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310:". These long barrows often served as tombs, housing the physical remains of the dead within their chamber. Individuals were rarely buried alone in the Early Neolithic, instead being interred in collective burials with other members of their community. These chambered tombs were built all along the Western European seaboard during the Early Neolithic, from southeastern Spain up to southern Sweden, including most of the British Isles; the architectural tradition was introduced to Britain from continental Europe in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE. While there are stone buildings—like
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Megaliths, writing them up in a manuscript that was left unpublished; this included
Addington Long Barrow and Chestnuts Long Barrow, which he collectively labelled the "Addington Circles". Thomas Wright recorded that in 1845 a local parson, the Reverend Lambert Blackwell Larking, dug into a chamber at Addington, discovering "fragments of rude pottery". From the context in which Wright wrote, it seems that Addington Long Barrow is referred to, although it remains possible that Chestnuts was the barrow in question. In the early 1860s,
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tumulus currently stands at about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in height, although would have been much taller when first created. Evans described the tumulus as having been "of immense size", believing that the long barrow would have been "a most imposing structure" when built. No evidence has been found of ditches formed by quarrying for the earth to form the mound.
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Addington are partly made of sarsen stone, some perhaps removed from the long barrow. Ashbee also suspected that sarsens from the monument had been broken up for use in the repairs and extensions to the local church in the nineteenth century. The barrow was further damaged by the construction of the small road running through the middle of it.
322:, they constitute the most southeasterly group of megalithic monuments in the British Isles, and the only megalithic group in eastern England. The Medway Megaliths can be divided into two clusters between 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) and 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) apart: one to the west of the River Medway and the other on
634:, published in 1893. Payne noted a folk tradition that stone avenues connected Coldrum to the Addington Long Barrow, although he commented that he was unable to discover any evidence of this feature. The earliest published photographs of the monument, taken by George Clinch, appeared in a 1908 volume of the
580:, published posthumously in 1719. He noted that the area where the barrow stood was known locally as "the Warren", and that an "old clerk" informed him that an oak tree had formerly grown in the centre of the stones. The monument was next recorded by the antiquarian Josiah Colebrooke in a short article for
668:. Archaeologists from Kent Archaeological Unit visited the site during the work, discovering a buried sarsen. Comparison with older records revealed that this stone had once been upright but had been buried where it stood in the 19th century by workmen who were replacing the trackway with a paved road.
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In 1827, the road passing through the tomb was widened and deepened. To achieve this, workmen removed two of the sarsens from the revetment kerb and placed them in the corner of the wood to the south of the monument. In the early 1840s, the
Reverend Beale Post conducted investigations into the Medway
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Rectangular in shape, Addington Long Barrow is on a northeast to southwest alignment. In 1950, Evans described the monument as having twenty-two sarsen stones, eight of which, at the northeast end, would have originally formed the burial chamber. In 1981, investigators from Kent
Archaeological Rescue
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The Medway
Megaliths' builders were probably influenced by pre-existing tomb-shrines elsewhere that they were aware of. Whether the builders had grown up locally, or moved into the Medway area from elsewhere is not known. Based on a stylistic analysis of their architectural designs, the archaeologist
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in south-western
Britain—there are also various idiosyncrasies in the different monuments, such as Coldrum's rectilinear shape, the Chestnut Long Barrow's facade, and the long, thin mounds at Addington and Kit's Coty. These variations might have been caused by the tombs being altered and adapted over
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Claims that people in the Middle Ages deliberately dug into and damaged the long barrows have been made for other Medway
Megaliths, including Smythe's Megalith, Chestnuts Long Barrow, Lower Kit's Coty House, Kit's Coty House, Coldrum Long Barrow, and Addington Long Barrow. Ashbee suggested that this
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believed that the same evidence showed an influence from
Scandinavia. John H. Evans instead suggested an origin in Germany, and Ronald F. Jessup thought that their origins could be seen in the Cotswold-Severn megalithic group. Alexander thought their closest similarities were with long barrows along
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noted that the tombs would have served as one of various landscape markers that conveyed information on "territory, political allegiance, ownership, and ancestors". Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb-shrines were territorial markers between different tribes; others have
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that venerated the spirits of the dead, believing that they could intercede with the forces of nature for the benefit of their living descendants. The archaeologist Robin
Holgate stressed that rather than simply being tombs, the Medway Megaliths were "communal monuments fulfilling a social function
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noted that their close clustering in the same area was reminiscent of the megalithic tomb-shrine traditions of continental
Northern Europe, and emphasised that the Medway Megaliths were a regional manifestation of a tradition widespread across Early Neolithic Europe. He nevertheless stressed that a
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suggested that the construction of these monuments reflects an attempt to mark control and ownership over the land, thus reflecting a change in mindset brought about by the transition from the hunter-gatherer
