999:, reconvening again on 3 June. When the Commons met on this day, they received an ultimatum from the king: unless Parliament agreed to grant him a financial supply soon, he would dissolve Parliament on 9 June. James expected this to shock the Commons into pursuing his aims, but instead, it only entrenched the opposition further into its obstinacy. Many felt this demand was a bluff; the king was still deeply in debt, and parliamentary subsidies seemed his only way out. Instead of effecting any subsidies, the Commons attacked the king mercilessly. His Court, especially its Scottish members, were accused of extravagance, suggesting the king would have no need for impositions or subsidies if not for these subjects. As one member memorably pronounced, James's courtiers were "spaniels to the king and wolves to the people". Possibly encouraged by Northampton, Hoskins grimly hinted that the lives of these Scottish courtiers were in danger, alluding to the ethnic massacre of the
583:
1337:. Gardiner alleges he was not the most historically learned member, and likely misunderstood the insinuation in the reference. Hoskins was also promised the protection of Northampton (and possibly Somerset) if he was to be charged with sedition, and was perhaps encouraged by a £20 bribe. This allegation has been questioned by Peck, who asserts that Hoskyns' misunderstanding of the allusion was "unlikely" given his educational background, and Hoskyns was already a known opponent of Scottish influence. Thus, in her view: "it seems more reasonable to view Hoskyns not as the innocent tool or victim of the pro-Spanish interests, but as a member of the Commons who agreed with the idea of sending home the Scots".
610:'s reign, the inward revenue of the crown had steadily fallen; taxes from customs and land were consistently undervalued and the parliamentary subsidies steadily shrank. It did not help that James reigned as "one of the most extravagant kings" in English history. In peace, Elizabeth's yearly expenditure never rose above £300,000; almost immediately after James took the throne, it was at £400,000. James had instituted various extra-parliamentary plans to recuperate this lost income, but these drew controversy from Parliament, and James still wanted money. Moreover, James was keen to not be "a husband to two wives" as king, and to unite his crowns as one kingdom of
985:
627:
777:, who had been among the most vocal in favour of calling Parliament, publicly blamed Salisbury entirely for the failure of the previous Parliament; he held a private grudge against the treasurer, suspecting he had undermined his early career. He asserted that Salisbury's deal-making with Parliament had been the root of the king's failure, and that James should instead approach Parliament as their king, rather than some merchant, and therefore request subsidies on the basis of the Commons' goodwill to their ruler. Bacon added to this that the king should employ patronage to win over the men of Parliament to his side.
33:
862:), emphasising his financial necessity, and his aim not to bargain with Parliament any longer, but rather to ask of their goodwill in supplying funds. All but the religious aspect of this speech bore the unmistakable stamp of Bacon's influence. Notably missing from the speech was any promise of compromise or reformation from the king. In the same speech, he stringently denied any sanction of Neville's undertaking, but speculation on the conspiracy was already widespread. Neville's plan had, by now, been twisted into a far-reaching conspiracy of the king's court. English diplomat Sir
1143:, can never drop out of sight". To this parliament, Gardiner wrote, one can "trace the first dawning of the idea that, in order to preserve the rights of the subject intact, it would be necessary to make some change in the relations between the authority of the Crown and the representatives of the people." Gardiner's judgement of the constitutional import of this assembly has met with the sympathy of some later historians. Moir, in his 1958 monograph on the parliament, held that "the development had begun which led ultimately to parliamentary control of the
1121:
790:
Councillors had seats in the
Commons, alongside plenty of Crown lawyers. Though there is no evidence that the Crown sought to pack Parliament with easily controlled and pacified MPs, James certainly promoted the election of those sympathetic to the Crown's ambitions. The Privy Council, in actuality, seemed more apathetic with regard to appointing useful parliamentary officials. Few of the expected preparations were made. After some Byzantine wrangling in which another better-qualified candidate was dropped,
1088:. This interlude was England's longest in nearly a century, since that between 1515 and 1523. As one historian has commented, "had it not been for the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War in 1618, he might have succeeded in avoiding Parliament for the rest of his reign." In the meantime, still heavily in debt, James set about finding other ways to raise money. "We shall see strange projects for money set on foot, and yet all will not help", one observer noted. His financial needs were temporarily sated with a
755:
948:
of the legality of impositions, a fact the king's judges had apparently assured him of beyond any doubt. At the end he added portentously that, if he did not receive supply soon, the
Commons "must not look for more Parliaments in haste". However, at the same time, the Commons were united and unflinching in their belief that impositions threatened property law, and that, over impositions, "the liberty of the kingdom is in question." James was so irritated by one such speech, given by MP
1007:; this was communicated to the king as a threat to the lives of himself and of his closest friends, such that he likely feared himself in danger of assassination. Roe was more prescient, if somewhat melodramatic, in his judgement that the impending dissolution would be "the ending, not only of this, but of all Parliaments". The Commons issued their own ultimatum to James: if he abolished impositions, "wherewith the whole kingdom doth groan", they would give him financial support.
976:
impotence in the face of the angered body. Though the
Commons received a tearful apology and retraction from the Bishop on 30 May, they were unsatisfied and doubled down on their demands of disciplinary action. By the end of May, as historian Thomas L. Moir put it, "the temper of the Commons had reached a fever pitch" and leadership had broken down in this intractable atmosphere. No punishment for Neile, however, ever materialised, and the king grew impatient with Parliament.
675:
income source. Parliament was outraged, and the
Contract was abandoned three days later. Though both Salisbury and James made conciliatory gestures in hopes of securing any more financial support from Parliament, James grew impatient. On 31 December 1610, James publicly proclaimed the dissolution of the Parliament. James's first parliament had ended on a bitter note; "your greatest error", he chastised Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall."
670:: a financial plan wherein Parliament would grant the Crown £600,000 immediately (to pay off its debts) and an annual stipend of £200,000 thereafter; in return, the king was to abolish ten feudal dues, among them, purveyance. After much haggling, in which wardship was added to the abolished dues, the session adjourned on a supportive note. However, when the next session began, support had cooled. Parliament refused to give an annual stipend unless James abolished
614:; as his slogan went: "one king, one people, and one law". The first parliament of his reign, also known as the Blessed Parliament, was called in 1604; it took seven years, with proceedings held through five sessions, before James dissolved it, ending unsatisfactorily for both king and Parliament. In the first session, it came to light that many members of the Commons feared James's proposed unification would lead to the dissolution of the English
828:
819:, was announced similarly late. Though a spirited official and zealous Puritan, Winwood had no parliamentary experience at all and was a terse, unlikable figure. Though sometimes caricatured as juvenile, and thus prone to passionate outbursts, the new House of Commons as a whole was not especially young or inexperienced; it was the inexperience of his most important officials and advisors that was to damage the king.
