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600:'s advancements between 1892 and 1896. Cervera thought that the Spanish were unprepared and did not possess enough ships to defend their colonies. Nonetheless, he accepted the posting of commander of the Cuban squadron on 20 October 1897 and immediately organized training exercises to prepare the crews, since the last time naval drills had been carried out was 1884 (during tensions with the
564:). But the newly promoted flag officer made the prime minister promise to not lower the naval budget in return, which Mateo accepted. However, it was not long before the prime minister broke that promise and so Cervera resigned from the position in 1892, but not before trying to make efforts to improve the Spanish Navy's efficiency. The rear admiral was appointed as the naval attaché in
737:, the military governor of Cuba, gave orders for a sortie against the American blockade. Earlier, Admiral Cervera had argued with the authorities in Madrid against taking such an action, but Blanco settled the matter with his order. They formally departed on July 3. The U.S. fleet sounded the alarm at 9:31 in the morning on July 3. The approaching Spanish ships, with Cervera's flagship
262:
552:. A year later the captain was assigned to oversee the construction of several cruisers for the Spanish Navy at the request of the Queen Regent. Around that time multiple politicians wanted Cervera to become the Minister of the Navy, but he continued to resist because he detested politics. Finally, in 1892, Prime Minister
729:
Cervera later sent his chief of staff under a flag of truce to give a note to
Admiral Sampson informing him that the collier's crew was alive and safe. It was an act that impressed his American opponents and Sampson later noted that the affair "gave us a favorable impression of the Spanish officers."
477:
rebels. During that action, he distinguished himself by capturing the enemy flag and was promoted to lieutenant for his service, receiving a mention in the official report on the battle. Afterwards, Cervera took part in expeditions mapping the hundreds of islands of the
Philippine archipelago, which
773:– were pursued, with the former being destroyed around 11:00 while the latter made it fifty miles from Santiago before being grounded on a beach. After that, the American ships began rescue operations for the Spanish sailors of the destroyed squadron, and among those captured from the wreck of the
741:
leading the way, opened fire and engaged the U.S. fleet. They headed west while remaining near the coastline. The
American battleships and cruisers pursued them as they made their way along the coast as the Spanish admiral's flagship sustained heavy damage from them. With their engines damaged,
799:
reported that he appeared to be "much affected by the genuineness and spontaneity of the feeling manifested." On August 20, he was offered freedom by the U.S. government on the condition that he would not take up arms against the United States, but he refused, saying that accepting conditional
706:, operating in Cuban waters, did not arrive until June 1, and together the U.S. naval forces blockaded Cervera's squadron in Santiago. On June 2–3, the American commander decided to try to blockade the Spanish ships in the harbor by sinking a collier, the
627:
on May 19, despite several mishaps and having difficulties finding a port to refuel on coal, as most of the
European countries with possessions in the Caribbean remained officially neutral. His total force included the cruisers
608:). Cervera sought to correct the numerous deficiencies in the fleet within a short time period, including lack of training and inadequate supplies. He continued to face difficulties from the naval ministry of Admiral
517:. Cánovas asked Cervera to take up the post of Minister of the Navy, but Cervera refused, saying that he preferred to be at sea rather than at a desk job. In 1879, he was given command of the training corvette
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713:, at the entrance. However, it came under fire from the defenders and was forced aground, at which point the Spanish admiral personally met with its American crewmen, who were taken prisoner.
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Admiral
Cervera was married and had several children, but he lived his private life with a rigid schedule. One of his sons was also in the Spanish Navy and served with his father at Santiago.
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to take several ships back to Cuba and prepare for war, despite the severe problems in the fleet. Cervera returned to the
Caribbean and slipped past American ships to enter the harbor
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freedom was illegal by
Spanish law, and did not return to Spain until September 1898. He gained popularity among both the Spanish and American public in the years after the war.
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The U.S. remained unaware of the
Spanish squadron's whereabouts for another several days, prior to it being discovered on May 28 or 29 at Santiago harbor by the
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asked the Queen Regent to compel him to accept the position of naval minister in his government. She did so, and
Cervera reluctantly accepted, being promoted to
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officer and politician who served in a number of high-ranking positions within the Navy and fought in several wars during the 19th century. Having served in
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in Havana harbor in
February 1898, the admiral sped back to Spain to speak to the government in person, but received orders from the Admiralty while at
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501:
back in the Philippines, where Cervera again took part in operations against insurgents. In 1876 the Spanish captain was appointed as the Governor of
698:). After some time, Cervera ordered his squadron's cruiser to return to the harbor, with neither side having taken any damage. The rest of the
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named him a senator of the kingdom for life. By 1906, his health was failing and Cervera was reassigned to manage the naval district of
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406:. Although he believed that the Spanish Navy was suffering from multiple problems and that there was no chance for victory over the
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Admiral Cervera continued to be a popular figure in the years following his death, to the point that even the
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became useful to sailors navigating the area. In 1865 he returned to the Spanish homeland and got married.