Mesolithic to the pastoralist Early Neolithic. Others have suggested that these monuments
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A stone chamber was set within the northeastern end of the long barrow, although it had been pulled down at some point in the monument's history, while much of the mound was left standing. Jessup suggested that this chamber had been a false portal, an architectural feature resembling a doorway but
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in search for treasure, a practice that may have spread to Kent around the same time. Alexander believed that the destruction may have been brought about by a special commissioner, highlighting that the "expertness and thoroughness of the robbery"—as evidenced at Chestnuts—would have necessitated
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Upon construction, the barrow would have been about 60 metres (200 ft) long. The sides would have been straight but the monument tapered in width from 14 metres (46 ft) at its eastern end to 11 metres (36 ft) at its western end. It thus formed a "truncated wedge-shape". The earthen
588:, in 1773. Aided by the minister of the parish, the Reverend Buttonshaw, Colebooke enquired among elderly locals as to whether they knew of the oak tree mentioned by Harris, but none had. Colebrooke believed that the Britons had retreated to near Addington after their defeat at the fifth-century
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All the surviving megalithic tombs from the Early Neolithic period have suffered from neglect and the ravages of agriculture. Following the demolition of the tomb's chamber, some of the sarsens around Addington Long Barrow had been buried, while others had been left visible. Various buildings in
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societies, although it is unclear to what extent this can be attributed to an influx of migrants or to indigenous Mesolithic Britons adopting agricultural technologies from the continent. The region of modern Kent would have been key for the arrival of continental European settlers and visitors,
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The Medway long barrows all conformed to the same general design plan, and are all aligned on an east to west axis. Each had a stone chamber at the eastern end of the mound, and they each probably had a stone facade flanking the entrance. They had internal heights of up to 3.0 metres (10 feet),
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included the Addington stones in his list of Kentish earthworks; he commented that "with extraordinary perversity have been hitherto described as forming a circle, though they appear to be very plainly in two lines". He published a small, basic plan of the monument. The barrow then received a
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and White Horse Stone, may also have been parts of such structures. It is not known if they were all built at the same time, or whether they were constructed in succession; nor is it known if they each served the same function or whether there was a hierarchy in their usage.
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Although now all in a ruinous state, at the time of construction the Medway Megaliths would have been some of the largest and most visually imposing Early Neolithic funerary monuments in Britain. Grouped along the River Medway as it cuts through the
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These common architectural features among the Medway Megaliths indicate a strong regional cohesion with no direct parallels elsewhere in the British Isles. Nevertheless, as with other regional groupings of Early Neolithic long barrows—such as the
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via two minor roads. The area in which the barrow is located is sometimes termed Addington Park. The site is privately owned, although it is visible from a road that cuts through the middle of the barrow. Geologically, it is located on the
531:, John H. Evans recorded a Kentish folk belief which had been widespread "Up to the last generation"; this was that it was impossible for any human being to successfully count the number of stones in the Medway Megaliths. The
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activity at the site. In May 2007, the archaeologist Brian Philp was conducting his regular inspection of the monument when the current landowner pointed out to him an area where the road was subsiding. Philp alerted
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Britain's Early Neolithic communities placed greater emphasis on the ritual burial of the dead than their Mesolithic forebears. Archaeologists have suggested that this is because Early Neolithic Britons adhered to an
278:(stone-fruit trees). Throughout most of Britain, there is little evidence of cereal or permanent dwellings from this period, leading archaeologists to believe that the island's Early Neolithic economy was largely
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in the early 18th century, and was studied by local archaeologists in the 20th. Both it and the nearby Chestnuts Long Barrow are on private land and are no longer (as of October 2019) accessible to the public.
552:. Later records reveal that it had gained widespread distribution in England, as well as a single occurrence each in Wales and Ireland. The folklorist S. P. Menefee suggested that it could be attributed to an
655:, there describing it as "mostly overgrown". In 1981, members of the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit conducted a measured survey of the monument. In 2005, Ashbee noted that he had found evidence of recent
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motif is not unique to Kent but has been recorded at other megalithic monuments in Britain and Ireland. The earliest textual evidence for it is found in an early 16th-century document, where it applies to
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596:. The later archaeologist John H. Evans described Colebrooke's descriptions and drawings as "almost completely worthless" because the antiquarian mistook the rectangular chambered tomb for a
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Unit expanded that number, identifying twenty-five sarsens in the monument. Given the dimensions of the chambered tomb, they suggested that it probably once included about fifty stones.
135:. Collapsed stones on the northeastern end of the chamber probably once formed a stone chamber in which human remains might have been deposited, though none have been discovered.