528:, but that allegation has met with some recent skepticism. Parliament opened on 5 April and, despite the king's wishes it would be a "Parliament of Love", flung itself immediately into the controversy over the conspiracies, which split Parliament and led to the exclusion of one alleged packer. However, by late April, Parliament had moved on to a familiar controversy, that of
1018:, to be assured of Spanish support after his break with Parliament, an assurance which Gondomar happily supplied. James dissolved Parliament on 7 June 1614. The aims of Northampton's factions were finally fulfilled, as Northampton saw the end of the Addled Parliament little more than a week before he died. The Parliament had elapsed without any bill being passed with
1147:" as early as the exclusion of Parry. Maija Jansson, editor of the 1614 Parliamentary proceedings, wrote in 1988: "ar from being the confused do-nothing assembly of tradition, the English parliament of 1614 addressed thorny constitutional issues and anticipated the concern with procedure and privilege that is evident throughout the sessions of the 1620s."
1214:, little more than a week after the parliament dissolved. The form "Addled" first appears in the middle of the 19th century. "Addle" is an adjective denoting (of an egg) "rotten" or "putrid" and more generally anything "empty, idle, vain; muddled, confused, unsound". Some sources connect the parliament's nickname to the former definition, the historian
1162:. From Russell's revisionist perspective, the members of Parliament were engaged in a constitutionally conservative battle, aimed at preserving their own rights rather than extending them. The disagreement between Parliament and Crown was not a "battle between rival constitutional ideas" but, as Russell concluded:
897:
his part, but rather ultimately met with commendation of
Parliament. His advice was seen as part of an effort to allow the king to remedy their grievances. The packers, on the other hand, never gained the sympathy of Parliament, with their efforts invariably seen as attempts to undermine the parliamentary process.
956:
judged it, "both sides were so firmly convinced that they were legally in the right that they never fully absorbed that the other party thought differently." Any understanding between the two sides was further hampered by the fact that the
Commons continued to disregard the king's financial troubles,
947:
communicated that "the great clamor against undertakers well quieted", and the
Commons were occupied with a familiar controversy: impositions. Parliament adjourned on 20 April for Easter, reconvening on 2 May. Two days later on 4 May, the king delivered a speech to the Commons, ardent in its defence
896:
demanded further investigation, which the House accepted. On 14 May, the inquiry ended; after six weeks of
Parliament, rumours of an undertaking had conclusively been dismissed. However, by the end of this controversy, resentment against the undertakers had evaporated. Neville was never suspended for
1298:
According to historian Thomas L. Moir, this aspect of James's speech "displayed one of those flashes of visions which occasionally revealed his intellectual capacity." Rather than demand the institution of new anti-Catholic legislature, James contended that persecution only aided the
Catholic cause,
874:
Suspicions only compounded as
Parliament proceeded, with the revelation that the king had corresponded with influential subjects in the hopes of securing the election of the sympathetic. The House of Commons was divided between those who accepted the conspiracy and those who rejected it. The Commons
789:
the parliament. Indeed, Bacon had plainly advised the king on the "placing of persons well-affected and discreet" in Parliament, and James had unapologetically packed the Irish Parliament the previous year. An atypically large number of Crown officials found themselves in this parliament; four Privy
769:
The Privy Council as a whole was not optimistic about the upcoming parliament. Two of the king's closest advisors were unavailable: Salisbury was dead and the 74-year-old Northampton was ill. Even Suffolk and Pembroke were clueless of any way to prevent Parliament from bringing up thorny issues such
720:
promised a healthy sum of £240,000, almost halving James's debt. However, by early 1614, France's internal religious strife had intensified to such a point that civil war seemed imminent, so negotiations stalled on the French side; James grew impatient. James's financial insecurity had only worsened
781:
offered advice to the king on how to warm relations with Parliament, which he accepted amiably, but Neville's more portentous offer was that of an "undertaking", whereby Neville and a group of "patriots" would arrange to manage the Parliament in James's favour, in return for the office of Secretary
733:, encouraged the king to call a parliament to raise funds, convincing James "that"—as he later put it—"my subjects did not hate me, which I know I had not deserved." Suffolk and Pembroke, though not optimistic about the parliament, encouraged James as they held what was then the general view in the
923:
may do it with a good conscience, for in the Oath of Allegiance we are sworn to maintain the privileges of the Crown, and in this conference we should not confer about a flower, but strike at the root of the Imperial Crown, and therefore in my opinion it is neither fit to confer with them nor give
543:
James grew impatient with the parliamentary proceedings. He issued an ultimatum to Parliament, which treated it irreverently. Insult was added to injury by belligerent and supposedly-threatening attacks on him from the Commons. On the advice of Northampton, James dissolved Parliament on 7 June and
960:
On 21 May, the Commons asked the Lords for a conference on impositions, anticipating their backing in petitioning the king. After five days of debate, the Lords returned with their formal refusal of such a conference, meeting with the astonishment of many. The Lords had voted 39 to 30 against it,
674:
as well. Parliament did give the king an immediate subsidy, but the proposed £600,000 was reduced to a mere £100,000. By 6 November 1610, James demanded the other £500,000 and conditioned that, if impositions were to be abolished, Parliament would have to supply him with another equally lucrative
520:
The parliament got off to a bad start, with poor choices made for the king's representatives in Parliament. Rumours of conspiracies to manage Parliament (the "undertaking") or to pack it with easily-controlled members, though not based in fact, spread quickly. The spreading of that rumour and the
1046:
The House of Commons is a body without a head. The members give their opinions in a disorderly manner. At their meetings nothing is heard but cries, shouts, and confusion. I am surprised that my ancestors should ever have permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and
975:
speech", have been described by one historian as "the most dangerous words used in the reign by any politician." The Commons refused to conduct any more business until Neile had been punished for this affront. Crewe's feeble attempts to argue that parliamentary business must go on revealed his
618:
system. Though many prominent politicians publicly praised the idea of unification and MPs promptly accepted a commission to investigate the union, James's proposed adoption of the title "king of Great Britain" was rejected outright. Between the first and second sessions, in October 1604, James
810:
and an appearance on two minor legal counsels; his legal career was no more impressive. Crewe's inexperience at dealing with rowdy MPs was no doubt among the factors that allowed Parliament to descend into disorder, as it rapidly did. James's most senior representative in the House of Commons,
1069:. Simultaneously James approached the Spanish Ambassador, confiding much in him, especially regarding his lack of confidence in the body. He reopened negotiations with Spain for a Spanish wife to his heir-apparent, anticipating a dowry of £600,000, enough to cover almost all his debt.