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and formally surrendered to them. Afterwards, Cervera and the rest of the captured prisoners were sent to
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to report on the conditions in the Philippines shortly after that at the request of Prime Minister
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Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera congratulating the American prisoners after their failed attempt,
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in 1858. He later made lieutenant junior grade at the age of 21 and spent time serving in both
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98:
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and became its first commander, but had to fight against the bureaucratic procedures of the
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shortly afterwards, where he witnessed the technical innovations being made by the British
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As the admiral's flagship raised a white flag on the beach, the remaining two cruisers –
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with alarm, as he believed their defeat would be inevitable in a war because of the
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The fleet remained mostly inactive in harbor for the next month until July 2, when
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naval base. From 1885 to 1890, he served on the shipbuilding commission of the
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was forced out of action with heavy damage and grounded. The two destroyers,
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Annual Report of Military Governor in the Philippine Islands. 1899–1902/03
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The admiral viewed the escalation of tensions between the kingdom and the
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521:, where he remained until 1882, when he was transferred to oversee the
65:
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990:. Spanish–American War Centennial Website. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
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Manila and Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish–American War
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because of the conditions there and barely survived, returning to
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35:
1951:
Spanish–American War prisoners of war held by the United States
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Recipients of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
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Due to the political instability that persisted in Spain since
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612:, however. After the explosion aboard the American battleship
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was Admiral Cervera. That afternoon, he made it onto the USS
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before retiring the next year. He died on 3 April 1909.
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acknowledged him as a symbol of patriotism by naming a
675:. On May 31, the two sides exchanged fire, between the
261:
1946:
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish–American War
717:"¡Bien, muy bien! ¡Sois unos valientes! ¡Os felicito!"
719:"Good, very good! You are brave! I congratulate you!"
1014:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
485:'s invasion, Cervera took part in putting down the
1279:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War
1926:Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
1897:
746:, which they did at 10:15 am. Around 10:20, the
793:and were greeted with cheers by Americans. The
42: and the second or maternal family name is
27:Spanish Navy officer and politician (1839–1909)
1352:
1424:
899:Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
1034:. Avalanche Press. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
548:assigned Cervera to her court as her naval
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1417:
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808:In February 1901, Cervera was promoted to
64:
1484:Fernando Martínez de Espinosa y Echeverri
1245:El testamento de Pascual Cervera y Topete
1239:
1237:
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90:14 December 1892 – 23 March 1893
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536:that caused delays in her construction.
374:(18 February 1839 – 3 April 1909) was a
1879:Fausto Escrigas Rodríguez (Acting) 2021
1696:Transferred to the Ministry of the Navy
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469:, where, under the command of Admiral
465:). Later, Cervera was deployed to the
1744:Rafael Fernández de Bobadilla y Ragel
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820:. In May of the following year, King
659:Cervera in an engraving published in
422:Pascual Cervera y Topete was born in
1017:
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414:, where he was decisively defeated.
1526:Joaquín María de Cincúnegui y Marco
789:, where they were free to roam the
661:La Ilustración Española y Americana
24:
1867:Jaime Muñoz-Delgado y Díaz del Río
1598:Francisco Javier de Salas González
1353:Concas y Palau, Victor M. (1900).
1346:
1030:Sariego, William (November 2015).
961:
916:Naval Merit Cross with white badge
816:) and in December 1902 became the
575:
493:. He later commanded the schooner
25:
1967:
1544:Orestes Gracía de Paadín y García
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986:Manuel Cervera and Wayne Lydick.
1849:Francisco José Toerrente Sánchez
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1478:Zoilo Sánchez de Ocaña y Vieitiz
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1916:Knights of the Legion of Honour
1813:Saturnino Suanzes de la Hidalga
1732:Jerónimo Bustamante de la Rocha
1720:Felipe José de Abárzuza y Oliva
1634:Miguel Buiza Fernández-Palacios
1355:The Squadron of Admiral Cervera
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1873:Teodoro Esteban López Calderón
1317:The Spanish–American War, 1898
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889:Order of Isabella the Catholic
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742:Cervera decided to ground the
544:In May 1891, the Queen Regent
453:(during the early part of the
13:
1:
1586:José Rivera Álvarez de Canero
1314:
1276:
1243:Garcia, Tamara (2 May 2014).
1082:
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803:
652:, along with two destroyers.