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argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society. Instead it has been suggested that they represent markers along herding pathways. The archaeologist
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In Britain, these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the landscape, perhaps at the junction between different territories. The archaeologist
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After the Early Neolithic, the long barrow fell into ruins, with a small road being built through the centre of the monument by the 19th century at the latest. Local
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building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe, Addington Long Barrow belongs to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the vicinity of the
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The construction of long barrows and related funerary monuments took place in various parts of Europe during the Early Neolithic (known distribution pictured)
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Across Western Europe, the Early Neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape. These structures included
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communities shortly after the introduction of agriculture to Britain from continental Europe. Although representing part of an architectural tradition of
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In 1871, Edwin Dunkin published a basic plan of the monument, noting that there were similar chambered tombs around Britain. In 1880, the archaeologist
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that had a chamber built into one end. Some of these chambers were constructed out of timber, while others were built using large stones, now known as "
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visited the site alongside Charles Warne and Charles Moore Jessop, the latter of whom described it as a "Celtic" monument in a subsequent article for
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epoch. Early Neolithic builders would have selected blocks from the local area, and then transported them to the site of the monument to be erected.
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When Thomas Wright investigated the site in about 1850, he was aided by a local man who believed that a crock of gold would be unearthed there.
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in modern Turkey—which predate them, the chambered long barrows constitute humanity's first widespread tradition of construction using stone.
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for the communities who built and used them". Thus, it has been suggested that Early Neolithic people entered Copythe tombs—which doubled as
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West-facing view of the remnant barrow, which extends away from the camera on the left-hand side of the road between the fence and the tree
664:, who arranged for contractors to investigate the reason for the subsidence, which proved to be decades of rabbit burrowing beneath the
274:, supports the idea that the area was still largely forested in the Early Neolithic, covered by a woodland of oak, ash, hazel/alder and
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believed that this damage resulted from a robbery by medieval treasure hunters. Supporting this idea is comparative evidence, with the
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Wysocki, Michael; Griffiths, Seren; Hedges, Robert; Bayliss, Alex; Higham, Tom; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Whittle, Alasdair (2013).
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The monument lies approximately 250 metres (820 ft) north of Addington Parish Church. It is accessible from the
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Collectanea Cantiana: Or, Archæological Researches in the Neighbourhood of Sittingbourne, and Otherparts of Kent
600:. Colebrook's analysis was echoed in the 18th-century writings of Samuel Pegge, Edward Hasted, and John Thorpe.
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Mynott, Edna (2007). "The Addington Megalithic Neolithic Tombs 2007: Rabbits Discover Long-Lost Sarsen Stone".
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making them taller than most other chambered long barrows in Britain. The chambers were constructed from
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449:—to perform rituals honouring the dead and requesting their assistance. For this reason, the historian
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Evans, John H. (1946). "Notes on the Folklore and Legends Associated with the Kentish Megaliths".
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Britain was then largely forested; widespread forest clearance did not occur in Kent until the
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The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British history. Between 4500 and 3800
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the Atlantic coast, perhaps imitating those of either Ireland or Brittany. The archaeologist
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2172:(Report). Oxford: Oxford Wessex Archaeology Joint Venture (London and Continental Railways).
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Piggott, Stuart (1935). "A Note on the Relative Chronology of the English Long Barrows".
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thought that the plan behind the Medway Megaliths had originated in the area around the
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the course of their use; in this scenario, the monuments would be composite structures.
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Barclay, Alistair; Fitzpatrick, Andrew P.; Hayden, Chris; Stafford, Elizabeth (2006).
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to the east. Addington Long Barrow is part of the western group, which also includes
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2735:"Dates, Diet and Dismemberment: Evidence from the Coldrum Megalithic Monument, Kent"
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The barrow survives on the south side of the road as a low mound with small sarsens
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precise place of origin was "impossible to indicate" with the available evidence.
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2567:. Vol. 130. Kent Archaeological Society. pp. 339–349. Archived from
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Wanderings of an Antiquary: Chiefly upon the traces of the Romans in Britain
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were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.
346:, while various stones on the eastern side of the river, most notably the
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The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy
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Champion, Timothy (2007). "Prehistoric Kent". In John H. Williams (ed.).
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648:, listed the Addington Long Barrow alongside the other Medway Megaliths.
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Garwood, P. (2012). "The Medway Valley Prehistoric Landscapes Project".
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2200:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press and Kent County Council. pp. 67–133.
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262:(c.1000 to 700 BCE). Environmental data from the vicinity of the
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on the western side of the river. Two further surviving long barrows,
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series. In his 1924 publication dealing with Kent, the archaeologist
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termed these monuments "tomb-shrines" to reflect their dual purpose.