870:
with Catholic Spain, thus favouring Parliament's failure. The idea that Northampton masterminded many of the factors in the failure of this parliament has been accepted by most later historians, but has met with the notable rejection of one Northampton biographer, Linda Levy Peck.
501:
of 1604–1610 to, in its six-year sitting, either rescue James from his mounting debt or allow the king to unite his two kingdoms had left him bitter with the body. The four-year hiatus between parliaments saw the royal debt and deficit grow further, in spite of the best efforts of
887:. For a brief period, this investigation dominated the Commons: Parry was suspended from the House and, passingly, from his Chancellorship. For many in Parliament, this seemed evidence enough that the king's officials had attempted to pack Parliament. Simultaneously, a
839:
Parliament opened on 5 April 1614. James opened the Parliament with the wish that it would come to be known as the "Parliament of Love", and that king and Parliament would go on in harmony and understanding. His opening speech was divided into three sections: the first
1166:
The central disagreement of James's reign was about the true cost of government, and James’s central failure was his failure to convince the House of Commons he needed as much as in fact he did. From that single failure, all the constitutional troubles of the reign
619:
assumed this title by proclamation, controversially circumventing Parliament. Unification was not brought up at the second session, in hopes of assuaging outrage, but discussions of the plans in the third session were exclusively negative; as Scottish historian
1266:
The feudal duty of impositions was an invaluable source of extra-parliamentary income for James, especially as trade expanded in England during his reign. By 1610, they already brought the Crown around £70,000 a year; by the 1630s, they brought in no less than
891:
to inquire into the alleged undertaking was launched, though this proved less fruitful. The committee's chairman returned on 2 May; he spoke confusingly, but concluded against the existence of any undertaking. However, parliamentary provocateur
678:
After this, James was not keen to call another Parliament. However, without Parliament to raise taxes, the treasury was forced to find new ways to raise money. In 1611, the City of London loaned the Crown £100,000; £60,000 was extracted from
737:: that a Spanish or French alliance must be avoided, as to avoid strengthening the power of their allies in Court, the Scots. Northampton stringently opposed this summoning, but, in 1614, James reluctantly summoned another parliament.
691:
were sold to wealthy gentlemen, raising £90,000; a forced loan was levied on nearly 10,000 people. Yet, after the death of Treasurer Salisbury in 1612, England's finances still remained destitute, with a debt of £500,000 and annual
489:
and sat between 5 April and 7 June 1614. Lasting only two months and two days, it saw no bills pass and was not even regarded as a parliament by its contemporaries. However, for its failure it has been known to posterity as the
1257:: "Purveyance was the right of the Crown to take up provisions for the royal household at below the market rate, while wardship was the right of the Crown to manage the estates of minors whose lands were held of the king."
2012:
2024:
641:
During the Blessed Parliament, Parliament's own aims saw similar disappointment; James rebuffed the proposed institution of Puritan ecclesiastical reforms, and failed to address two unpopular royal rights,
1139:, in his monumental history of the lead-up to the Civil War, took the view that the parliament of 1614 was primarily concerned with "higher questions" (i.e. those of a constitutional nature) "which, once
1061:
Following the calamity of this parliament, James became even more determined to avoid the legislative body. He had four of the most belligerent MPs, including Hoskins, sent to the Tower of London for
1276:
James attempted to pack the Irish Parliament of 1613 with Protestants by adding 84 new seats to the former 148 that election: 38 represented tiny or as-yet nonexistent settlements in the Protestant
1014:
rather than dissolve Parliament, the king visited Northampton on his deathbed. Northampton persuaded the desperate king to dissolve Parliament. Shortly after James contacted the Spanish Ambassador,
1289:
61% (281 out of 464) of the members had never sat in Parliament before, a little above the Elizabethan average of 50%, but perfectly reasonable given the decade-long interval between elections.
1065:. The same was done for Hoskins's encouragers a few days later. Royal favour was extended to the king's supporters in Parliament, even the Speaker, who received a knighthood and was made a
606:. James inherited, with the latter throne, a national debt to the amount of £300,000, a sum that only increased during his reign. By 1608, it stood at £1 million. During his predecessor
1329:
According to Moir, Hoskins here "seems to have been simply the tool of the pro-Spanish interests." The provocative historical reference was submitted by two of Northampton's lackeys:
716:, newly heir-apparent at age 12, took his place in the negotiations. Negotiations were going most promisingly in France, where a marriage of Prince Charles to the 6-year-old Princess
3178:
1112:, though the City did not give this in full. The deficit was slowly reduced from 1614 to 1618. Yet, by 1620, his debt had risen to £900,000 and no marriage deal had materialised.
969:, who was one of the most vocal opponents of the conference, added insult to injury with a sharp speech condemning the petitioners. The remarks made in this speech, known as the "
943:
The dispute over the alleged packing and undertaking split the House, but it was not this that would cause the parliament's ultimate failure. As early as 19 April, letter writer
782:
of State. James rejected the undertaking derisively, and no such conspiracy was ever arranged, but rumours of its actual occurrence spread quickly in the lead up to Parliament.
464:
155:
249:
189:
201:
143:
866:
was the first to allege that the rumours were promulgated by the Earl of Northampton's crypto-Catholic faction, who wanted the king to instead look for funds in a
261:
177:
1280:. The election came out with a Protestant majority of 32. James insisted he was within his royal right in doing this and mocked the parliament's anger at this.
654:, but thanks to the reduction of these subsidies under Elizabeth, this was rather less than the king desired. After a three-year delay between sessions due to
1299:
and that, as Protestantism was correct, it could reject Catholicism for its own fallacies. Such an ostensibly tolerant doctrine was a novelty in James's time.
1177:
345:
285:
273:
237:
225:
213:
131:
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
2021:, p. 533: "Northampton was accused by some contemporaries and most later historians of engineering the abrupt dissolution of the Addled Parliament in 1614".
