951:
the preferred method of treatment, as vascular delivery suffers from a "pulmonary first pass effect" where intravenously injected cells are sequestered in the lungs. Clinical case reports in orthopedic applications have been published. Wakitani has published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with coverage of the treated chondral defects. Centeno et al. have reported high-field MRI evidence of increased cartilage and meniscus volume in individual human clinical subjects as well as a large n=227 safety study. Many other stem cell-based treatments are operating outside the US, with much controversy being reported regarding these treatments as some feel more regulation is needed as clinics tend to exaggerate claims of success and minimize or omit risks.
210:
42:
4805:
975:. Some types of adult stem cells are more capable of transdifferentiation than others, but for many there is no evidence that such a transformation is possible. Consequently, adult stem therapies require a stem cell source of the specific lineage needed, and harvesting and/or culturing them up to the numbers required is a challenge. Additionally, cues from the immediate environment (including how stiff or porous the surrounding structure/
413:. As BLSCs and VSEL cells are present in virtually all adult tissues, including the lungs, brain, kidneys, muscles, and pancreas, co-purification of BLSCs and VSEL cells with other populations of adult stem cells may explain the apparent pluripotency of adult stem cell populations. However, recent studies have shown that both human and murine VSEL cells lack stem cell characteristics and are not pluripotent.
686:. Bioactive mediators that favor local cell growth are also secreted by MSCs. Anti-inflammatory effects on the local microenvironment, which promote tissue healing, are also observed. The inflammatory response can be modulated by adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRC) including mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory
739:, continues into adulthood in rats. The presence of stem cells in the mature primate brain was first reported in 1967. It has since been shown that new neurons are generated in adult mice, songbirds, and primates, including humans. Normally, adult neurogenesis is restricted to two areas of the brain β the
1024:
In recent years, acceptance of the concept of adult stem cells has increased. There is now a hypothesis that stem cells reside in many adult tissues and that these unique reservoirs of cells not only are responsible for the normal reparative and regenerative processes but are also considered to be a
429:
Adult stem cells can, however, be artificially reverted to a state where they behave like embryonic stem cells (including the associated DNA repair mechanisms). This was done with mice as early as 2006 with prospects to slow down human aging substantially. Such cells are one of the various classes of
950:
Stem Cells are relatively more numerous in men than in women of reproductive age group among spinal cord Injury victims. Other early commercial applications have focused on
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). For both cell lines, direct injection or placement of cells into a site in need of repair may be
421:
Stem cell function becomes impaired with age, and this contributes to progressive deterioration of tissue maintenance and repair. A likely important cause of increasing stem cell dysfunction is an age-dependent accumulation of DNA damage in both stem cells and the cells that comprise the stem cell
408:
or by transplanting them to an organ of the body different from the one they were originally isolated from. There is yet no consensus among biologists on the prevalence and physiological and therapeutic relevance of stem cell plasticity. More recent findings suggest that pluripotent stem cells may
827:
cells, which are found in the lining of the nose and are involved in the sense of smell. If they are given the right chemical environment, these cells have the same ability as embryonic stem cells to develop into many different cell types. Olfactory stem cells hold the potential for therapeutic
375:
regulate this transition. The ability to regulate the cell cycle in response to external cues helps prevent stem cell exhaustion or the gradual loss of stem cells following an altered balance between dormant and active states. Infrequent cell divisions also help reduce the risk of acquiring DNA
907:
of laboratory mice by scientists in
Germany and the United States, and, a year later, researchers from Germany and the United Kingdom confirmed the same capability using cells from the testicles of humans. The extracted stem cells are known as human adult germline stem cells (GSCs)
3478:
Subrammaniyan R, Amalorpavanathan J, Shankar R, Rajkumar M, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, et al. (September 2011). "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a result of diabetes: our experience".
176:, as they are derived from adult tissue samples rather than human embryos designated for scientific research. The main functions of adult stem cells are to replace cells that are at risk of possibly dying as a result of disease or injury and to maintain a state of
384:
Discoveries in recent years have suggested that adult stem cells might have the ability to differentiate into cell types from different germ layers. For instance, neural stem cells from the brain, which are derived from ectoderm, can differentiate into ectoderm,
828:
applications and, in contrast to neural stem cells, can be harvested with ease without harm to the patient. This means they can be easily obtained from all individuals, including older patients who might be most in need of stem cell therapies.
965:
The therapeutic potential of adult stem cells is the focus of much scientific research, due to their ability to be harvested from the parent body that is females during the delivery. In common with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells can
1007:, etc.). A great deal of adult stem cell research has focused on investigating their capacity to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and their differentiation potential. In mice, pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from adult
3737:
Centeno CJ, Schultz JR, Cheever M, Robinson B, Freeman M, Marasco W (March 2010). "Safety and complications reporting on the re-implantation of culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells using autologous platelet lysate technique".
3407:
Srivastava A, Bapat M, Ranade S, Srinivasan V, Murugan P, Manjunath S, et al. (2010). "Multiple injections of in vitro expanded autologous bone marrow stem cells for cervical level spinal cord injury β a case report".
