab color space
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1309:
1304:
1288:
1283:
1267:
1262:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1184:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1006:
998:
994:
988:
984:
982:
980:
977:
976:
951:magnesium oxide
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
855:
851:
845:
841:
839:
837:
834:
833:
805:
801:
795:
791:
789:
787:
784:
783:
750:
711:
707:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
663:
659:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
614:
610:
605:
599:
595:
571:
567:
562:
556:
552:
547:
544:
543:
526:
522:
519:
517:
497:
493:
484:
480:
472:
469:
468:
451:
447:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
397:
393:
388:
382:
378:
373:
370:
369:
352:
348:
346:
343:
342:
325:
321:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
273:
269:
264:
258:
254:
249:
246:
245:
228:
224:
222:
219:
218:
201:
197:
188:
184:
182:
179:
178:
157:
153:
132:
127:
121:
118:
117:
93:
89:
87:
84:
83:
62:
60:Chromatic value
48:
44:
41:
39:
12:
11:
5:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2493:
2492:
2481:(2): 293–296.
2456:
2422:
2415:
2391:
2384:
2360:
2353:
2325:
2314:(3): 168–173.
2292:(March 1942).
2278:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1646:
1643:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
886:
885:
874:
871:
868:
865:
858:
854:
848:
844:
821:
818:
815:
808:
804:
798:
794:
749:
746:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
677:
674:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
628:
625:
622:
617:
613:
608:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
574:
570:
565:
559:
555:
551:
536:Munsell chroma
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
479:
476:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
425:
424:
408:
405:
400:
396:
391:
385:
381:
377:
355:
351:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
300:
284:
281:
276:
272:
267:
261:
257:
253:
231:
227:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
176:
165:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
135:
130:
126:
101:
96:
92:
61:
58:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2416:0-444-51251-9
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2385:0-306-44191-8
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2354:0-471-83006-2
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1642:
1626:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1008:
999:
995:
989:
985:
975:
974:
973:
971:
966:
964:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
872:
869:
866:
863:
856:
852:
846:
842:
819:
816:
813:
806:
802:
796:
792:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
734:
720:
717:
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
675:
672:
669:
664:
660:
656:
651:
647:
626:
623:
615:
611:
606:
600:
596:
589:
586:
583:
580:
572:
568:
563:
557:
553:
541:
537:
533:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
474:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
422:
406:
398:
394:
389:
383:
379:
353:
349:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
301:
298:
282:
274:
270:
265:
259:
255:
229:
225:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
177:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
133:
128:
124:
115:
99:
94:
90:
82:
81:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
57:
55:
36:
34:
30:
26:
23:suggested by
22:
18:
2478:
2472:
2445:(1): 56–76.
2442:
2438:
2425:
2401:
2394:
2370:
2363:
2335:
2328:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2272:
2236:
2004:
1985:
1648:
1622:
1332:
1330:
1194:scale and a
1192:chromaticity
1190:elements: a
1185:
1176:
969:
967:
959:
942:
887:
778:
765:
761:
758:chromaticity
751:
741:
737:
735:
426:
420:
296:
78:
69:
65:
63:
37:
21:color spaces
16:
15:
2506:Color space
532:white point
419:instead of
295:instead of
2245:References
2237:where the
947:normalized
639:and hence
542:surfaces,
540:achromatic
33:Hunter Lab
2200:Δ
2168:Δ
2139:Δ
2122:Δ
2089:−
2036:−
1949:Δ
1917:Δ
1888:Δ
1871:Δ
1826:−
1726:−
1564:−
1534:−
1423:−
1393:−
1298:0.0008404
1274:−
1232:−
1196:lightness
945:suggests
867:−
817:−
774:distances
748:Chromance
705:−
657:−
491:−
445:−
319:−
195:−
148:−
70:chromance
2500:Category
2407:Elsevier
2376:Springer
1277:0.021009
151:0.004743
1990:is the
1986:where V
1651:Munsell
1636:⁄
1256:0.23951
1235:0.23111
764:,
742:valence
525:⁄
47:⁄
2413:
2382:
2351:
1219:1.2219
953:under
888:where
738:appear
142:1.4742
54:CIELAB
29:CIELUV
2435:(PDF)
1998:and W
1654:value
66:value
2474:JOSA
2411:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2345:IEEE
2307:JOSA
2136:0.23
2058:and
1860:as:
1756:and
1073:and
832:and
112:the
31:and
2483:doi
2447:doi
2316:doi
2197:0.4
1946:0.4
1885:0.5
475:0.4
56:).