3227:
3014:
875:
thus immediately set about investigating the preceding elections for signs of misconduct. Though little beyond this was established, it was found that the
352:
2033:, p. 535: "Secondly, the one thing that every schoolboy knows about Northampton - that he destroyed the Addled Parliament of 1614 - might be questioned".
457:
1053:
1015:
582:
1022:, and thus was not constitutionally considered a parliament. Contemporaries spoke of it as a "convention". For John Chamberlain, it seemed "rather a
803:
762:
888:
3137:"NEVILLE, Sir Henry I (1564-1615), of Billingbear, Waltham St. Lawrence, Berks. and Tothill Street, Westminster; formerly of Mayfield, Suss."
2718:
1076:, but James surmised this break in Parliament would be final. Indeed, he would not call another parliament for seven years. He only raised a
450:
770:
as impositions again. However, two Councillors were to provide advice to the king over his new parliament, which would prove significant.
2557:
623:
put it, "James's union was killed by this parliament". Unification was quietly dropped from discussion in the fourth and fifth sessions.
3186:
3308:
1182:
708:, not to mention a foreign ally. James went into talks with several Catholic countries but, in late 1612, aged 18, Henry contracted
884:
1010:
However, James was in no position to give up such a source of income. While the anti-Northampton faction pleaded with the king to
3293:
771:
3269:
3083:
3002:
2980:
2940:
2726:
2565:
2542:
988:
949:
730:
650:. In the second session, Parliament granted the king a subsidy of £400,000, keen to exhibit royal support in the wake of the
545:
525:
2792:
876:
799:
920:
807:
765:
for the Addled Parliament. Crewe was a surprising choice for Speaker, a last minute pick with little previous experience.
663:
506:
3094:
726:
637:. Though a skilled treasurer, Salisbury was unable to significantly reduce the Crown's crippling debt before his death.
429:
417:
405:
388:
381:
376:
369:
364:
357:
333:
309:
3054:
2888:
Peck, Linda Levy (September 1981). "The Earl of Northampton, Merchant Grievances and the Addled Parliament of 1614".
2752:
2591:
1334:
1066:
1011:
3157:
3115:
2990:
2960:
2950:
1026:
only". However, for its failure the parliament has universally been known to posterity as the "Addled Parliament".
953:
944:
806:. This was a surprising choice: Crewe's previous experience in Parliament was limited to a short stint as an MP in
701:
126:
114:
3136:
2692:"CREWE, Ranulphe (1559-1646), of Lincoln's Inn, London and Crewe Hall, Barthomley, Cheshire; later of Westminster"
3298:
630:
2674:
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642. Vol. II. 1607–1616
1187:
1077:
1039:
991:'s wishes were finally fulfilled on his deathbed, as James dissolved Parliament and looked for Spanish support.
440:
220:
90:
78:
907:
My Lords, I think it a dangerous thing for us to confer with them about the point of impositions. For it is a
2691:
2632:
778:
400:
232:
208:
1215:
1128:
concluded that the Addled Parliament saw the "first dawning" of certain constitutional ideas in Parliament.
1081:
816:
424:
412:
340:
268:
846:), decrying the growth of Catholicism and imploring the harsher enforcement of existing laws; the second (
533:
984:
3169:
3148:
3127:
3106:
2703:
2531:
Clucas, Stephen; Davies, Rosalind (2003). "Introduction". In Clucas, Stephen; Davies, Rosalind (eds.).
1206:
The nickname first appears in the form "addle parliament" in a letter of Reverend Thomas Lorkin to Sir
1150:
This hypothesis regarding the Addled Parliament was criticised by the eminent parliamentary historian
626:
3303:
3165:
3144:
3123:
3102:
2859:
2823:
2699:
1254:
880:
832:
595:
537:
393:
321:
304:
297:
2646:
2617:. English Public Finance, 1485–1641. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
3288:
1072:
Shortly after the parliament ended, the Privy Council went into talks of calling another, possibly
599:
316:
292:
196:
162:
831:
The first six weeks of Parliament were marked by the suspicion of an "undertaking", headed by Sir
3206:
2864:
2828:
722:
560:
view of the parliament as anticipating the constitutional disputes of future parliaments and the
1104:
to the Dutch in 1616, raising £250,000; and in 1617, the request of a loan of £100,000 from the
552:. James devised new financial expedients to settle his still-growing debt, with little success.
3041:
2955:
2890:
2641:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1073:
607:
561:
2793:"The Speeches and Self-Fashioning of King James VI and I to the English Parliament, 1604-1624"
952:, that he had Wentworth imprisoned shortly after Parliament ended. As parliamentary historian
2880:
2844:
2736:
658:, the fourth session was called in February 1610, and was dominated by financial discussion.
482:
1047:
found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of.
725:
had raised yearly expenditure to an unsustainable £522,000. A group of advisors, led by the
3225:(25 September 2014). "James VI and I (1566–1625), king of Scotland, England, and Ireland".
3194:
1218:, for example, noting, "It was called the Addled Parliament, since it had hatched nothing".
1085:
957:
which discouraged the king from giving up such a valuable source of income as impositions.
713:
680:
497:
James had struggled with debt ever since he came to the English throne. The failure of the
509:. The failure of the last and most lucrative financial expedient of the period, a foreign
8:
2672:
893:
717:
659:
634:
603:
553:
503:
280:
2929:
2915:
2907:
2772:
2659:
2611:
1313:
696:
of £160,000. However, James's principal fiscal expedient was to be the marriage of his
684:
587:
577:
498:
102:
54:
2655:
32:
3265:
3210:
3079:
3060:
3050:
2998:
2976:
2936:
2919:
2804:
2779:
2758:
2748:
2722:
2678:
2630:
Duncan, Owen; Roberts, Clayton (July 1978). "The Parliamentary Undertaking of 1614".
2618:
2597:
2587:
2561:
2538:
1277:
1120:
1089:
916:
774:
738:
521:
ultimate failure of Parliament have been generally attributed to the scheming of the
2721:. Vol. 172. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. xiii–xxxvi.
3232:
3019:
2968:
2899:
2651:
1207:
1093:
1062:
1004:
867:
693:
328:
138:
3244:
3031:
2931:
Schemes & Undertakings: A Study of English Politics in the Seventeenth Century
2534:
The Crisis of 1614 and The Addled Parliament: Literary and Historical Perspectives
3199:
3073:
2741:
2712:
2532:
1155:
1000:
962:
910:
549:
522:
256:
244:
184:
172:
150:
3012:
Seddon, P. R. (3 January 2008). "Parry, Sir Thomas (1544–1616), administrator".
