53:
252:
222:
126:
538:
4771:, but instead of using closed party lists, it proposed that seats be filled by the "best runner-up" basis used by the German state of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, where the compensatory seats are filled by the party's defeated candidates who were the "best near-winner" in each of the state's four regions. It was the way that compensatory seats were allocated that made their report the origin of the additional member system, the term which the report also invented, which was then applied along with the much older "mixed system" by English-speaking writers on voting systems to West Germany's system and similar models until the term
4138:
151:
4597:
3462:
410:
4124:
440:
4145:
2467:
2597:
378:
3885:
3437:
3605:
2500:
4131:
3892:
2513:
4117:
3725:
2482:
3449:
4729:
4720:, with the stated aim of winning list seats for pro-independence candidates. At the party's public launch, Salmond quoted polling suggesting the SNP would receive a million votes in the forthcoming election but win no regional seats. He said that having Alba candidates on the regional lists would end the "wasted votes", and the number of independence supporting MSPs could reach 90 or more.
4775:(MMP) was coined for the adoption of the German system proposed for New Zealand in a royal commission report in 1986, which would explain why "AMS" and "MMP" have been used as synonyms. The system the Hansard Society proposed was eventually adopted but with closed lists instead of the "best runner-up" (popularly known in Britain as "best losers") provision for elections to the
3654:. However, the number of seats already won in the local constituencies is taken into account in the calculations for the list seats, and the first average taken in account for each party follows the number of FPTP seats won. For example, if a party won 5 constituency seats, then the first D'Hondt divisor taken for that party would be 6 (5 seats + 1), not 1. In
4530:(MMP) in New Zealand. As the term additional member system is used here, AMS is unlike some MMP systems more true to their name, because it does not compensate for the disproportionate results caused by a party taking so many district seats that the fixed number of top-up seats cannot compensate. Such is the case where the leading party takes
4480:
representation, in order to be eligible for list seats in some AMS models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In almost all elections in the
4665:
Although a theoretical possibility, decoy lists are not used in
Scotland, Wales, or other places using AMS in the UK, where most voters vote for candidates from parties with long-standing names. In the run up to the 2007 Scottish election, the Labour party had considered not fielding list candidates
3670:
In a 100 seat assembly 70 members are elected in single-member constituencies. Because the system generally favours the largest party and those parties/candidate that are strong in a particular region, the total result of the constituency (FPP) elections can be very disproportional. In this example,
4966:
To deal with the misunderstanding between "first" and "second" votes, the ballot for the 2007 Scottish
Parliament election was changed as recommended by the Arbuthnott Commission. The British government announced on 22 November 2006 that the two separate ballot papers used in the previous Scottish
4060:
when there are no overhang seats that would need to be compensated; in this case it would have the same outcome as other 'MMP' systems, if the results of the FPTP elections were completely proportional (which is almost never the case in reality). If decoy lists and tactical voting were used (see
3675:
in the popular vote (party A) won a majority of all seats (54), while the second largest party (B) only won 11 districts. One of the two smaller parties (party C) won no districts, despite having 13% support nationwide, but a smaller (regional) party with only 3% nationally did get 5 of their
4955:
In the first election for
Scotland's new Parliament, the majority of voters surveyed misunderstood some key aspects of the difference there between the "first" (constituency) vote and the "second" (regional list) vote; indeed in some ways the understanding worsened in the second election.
3646:
The second vote is used to determine how many additional seats a party may get, which is based on how many seats a party should get in total. Parties receive additional seats to match the vote shares they received as close as possible, making the legislature more representative of voters'
3576:
electoral system. In practice, the proportionality of AMS depends on the number of additional ("top-up") seats and the votes cast in a specific election. In parts of the United
Kingdom where it is or was used, it produced results closer to mixed-member proportional rather than
3821:
In the example, additional seats are assigned on a nationwide level. Parties A and D are already overrepresented, so they are not entitled to additional seats. Parties B and C receive top-up seats, as there are only 30, this is not enough to make the results proportional.
4052:
In this example, the assembly size would be increased by 13 seats to compensate for parties B and C's seat deficits under the New
Zealand type 'MMP', and by 65 (which allows parties A, B and C to receive more seats) under a flexible amount of additional leveling seats.
4626:) in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it, but this model has not been copied in the United Kingdom.
4583:. AMS has also been used to mean any system with additional members (both parallel voting and compensatory systems), therefore any two-tiered mixed system with first-past-the-post and additional list members. This is also why some unconventional systems, such as
4943:
The system implemented for the
Scottish Parliament is known to make it more difficult for any one party to win an outright majority, compared to the first-past-the-post system used for general elections to the UK Parliament in Westminster. However, in
4618:, where the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list and both votes count for party and candidates so that every vote counts twice (Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose). In
3631:. In the regional vote, the voter votes for a specific party, but has no control over which candidates from the party are elected. On the other hand, in the constituency vote, the voter votes for a specific candidate rather than a party.
4587:
have also occasionally been descibed as 'additional member systems', although with compensatory systems this was also reinforced by the conflation of compensatory mixed systems and mixed-member proportional representation in general.
4967:
Parliament elections would be replaced for the elections in May 2007 by a single paper, with the left side listing the parties standing for election as regional MSPs and the right side the candidates standing as constituency MSPs.
4048:
were adding to the
Bundestag, to get fully proportional results, but as per the latest reform, parties simply may not keep overhang seats, meaning they might not be able to keep all constituency seats they "won" in.
4701:) stand as independents, to attempt to gain list seats they would not be entitled to if Forward Wales candidates were elected to constituencies in the given region. However the ruse failed: Marek lost his seat in
4541:
Due to the problem of district contests electing too many members for leading parties (overhang), the AMS systems discussed here, instead of producing fully proportional results, often produce only
3662:, constituency seats are taken into account by subtracting the number of constituency seats that the party won from the number of seats initially won by the party proportionally (over all seats).