2502::
2479:53
2477:.
2471:.
2459:^
2443:30
2441:.
2437:.
2405:.
2374:.
2347:.
2339:.
2312:32
2310:.
2304:.
2281:^
2271:.
2252:^
1338::
965:.
768:)
721:0.
116::
35:.
2489:.
2485::
2453:.
2449::
2419:.
2388:.
2357:.
2343:–
2322:.
2318::
2300:Z
2298:–
2296:X
2294:"
2218:2
2214:)
2208:Z
2204:W
2194:(
2191:+
2186:2
2182:)
2176:X
2172:W
2165:(
2162:+
2157:2
2153:)
2147:Y
2143:V
2133:(
2128:=
2125:E
2097:Y
2093:V
2084:Z
2080:V
2076:=
2071:Z
2067:W
2044:Y
2040:V
2031:X
2027:V
2023:=
2018:X
2014:W
2000:Z
1996:X
1988:J
1967:2
1963:)
1957:Z
1953:W
1943:(
1940:+
1935:2
1931:)
1925:X
1921:W
1914:(
1911:+
1906:2
1902:)
1896:J
1892:V
1882:(
1877:=
1874:E
1842:J
1838:V
1833:)
1829:1
1818:n
1814:y
1809:/
1805:y
1798:n
1794:z
1789:/
1785:z
1778:(
1774:=
1769:Z
1765:W
1742:J
1738:V
1733:)
1729:1
1718:n
1714:y
1709:/
1705:y
1698:n
1694:x
1689:/
1685:x
1678:(
1674:=
1669:X
1665:W
1638:2
1634:1
1631:+
1629:2
1608:.
1600:n
1596:y
1591:/
1587:Y
1580:n
1576:y
1571:/
1567:Y
1559:n
1555:z
1550:/
1546:Z
1540:=
1537:1
1526:n
1522:y
1517:/
1513:Y
1506:n
1502:z
1497:/
1493:Z
1467:,
1459:n
1455:y
1450:/
1446:Y
1439:n
1435:y
1430:/
1426:Y
1418:n
1414:x
1409:/
1405:X
1399:=
1396:1
1385:n
1381:y
1376:/
1372:Y
1365:n
1361:x
1356:/
1352:X
1335:J
1333:V
1316:.
1311:5
1306:J
1302:V
1295:+
1290:4
1285:J
1281:V
1269:3
1264:J
1260:V
1253:+
1248:2
1243:J
1239:V
1227:J
1223:V
1216:=
1213:Y
1162:.
1154:n
1150:y
1145:/
1141:y
1134:n
1130:z
1125:/
1121:z
1115:=
1110:Y
1107:Z
1098:n
1094:z
1088:n
1084:y
1056:n
1052:y
1047:/
1043:y
1036:n
1032:x
1027:/
1023:x
1017:=
1012:Y
1009:X
1000:n
996:x
990:n
986:y
970:Y
943:n
927:n
923:z
919:,
914:n
910:y
906:,
901:n
897:x
873:,
870:Y
864:Z
857:n
853:z
847:n
843:y
820:Y
814:X
807:n
803:x
797:n
793:y
766:y
762:x
718:=
713:Y
709:V
700:Z
696:V
676:,
673:0
670:=
665:Y
661:V
652:X
648:V
627:,
624:Z
621:)
616:n
612:z
607:/
601:n
597:y
593:(
590:=
587:Y
584:=
581:X
578:)
573:n
569:x
564:/
558:n
554:y
550:(
527:2
523:1
520:+
518:2
504:)
499:Y
495:V
486:Z
482:V
478:(
453:Y
449:V
440:X
436:V
423:.
421:Y
407:Z
404:)
399:n
395:z
390:/
384:n
380:y
376:(
354:Z
350:V
327:Y
323:V
314:Z
310:V
299:;
297:Y
283:X
280:)
275:n
271:x
266:/
260:n
256:y
252:(
230:X
226:V
203:Y
199:V
190:X
186:V
164:;
159:2
155:Y
145:Y
139:=
134:2
129:Y
125:V
100:,
95:Y
91:V
49:2
45:1
42:+
40:2
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