3236:
3023:
1317:
1151:
1105:
1035:
853:
795:
754:
667:
655:
651:
573:
486:
2972:
2903:
2808:
2580:
3282:
3222:
3064:
2762:
2601:
2575:
1330:
1132:
996:
966:
812:
791:
758:
734:
697:
620:
611:
514:
2622:
2783:
2682:
1092:
asked of his wealthiest subjects in 1614, raising £65,000; the sale of the
1019:
929:
557:
540:, culminating in a controversy over an unrestrained speech by one prelate.
3214:
3042:"Constitutional Ideas and Parliamentary Developments in England 1603–1625"
1109:
786:
671:
529:
1312:
who voted, all but one opposed the conference, namely the old-fashioned
1140:
1023:
2911:
1101:
863:
643:
615:
2853:
2817:
2663:
688:
827:
564:
view of it as a conflict primarily concerned with James's finances.
1309:
647:
721:
in this time, the debt now at £680,000 and the deficit, £200,000.
1097:
709:
2711:
Jansson, Maija (1988). "Introduction". In Jansson, Maija (ed.).
2106:
2123:
2121:
2072:
2070:
1769:
1767:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1211:
1363:
517:, finally convinced James to recall Parliament in early 1614.
1351:
705:
510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2118:
2067:
1764:
1747:
1723:
1056:, the Spanish Ambassador, a few days after the dissolution.
2554:
Kingship and Crown Finance under James VI and I, 1603–1625
1711:
1699:
2502:
2439:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1849:
1791:
1593:
1591:
2480:
2478:
2379:
2244:
2242:
2157:
2155:
2153:
1822:
1675:
1603:
2490:
2463:
2451:
2314:
2215:
2191:
2167:
1934:
1932:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1468:
1466:
1409:
1407:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2302:
2281:
2259:
2257:
2036:
1995:
1902:
1873:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1687:
1588:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
2475:
2239:
2179:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2082:
1971:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1919:
1917:
1861:
1839:
1837:
1501:
1453:
1451:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1178:
List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1614
1160:
The Addled Parliament of 1614: The Limits of Revision
2415:
2367:
1929:
1890:
1663:
1615:
1463:
1404:
353:
2nd Parliament of King William III and Queen Mary II
2851:
2427:
2403:
2391:
2355:
2343:
2326:
2269:
2254:
2227:
2203:
2094:
1803:
1735:
1651:
1639:
1525:
1513:
1478:
1369:
1080:as a last resort to raise money for his son-in-law
3198:
3179:"1614: The Beginning of the Crisis of Parliaments"
3040:
2954:
2928:
2852:
2816:
2815:
2771:
2740:
2714:Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons)
2610:
2579:
2133:
2055:
1983:
1944:
1914:
1834:
1779:
1627:
1448:
1419:
1375:
1357:
3280:
3262:King James VI and I and his English Parliaments
2537:(1st ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
938:speech", given to the House of Lords on 21 May.
900:
852:), assuring Parliament of the security of the
3160:. In Ferris, John P.; Thrush, Andrew (eds.).
3139:. In Ferris, John P.; Thrush, Andrew (eds.).
3118:. In Ferris, John P.; Thrush, Andrew (eds.).
3097:. In Ferris, John P.; Thrush, Andrew (eds.).
3049:. London: Macmillan Press. pp. 160–176.
2719:Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
2694:. In Ferris, John P.; Thrush, Andrew (eds.).
2629:
2127:
2112:
2076:
1773:
1758:
1729:
458:
3231:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3018:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2530:
2513:
2445:
3075:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I
2558:Royal Historical Society Studies in History
1239:
1233:
1228:
970:
933:
908:
857:
847:
841:
822:
594:James VI and I (1566–1625) ascended to the
2689:
2560:(New Series). Suffolk: The Boydell Press.
1884:
802:, was chosen at the last minute to be the
604:the first king to reign over both kingdoms
465:
451:
2935:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
2645:
1183:James VI and I and the English Parliament
598:on 24 July 1567, and subsequently to the
2747:. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
2670:
2469:
2457:
2320:
1119:
983:
979:
826:
753:
625:
581:
3259:
3228:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3221:
3193:
3155:
3134:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3015:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2989:
2949:
2926:
2710:
2551:
2496:
2484:
2337:
2296:
2088:
2049:
2006:
1908:
1741:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1597:
1582:
1507:
1442:
1413:
1398:
995:Parliament was adjourned on 1 June for
683:over debts accumulated in the reign of
16:James I of England's parliament of 1614
3281:
3176:
3011:
2735:
2248:
2185:
2161:
2144:
2061:
1965:
1855:
1797:
1472:
915:, and none that have either taken the
741:were issued on 19 February that year.
3038:
2790:
2608:
2574:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2308:
1938:
1896:
1828:
1816:
1657:
1645:
1621:
1609:
1519:
1495:
1457:
1210:, an English correspondent abroad in
1124:Victorian historian of James's reign
989:Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton
961:carried by the near unanimity of the
785:MPs later accused James of trying to
556:, historians are divided between the
2965:The Origins of the English Civil War
2956:"Parliament and the King's Finances"
2887:
2881:participating institution membership
2845:participating institution membership
2769:
2433:
2361:
2349:
2275:
2263:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2173:
2100:
2030:
2018:
1989:
1977:
1953:
1923:
1867:
1843:
1785:
1633:
877:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
3264:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2677:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
704:, for which he expected a sizeable
664:Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury
633:depicted with the white staff of a
13:
3253:
2995:Unrevolutionary England, 1603–1642
389:5th Parliament of King William III
377:4th Parliament of King William III
365:3rd Parliament of King William III
31:
14:
3320:
3309:Parliaments of James I of England
2613:English Public Finance, 1558–1641
2586:. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
1115:
965:against this conference. Bishop
127:3rd Parliament of King Charles I
115:2nd Parliament of King Charles I
3162:The House of Commons, 1604-1629
3141:The House of Commons, 1604-1629
3120:The House of Commons, 1604-1629
3099:The House of Commons, 1604-1629
2997:. London: The Hambledon Press.
2696:The House of Commons, 1604-1629
2656:10.1093/ehr/xciii.ccclxviii.481
1323:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1270:
1260:
1247:
1227:In James's original Latinism: "
804:Speaker of the House of Commons
749:
631:Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury
3294:1614 establishments in England
3183:The History of Parliament blog
3045:. In Smith, Alan G. R. (ed.).