3627:
Voters are not required to vote for the same party in the constituency and regional votes. If a voter votes for different parties at the constituency and regional levels this is referred to as
3420:
5358:
494:
479:
3104:
1244:
17:
4629:
To produce more proportional results without increasing the number of seats in the chamber, reforms might include changing the way district members are elected. If STV or
2391:
1415:
1401:
3123:
2053:
559:
5038:
1367:
3608:
The AMS uses two votes and compensation is done by taking into account seats won in FPTP districts. This makes the AMS a seat linkage based mixed electoral system.
2555:
2431:
1254:
705:
4675:
4671:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
2115:
680:
4963:
found references to first and second votes fueled a misconception that the constituency vote should be a first preference and the regional vote a second one.
4682:
candidates. Before this the Co-operative party had chosen not to field candidates of its own but merely to endorse particular Labour candidates. However the
2071:
1653:
695:
545:
3490:
3327:
2153:
1917:
332:
4686:
ruled that as membership of the Co-operative party is dependent on membership of the Labour party they could not be considered distinct legal entities.
4678:
regions, as their constituency strength in the previous two elections had resulted in no list MSPs; instead they proposed to support a list composed of
4702:
684:
573:
337:
5068:
2128:
2124:
1275:
3612:
In an election using the additional member system, each voter casts two votes: a vote for a candidate standing in their local constituency (with or
1394:
447:
5409:
5476:
4538:(extra additional members) are filled in such a way as to ensure parties have proportional representation, but not in the AMS as used in the UK.
2380:
1249:
690:
91:
4667:
1615:
700:
4826:
2356:
2058:
1438:
954:
874:
290:
5328:
5466:
2548:
2411:
2106:
2033:
2002:
959:
869:
3181:
2376:
2163:
1785:
710:
311:
4040:
as well, by adding back that many seats to the assembly if needed, but this is not a perfect correction for the disproportionality. In
2328:
1591:
639:
101:
5353:
4690:
2303:
2288:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
460:
4976:
4772:
4572:
4527:
4088:
4082:
4029:
4022:
3578:
3565:
3213:
3075:
3070:
2273:
2268:
1737:
1315:
720:
4545:. However, even semi-proportional representation is a considered by some a great advance on a electoral system that uses only the
106:
4064:
In all other cases the AMS is more proportional than parallel voting, but sometimes less proportional than 'MMP' in New
Zealand.
3483:
3176:
2541:
2099:
1766:
1679:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
182:
36:
5207:
4788:
2858:
2308:
2293:
2206:
2171:
2148:
2076:
1647:
1629:
729:
632:
484:
431:
5303:
4481:
UK there are no thresholds except the "effective threshold" inherent in the regional structure. However the elections for the
4025:
system (MMM), under which even party A received additional seats, even though it is overrepresented even without getting any.
2528:
4683:
2491:
2421:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2258:
2176:
2066:
1574:
489:
422:
5046:
4815:
3547:
system) in that the "additional member" seats are awarded to parties taking into account seats won in SMDs (referred to as
3382:
2633:
2341:
2228:
2218:
2181:
2141:
2111:
2086:
2048:
1810:
1730:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
552:
285:
4892:
Regional party list seats are allocated to try to make sure each party has as fair a share of seats as is possible (True)
4608:
recommended that
Scotland change to a model where the voter can vote for a specific regional candidate as well (called an
2318:
2283:
2278:
2238:
2223:
2213:
2196:
2191:
2186:
1463:
529:
251:
221:
192:
52:
3476:
2298:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2201:
1790:
520:
355:
62:
4549:
voting system, where the number of seats a party takes only vaguely reflects the number of votes that party receives.
3643:
first-preference plurality (FPP) system (i.e. in the constituency, the candidate with the most votes takes the seat).
4945:
4709:
4498:
3377:
2158:
1716:
1325:
1320:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
673:
582:
509:
96:
5471:
4992:
4637:(FPP), and thus the available top-up seats could be used to produce more proportional overall chamber composition.
4542:
3573:
3549:
3367:
3117:
3088:
3028:
1742:
1542:
1537:
1268:
363:
243:
177:
158:
5178:
4741:
3620:
standing in a wider region made up of multiple constituencies (or a single nationwide constituency). In
Scotland
3099:
2624:
2426:
669:
651:
618:
4914:
Unless a party wins at least 5% of the second vote, it is unlikely to win any regional party lists seats (True)
5390:
4822:
3162:
1962:
1675:
1643:
1507:
1305:
1285:
386:
213:
132:
119:
44:
4633:
is used, the district elections are likely to be more proportional than if districts seats are filled through
3226:
4510:
4502:
4490:
4013:
If the 30 additional seats in the example were allocated independently by list-PR the system would be called
2804:
2789:
2774:
2504:
1751:
1512:
259:
4654:" are a trick to unhinge the compensation mechanisms contained into the proportional part of the AMS, so to
5143:
4630:
3040:
2963:
2884:
2486:
2346:
1930:
1829:
1759:
1746:
1722:
1553:
1548:
5072:
4881:
No candidate who stands in a constituency contest can be elected as a regional party list member (False)
4057:
3532:
3405:
2852:
2834:
2675:
2396:
1956:
1815:
1622:
656:
587:
264:
125:
5164:
5129:
5413:
4768:
4634:
4486:
4075:
3640:
3624:("top-up" seats) are elected by region; in London there is a single London-wide pooling of list votes.