1936:Grand Crosses of Naval Merit
1762:Gabriel Pita da Veiga y Sanz
1363:Office of Naval Intelligence
1218:(in Spanish). Archived from
1107:Biography of Pascual Cervera
679:and three American vessels (
515:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
332:Storming of Fort Paganlungan
34:, the first or paternal
7:
1520:José de la Puente y Bassave
1490:Segismundo Bermejo y Merelo
1255:. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
434:officer who fought against
198:Panteón de Marinos Ilustres
10:
1972:
1825:Fernando María Nárdiz Vial
1321:Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
1261:
988:Admiral D. Pascual Cervera
839:Cervera also spoke fluent
818:Chief of Staff of the Navy
412:Battle of Santiago de Cuba
396:Chief of Staff of the Navy
355:Battle of Santiago de Cuba
29:
1837:Juan José Romero Caramelo
1777:
1768:José Ramón González López
1655:
1607:
1502:Manuel Mozo y Díaz Robles
1457:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1300:. Naval Institute Press.
1268:Davis, George W. (1903).
862:
390:, he went on to serve as
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1956:Spanish prisoners of war
1884:Antonio Martorell Lacave
1819:Guillermo Salas Cardenal
1738:Fernando Meléndez Bojaro
1646:Julián Sánchez Erostarbe
1562:José María Chacón y Pery
1508:Pascual Cervera y Topete
1496:Ismael Warleta y Ordovás
1315:Nofi, Albert A. (1996).
1277:Dyal, Donald H. (1996).
1012:Pascual Cervera y Topete
955:
372:Pascual Cervera y Topete
1855:Sebastián Zaragoza Soto
1750:Adolfo Baturone Colombo
1690:Juan Cervera Valderrama
1592:Juan Cervera Valderrama
1580:Juan Carranza y Garrido
1556:Adriano Sánchez Lobatón
1532:Francisco Chacón y Pery
1514:Federico Estrán y Justo
1109:Todoavante (in spanish)
908:Naval Merit Grand Cross
700:North Atlantic Squadron
204:, Cádiz province, Spain
189:, Cádiz province, Spain
1843:Antonio Moreno Barberá
1756:Enrique Barbudo Duarte
1640:Pedro Prado Mendizábal
1628:Valentín Fuentes López
1401:Manuel Pasquín de Juan
727:
664:
589:
554:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
418:Early life and service
135:Manuel Pasquín de Juan
111:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
1861:Manuel Rebollo García
1801:Carlos Buhigas García
1708:Rafael Estrada Arnaiz
1574:Ignacio Pintado Gough
1568:Gabriel Antón Iboleón
1538:Antonio Perea y Orive
1392:Minister of the Navy
1272:. Manila: Manila P.I.
822:Alfonso XIII of Spain
715:
673:Winfield Scott Schley
658:
583:
327:Spanish–Moro conflict
249:Years of service
99:Alfonso XIII of Spain
1921:People from La Janda
1726:Santiago Antón Rozas
1714:Juan Pastor Tomasety
1702:Alfonso Arriaga Adam
1386:José López Domínguez
775:Infanta Maria Teresa
744:Infanta Maria Teresa
739:Infanta Maria Teresa
631:Infanta Maria Teresa
586:Infanta Maria Teresa
584:Cervera's flagship,
463:Spanish–Moroccan war
404:Spanish–American War
392:Minister of the Navy
349:Spanish–American War
324:Spanish–Moroccan War
286:Ministry of the Navy
123:José López Domínguez
78:Minister of the Navy
1831:Carlos Vila Miranda
1807:Luis Arévalo Pelluz
1296:Leeke, Jim (2009).
1216:"Almirante Cervera"
791:U.S. Naval Academy
702:under Rear Admiral
467:Spanish Philippines
426:in the province of
398:, naval attaché in
1550:José Pidal Rebollo
1378:Political offices
1323:: Combined Books.