1253:According to Andrew Thrush of
1221:
1200:
1188:List of parliaments of England
1040:3rd Parliament of King James I
441:List of parliaments of England
221:Second Protectorate Parliament
91:4th Parliament of King James I
79:3rd Parliament of King James I
1:
3177:Thrush, Andrew (7 May 2014).
3095:"The Parliament of 1604-1610"
2774:The Addled Parliament of 1614
2633:The English Historical Review
1344:
883:, had swayed the election in
796:government-controlled borough
744:
567:
401:6th Parliament of William III
233:Third Protectorate Parliament
209:First Protectorate Parliament
3245:UK public library membership
3032:UK public library membership
2671:Gardiner, Samuel R. (1883).
2609:Dietz, Frederick C. (1964).
1082:Elector Palatine Frederick V
1029:
901:Controversy over impositions
425:2nd Parliament of Queen Anne
413:1st Parliament of Queen Anne
7:
3047:The Reign of James VI and I
2967:. London: Macmillan Press.
2778:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1171:
602:on 24 March 1603, becoming
10:
3325:
3170:Cambridge University Press
3149:Cambridge University Press
3128:Cambridge University Press
3107:Cambridge University Press
3039:Smith, Alan G. R. (1973).
2704:Cambridge University Press
2523:
1033:
571:
3166:The History of Parliament
3145:The History of Parliament
3124:The History of Parliament
3103:The History of Parliament
2973:10.1007/978-1-349-15496-8
2927:Roberts, Clayton (1985).
2904:10.1017/S0018246X00022500
2860:Oxford English Dictionary
2824:Oxford English Dictionary
2700:The History of Parliament
2690:Hunneyball, Paul (2010).
2128:Duncan & Roberts 1978
2113:Duncan & Roberts 1978
2077:Duncan & Roberts 1978
1774:Duncan & Roberts 1978
1759:Duncan & Roberts 1978
1730:Duncan & Roberts 1978
1255:The History of Parliament
513:from the marriage of his
341:Convention Parliament (2)
305:Exclusion Bill Parliament
269:Convention Parliament (1)
48:
45:
3260:Russell, Conrad (2011).
3158:"The Parliament of 1621"
3156:Thrush, Andrew (2010d).
3135:Thrush, Andrew (2010c).
3116:"The Parliament of 1614"
3114:Thrush, Andrew (2010b).
3093:Thrush, Andrew (2010a).
3078:. London: Random House.
2770:Moir, Thomas L. (1958).
2514:Clucas & Davies 2003
2446:Clucas & Davies 2003
1193:
823:Opening and conspiracies
600:English and Irish throne
536:were pitted against the
293:Habeas Corpus Parliament
3207:Oxford University Press
2865:Oxford University Press
2829:Oxford University Press
794:, judge and MP for the
723:Conspicuous consumption
3299:1614 disestablishments
3237:10.1093/ref:odnb/14592
3072:Stewart, Alan (2011).
3024:10.1093/ref:odnb/21434
2891:The Historical Journal
2552:Cramsie, John (2002).
1335:Sir Charles Cornwallis
1240:
1234:
1229:
1169:
1137:Samuel Rawson Gardiner
1129:
1126:Samuel Rawson Gardiner
1049:
992:
971:
934:
926:
909:
858:
848:
842:
836:
766:
702:Henry, Prince of Wales
638:
591:
36:
24:Parliaments of England
3195:Willson, David Harris
2797:Constructing the Past
2791:Mondi, Megan (2007).
1164:
1123:
1052:James I's remarks to
1044:
1016:the Count of Gondomar
987:
980:James grows impatient
905:
830:
757:
629:
585:
546:Members of Parliament
483:Parliament of England
197:Barebone's Parliament
35:
2818:"addle, n. and adj."
586:King James I at the
3201:King James VI and I
2863:(Online ed.).
2827:(Online ed.).
2388:, pp. 158–159.
2224:, pp. 132–133.
2200:, pp. 130–131.
2176:, pp. 116–117.
2115:, pp. 496–497.
1858:, pp. 222–223.
1800:, pp. 221–222.
1720:, pp. 251–252.
1708:, pp. 344–345.
1612:, pp. 148–149.
718:Christine of France
712:and abruptly died;
660:Lord High Treasurer
635:Lord High Treasurer
590:on 5 November 1605.
554:Historiographically
526:Earl of Northampton
281:Cavalier Parliament
257:Long Parliament (3)
245:Rump Parliament (2)
185:Rump Parliament (1)
173:Long Parliament (2)
151:Long Parliament (1)
1831:, p. 93, 148.
1314:Archbishop of York
1130:
1078:Parliament in 1621
993:
837:
817:Secretary of State
767:
681:the King of France
639:
592:
588:Blessed Parliament
578:Blessed Parliament
548:(MPs) sent to the
499:Blessed Parliament
479:Parliament of 1614
103:Useless Parliament
55:Blessed Parliament
37:
3271:978-0-19-820506-7
3243:(Subscription or
3189:on 30 March 2020.
3085:978-1-4481-0457-4
3030:(Subscription or
3004:978-1-85285-025-8
2982:978-0-333-12400-0
2942:978-0-8142-0377-4
2879:(Subscription or
2843:(Subscription or
2728:978-0-87169-172-9
2567:978-0-86193-259-7
2544:978-0-7546-0681-9
2311:, pp. 93–94.
1980:, pp. 80–82.
1870:, pp. 41–42.
1684:, pp. 98–99.
1278:Ulster plantation
1086:Thirty Years' War
917:Oath of Supremacy
856:; and the third (
779:Sir Henry Neville
775:Sir Francis Bacon
739:Writs of election
492:Addled Parliament
475:
474:
435:
434:
317:Oxford Parliament
163:Oxford Parliament
67:Addled Parliament
3316:
3304:1614 in politics
3275:
3248:
3240:
3218:
3204:
3190:
3185:. Archived from
3173:
3152:
3131:
3110:
3089:
3068:
3044:
3035:
3027:
3008:
2986:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2923:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2820:
2812:
2787:
2777:
2766:
2746:
2732:
2707:
2686:
2667:
2649:
2640:(238): 481–498.
2626:
2616:
2605:
2585:
2571:
2548:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1216:J. A. Williamson
1208:Thomas Puckering
1204:
1094:Cautionary Towns
1063:seditious speech
1057:
1005:Sicilian Vespers
974:
950:Thomas Wentworth
945:John Chamberlain
939:
937:
924:them a meeting.