1073:, damages the lungs extensively in the presence of an overreactive immune response. Adult stem cells were extracted from deep lung biopsies and used to construct a complete lung model with both proximal and distal airway
708:
Endothelial stem cells are one of the three types of multipotent stem cells found in the bone marrow. They are a rare and controversial group with the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells that line
970:
into more than one cell type, but unlike the former they are often restricted to certain types or "lineages". The ability of a differentiated stem cell of one lineage to produce cells of a different lineage is called
251:
while still maintaining its undifferentiated state. Stem cells can replicate several times and can result in the formation of two stem cells, one stem cell more differentiated than the other, or two differentiated
393:. Stem cells from the bone marrow, which is derived from mesoderm, can differentiate into liver, lung, GI tract, and skin, which are derived from endoderm and mesoderm. This phenomenon is referred to as stem cell
3828:
Mimeault M, Hauke R, Batra SK (September 2007). "Stem cells: a revolution in therapeutics-recent advances in stem cell biology and their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies".
163:
Scientific interest in adult stem cells is centered around two main characteristics. The first of which is their ability to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and the second their ability to generate all the
362:
the stem cell is found in plays a large role in maintaining quiescence. Perturbed niches cause the stem cell to begin actively dividing again to replace lost or damaged cells until the niche is restored. In
990:
stem cells, i.e. cells that can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type, can be found in several tissues, including umbilical cord blood. Using genetic reprogramming, pluripotent stem cells equivalent to
3435:
Terai S, Ishikawa T, Omori K, Aoyama K, Marumoto Y, Urata Y, et al. (October 2006). "Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy".
409:
reside in blood and adult tissues in a dormant state. These cells are referred to as "Blastomere Like Stem Cells" (BLSCs) and "very small embryonic-like" (VSEL) stem cells, and display pluripotency
3671:
Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M, Karli D (December 2008). "Regeneration of meniscus cartilage in a knee treated with percutaneously implanted autologous mesenchymal stem cells".
2303:
Srikanth L, Sunitha MM, Venkatesh K, Kumar PS, Chandrasekhar C, Vengamma B, Sarma PV (2015). "Anaerobic
Glycolysis and HIF1Ξ± Expression in Haematopoietic Stem Cells Explains Its Quiescence Nature".
172:
from which they originate, potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, the use of human adult stem cells in research and therapy is not considered to be
3773:
3624:"Repair of articular cartilage defects in the patello-femoral joint with autologous bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation: three case reports involving nine defects in five knees"
216:: A β stem cells; B β progenitor cell; C β differentiated cell; 1 β symmetric stem cell division; 2 β asymmetric stem cell division; 3 β progenitor division; 4 β terminal differentiation
946:
Stem Cells have been clinically applied to treat various diseases including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis and
Peripheral Vascular disease. Research has shown that CD34+
536:
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are stem cells that can differentiate into all blood cells. This process is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the
2427:
Barker N, Ridgway RA, van Es JH, van de
Wetering M, Begthel H, van den Born M, et al. (January 2009). "Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer".
288:, which is the term for cells that are restricted to producing a single cell type. However, some researchers do not consider multipotency to be essential and believe that
3019:
Bjornson CR, Rietze RL, Reynolds BA, Magli MC, Vescovi AL (January 1999). "Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo".
464:
has been known to developmental biologists for decades. Its role in the control of stem cell proliferation has now been demonstrated for several cell types including
180:
within the cell. There are three main methods to determine if the adult stem cell is capable of becoming a specialized cell. The adult stem cell can be labeled
942:
Early regenerative applications of adult stem cells have focused on intravenous delivery of blood progenitors known as
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs). CD34+
2530:
Shi S, Bartold PM, Miura M, Seo BM, Robey PG, Gronthos S (August 2005). "The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures".
1130:
759:
is well established, the presence of true self-renewing stem cells there has been debated. Under certain circumstances, such as following tissue damage in
431:
600:
to produce the cells lining the surface of the small and large intestines. Intestinal stem cells reside near the base of the stem cell niche, called the
4289:
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (August 2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors".
1452:
Clarke DL, Johansson CB, Wilbertz J, Veress B, Nilsson E, KarlstrΓΆm H, et al. (June 2000). "Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells".
694:
of dendritic and T-cell subsets. This results in a shift from a pro-inflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory or tolerant cell environment.
4418:
Chaudhary PM, Roninson IB (July 1991). "Expression and activity of P-glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, in human hematopoietic stem cells".
4785:
3524:"Index of CD34+ Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Bone Marrow of Spinal Cord Injury Patients of Different Age Groups: A Comparative Analysis"
2243:
903:
Multipotent stem cells with a claimed equivalency to embryonic stem cells have been derived from spermatogonial progenitor cells found in the
447:
Adult stem cell research has been focused on uncovering the general molecular mechanisms that control their self-renewal and differentiation.
3156:"Neural crest stem cells persist in the adult gut but undergo changes in self-renewal, neuronal subtype potential, and factor responsiveness"
2878:
Reynolds BA, Weiss S (March 1992). "Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system".