3296:
3279:
3246:
3010:
2998:
2968:
2769:
2727:
2660:
2517:
1835:
1484:
1428:
1280:
646:
597:
5016:
5241:
4506:
3152:
3145:
2629:
2366:
2361:
1820:
1803:
1780:
1700:
1689:
1433:
1389:
566:
5094:
5108:
3659:
3206:
3134:
2986:
2973:
2956:
2933:
2911:
2874:
2864:
2039:
1771:
1310:
537:
165:
137:
3415:
4949:
4799:
4795:
4698:
3332:
3186:
2869:
2406:
1663:
1634:
1568:
1443:
469:
3301:
4987:
4903:
The number of seats won by each party is decided by the number of first votes they get (False)
4494:
3584:
This article focuses on the use of the AMS in the United Kingdom. The AMS is used to elect the
3524:
3512:
3361:
3241:
3171:
2978:
1968:
1347:
625:
205:
5380:
3650:
In the model of the AMS as used in the United Kingdom, the regional seats are divided using a
5397:
Proportion of respondents giving correct answers to knowledge quiz about the electoral system
4960:
4803:
4605:
3613:
3564:
AMS is the name given to a particular system used in the United Kingdom that aims to provide
3269:
3109:
2993:
2799:
2778:
2710:
2688:
2471:
2351:
1939:
1855:
1300:
4870:
People are given two votes so that they can show their first and second preferences (False)
4137:
5011:
4736:(Welsh Parliament) is one of the legislative bodies that used the additional member system.
3400:
3387:
3355:
2619:
1695:
1685:
1421:
1226:
1221:
172:
4767:
recommended that a mixed electoral system in a form different from the German be used for
4619:
8:
4821:
The AMS system in use in the London Assembly would have been used for the other proposed
4776:
4751:
4546:
3628:
3585:
3306:
3140:
2793:
2081:
1888:
1658:
1597:
1502:
1497:
1458:
1407:
187:
74:
4596:
5258:
5042:
4679:
4471:
3672:
3466:
3337:
2948:
2732:
1912:
1848:
1795:
1638:
1362:
592:
371:
84:
5410:"Parliament in depth: Electoral System: Electoral system for the Scottish Parliament"
5386:
5378:
5262:
5254:
5151:
5116:
4811:
3651:
3461:
3372:
3342:
3264:
3201:
3035:
2762:
2737:
2720:
2588:
1825:
1477:
1473:
1468:
323:
302:
276:
150:
5234:"Electoral System Reviews in New Zealand, Britain and Canada: A Critical Comparison"
5276:
5250:
4579:, which is not a compensatory system and in New Zealand was offered under the name
4526:
AMS is used by some as another term to mean the broadly same type of system called
4123:
3568:(MMP), however, when failing to reach proportionality (as it cannot compensate for
3453:
3410:
3289:
3003:
2879:
2705:
2699:
2681:
2670:
2665:
2653:
2614:
2576:
2136:
2024:
2016:
1995:
1979:
1581:
1532:
1382:
1372:
342:
272:
5435:
4838:
Scottish Parliament Election Study 1999 and Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2003
5366:
5362:
4981:
4784:
4764:
4757:
4659:
4576:
4557:
4482:
4393:
4096:
4014:
3589:
3540:
3441:
3274:
3129:
3094:
3015:
2926:
2829:
2752:
2694:
2572:
1907:
1705:
1352:
1334:
610:
233:
79:
4859:
You are allowed to vote for the same party on the first and second vote (True)
4535:
4037:
3676:
candidates elected, as their voters were concentrated in those constituencies.
3536:
3516:
3311:
3251:
3236:
3047:
2916:
2891:
2742:
2453:
1973:
1668:
1561:
1557:
401:
5233:
4144:
4061:
below), the results under the AMS would be the same as under parallel voting.
5460:
4694:
4531:
4045:
3569:
3320:
3020:
2808:
2646:
2609:
2584:
452:
409:
319:
3527:(SMDs), and a fixed number of other "additional members" are elected from a
5379:
Catherine Bromley; John Curtice; David McCrone; Alison Park (4 July 2006).
4713:
3639:
The first vote is used to elect a member from their constituency under the
3060:
2824:
2817:
2747:
2009:
1712:
1490:
417:
298:
2596:
4623:
4568:
4033:
3655:
3528:
2938:
2896:
2839:
2784:
1898:
1357:
514:
465:
393:
227:
144:
69:
5144:
https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/voting-systems/
4534:
and the legislature has a fixed number of seats. In 'true' MMP systems,
3604:
3436:
5329:"Alex Salmond to lead new Alba Party into Scottish Parliament election"
5304:"A gameable electoral system? The Additional Member System in Scotland"
4717:
4651:
4477:
3884:
3617:
3520:
1990:
1775:
1340:
439:
4829:, the Government abolished all the regional assemblies in 2008-2010.
4807:
4806:
for electing members from single-member constituencies, and regional
4610:
2906:
2901:
1984:
1602:
1517:
377:
4747:
4584:
3157:
2499:
1945:
1870:
1865:
1451:
5061:
4614:), but this has not been implemented. A similar system is used in
4130:
3891:
5004:
4814:'s earlier manifesto promises, no referendum was held before the
4615:
4116:
4041:
3724:
3621:
2943:
2481:
1951:
1293:
5109:
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn04458/
4780:
4733:
4032:(MMP), like the ones used for electing the national parliament
3593:
3448:
2386:
1586:
5095:"Historic Act strengthens democracy in Wales | GOV.WALES"
4485:
have a threshold of 5% which has at times denied seats to the
4728:
4640:
2512:
1525:
5355:
Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform
4622:
there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method (
2392:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
2443:
1876:
4705:
and Forward Wales failed to qualify for any top-up seats.
2448:
706:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
4575:(1984–1986). The term AMS has been conflated also with
4825:
of England, but after the overwhelming No vote in the
3634:
3592:(with at-large top-up seats), and formerly the Welsh
696:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4560:, has been confused in the literature with the term
4516:
5179:"How Does South Korea's New Election System Work?"
4600:The Scottish elections are divided into two tiers.