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which does not allow entry to the tomb, an idea supported by Daniel.
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Menefee, S. P. (1975). "The 'Countless Stones': A Final Reckoning".
1987:"The Excavation of the Chestnuts Megalithic Tomb at Addington, Kent"
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resources beyond that which a local community could likely produce.
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Dunkin, E.H.W. (1871). "On the Megalithic Remains in Mid-Kent".
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The Prehistoric Landscape at White Horse Stone, Aylesford, Kent
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Ronald Jessup included the Addington site in his 1970 book,
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understanding that these megaliths had lives of their own.
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2558:"Neolithic Landscape and Experience: The Medway Megaliths"
2217:"An Account of the Monument Commonly Ascribed to Catigern"
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2453:. Kent Archaeological Society: 221–234. Archived from
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2109:. Kent Archaeological Society: 319–345. Archived from
2074:. Kent Archaeological Society: 269–284. Archived from
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as their primary form of subsistence, abandoning the
2368:. Kent Archaeological Society: 63–81. Archived from
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Clinch, G. (1908). "Kentish Megalithic Structures".
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Stones from the chamber of the Addington Long Barrow
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Map of the Medway Megaliths around the River Medway
246:period. The change came about through contact with
2696:(third ed.). Kent: Kent Archaeological Trust.
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2269:The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of England and Wales
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192:grew up around the site, associating it with the
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141:have established that the monument was built by
2515:Jessop, C.M. (1863). "Celtic Remains in Kent".
2500:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2390:PAST: The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society
507:of 1237 ordering the opening of barrows on the
242:lifestyle that had characterised the preceding
2320:"A Disciple of the Druids; the Beale Post Mss"
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251:because of its position on the estuary of the
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2230:. Society of Antiquaries of London: 107–117.
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2405:(second ed.). London: Methuen & Co.
2131:"The Warren Farm Chamber: A Reconsideration"
2061:"The Medway Megaliths in a European Context"
560:Antiquarian and archaeological investigation
185:, are located on the Medway's eastern side.
2643:. Council for Kentish Archaeology: 205–207.
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196:motif. The ruin attracted the interest of
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2440:"The Medway Megaliths and Neolithic Kent"
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2412:Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain
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2271:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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2850:Early Neolithic long barrows in Britain
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120:. Built of earth and about fifty local
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2739:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
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2703:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
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2614:(3–4). The Folklore Society: 146–166.
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2096:"The Medway's Megalithic Long Barrows"
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104:in the southeastern English county of
16:Chambered long barrow in Kent, England
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2181:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2026:"The Medway Megaliths in Perspective"
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2709:. The Prehistoric Society: 115–126.
2403:The Ancient Burial-Mounds of England
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2144:. Kent Archaeological Society: 1–15.
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255:and its proximity to the continent.
2481:. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell.
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177:and possible survivals such as the
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2692:Philp, Brian; Dutto, Mike (2005).
2297:(1). The Folklore Society: 36–43.
548:, a set of three stone circles in
33:View of the damaged burial chamber
14:
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2198:The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800
157:. Of these, it lies near to both
3090:Buildings and structures in Kent
2728:. London: J.B. Nichols and Sons.
586:Society of Antiquaries of London
492:destruction was probably due to
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334:. The eastern group consists of
114:Britain's Early Neolithic period
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43:
3100:Megalithic monuments in England
2414:. London: David & Charles.
2396:. The Prehistoric Society: 1–3.
2260:Victoria County History: Kent I
1977:
2657:Petrie, W.M. Flinders (1880).
2652:. London: Mitchell and Hughes.
499:Conversely, the archaeologist
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302:: rectangular or oval earthen
116:, today it survives only in a
108:. Probably constructed in the
1:
2745:. Prehistoric Society: 1–30.
2659:"Notes on Kentish Earthworks"
2620:10.1080/0015587x.1975.9716017
2589:Neolithic Britain and Ireland
2541:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2303:10.1080/0015587x.1946.9717805
671:
523:In a 1946 paper published in
392:, while fellow archaeologist
3080:Archaeological sites in Kent
3059:Preston Candover Long Barrow
2955:Thickthorn Down Long Barrows
2899:Stoney Littleton Long Barrow
2410:Grinsell, Leslie V. (1976).
2401:Grinsell, Leslie V. (1953).
676:
100:located near the village of
7:
2945:The Grey Mare and her Colts
2215:Colebrooke, Josiah (1773).
2002:Kent Archaeological Society
516:Folklore and folk tradition
266:, a putatively prehistoric
204:
173:, as well as the destroyed
10:
3126:
3025:Jacket's Field Long Barrow
2637:Kent Archaeological Review
2533:Jessup, Ronald F. (1970).
2524:Jessup, Ronald F. (1930).
630:mention in George Payne's
221:
2968:
2855:
2715:10.1017/s0079497x00022246
2587:Malone, Caroline (2001).
2267:Daniel, Glynn E. (1950).
2236:10.1017/S0261340900015605
2151:Kent in Prehistoric Times
81:
67:
38:
26:
3035:Shrub's Wood Long Barrow
2355:"Kentish Megalith Types"
1985:Alexander, John (1961).
3105:Stone Age sites in Kent
3043:Badshot Lea Long Barrow
3007:Little Kit's Coty House
2924:West Kennet Long Barrow
2722:Wright, Thomas (1854).
2526:The Archaeology of Kent
2496:Hutton, Ronald (2013).
2473:Hutton, Ronald (1991).
2438:Holgate, Robin (1981).
2433:. London: D. Midwinter.
2353:Evans, John H. (1950).
2318:Evans, John H. (1949).
637:Victoria County History
406:Design and construction
344:Little Kit's Coty House
171:Little Kit's Coty House
3051:Long Burgh Long Barrow
2894:Nympsfield Long Barrow
2813:The Modern Antiquarian
2779:51.307913°N 0.370144°E
2672:: 8–16. Archived from
2648:Payne, George (1893).
2556:Killick, Sian (2010).
2004:: 1–57. Archived from
1339:Philp & Dutto 2005
1319:Philp & Dutto 2005
704:Philp & Dutto 2005
622:
569:
484:
415:
359:
300:chambered long barrows
295:
3110:Tonbridge and Malling
2987:Chestnuts Long Barrow
2982:Addington Long Barrow
2864:Cotswold-Severn Group
2809:Addington Long Barrow
2804:The Megalithic Portal
2800:Addington Long Barrow
2666:Archaeologia Cantiana
2565:Archaeologia Cantiana
2447:Archaeologia Cantiana
2429:Harris, John (1719).
2362:Archaeologia Cantiana
2327:Archaeologia Cantiana
2177:Burl, Aubrey (1981).
2149:Ashbee, Paul (2005).
2138:Archaeologia Cantiana
2129:Ashbee, Paul (2003).
2103:Archaeologia Cantiana
2094:Ashbee, Paul (2000).
2068:Archaeologia Cantiana
2059:Ashbee, Paul (1999).
2033:Archaeologia Cantiana
2024:Ashbee, Paul (1993).
1994:Archaeologia Cantiana
620:
584:, the journal of the
567:
482:
414:Plan of the monument.
413:
377:Cotswold-Severn group
357:
332:Chestnuts Long Barrow
293:
159:Chestnuts Long Barrow
110:fourth millennium BCE
98:chambered long barrow
94:Addington Long Barrow
22:Addington Long Barrow
2889:Notgrove Long Barrow
2694:The Medway Megaliths
2517:Gentleman's Magazine
1860:, pp. 636–638;
1776:, pp. 109–117;
1127:, pp. 325–326;
1079:, pp. 223, 225.
917:, pp. 103–104;
632:Collectanea Cantiana
611:Gentleman's Magazine
248:continental European
59:Location within Kent
3030:Julliberrie's Grave
2997:Coldrum Long Barrow
2884:Lugbury Long Barrow
2879:Parc Cwm long cairn
2784:51.307913; 0.370144
2775: /
2752:10.1017/ppr.2013.10
2431:The History of Kent
2262:. pp. 318–320.
1919:, pp. 140–141.
1764:, pp. 108–109.
1456:, pp. 106–107.
1157:Wysocki et al. 2013
1145:Wysocki et al. 2013
1018:Wysocki et al. 2013
974:Wysocki et al. 2013
816:Barclay et al. 2006
804:Barclay et al. 2006
782:, pp. 230–231.
662:Kent County Council
606:Charles Roach Smith
590:Battle of Aylesford
431:Meaning and purpose
328:Coldrum Long Barrow
163:Coldrum Long Barrow
153:, now known as the
23:
3085:Barrows in England
3056:Hampshire Barrows:
2929:Whispering Knights
2591:. Stroud: Tempus.
2537:South-East England
2528:. London: Methuen.
2519:. Part I: 636–638.
2153:. Stroud: Tempus.
1012:, pp. 60–61;
830:, pp. 73–74;
653:South East England
623:
570:
485:
416:
360:
296:
21:
3067:
3066:
3017:White Horse Stone
3012:Smythe's Megalith
2934:Dartmoor Barrows:
2548:978-0-500-02068-5
2488:978-0-631-17288-8
2179:Rites of the Gods
1935:, pp. 91–92.
1636:, pp. 64–65.
1516:, pp. 39–40.
1480:, pp. 42–43.
1222:, pp. 77−80.
1036:, pp. 76–77.
818:, pp. 25–26.
770:, pp. 34–35.
750:, pp. 16–17.
657:metal detectoring
642:O. G. S. Crawford
336:Smythe's Megalith
264:White Horse Stone
183:White Horse Stone
175:Smythe's Megalith
91:
90:
3117:
3002:Kit's Coty House
2977:Medway Megaliths
2919:Wayland's Smithy
2914:Uley Long Barrow
2844:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2756:
2754:
2729:
2718:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:on 17 April 2016
2678:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2631:
2602:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2562:
2552:
2540:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2507:978-0-300-197716
2492:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2406:
2397:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2314:
2285:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2238:. Archived from
2221:
2211:
2192:
2173:
2164:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
1991:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:, pp. 8–10.
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1021:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
943:
937:
931:
922:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
879:
873:
867:
857:
851:
841:
835:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
722:
716:
707:
701:
572:The antiquarian
533:countless stones
340:Kit's Coty House
286:Medway Megaliths
194:countless stones
167:Kit's Coty House
155:Medway Megaliths
54:
53:
47:
31:
24:
20:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3095:History of Kent
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3048:Sussex Barrows:
3040:Surrey Barrows:
2964:
2942:Dorset Barrows:
2937:Spinsters' Rock
2851:
2848:
2796:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2661:
2599:
2577:
2575:
2574:on 20 July 2020
2571:
2560:
2549:
2508:
2489:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2442:
2422:
2378:
2376:
2375:on 18 July 2020
2372:
2357:
2343:
2341:
2340:on 18 July 2020
2337:
2322:
2248:
2246:
2245:on 4 March 2016
2242:
2219:
2208:
2189:
2161:
2133:
2119:
2117:
2116:on 20 July 2020
2113:
2098:
2084:
2082:
2081:on 20 July 2020
2078:
2063:
2049:
2047:
2046:on 18 July 2020
2043:
2028:
2014:
2012:
2011:on 15 July 2020
2008:
1989:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:, p. 319;
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1844:, p. 231;
1836:, p. 180;
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:, p. 231;
1804:, p. 136;
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1774:Colebrooke 1773
1772:
1768:
1762:Colebrooke 1773
1760:
1756:
1742:Colebrooke 1773
1740:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:, pp. 123.
1660:, p. 181;
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:, pp. 8–9.
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1337:, p. 193;
1329:
1325:
1313:
1306:
1298:, p. 103;
1294:, p. 193;
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:, p. 225;
1139:
1135:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1048:, p. 101;
1044:
1040:
1032:, p. 101;
1028:
1024:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:, p. 225;
944:
940:
932:
925:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
882:
874:
870:
858:
854:
842:
838:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:, p. 272;
758:
754:
746:
742:
734:
725:
717:
710:
702:
683:
679:
674:
646:Ordnance Survey
627:Flinders Petrie
578:History of Kent
562:
518:
477:
472:
463:Richard Bradley
458:Caroline Malone
433:
408:
288:
260:Late Bronze Age
240:hunter-gatherer
224:
216:Lower Greensand
207:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:Stour Barrows:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Arthur's Stone
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2758:
2757:
2730:
2719:
2698:
2689:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2553:
2547:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2460:on 5 June 2020
2435:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2398:
2385:
2350:
2315:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2188:978-0460043137
2187:
2174:
2165:
2160:978-0752431369
2159:
2146:
2126:
2091:
2056:
2021:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1971:, p. 206.
1961:
1959:, p. 191.
1949:
1937:
1921:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1876:, p. 91;
1866:
1850:
1840:, p. 75;
1826:
1824:, p. 136.
1814:
1794:
1782:
1780:, p. 136.
1766:
1754:
1752:, p. 103.
1748:, p. 75;
1744:, p. 23;
1734:
1728:, p. 75;
1724:, p. 23;
1714:
1712:, p. 148.
1702:
1700:, p. 147.
1690:
1688:, p. 146.
1678:
1666:
1650:
1646:Alexander 1961
1638:
1626:
1622:Alexander 1961
1609:
1607:, p. 104.
1597:
1585:
1573:
1571:, p. 103.
1567:, p. 75;
1557:
1555:, p. 106.
1545:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 107.
1458:
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 103.
1428:, p. 61;
1418:
1416:, p. 233.
1406:
1394:
1382:
1380:, p. 193.
1370:
1368:, p. 231.
1358:
1343:
1333:, p. 75;
1323:
1317:, p. 93;
1304:
1302:, p. 342.
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 271.
1260:
1258:, p. 269.
1248:
1244:Alexander 1961
1236:
1234:, p. 111.
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 161.
1200:
1198:, p. 122.
1188:
1186:, p. 227.