704:William T. Sampson
665:
610:Segismundo Bermejo
590:
489:during one of the
487:Cantonal rebellion
471:Casto Méndez Núñez
408:United States Navy
343:Cantonal rebellion
54:The Most Excellent
1893:
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1794:
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1471:
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1406:
1398:Succeeded by
748:Almirante Oquendo
643:Almirante Oquendo
540:In the government
497:and the corvette
439:invasion of Spain
366:
365:
337:Third Carlist War
160:February 18, 1839
16:(Redirected from
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1941:Spanish admirals
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677:Cristóbal Colón
669:Flying Squadron
649:Cristóbal Colón
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558:Contraalmirante
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1371:External links
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1359:Washington, DC
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1307:978-1591144649
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1222:on 19 May 2000
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180:April 3, 1909
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1451:Spanish Navy
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1316:
1297:
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1252:
1249:(in Spanish)
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1210:
1203:Leeke (2009)
1198:
1191:Leeke (2009)
1186:
1179:Leeke (2009)
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1167:Leeke (2009)
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1155:Leeke (2009)
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1143:Leeke (2009)
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1131:Leeke (2009)
1126:
1119:Leeke (2009)
1114:
1102:
1095:Leeke (2009)
1090:
1078:
1071:Leeke (2009)
1066:
1044:Davis (1903)
1039:
1007:
1000:Leeke (2009)
995:
853:Spanish Navy
850:
838:
835:
814:vice admiral
809:
807:
794:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
758:
752:
747:
743:
738:
735:Ramón Blanco
732:
728:
716:
709:
694:
688:
682:
676:
666:
648:
642:
636:
630:
615:
591:
585:
562:rear admiral
557:
550:aide-de-camp
543:
534:Spanish Navy
528:
518:
498:
494:
491:Carlist Wars
480:
461:(during the
432:Spanish Army
421:
376:Spanish Navy
371:
367:
347:
335:
322:
315:Battles/wars
308:
303:
298:
292:
265:
243:Spanish Navy
202:San Fernando
182:(1909-04-03)
130:Succeeded by
85:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
1911:1909 deaths
1906:1839 births
1466:Restoration
1083:Nofi (1996)
1073:, pp. 87–88
1061:, pp. 68–71
1059:Dyal (1996)
1002:, pp. 86–87
859:after him.
847:Recognition
695:New Orleans
527:battleship
499:Santa Lucia
457:) and also
441:during the
384:Philippines
304:Santa Lucia
291:Battleship
187:Puerto Real
118:Preceded by
1900:Categories
1395:1892–1893
1288:0313288526
804:Later life
621:Cape Verde
570:Royal Navy
282:Navy Staff
214:Allegiance
156:1839-02-18
1886:2021–2023
1875:2017–2021
1869:2012–2017
1863:2008–2012
1857:2004–2008
1851:2000–2004
1845:1997–2000
1839:1994–1997
1833:1990–1994
1827:1986–1990
1821:1984–1986
1815:1982–1984
1809:1977–1982
1803:1975–1977
1770:1973–1975
1764:1972–1973
1758:1969–1972
1752:1967–1969
1746:1966–1967
1740:1963–1966
1728:1957–1963
1722:1956–1957
1716:1952–1956
1710:1951–1952
1704:1942–1951
1698:1939–1942
1692:1936–1939
1682:1936–1975
1642:1938–1939
1636:1937–1938
1620:1936–1939
1600:1931–1936
1594:1927–1931
1582:1924–1927
1570:1920–1924
1564:1919–1920
1558:1918–1919
1552:1915–1918
1546:1914–1915
1540:1913–1914
1534:1912–1913
1528:1910–1912
1522:1909–1910
1516:1908–1909
1504:1899–1902
1498:1897–1898
1492:1896–1897
1480:1895–1896
1470:1874–1931
1226:29 August
787:Annapolis
708:USS
681:USS
614:USS
604:over the
598:U.S. Navy
588:, in 1895
523:Cartagena
307:Schooner
302:Corvette
297:Corvette
267:Almirante
252:1858–1907
86:In office
1616:Republic
1339:33970678
1205:, p. 120
1193:, p. 148
1181:, p. 145
1133:, p. 125
1046:, p. 162
722:—
710:Merrimac
519:Ferolana
483:Napoleon
299:Ferolana
279:Commands
30:In this
1792:present
1449:of the
1262:Sources
1085:, p. 89
841:English
767:Vizcaya
663:, 1893.
637:Vizcaya
507:malaria
459:Morocco
380:Morocco
369:Admiral
272:Admiral
95:Monarch
40:Cervera
36:surname
1337:
1327:
1304:
1285:
938:France
935:
874:
863:Awards
826:Ferrol
753:Plutón
692:, and
646:, and
566:London
529:Pelayo
511:Madrid
447:Havana
436:French
400:London
386:, and
382:, the
293:Pelayo
223:
44:Topete
1790:1975–
1510:1902–
956:Notes
877:Spain
771:Colón
759:Furor
616:Maine
495:Circe
428:Cadiz
309:Circe
226:Spain
171:Spain
1734:1963
1648:1939
1630:1937
1588:1927
1576:1924
1486:1896
1335:OCLC
1325:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1228:2017
779:Iowa
769:and
756:and
683:Iowa
503:Jolo
475:Moro
451:Cuba
388:Cuba
257:Rank
177:Died
150:Born
38:is
1902::
1361::
1357:.
1333:.
1319:.
1251:.
1247:.
1236:^
1051:^
1019:^
963:^
843:.
686:,
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200:,
169:,
165:,
1432:e
1425:t
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1230:.
812:(
560:(
274:)
270:(
158:)
154:(
46:.
20:)
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