3531:to make the seat distribution in the chamber more
685:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
5436:"Scottish election: SNP majority for second term"
5225:
5031:
4787:, but not for that proposed for elections to the
1276:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
5458:
4802:(AV+). This would have involved the use of the
3557:) – these are ignored under parallel voting (a
4008:
701:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
18:Additional member system (Scottish Parliament)
4827:2004 North East England devolution referendum
4716:announced his leadership of the newly formed
4697:had its candidates (including sitting leader
3484:
2549:
4476:As in many systems containing or based upon
2107:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2034:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2003:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
5385:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126.
5302:Society, The Constitution (21 April 2021).
4056:The additional member system might provide
711:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
27:Electoral system used in the United Kingdom
4641:Strategic manipulation and tactical voting
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
3890:
3883:
3723:
3588:(in a regionalized top-up system) and the
3491:
3477:
2556:
2542:
1654:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1592:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
4984:(non-compensatory equivalents of the AMS)
1030:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
5231:
4977:Mixed-member proportional representation
4727:
4595:
4573:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
4528:mixed-member proportional representation
3603:
3579:mixed-member majoritarian representation
3566:mixed-member proportional representation
5301:
3616:an affiliated party), and a vote for a
14:
5477:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
5459:
3543:for the list seats (also known as the
2077:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
5412:. Scottish Parliament. Archived from
5069:"Electoral Reform and Voting Systems"
4071:
4069:
2422:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2067:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
5202:
5200:
5012:"Additional-member system: Politics"
4818:and the statement was not repeated.
4591:
4036:, at least partially compensate for
2142:British National (Overseas) passport
2087:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2049:British Overseas Territories citizen
1543:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1439:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
5467:Semi-proportional electoral systems
5183:Korea Economic Institute of America
4431:Number of (extra) leveling seats =
4428:Fixed number of compensatory seats
4406:10.25 (moderately disproportional)
3635:Counting votes and allocating seats
3511:) is a two-vote seat-linkage-based
1136:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
193:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
24:
4952:won 69 seats, a majority of four.
2595:
25:
5488:
5197:
4710:2021 Scottish Parliament election
4567:(in the broader sense) coined by
4517:Definitions and variations of AMS
4437:As many leveling seats as needed
4030:mixed-member proportional systems
1321:Greater London Authority Act 1999
5255:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00232.x
5071:. Politics.co.uk. Archived from
4993:Semi-proportional representation
4848:Question (and correct response)
4794:This system was proposed by the
4543:semi-proportional representation
3599:
3460:
3447:
3435:
3383:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
3029:Semi-proportional representation
2661:First preference plurality (FPP)
2511:
2498:
2480:
2465:
536:
438:
408:
376:
250:
220:
149:
124:
51:
5428:
5402:
5372:
5347:
5321:
5295:
5269:
4742:elections in the United Kingdom
4409:4.97 (considered proportional)
4400:31.55 (highly disproportional)
4110:True MMP (with leveling seats)
4104:Additional member system (AMS)
2427:United Nations Security Council
107:Other constitutional principles
5232:Lundberg, Thomas Carl (2007).
5171:
5136:
5101:
5087:
4645:
4521:
4100:(supplementary member system)
3421:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
3378:Moulin's impossibility theorem
3343:Conflicting majorities paradox
1963:British Indian Ocean Territory
1508:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1306:English votes for English laws
1286:Council of Nations and Regions
45:Politics of the United Kingdom
13:
1:
4998:
4499:Respect – The Unity Coalition
4447:United Kingdom, among others
3247:Frustrated majorities paradox
2082:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1513:Scottish statutory instrument
1088:Scottish Parliament elections
574:Justices of the Supreme Court
4691:2007 Welsh Assembly election
4465:
4390:Index of disproportionality
3539:. It is distinct from using
3416:Condorcet dominance theorems
3356:Social and collective choice
2347:politics of Northern Ireland
1549:Government of Wales Act 1998
681:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
5277:"Mixed-member proportional"
4970:
4832:
4810:. However, contrary to the
4581:supplementary member system
4443:This type of system used in
4412:0.25 (highly proportional)
4058:proportional representation
4009:Compared to similar systems
3082:By mechanism of combination
2853:Proportional representation
1957:British Antarctic Territory
1281:Legislative consent motions
423:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
5493:
4857:
4769:UK parliamentary elections
4635:first-preference plurality
4487:Christian Peoples Alliance
4469:
3665:
3280:Multiple districts paradox
3011:Fractional approval voting
2999:Interactive representation
2397:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
5382:Has Devolution Delivered?
5242:Government and Opposition
4842:
4773:mixed member proportional
4562:mixed member proportional
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4433:number of overhang seats
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:Only first-past-the-post
4421:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4389:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4095:
4089:mixed-member proportional
4086:
4083:Mixed-member majoritarian
4081:
4023:mixed-member majoritarian
3889:
3882:
3827:
3722:
3681:
3227:Paradoxes and pathologies
3076:Mixed-member proportional
3071:Mixed-member majoritarian
3066:By results of combination
2957:Approval-based committees
2472:United Kingdom portal
2362:Northern Ireland Protocol
1701:Non-metropolitan District
1390:Northern Ireland Act 1998
640:Monetary Policy Committee
92:Parliamentary sovereignty
5308:The Constitution Society
5212:The Constitution Society
4740:The AMS is used in some
4554:additional member system
4403:22.01 (disproportional)
4107:Overhang seats re-added
4072:Constituency seats only
4021:system. This would be a
3660:largest remainder method
3505:additional-member system
3406:Condorcet's jury theorem
3207:Double simultaneous vote
3182:Rural–urban proportional
3177:Dual-member proportional
3139:
3128:
3095:Parallel (superposition)
2987:Fractional social choice
2974:Expanding approvals rule
2803:
2788:
2773:
2704:
2693:
2669:
2040:Turks and Caicos Islands
1311:Greater London Authority
461:Leader of the Opposition
166:William, Prince of Wales
35:This article is part of
5472:Mixed electoral systems
5361:31 October 2015 at the
5017:Encyclopædia Britannica
4950:Scottish National Party
4800:Alternative vote top-up
4556:, as introduced by the
3525:single-member districts
3333:Tyranny of the majority
3110:Fusion (majority bonus)
2927:Quota-remainder methods
1786:Community council areas
1664:Non-metropolitan county
1444:Law of Northern Ireland
4988:Mixed electoral system
4843:% answering correctly
4796:Independent Commission
4737:
4723:
4601:
4507:Women's Equality Party
4495:British National Party
3609:
3572:) it is classified as
3535:to the votes cast for
3513:mixed electoral system
3467:Mathematics portal
3373:Majority impossibility
3362:Impossibility theorems
3158:Negative vote transfer
2979:Method of equal shares
2600:
2125:Diplomatic missions of
1969:British Virgin Islands
4961:Arbuthnott Commission
4816:2001 general election
4731:
4712:, former SNP leader,
4606:Arbuthnott Commission
4599:
4450:Russia, among others
4091:type of system (MMP)
3641:"first-past-the-post"
3607:
3270:Best-is-worst paradox
3259:Pathological response
2994:Direct representation
2647:Single-winner methods
2599:
2367:British–Irish Council
2352:Good Friday Agreement
2164:Free trade agreements
2129:in the United Kingdom
1940:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1856:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1416:deputy First Minister
1301:Governance of England
312:Deputy Prime Minister
5039:"Elections in Wales"
4689:In contrast, in the
4684:Electoral Commission
4459:formerly in Germany
4425:Independent PR tier
4028:Some systems called
4019:supplementary member
3545:supplementary-member
3454:Economics portal
3401:Median voter theorem
2620:Comparative politics
1931:Overseas Territories
1696:Metropolitan Borough
1422:Emma Little-Pengelly
1363:Combined authorities
721:UK general elections
188:Counsellors of State
102:Separation of powers
5416:on 29 November 2014
5208:"Electoral systems"
4839:
4823:regional assemblies
4777:Scottish Parliament
4752:Scottish Parliament
4547:first-past-the-post
3834:Constituency seats
3697:Constituency seats
3688:Constituency seats
3629:split-ticket voting
3586:Scottish Parliament
3442:Politics portal
3153:Vote linkage system
3124:Seat linkage system
2711:Ranked-choice (RCV)
2154:UK–CD Customs Union
1918:UK-CD Customs Union
1889:Bailiwick of Jersey
1676:Unitary authorities
1659:Metropolitan county
1644:Ceremonial counties
1598:Act of Senedd Cymru
1503:Scottish Parliament
1459:Scottish devolution
5283:. 28 November 2020
5043:Cardiff University
4837:
4798:in 1999, known as
4738:
4680:Co-operative Party
4602:
4472:Election threshold
3610:
3338:Discursive dilemma
3297:Lesser evil voting
3172:Supermixed systems
2875:Largest remainders
2733:Round-robin voting
2601:
1913:Common Travel Area
1849:Crown Dependencies
1816:Preserved counties
1796:Shires of Scotland
372:King-in-Parliament
5159:Missing or empty
5124:Missing or empty
4941:
4940:
4620:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
4592:Variations of AMS
4511:the 2016 election
4503:the 2004 election
4491:the 2000 election
4463:
4462:
4453:Scotland, London
4155:Popular vote (%)
4006:
4005:
3849:Additional seats
3837:Additional seats
3831:Popular vote (%)
3819:
3818:
3691:Additional seats
3685:Popular vote (%)
3671:the party with a
3658:, which uses the
3574:semi-proportional
3501:
3500:
3388:Gibbard's theorem
3328:Dominance paradox
3265:Perverse response
2969:Phragmen's method
2835:Majority judgment
2763:Positional voting
2721:Condorcet methods
2589:electoral systems
2566:
2565:
2357:UK–Ireland border
2149:Visa requirements
2100:Foreign relations
2054:Visa requirements
2028:
2019:
2012:
1836:Historic counties
1723:Historic counties
1469:Scotland Act 1998
691:Political parties
588:England and Wales
521:King-on-the-Bench
453:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
88:
16:(Redirected from
5484:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5376:
5370:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5238:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5049:on 30 March 2016
5045:. Archived from
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5008:
4840:
4836:
4808:open party lists
4804:Alternative Vote
4789:House of Commons
4676:Central Scotland
4672:West of Scotland
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4067:
4066:
3894:
3887:
3825:
3824:
3727:
3679:
3678:
3559:non-compensatory
3493:
3486:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3395:Positive results
3290:Strategic voting
3187:Majority jackpot
3144:
3133:
3004:Liquid democracy
2880:National remnant
2870:Highest averages
2807:
2792:
2777:
2709:
2700:Alternative vote
2698:
2682:Partisan primary
2674:
2615:Mechanism design
2568:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2492:Northern Ireland
2485:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2407:The Commonwealth
2036:
2025:Tristan da Cunha
2023:
2017:Ascension Island
2015:
2007:
2005:
1996:Pitcairn Islands
1980:Falkland Islands
1942:
1879:
1731:Northern Ireland
1533:Welsh devolution
1408:Michelle O'Neill
1383:Northern Ireland
1373:Cornwall Council
1189:Senedd elections
633:Deputy governors
598:Northern Ireland
560:Deputy President
540:
442:
432:House of Commons
412:
380:
273:Starmer ministry
254:
224:
153:
128:
82:
55:
32:
31:
21:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5367:Hansard Society
5363:Wayback Machine
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5335:. 26 March 2021
5327:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5185:. 15 April 2020
5177:
5176:
5172:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5125:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5097:. 24 June 2024.
5093:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5075:on 8 April 2020
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4982:Parallel voting
4973:
4835:
4785:London Assembly
4765:Hansard Society
4758:London Assembly
4726:
4660:parallel voting
4648:
4643:
4594:
4577:parallel voting
4558:Hansard Society
4524:
4519:
4483:London Assembly
4474:
4468:
4097:Parallel voting
4015:parallel voting
4011:
3843:Overhang seats
3668:
3637:
3602:
3590:London Assembly
3541:parallel voting
3523:are elected in
3521:representatives
3497:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3392:
3368:Arrow's theorem
3358:
3348:
3347:
3316:
3286:
3275:No-show paradox
3256:
3242:Cloning paradox
3232:Spoiler effects
3229:
3219:
3218:
3193:
3080:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3025:
3016:Maximal lottery
2983:
2964:Thiele's method
2953:
2923:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2830:Approval voting
2818:Cardinal voting
2814:
2759:
2753:Maximal lottery
2717:
2649:
2639:
2562:
2533:
2529:Other countries
2524:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2479:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2418:
2403:
2373:
2338:
2168:
2133:
2121:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1950:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1908:British Islands
1904:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1858:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1821:Principal areas
1807:
1800:
1763:
1756:
1734:
1727:
1626:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1551:
1540:
1538:1997 referendum
1529:
1522:
1471:
1464:1997 referendum
1455:
1448:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1353:London Assembly
1348:Mayoral cabinet
1335:Mayor of London
1323:
1316:1998 referendum
1297:
1290:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
725:
724:
716:
676:
662:
661:
643:
613:
611:Bank of England
603:
602:
579:
525:
517:
512:
502:
501:
480:59th Parliament
476:
473:
464:
451:
427:
421:
397:
382:
375:
358:
348:
347:
329:
327:
315:
306:
294:
280:
268:
239:
234:King-in-Council
230:
208:
198:
197:
169:
122:
112:
111:
80:Treaty of Union
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5454:
5453:
5427:
5401:
5391:
5371:
5346:
5320:
5294:
5268:
5249:(4): 471–490.
5224:
5196:
5170:
5135:
5100:
5086:
5060:
5030:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4725:
4722:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4593:
4590:
4565:representation
4536:leveling seats
4532:overhang seats
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:68 (11+23+34)
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4044:formerly even
4038:overhang seats
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:Seats deficit
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3667:
3664:
3652:D'Hondt method
3636:
3633:
3601:
3598:
3570:overhang seats
3519:in which most
3517:United Kingdom
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3312:Turkey-raising
3309:
3304:
3299:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3252:Center squeeze
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Spoiler effect
3230:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3196:By ballot type
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:Limited voting
3045:
3044:
3043:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:Localized list
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:Biproportional
2882:
2877:
2872:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2813:
2812:
2797:
2782:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2689:Instant-runoff
2686:
2685:
2684:
2676:Jungle primary
2663:
2652:Single vote -
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2494:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2377:European Union
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2112:Foreign policy
2109:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:Cayman Islands
1971:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:Civil parishes
1788:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1713:Civil parishes
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:London Borough
1703:
1698:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:Greater London
1666:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1616:Administration
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1569:First Minister
1565:
1562:Wales Act 2017
1558:Wales Act 2014
1546:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1485:First Minister
1481:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1402:First Minister
1398:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:UK referendums
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:1910 (Jan–Feb)
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:1801 co-option
726:
718:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
677:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
637:
636:
623:
622:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:United Kingdom
578:
577:
567:The Lord Hodge
564:
563:
550:
549:
534:
533:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
487:
482:
475:
474:
456:
455:
436:
435:
426:
425:
406:
405:
402:House of Lords
391:
390:
368:
367:
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
335:
317:
316:
296:
295:
286:Prime Minister
270:
269:
248:
247:
218:
217:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
163:
162:
142:
141:
123:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
77:
75:Bill of Rights
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5489:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5153:
5145:
5139:
5131:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5096:
5090:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5003:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:In 1976, the
4759:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:Forward Wales
4692:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4419:
4415:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:41 (11+23+7)
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:71 (54+0+17)
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3647:preferences.