1173:
1161:
1149:
1133:
1123:, p. 58;
1110:
1108:, p. 339.
1098:
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 223.
1054:
1038:
1022:
1016:, p. 78;
1002:
1000:, p. 221.
990:
978:
966:
954:
938:
923:
907:
895:
893:, p. 103.
880:
868:
862:, p. 19;
852:
846:, p. 19;
836:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
762:, p. 16;
752:
740:
738:, p. 103.
723:
708:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
561:
558:
517:
514:
501:John Alexander
476:
473:
471:
468:
432:
429:
407:
404:
386:Stuart Piggott
324:Blue Bell Hill
287:
284:
223:
220:
206:
203:
139:Archaeologists
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2598:0-7524-1442-9
2594:
2590:
2585:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2498:Pagan Britain
2494:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2421:0-7153-7241-6
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:The Reliquary
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2207:9780851155807
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1947:, p. 33.
1946:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1904:, p. 17.
1903:
1898:
1892:, p. 14.
1891:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:, p. 91.
1863:
1859:
1854:
1848:, p. 91.
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1812:, p. 91.
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:, p. 89.
1791:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1732:, p. 89.
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1676:, p. 38.
1675:
1670:
1663:
1662:Grinsell 1976
1659:
1654:
1648:, p. 29.
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1624:, p. 25.
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1543:, p. 66.
1542:
1537:
1535:
1528:, p. 63.
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1504:, p. 39.
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 43.
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 61.
1443:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1404:, p. 70.
1403:
1398:
1392:, p. 65.
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:Grinsell 1953
1374:
1367:
1362:
1356:, p. 75.
1355:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1335:Grinsell 1953
1332:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Grinsell 1953
1288:
1282:, p. 57.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1246:, p. 18.
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1171:, p. 60.
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1131:, p. 78.
1130:
1129:Champion 2007
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 78.
1095:
1094:Champion 2007
1090:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1052:, p. 78.
1051:
1050:Champion 2007
1047:
1042:
1035:
1034:Champion 2007
1031:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1014:Champion 2007
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
964:, p. 76.
963:
962:Champion 2007
958:
952:, p. 78.
951:
950:Champion 2007
947:
942:
936:, p. 41.
935:
930:
928:
921:, p. 41.
920:
916:
911:
905:, p. 40.
904:
899:
892:
887:
885:
878:, p. 19.
877:
872:
866:, p. 40.
865:
861:
856:
850:, p. 37.
849:
845:
840:
834:, p. 33.
833:
829:
828:Champion 2007
824:
817:
812:
806:, p. 20.
805:
800:
794:, p. 37.
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
765:
761:
756:
749:
744:
737:
732:
730:
728:
721:, p. 74.
720:
715:
713:
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510:
509:Isle of Wight
506:
502:
497:
495:
489:
481:
470:Later history
467:
464:
459:
454:
452:
451:Ronald Hutton
448:
444:
439:
438:ancestor cult
428:
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390:Low Countries
387:
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276:Amygdaloideae
273:
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232:British Isles
229:
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107:
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99:
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80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
46:
37:
30:
25:
19:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3021:
2992:Coffin Stone
2981:
2975:
2941:
2933:
2862:
2817:
2760:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2669:
2665:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2611:
2607:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2569:the original
2564:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2497:
2476:
2462:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2450:
2446:
2430:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2370:the original
2365:
2361:
2342:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2330:
2326:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2227:
2224:Archaeologia
2223:
2197:
2178:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2118:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2106:
2102:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2067:
2048:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2036:
2032:
2013:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1997:
1993:
1978:Bibliography
1964:
1952:
1940:
1924:
1897:
1885:
1869:
1853:
1842:Holgate 1981
1829:
1817:
1806:Holgate 1981
1797:
1785:
1769:
1757:
1737:
1717:
1710:Menefee 1975
1705:
1698:Menefee 1975
1693:
1686:Menefee 1975
1681:
1669:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1560:
1548:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1366:Holgate 1981
1361:
1341:, p. 3.
1326:
1321:, p. 3.
1300:Killick 2010
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1196:Piggott 1935
1191:
1184:Holgate 1981
1164:
1159:, p. 3.
1152:
1147:, p. 3.
1141:Holgate 1981
1136:
1106:Killick 2010
1101:
1077:Holgate 1981
1072:
1065:Holgate 1981
1041:
1025:
1020:, p. 1.
1005:
998:Holgate 1981
993:
988:, p. 1.
986:Garwood 2012
981:
976:, p. 1.
969:
957:
946:Holgate 1981
941:
910:
898:
871:
855:
839:
823:
811:
799:
787:
780:Holgate 1981
775:
755:
743:
706:, p. 3.