4132:
1607:"Very small embryonic-like stem cells are present in adult murine organs: ImageStream-based morphological analysis and distribution studies"
4461:
Tindle C, Fuller M, Fonseca A, Taheri S, Ibeawuchi SR, Beutler N, et al. (August 2021). Radisic M, Van der Meer JW, Clevers H (eds.).
4156:
Barrilleaux B, Phinney DG, Prockop DJ, O'Connor KC (November 2006). "Review: ex vivo engineering of living tissues with adult stem cells".
927:
and related bone/blood cancers utilizing bone marrow transplants. The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not considered as
790:
cells, and therefore behave as stem cells. However, some recent studies suggest that this behavior is induced by the culture conditions in
782:
aggregates of cells, containing a large proportion of stem cells. They can be propagated for extended periods and differentiated into both
2483:"Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair--current views"
2273:
1925:, Yamanaka S (August 2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors".
1101:
abilities, stem cell-based therapies have become a viable tool for the treatment of both acute and delayed phases of stroke. By inducing
597:
335:
diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter stem cells, whereas asymmetric division produces one stem cell and one
317:
is challenging, and so considerable debate exists as to whether some proposed stem cell populations in the adult are indeed stem cells.
717:. Endothelial stem cells are an important aspect of the vascular network, even influencing the motion relating to white blood cells.
1206:
4790:
1715:"Murine bone marrow Linβ»Scaβ»1βΊCD45β» very small embryonic-like (VSEL) cells are heterogeneous population lacking Oct-4A expression"
4113:
3708:"Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells"
999:, meaning there are several limited types of cell they can become, and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (such as
347:
distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in the differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as
1379:
1362:
So WK, Cheung TH (2018). "Molecular
Regulation of Cellular Quiescence: A Perspective from Adult Stem Cells and Its Niches".
4611:
3394:
2692:
Altman J, Das GD (June 1965). "Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats".
805:(HSCs). Remarkably, when injected into the blood, neurosphere-derived cells differentiate into various cell types of the
3373:
3236:
2392:
van der Flier LG, Clevers H (March 2009). "Stem cells, self-renewal, and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium".
3333:
2786:
Alvarez-Buylla A, Seri B, Doetsch F (April 2002). "Identification of neural stem cells in the adult vertebrate brain".
2653:"Cell therapy using allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells prevents tissue damage in collagen-induced arthritis"
1085:. These lung models were used to study the damage SARS-CoV-2 causes when applied to the apical side of the transwell.
4578:
3707:
1549:"A population of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) CXCR4(+)SSEA-1(+)Oct-4+ stem cells identified in adult bone marrow"
1053:
a diversity of organic molecules out of the cell. Many pharmaceuticals are exported by these transporters conferring
1713:
Szade K, Bukowska-Strakova K, Nowak WN, Szade A, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Zukowska M, et al. (17 May 2013).
108:
46:
17:
3294:
505:
4036:"A hypothesis for an embryonic origin of pluripotent Oct-4(+) stem cells in adult bone marrow and other tissues"
845:
contain two types of stem cells, one of which appears to represent a remnant of the stem cells of the embryonic
731:
The existence of stem cells in the adult brain has been postulated following the discovery that the process of
339:
with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before finally
4649:
2086:
Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM (November 2004). "Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis".
798:. Furthermore, neurosphere-derived cells do not behave as stem cells when transplanted back into the brain.
3575:"Pulmonary passage is a major obstacle for intravenous stem cell delivery: the pulmonary first-pass effect"
2972:"In vitro-derived "neural stem cells" function as neural progenitors without the capacity for self-renewal"
3872:
Christoforou N, Gearhart JD (May 2007). "Stem cells and their potential in cell-based cardiac therapies".
794:, the progeny of stem cell division that normally undergo a strictly limited number of replication cycles
1004:
3522:
Dedeepiya VD, Rao YY, Jayakrishnan GA, Parthiban JK, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, et al. (5 July 2012).
2735:
Lewis PD (March 1968). "Mitotic activity in the primate subependymal layer and the genesis of gliomas".
1982:(November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors".
1656:"Very small embryonic-like stem cells purified from umbilical cord blood lack stem cell characteristics"
2575:
Bai X, Alt E (October 2010). "Myocardial regeneration potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells".
1042:
496:
423:
4075:
3275:
3217:
3111:
Sieber-Blum M, Hu Y (December 2008). "Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC) and pluripotency".
2923:"EGF converts transit-amplifying neurogenic precursors in the adult brain into multipotent stem cells"
101:
3353:"A Source of Men's Stem Cells β Stem cells from human testes could be used for personalized medicine"
186:
and tracked, it can be isolated and then transplanted back into the organism, and it can be isolated
2544:
2251:
619:
4760:
4604:
967:
898:
802:
691:
663:
582:
types of the gland and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice.
129:
96:
84:
604:. Intestinal stem cells are probably the source of most cancers of the small intestine and colon.
4720:
4142:
3573:
Fischer UM, