49:
848:
1139:) rejected this connection; however, potential connections are still (1981) considered worthy of analysis. Possible parallels and connections include similarity in names, including the possible connection of both to the same word root; both accounts include a test involving the eating of purportedly deadly food; and both are summoned before god to answer for their transgressions.
1010:
Adapa puts on mourning garments, tells
Dumuzid and Gishzida that he is in mourning because they have disappeared from the land. Adapa is then offered the "food of life" and "water of life" but will not eat or drink. Then garments and oil are offered, and he does what he had been told. He is brought
1011:
before Anu, who asks why he will not eat or drink. Adapa replies that Ea told him not to. Anu laughs at Ea's actions, and passes judgment on Adapa by asking rhetorically, "What ill has he brought on mankind?" He adds that men will suffer disease as a consequence, which
1089:, while Adapa is a fisherman. However, there may be a connection. One potential explanation for the occurrence of the two names together is that the cuneiform for 'adapa' was also used as an appellative for "wise" (the Apkallu being wisdom giving beings).
895:
Adapa was an important figure in
Mesopotamian religion. His name would be used to invoke power in exorcism rituals. He also became an archetype for a wise ruler. In that context, his name would be invoked to evoke favorable comparisons.
994:
While carrying out his duties, he was fishing at the river Tigris. The sea became rough by the strong wind, and his boat was capsized. Angry, Adapa "broke the wings of the south wind" preventing it from blowing for seven days. The god
927:(668–626 BC) had been interpreted and found to contain parts of the story. As of 2001 five fragments from the library are known. There are differences in several of the known versions of the text.
1092:
Alternative viewpoints exist as to whether 'adapa' should be considered an epithet for 'uanna' or the other way around. Both occur together in compound as the name of the first
Apkallu.
1007:, who guard the gates of heaven and not to eat or drink there, as such food might kill him. When offered garments and oil, he should put the clothes on and anoint himself.
1337:
1047:
dating to as early as around 1800 BC use Adapa's name in their incantations. Derivatives of the text remained in use until at least the 1st century AD.
1031:
down), and are involved in breaking into an ancient tomb. What happens in there is not clear, but the outcome is that they leave and reseal the tomb.
983:, humanity was without guidance and had no direction, and this led to the rise of Adapa. Adapa was a mortal man, a sage or priest of the temple of
1103:. That connection is found in some texts, with King Alulu (Ref STT 176+185, lines 14–15). Elsewhere, he is associated with the much-later King
1054:
period, comparisons to Adapa would be used in reference to the king and so were used to legitimize that king. For example, it was written in
834:
1451:
907:. There is some evidence for that connection, but the name "adapa" may have also been used as an epithet, meaning "wise".
62:
1027:(the known text is very fragmentary). In the portions that are known, Adapa and Enmerkar descend into the earth (nine
1466:
1095:
If identified as the first
Apkallu, Adapa would have been the adviser of the mythical first (antediluvian) king of
827:
768:
710:
30:
1123:
When the story of Adapa was first rediscovered, some scholars saw a resemblance with the story of the biblical
109:
72:
48:
1385:
Sanders, Seth L. (2017), "From Adapa to Enoch: Scribal
Culture and Religious Vision in Judea and Babylonia",
82:
38:
859:
820:
428:
1417:
Antoine, Cavigneaux (2014), "Une version Sumérienne de la légende d'Adapa (Textes de Tell Haddad X)",
999:
called Adapa to account for his action, but Ea aided him by instructing Adapa to gain the sympathy of
991:. Ea (sometimes considered his father) had given Adapa the gift of great wisdom but not eternal life.
77:
104:
99:
876:. The story, commonly known as "Adapa and the South Wind", is known from fragmentary tablets from
1410:
Tracking the Master Scribe: Revision
Through Introduction in Biblical and Mesopotamian Literature
1055:
924:
881:
1137:"The Adapa legend and the Biblical story (of Adam) are fundamentally as far apart as antipodes"
748:
1039:
The name of Adapa became pervasive in some rituals of the
Mesopotamian religion. According to
1456:
685:
1461:
1374:
1333:
1072:
695:
8:
1398:
1365:
984:
87:
1430:
1394:
1352:
1128:
114:
1434:
1108:
1015:
may allay. Adapa is then sent back down to earth. The ending of the text is missing.
889:
782:
675:
92:
1165:
1154:
1422:
1132:
720:
670:
1085:
called Oannes). The accounts of the two are different, and (Uanna) the
Apkallu is
775:
660:
343:
215:
20:
877:
418:
413:
1445:
1058:, "Ea endowed me with vast knowledge equivalent to that of the Sage Adapa".
847:
1051:
980:
920:
869:
855:
528:
265:
884:, Assyria (around 7th century BC). The oldest tradition about him is from
690:
1426:
1004:
873:
398:
348:
280:
275:
976:
761:
754:
611:
596:
538:
453:
373:
358:
260:
255:
1012:
591:
513:
508:
478:
473:
328:
198:
548:
543:
503:
300:
1112:
1104:
1082:
1043:
exorcists would state "I am Adapa!" in their rituals. Rituals from
1024:
885:
715:
616:
586:
533:
488:
393:
353:
323:
1379:
Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death
941:
A modern analysis of the development of the main Adapa tale is by
680:
1078:
1000:
931:
900:
700:
645:
621:
601:
553:
483:
448:
403:
363:
318:
295:
250:
245:
665:
1100:
1044:
916:
806:
801:
730:
725:
655:
606:
581:
518:
498:
493:
468:
463:
458:
443:
438:
423:
383:
333:
290:
285:
210:
155:
151:
142:
133:
1096:
1028:
988:
930:
Based on a catalogue of texts, a possible original title, an
904:
705:
523:
408:
388:
378:
368:
338:
270:
240:
188:
160:
146:
1124:
650:
640:
558:
433:
193:
137:
1223:
1221:
880:
in Egypt (around 14th century BC) and from finds from the
1182:
996:
888:
tablets (around 19-16th century BC), which is written in
220:
183:
1400:
Ancient Near
Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
1310:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1115:
tablet, describes Adapa as postdiluvian ruler of Eridu.
1218:
1194:
1206:
1170:
1298:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
872:
mythical figure who unknowingly refused the gift of
1345:Andrews University Seminary Studies (Autumn 1981)
1081:, sometimes known as Uanna (in the Greek work by
915:Adapa's story was initially known from a find at
1443:
1338:"Adam and Adapa: Two Anthropological Characters"
1077:The name Adapa has also been used for the first
923:(1377–1361 BC). By 1912, three finds from the
828:
919:in Egypt from the archives of Egyptian King
1421:(in French), vol. 104, pp. 1–41,
1373:
1200:
1188:
960:
835:
821:
1393:
1332:
1292:
964:
1407:
1367:Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament
942:
846:
1416:
1384:
1304:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1212:
1166:CDLI Literary 002295, ex. 003 (P508604)
1155:CDLI Literary 002295, ex. 002 (P355730)
1040:
1023:Adapa is also associated with the king
968:
1444:
1363:
1176:
956:
899:Some scholars conflate Adapa and the
1387:Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism
1351:
1316:
1073:Apkallu § Uanna or Adapa ?
13:
1066:
63:Religions of the ancient Near East
47:
14:
1478:
1357:The Origin of Biblical Traditions
1061:
955:Summary based on translations in
1364:Rogers, Robert William (1912),
1325:
979:, although the kingship was in
769:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
1159:
1148:
1018:
1:
1142:
1419:Zeitschrift FĂĽr Assyriologie
1389:, no. 167, Mohr Siebeck
16:Mesopotamian mythical figure
7:
1452:Ancient Mesopotamian people
910:
10:
1483:
1408:Milstein, Sara J. (2016),
1118:
1070:
948:
18:
1412:, Oxford University Press
1131:. Later scholars such as
1034:
52:Chaos Monster and Sun God
1467:Library of Ashurbanipal
925:Library of Ashurbanipal
882:Library of Ashurbanipal
862:
53:
1334:Andreasen, Niels-Erik
860:Kröller-Müller Museum
850:
173:Seven gods who decree
51:
41:Mesopotamian religion
1427:10.1515/za-2014-0001
1319:, pp. 109, 132.
1113:Me-Turan/Tell Haddad
1056:Sennacherib's Annals
886:Me-Turan/Tell Haddad
696:Seven-headed serpent
635:Spirits and monsters
19:For other uses, see
1395:Pritchard, James B.
1359:, pp. 109, 132
1353:Clay, Albert Tobias
571:Demigods and heroes
235:Other major deities
1347:, pp. 179–194
1129:Albert Tobias Clay
1107:. Indeed, earlier
863:
54:
1179:, pp. 67–75.
936:Adapa into heaven
845:
844:
783:Epic of Gilgamesh
128:Primordial beings
1474:
1437:
1413:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1370:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:, p. 61-62.
1225:
1216:
1215:, pp. 1–41.
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1133:Alexander Heidel
965:Pritchard (1969)
934:, may have been
837:
830:
823:
676:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
65:
26:
25:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1375:Izre'el, Shlomo
1340:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:, pp. 5–6.
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1121:
1075:
1069:
1067:as Uanna/Oannes
1064:
1037:
1021:
987:in the city of
951:
943:Milstein (2016)
913:
841:
812:
811:
797:
789:
788:
744:
736:
735:
636:
628:
627:
572:
564:
563:
314:
306:
305:
236:
228:
227:
174:
166:
165:
129:
121:
68:
61:
40:
24:
21:Adapa (surname)
17:
12:
11:
5:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1414:
1405:
1403:(3rd ed.)
1397:, ed. (1969),
1391:
1382:
1371:
1361:
1349:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1293:Andreasen 1981
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1158:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1120:
1117:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Interpretation
1060:
1041:Sanders (2017)
1036:
1033:
1020:
1017:
973:
972:
969:Antoine (2014)
961:Izre'el (2001)
950:
947:
912:
909:
878:Tell el-Amarna
852:Oannès – Adapa
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
798:
795:
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790:
787:
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779:
772:
765:
758:
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741:
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734:
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541:
536:
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476:
471:
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421:
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366:
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258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
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230:
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225:
224:
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218:
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206:Three sky gods
203:
202:
201:
196:
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97:
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56:
55:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
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1406:
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1401:
1396:
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1388:
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1380:
1376:
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1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1307:, p. 52.
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1278:, p. 44.
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 40.
1265:
1260:
1254:, p. 39.
1253:
1248:
1242:, p. 38.
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1156:
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1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Rogers (1912)
953:
952:
946:
944:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
902:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:
857:
853:
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
771:
770:
766:
764:
763:
759:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
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702:
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694:
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684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Lamassu/Shedu
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
624:(seven sages)
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
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497:
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492:
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487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
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447:
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430:
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412:
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370:
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362:
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350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:Minor deities
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
232:
231:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Inanna/Ishtar
209:
208:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
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159:
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131:
125:
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116:
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111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:
98:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
79:
78:Ancient Egypt
76:
74:
71:
70:
64:
60:
59:
58:
57:
50:
46:
45:
42:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1457:Adam and Eve
1418:
1409:
1399:
1386:
1378:
1366:
1356:
1344:
1326:Bibliography
1312:
1305:Sanders 2017
1300:
1276:Sanders 2017
1271:
1264:Sanders 2017
1259:
1252:Sanders 2017
1247:
1240:Sanders 2017
1235:
1228:Sanders 2017
1213:Antoine 2014
1208:
1203:, p. 6.
1201:Izre'el 2001
1196:
1189:Izre'el 2001
1184:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1136:
1122:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1052:Neo-Assyrian
1049:
1038:
1022:
1009:
993:
974:
954:
940:
935:
929:
921:Amenophis IV
914:
898:
894:
870:Mesopotamian
865:
864:
856:Odilon Redon
851:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
576:
529:PaniÄťinÄťarra
205:
179:Four primary
178:
1462:Immortality
1177:Rogers 1912
1050:During the
1019:Other myths
874:immortality
671:Ušum/Dragon
414:Lugala'abba
349:Dumuzi-abzu
276:Geshtinanna
221:Utu/Shamash
83:Mesopotamia
1446:Categories
1143:References
1127:, such as
975:After the
776:Enūma Eliš
762:Atra-Hasis
612:Atra-Hasis
597:Lugalbanda
539:Shul-utula
419:Mami/Nintu
374:Hendursaga
261:Ereshkigal
256:Enmesharra
1435:162264587
1317:Clay 1923
1087:half-fish
1013:Ninkarrak
903:known as
755:An = Anum
749:Mythology
691:Ušumgallu
592:Gilgamesh
509:Ninsikila
479:Ningirima
474:Ningirida
329:Asaruludu
216:Nanna/Sin
199:Ninhursag
88:Babylonia
1377:(2001),
1355:(1923),
1336:(1981),
1111:record,
1109:Sumerian
1105:Enmerkar
1083:Berossus
1025:Enmerkar
1005:Gishzida
911:Overview
890:Sumerian
716:Lamashtu
686:Mušmaḫḫū
617:Ziusudra
587:Enmerkar
534:Sarpanit
514:Ninšubur
489:Ninkilim
454:Ninmarki
429:Maštabba
394:Kajamanu
354:Enbilulu
324:Anunnaki
73:Anatolia
31:a series
29:Part of
1119:as Adam
1079:Apkallu
1001:Dumuzid
949:Summary
932:incipit
901:Apkallu
858:in the
701:Humbaba
622:Apkallu
602:Shamhat
484:Ninkasi
449:Nindara
364:Erragal
319:Agasaya
296:Ninurta
251:Enkimdu
246:Dumuzid
105:Semitic
100:Iranian
39:Ancient
1433:
1101:Alulim
1045:Nippur
1035:Legacy
1029:cubits
917:Amarna
868:was a
807:Sukkal
802:Dingir
731:Rabisu
726:Pazuzu
656:Edimmu
607:Siduri
582:Enkidu
554:Tišpak
549:Ĺ ulpae
544:Ĺ ubula
519:Ninsun
504:Ninšar
499:Ninmug
494:Ninlil
469:Ningal
464:Ninazu
459:Nisaba
444:Nanshe
439:Namtar
424:Mamitu
384:Isimud
334:Ashnan
301:Ĺ ulpae
291:Nergal
286:Marduk
156:Anshar
152:Kishar
143:Lahamu
134:Tiamat
115:Canaan
110:Arabia
1431:S2CID
1341:(PDF)
1097:Eridu
989:Eridu
977:flood
905:Uanna
866:Adapa
854:from
796:Terms
743:Tales
706:Hanbi
681:Bašmu
661:Siris
577:Adapa
524:Nuska
409:Lisin
399:Lahar
379:Igigi
369:Gibil
339:Ashgi
281:Lahar
271:Kingu
189:Enlil
161:Mummu
147:Lahmu
93:Sumer
1125:Adam
1003:and
981:Kish
721:Lilu
666:AnzĂ»
651:Asag
641:Udug
559:Uttu
434:Nabu
389:Išum
359:Erra
241:Adad
194:Enki
154:and
145:and
138:Abzu
136:and
1423:doi
997:Anu
711:Kur
404:Laṣ
344:Bel
184:Anu
1448::
1429:,
1343:,
1283:^
1220:^
1099:,
985:Ea
967:,
963:,
959:,
945:.
938:.
892:.
266:Ki
33:on
1425::
1295:.
1135:(
836:e
829:t
822:v
23:.
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