914:
868:marital alliance
861:
851:
845:
772:Attorney General
727:Earls of Suffolk
534:House of Commons
485:of the reign of
467:
460:
453:
329:Loyal Parliament
139:Short Parliament
43:
42:
21:
20:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3289:1614 in England
3279:
3278:
3272:
3256:
3254:Further reading
3251:
3242:
3086:
3057:
3029:
3005:
2991:Russell, Conrad
2983:
2961:Russell, Conrad
2951:Russell, Conrad
2943:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2867:. December 2020
2842:
2834:
2832:
2831:. December 2020
2755:
2729:
2647:10.1.1.698.3301
2594:
2568:
2545:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2499:, p. xiii.
2495:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1885:Hunneyball 2010
1883:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1226:
1222:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1174:
1156:Stenton lecture
1135:Whig historian
1118:
1108:for a Scottish
1067:king's serjeant
1059:
1051:
1042:
1034:Main articles:
1032:
982:
972:Noli me tangere
963:Lords Spiritual
941:
935:Noli me tangere
928:
911:Noli me tangere
903:
825:
752:
747:
596:Scottish throne
580:
572:Main articles:
570:
550:Tower of London
523:crypto-Catholic
481:was the second
471:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3223:Wormald, Jenny
3219:
3191:
3174:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3090:
3084:
3069:
3055:
3036:
3009:
3003:
2987:
2981:
2947:
2941:
2924:
2898:(3): 533–552.
2885:
2854:"addled, adj."
2849:
2813:
2803:(1): 139–182.
2788:
2767:
2753:
2733:
2727:
2708:
2687:
2668:
2627:
2606:
2592:
2576:Croft, Pauline
2572:
2566:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2501:
2489:
2474:
2472:, p. 240.
2462:
2460:, p. 228.
2450:
2438:
2436:, p. 153.
2426:
2424:, p. 100.
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2376:, p. 140.
2366:
2364:, p. 148.
2354:
2352:, p. 146.
2342:
2325:
2323:, p. 251.
2313:
2301:
2299:, p. 348.
2280:
2278:, p. 550.
2268:
2266:, p. 140.
2253:
2251:, p. 229.
2238:
2236:, p. 136.
2226:
2214:
2212:, p. 132.
2202:
2190:
2188:, p. 228.
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 227.
2149:
2132:
2130:, p. 497.
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 117.
2093:
2081:
2079:, p. 492.
2066:
2054:
2052:, p. 347.
2035:
2023:
2011:
2009:, p. 346.
1994:
1982:
1970:
1968:, p. 226.
1958:
1943:
1941:, p. 153.
1928:
1913:
1911:, p. 345.
1901:
1899:, p. 169.
1889:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1833:
1821:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1776:, p. 491.
1763:
1761:, p. 481.
1746:
1734:
1732:, p. 489.
1722:
1710:
1698:
1696:, p. 135.
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 149.
1614:
1602:
1600:, p. 251.
1587:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1477:
1475:, p. 221.
1462:
1447:
1418:
1403:
1374:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1322:
1318:Tobias Matthew
1308:Out of the 17
1301:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1259:
1246:
1220:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1152:Conrad Russell
1117:
1116:Historiography
1114:
1106:City of London
1043:
1036:James VI and I
1031:
1028:
981:
978:
954:Conrad Russell
904:
902:
899:
854:Stuart dynasty
824:
821:
751:
748:
746:
743:
714:Prince Charles
668:Great Contract
652:Gunpowder Plot
574:James VI and I
569:
566:
538:House of Lords
507:Lord Salisbury
487:James VI and I
473:
472:
470:
469:
462:
455:
447:
444:
443:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
421:
420:
415:
409:
408:
403:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
337:
336:
331:
325:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3168:. Cambridge:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3147:. Cambridge:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3126:. Cambridge:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3105:. Cambridge:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:9780333121610
3052:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2754:9780817354008
2750:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2737:Mathew, David
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2702:. Cambridge:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:9780333613955
2589:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2487:, p. 31.
2486:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:Gardiner 1883
2466:
2459:
2458:Gardiner 1883
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2412:, p. 95.
2411:
2406:
2400:, p. 94.
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:Gardiner 1883
2317:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2091:, p. 29.
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1992:, p. 82.
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1956:, p. 81.
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1926:, p. 55.
1925:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 53.
1845:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 93.
1818:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1788:, p. 52.
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1660:, p. 85.
1659:
1654:
1648:, p. 84.
1647:
1642:
1636:, p. 10.
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1522:, p. 80.
1521:
1516:
1510:, p. 39.
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 92.
1497:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1460:, p. 59.
1459:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1416:, p. 98.
1415:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:OED, "addled"
1366:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1336:
1332:
1331:Lionel Sharpe
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Ascension Day
990:
986:
977:
973:
968:
967:Richard Neile
964:
958:
955:
951:
946:
940:
936:
931:
925:
922:
918:
913:
912:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
865:
860:
859:bona fortunae
855:
850:
849:bona corporis
844:
834:
833:Henry Neville
829:
820:
818:
814:
813:Ralph Winwood
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Ranulph Crewe
788:
783:
780:
776:
773:
764:
760:
759:Ranulph Crewe
756:
742:
740:
736:
735:Privy Council
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:heir-apparent
695:
690:
686:
682:
676:
673:
669:
666:proposed the
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
621:Jenny Wormald
617:
613:
612:Great Britain
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
584:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
518:
516:
515:heir-apparent
512:
508:
505:
500:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
448:
446:
445:
442:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
44:
41:
40:
34:
30:
29:
23:
22:
19:
3261:
3226:
3205:. New York:
3200:
3187:the original
3182:
3161:
3140:
3119:
3098:
3074:
3046:
3013:
2994:
2964:
2930:
2895:
2889:
2869:. Retrieved
2858:
2833:. Retrieved
2822:
2800:
2796:
2773:
2742:
2713:
2695:
2673:
2637:
2631:
2612:
2581:
2553:
2533:
2516:, p. 2.
2497:Jansson 1988
2492:
2485:Russell 1990
2465:
2453:
2448:, p. 1.