652:
650:
635:
631:
624:
609:
602:
598:stone circle
582:Archaeologia
581:
577:
571:
526:
522:
519:
498:
490:
486:
455:
434:
425:
421:
417:
382:
373:
361:
348:Coffin Stone
316:
312:Göbekli Tepe
297:
272:River Medway
257:
253:River Thames
225:
208:
198:antiquarians
187:
179:Coffin Stone
151:River Medway
137:
131:enclosed by
118:ruined state
93:
92:
18:
2909:Tinkinswood
2782: /
1969:Mynott 2007
1957:Ashbee 2005
1945:Ashbee 2005
1933:Ashbee 1993
1929:Clinch 1908
1902:Petrie 1880
1890:Petrie 1880
1878:Ashbee 1993
1874:Dunkin 1871
1862:Ashbee 1993
1858:Jessop 1863
1846:Ashbee 1993
1834:Wright 1854
1810:Ashbee 1993
1790:Ashbee 1993
1750:Jessup 1970
1730:Ashbee 1993
1722:Harris 1719
1658:Wright 1854
1634:Ashbee 1993
1605:Ashbee 2005
1593:Ashbee 2003
1581:Ashbee 2003
1569:Jessup 1970
1553:Ashbee 2005
1541:Ashbee 1993
1514:Hutton 2013
1502:Hutton 2013
1490:Hutton 2013
1478:Hutton 2013
1466:Malone 2001
1454:Malone 2001
1430:Malone 2001
1414:Daniel 1950
1402:Jessup 1930
1390:Ashbee 1993
1315:Ashbee 1993
1296:Jessup 1970
1280:Ashbee 1993
1268:Ashbee 1999
1256:Ashbee 1999
1232:Jessup 1970
1208:Daniel 1950
1169:Ashbee 1993
1125:Ashbee 2000
1121:Ashbee 1993
1046:Ashbee 2005
1030:Ashbee 2005
1010:Ashbee 1993
934:Hutton 2013
919:Hutton 2013
915:Malone 2001
903:Hutton 2013
891:Malone 2001
876:Hutton 1991
864:Hutton 2013
860:Hutton 1991
848:Hutton 2013
844:Hutton 1991
832:Hutton 2013
792:Hutton 2013
768:Hutton 2013
764:Ashbee 1999
760:Hutton 1991
748:Hutton 1991
736:Jessup 1970
574:John Harris
546:The Hurlers
475:Destruction
399:Paul Ashbee
394:Glyn Daniel
320:North Downs
236:agriculture
147:long barrow
143:pastoralist
133:kerb-stones
86:Long barrow
3074:Categories
2960:Wor Barrow
2950:Hell Stone
2904:St Lythans
2874:Belas Knap
2767:51°18′28″N
2120:19 January
2015:19 January
1917:Payne 1893
1838:Evans 1950
1822:Evans 1949
1802:Evans 1949
1778:Evans 1949
1746:Evans 1950
1726:Evans 1950
1674:Evans 1946
1565:Evans 1950
1354:Evans 1950
1331:Evans 1950
1220:Evans 1950
719:Evans 1950
672:References
538:Stonehenge
505:Close Roll
494:iconoclasm
244:Mesolithic
2969:Southeast
2856:Southwest
2770:0°22′13″E
1526:Burl 1981
1442:Burl 1981
1426:Burl 1981
677:Footnotes
554:animistic
542:Wiltshire
308:megaliths
270:near the
125:megaliths
112:, during
102:Addington
72:Addington
2608:Folklore
2291:Folklore
2284:: 67–80.
594:Categern
550:Cornwall
527:Folklore
280:pastoral
268:monolith
234:adopted
205:Location
190:folklore
68:Location
2683:25 July
2628:1260230
2578:28 June
2464:28 June
2379:28 June
2344:28 June
2311:1257001
2249:2 March
2085:28 June
2050:28 June
529:journal
447:shrines
443:temples
222:Context
129:tumulus
2626:
2595:
2545:
2504:
2485:
2418:
2309:
2204:
2185:
2157:
666:tarmac
369:Eocene
365:sarsen
342:, and
304:tumuli
122:sarsen
2677:(PDF)
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2029:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
96:is a
2685:2016
2593:ISBN
2580:2016
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2466:2016
2416:ISBN
2381:2016
2346:2016
2251:2015
2202:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2122:2020
2087:2016
2052:2016
2017:2020
525:the
330:and
181:and
169:and
161:and
106:Kent
82:Type
76:Kent
2811:at
2802:at
2747:doi
2711:doi
2641:169
2616:doi
2299:doi
2232:doi
2142:123
2107:120
2072:119
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540:in
445:or
228:BCE
211:A20
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1998:76
1996:.
1992:.
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