3644:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3600:How AMS works
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:May's theorem
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:majority rule
3319:Paradoxes of
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:Mixed systems
3057:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3021:Random ballot
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:Apportionment
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2800:Antiplurality
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Condorcet-IRV
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Social choice
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:Social choice
2583:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:member states
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:United States
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:Visa policies
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Council areas
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
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1575:Eluned Morgan
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626:Andrew Bailey
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553:The Lord Reed
548:
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530:Supreme Court
527:
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389:
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366:
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364:UK Parliament
361:
360:
357:
352:
351:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
328:
325:
321:
320:Angela Rayner
314:
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292:
288:
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283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
266:
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257:
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246:
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244:HM Government
241:
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229:
225:
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216:
215:
214:Privy Council
211:
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207:
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194:
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186:
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176:
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171:
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159:Heir apparent
156:
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139:
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129:
127:
121:
116:
115:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
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85:Acts of Union
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5444:. Retrieved
5442:. 7 May 2011
5439:
5430:
5418:. Retrieved
5414:the original
5404:
5396:
5381:
5374:
5354:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5333:The National
5332:
5323:
5311:. Retrieved
5307:
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5280:
5271:
5246:
5240:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5211:
5187:. Retrieved
5182:
5173:
5161:|title=
5138:
5126:|title=
5103:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5073:the original
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:the original
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
5015:
5006:
4965:
4958:
4954:
4942:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4820:
4812:Labour Party
4793:
4762:
4756:London: the
4739:
4714:Alex Salmond
4707:
4688:
4664:
4658:establish a
4655:
4649:
4628:
4609:
4603:
4580:
4564:
4561:
4553:
4551:
4540:
4525:
4475:
4456:New Zealand
4442:
4432:
4417:
4391:
4302:21 (0+7+14)
4216:54 (54+0+0)
4099:
4073:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4027:
4018:
4012:
3971:
3966:
3943:
3938:
3915:
3910:
3873:
3868:
3852:Total seats
3840:Total seats
3820:
3788:
3783:
3765:
3760:
3742:
3737:
3712:
3707:
3694:Total seats
3669:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3626:
3622:list members
3611:
3583:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:compensation
3548:
3544:
3533:proportional
3515:used in the
3508:
3504:
3502:
3394:
3393:
3360:
3318:
3317:
3302:Exaggeration
3288:
3287:
3258:
3257:
3231:
3195:
3194:
3163:Mixed ballot
3118:Compensatory
3116:
3089:compensatory
3086:
3081:
3065:
3027:
3026:
2985:
2984:
2955:
2954:
2925:
2924:
2912:List-free PR
2857:
2825:Score voting
2816:
2815:
2761:
2760:
2748:Ranked pairs
2719:
2718:
2651:
2304:South Africa
2289:Saudi Arabia
2010:Saint Helena
1802:
1772:Subdivisions
1758:
1743:Subdivisions
1729:
1635:Subdivisions
1621:
1567:
1524:
1491:John Swinney
1483:
1450:
1414:
1400:
1381:
1368:Metro mayors
1333:
1292:
1236:
1232:
1188:
1184:
1135:
1131:
1087:
1083:
1029:
1025:
719:
715:
638:
631:
624:
617:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
535:
528:
518:
459:
446:
437:
430:
418:Lord Speaker
416:
407:
400:
392:
385:
369:
362:
318:
310:
299:Keir Starmer
297:
284:
271:
258:
249:
242:
231:
226:
219:
212:
173:Royal family
164:
157:
148:
143:
131:
63:Constitution
29:
5420:23 November
5313:4 September
5287:9 September
5217:4 September
5189:20 November
4652:decoy lists
4650:So-called "
4646:Decoy lists
4624:Zweitmandat
4569:New Zealand
4522:AMS vs. MMP
4505:), and the
4418:Method used
4296:13 (0+7+6)
4250:34 (11+23)
4244:24 (11+13)
4204:67 (54+13)
4034:New Zealand
3656:South Korea
3537:party lists
3529:closed list
3202:Single vote
3105:Conditional
3100:Coexistence
2949:Quota Borda
2939:Schulze STV
2897:Closed list
2840:STAR voting
2785:Borda count
2274:New Zealand
2269:Netherlands
2159:Visa policy
2137:UK passport
1899:Isle of Man
1826:Communities
1776:Sheriffdoms
1594:(1999–2011)
1358:London Plan
674:referendums
515:Charles III
495:List of MPs
466:Rishi Sunak
394:Charles III
356:Legislature
333:Departments
228:Charles III
183:Prerogative
145:Charles III
133:The Monarch
97:Rule of law
70:Magna Carta
5461:Categories
5392:0748627014
5281:electowiki
4999:References
4718:Alba Party
4699:John Marek
4478:party-list
4470:See also:
4342:5 (5+0+0)
4336:5 (5+0+0)
4210:54 (54+0)
4185:Share (%)
4179:Share (%)
4173:Share (%)
4167:Share (%)
4161:Share (%)
4046:more seats
3618:party list
3307:Truncation
3036:Cumulative
2859:Party-list
2634:By country
2625:Comparison
1991:Montserrat
1582:Government
1498:Government
1341:Sadiq Khan
1269:Devolution
960:1974 (Oct)
955:1974 (Feb)
875:1910 (Dec)
647:Currencies
485:Opposition
178:Succession
5263:153862834
4611:open list
4552:The term
4501:(both in
4466:Threshold
4394:Gallagher
4382:70+30+65
4376:70+30+13
3673:plurality
3561:method).
3214:Dual-vote
2907:Panachage
2902:Open list
2892:List type
2770:Plurality
2666:Two-round
2654:plurality
2577:Economics
2309:Palestine
2294:Singapore
2207:Hong Kong
2172:Australia
2072:UK-OT JMC
1985:Gibraltar
1752:Districts
1686:Districts
1603:Welsh law
1518:Scots law
1429:Executive
670:Elections
652:Banknotes
546:President
510:Judiciary
338:Ministers
206:Executive
120:The Crown
5440:BBC News
5359:Archived
5339:26 March
5152:cite web
5117:cite web
5079:25 March
5053:25 March
5023:24 March
4971:See also
4833:Scotland
4748:Scotland
4662:system.