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2338:Thrush 2010d
2316:
2304:
2297:Willson 1967
2271:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2108:
2096:
2089:Roberts 1985
2084:
2057:
2050:Willson 1967
2026:
2014:
2007:Willson 1967
1985:
1973:
1961:
1909:Willson 1967
1904:
1892:
1863:
1851:
1824:
1793:
1781:
1742:Thrush 2010c
1737:
1725:
1718:Stewart 2011
1713:
1706:Willson 1967
1701:
1694:Cramsie 2002
1689:
1682:Russell 1973
1677:
1672:, p. 7.
1670:Roberts 1985
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1598:Stewart 2011
1583:Thrush 2010b
1515:
1508:Russell 1990
1503:
1443:Thrush 2010a
1414:Russell 1973
1399:Wormald 2014
1365:
1358:OED, "addle"
1353:
1325:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1272:
1262:
1249:
1223:
1202:
1165:
1159:
1154:in his 1991
1149:
1131:
1071:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1020:royal assent
1009:
994:
959:
942:
930:Bishop Neile
927:
906:
894:John Hoskins
881:Thomas Parry
873:
838:
784:
768:
750:Preparations
677:
640:
593:
542:
519:
496:
491:
478:
476:
66:
18:
2249:Mathew 1967
2186:Mathew 1967
2162:Mathew 1967
2145:Thrush 2014
2062:Seddon 2008
1966:Mathew 1967
1856:Mathew 1967
1798:Mathew 1967
1473:Mathew 1967
1090:benevolence
1084:during the
1074:in Scotland
932:, The "
885:Stockbridge
672:impositions
608:Elizabeth I
562:revisionist
530:impositions
3283:Categories
3247:required.)
3034:required.)
2883:required.)
2871:3 February
2847:required.)
2835:3 February
2809:1058935115
2582:King James
2422:Croft 2003
2410:Croft 2003
2398:Croft 2003
2386:Dietz 1964
2374:Mondi 2007
2309:Croft 2003
1939:Mondi 2007
1897:Smith 1973
1829:Croft 2003
1817:Croft 2003
1658:Croft 2003
1646:Croft 2003
1622:Dietz 1964
1610:Dietz 1964
1520:Croft 2003
1496:Croft 2003
1458:Croft 2003
1345:References
1158:—entitled
1102:Vlissingen
921:Allegiance
864:Thomas Roe
843:bona animi
745:Parliament
644:purveyance
616:Common Law
568:Background
46:Parliament
3065:468638840
2920:159485080
2763:630310478
2642:CiteSeerX
2602:938114859
2434:Moir 1958
2362:Moir 1958
2350:Moir 1958
2276:Peck 1981
2264:Moir 1958
2234:Moir 1958
2222:Moir 1958
2210:Moir 1958
2198:Moir 1958
2174:Moir 1958
2101:Moir 1958
2031:Peck 1981
2019:Peck 1981
1990:Moir 1958
1978:Moir 1958
1954:Moir 1958
1924:Moir 1958
1868:Moir 1958
1844:Moir 1958
1786:Moir 1958
1634:Moir 1958
1267:£218,000.
1235:Unus Grex
1145:executive
1133:Victorian
1030:Aftermath
889:committee
544:had four
504:Treasurer
26:1604–1705
3197:(1967).
2993:(1990).
2953:(1973).
2739:(1967).
2623:22976184
2578:(2003).
1310:prelates
1230:Unus Rex
1172:See also
1167:stemmed.
1110:Progress
1054:Gondomar
1012:prorogue
1001:Angevins
731:Pembroke
685:Henry IV
648:wardship
558:Whiggish
406:Dec 1701
156:Nov 1640
144:Apr 1640
2963:(ed.).
2912:2638882
2784:1014344
2743:James I
2683:4088221
2524:Sources
1241:Una Lex
1098:Brielle
1003:in the
808:1597–98
800:Saltash
763:Speaker
710:typhoid
694:deficit
689:honours
3268:
3241:
3215:395478
3213:
3082:
3063:
3053:
3028:
3001:
2979:
2939:
2918:
2910:
2807:
2782:
2761:
2751:
2725:
2681:
2664:565464
2662:
2644:
2621:
2600:
2590:
2564:
2541:
1212:Madrid
1141:mooted
1024:parlee
879:, Sir
656:plague
532:. The
2959:. In
2916:S2CID
2908:JSTOR
2877:
2841:
2660:JSTOR
1194:Notes
706:dowry
511:dowry
3266:ISBN
3211:OCLC
3080:ISBN
3061:OCLC
3051:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2873:2021
2837:2021
2805:OCLC
2780:OCLC
2759:OCLC
2749:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2679:OCLC
2619:OCLC
2598:OCLC
2588:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2539:ISBN
1238:and
1100:and
1038:and
787:pack
729:and
646:and
576:and
477:The
430:1705
418:1702
394:1701
382:1698
370:1695
358:1690
346:1689
334:1685
322:1681
310:1680
298:1679
286:1661
274:1660
262:1660
250:1659
238:1659
226:1656
214:1654
202:1653
190:1648
178:1645
167:1644
132:1628
120:1626
108:1625
96:1624
84:1621
72:1614
60:1604
49:Date
3233:doi
3020:doi
2969:doi
2900:doi
2652:doi
1096:of
919:or
798:of
3285::
3209:.
3181:.
3164:.
3143:.
3122:.
3101:.
3059:.
2975:.
2914:.
2906:.
2896:24
2894:.
2857:.
2821:.
2799:.
2795:.
2757:.
2717:.
2698:.
2658:.
2650:.
2638:93
2636:.
2596:.
2556:.
2504:^
2477:^
2328:^
2283:^
2256:^
2241:^
2152:^
2135:^
2120:^
2069:^
2038:^
1997:^
1946:^
1931:^
1916:^
1875:^
1836:^
1805:^
1766:^
1749:^
1590:^
1527:^
1480:^
1465:^
1450:^
1421:^
1406:^
1377:^
1333:,
1316:,
1244:".
815:,
761:,
700:,
687:;
662:,
494:.
3274:.
3239:.
3235::
3217:.
3172:.
3151:.
3130:.
3109:.
3088:.
3067:.
3026:.
3022::
3007:.
2985:.
2971::
2945:.
2922:.
2902::
2875:.
2839:.
2811:.
2801:8
2786:.
2765:.
2731:.
2706:.
2685:.
2666:.
2654::
2625:.
2604:.
2570:.
2547:.
2340:.
2147:.
2064:.
1887:.
1744:.
1585:.
1445:.
1401:.
1372:.
1360:.
1320:.
840:(
835:.
466:e
459:t
452:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)