4656:de facto
4585:scorporo
4330:5 (5+0)
4324:5 (5+0)
4312:Party D
4290:7 (0+7)
4284:3 (0+3)
4272:Party C
4232:Party B
4192:Party A
4087:Broadly
3957:Party D
3929:Party C
3901:Party B
3859:Party A
3780:Party D
3757:Party C
3734:Party B
3704:Party A
2934:Hare STV
2573:Politics
2571:A joint
2505:Scotland
2334:Zimbabwe
2324:Portugal
2314:Pakistan
2259:Malaysia
2177:Barbados
1946:Anguilla
1871:Alderney
1866:Guernsey
1760:Scotland
1747:Counties
1554:2006 Act
1478:2016 Act
1474:2012 Act
1452:Scotland
1434:Assembly
1395:2006 Act
1326:2007 Act
619:Governor
593:Scotland
343:Agencies
37:a series
5446:5 April
4926:Average
4708:In the
4703:Wrexham
4668:Glasgow
4666:in the
4616:Bavaria
4493:), the
4042:Germany
3666:Example
3614:without
2944:CPO-STV
2794:Baldwin
2743:Schulze
2738:Minimax
2656:methods
2487:England
2381:history
2342:Ireland
2229:Germany
2219:Denmark
2182:Belgium
2116:history
1952:Bermuda
1811:History
1767:History
1738:History
1639:Regions
1630:History
1623:England
1294:England
780:1832–33
448:Speaker
260:Cabinet
5389:
5369:, 1976
5261:
4948:, the
4781:Senedd
4750:: the
4734:Senedd
4674:, and
4370:70+30
4364:70+30
4352:TOTAL
4182:Seats
4176:Seats
4170:Seats
4164:Seats
4158:Seats
4152:Party
3985:TOTAL
3828:Party
3803:TOTAL
3682:Party
3594:Senedd
3555:top-up
2809:Coombs
2579:series
2387:Brexit
2319:Poland
2284:Russia
2279:Norway
2239:Israel
2224:France
2214:Cyprus
2197:Canada
2192:Brunei
2187:Belize
1587:Senedd
5259:S2CID
5237:(PDF)
4854:2003
4851:1999
4385:100%
4379:100%
4373:100%
4367:100%
4361:100%
4355:100%
4017:or a
3988:100%
3806:100%
3146:'MMP'
3135:'AMS'
2518:Wales
2299:Spain
2264:Malta
2254:Kenya
2249:Japan
2244:Italy
2234:India
2202:China
1804:Wales
1526:Wales
657:Coins
5448:2017
5422:2014
5387:ISBN
5341:2021
5315:2024
5289:2024
5219:2024
5191:2021
5165:help
5130:help
5081:2016
5055:2016
5025:2016
4959:The
4946:2011
4920:25%
4917:26%
4909:26%
4906:30%
4898:24%
4895:31%
4887:33%
4884:43%
4876:48%
4873:63%
4865:64%
4862:78%
4783:and
4732:The
4631:SNTV
4604:The
4509:(in
4489:(in
4305:13%
4299:12%
4275:13%
4265:41%
4259:36%
4253:34%
4247:24%
4241:16%
4235:41%
4225:43%
4219:48%
4213:54%
4207:67%
4201:77%
4195:43%
4076:FPTP
3997:100
3932:13%
3904:41%
3878:+11
3862:43%
3815:100
3503:The
3087:Non-
3041:SNTV
2630:List
2587:and
2575:and
2444:NATO
1877:Sark
1830:list
1717:list
1690:list
1680:list
1648:list
1255:2016
1250:2011
1245:1975
1227:Next
1222:2021
1217:2016
1212:2011
1207:2007
1202:2003
1197:1999
1179:Next
1174:2022
1169:2017
1164:2016
1159:2011
1154:2007
1149:2003
1144:1998
1126:Next
1121:2021
1116:2016
1111:2011
1106:2007
1101:2003
1096:1999
1078:2019
1073:2014
1068:2009
1063:2004
1058:1999
1053:1994
1048:1989
1043:1984
1038:1979
1020:2024
1015:2019
1010:2017
1005:2015
1000:2010
995:2005
990:2001
985:1997
980:1992
975:1987
970:1983
965:1979
950:1970
945:1966
940:1964
935:1959
930:1955
925:1951
920:1950
915:1945
910:1935
905:1931
900:1929
895:1924
890:1923
885:1922
880:1918
865:1906
860:1900
855:1895
850:1892
845:1886
840:1885
835:1880
830:1874
825:1868
820:1865
815:1859
810:1857
805:1852
800:1847
795:1841
790:1837
785:1835
775:1831
770:1830
765:1826
760:1820
755:1818
750:1812
745:1807
740:1806
735:1802
672:and
387:King
291:list
265:list
138:list
5251:doi
4936:37%
4931:45%
4724:Use
4571:'s
4513:).
4358:70
4345:3%
4339:4%
4333:5%
4327:5%
4321:7%
4315:3%
4293:7%
4287:3%
4281:0%
4238:11
4198:54
4000:13
3994:30
3991:70
3976:+2
3960:3%
3907:11
3865:54
3812:30
3809:70
3761:13%
3738:41%
3708:43%
3581:.
3553:or
3509:AMS
2805:el.
2790:el.
2779:IRV
2775:el.
2449:G20
490:MPs
5463::
5438:.
5395:.
5365:,
5331:.
5306:.
5279:.
5257:.
5247:42
5245:.
5239:.
5210:.
5199:^
5181:.
5156::
5154:}}
5150:{{
5121::
5119:}}
5115:{{
5041:.
5014:.
4791:.
4779:,
4693:,
4670:,
4497:,
4396:)
4318:5
4278:0
4078:)
3963:5
3950:6
3935:0
3922:7
3916:34
3911:23
3874:54
3796:?
3793:?
3784:3%
3773:?
3770:?
3750:?
3747:?
3743:11
3720:?
3717:?
3713:54
3596:.
3141:NZ
3130:UK
2706:US
2695:UK
2678:)
2671:US
2454:G7
2432:P5
2383:)
2127:/
1774::
1745::
1692:)
1637::
1560:,
1556:,
1476:,
39:on
5450:.
5424:.
5343:.
5317:.
5291:.
5265:.
5253::
5221:.
5193:.
5167:)
5163:(
5146:.
5132:)
5128:(
5111:.
5083:.
5057:.
5027:.
4392:(
4074:(
3972:5
3967:0
3944:7
3939:7
3869:0
3789:5
3766:0
3507:(
3492:e
3485:t
3478:v
3143::
3132::
2811:)
2802:(
2796:)
2787:(
2781:)
2772:(
2708::
2697::
2673::
2668:(
2636:)
2632:(
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2379:(
2118:)
2114:(
2027:)
2008:(
1880:)
1864:(
1832:)
1828:(
1719:)
1715:(
1688:(
1682:)
1678:(
1650:)
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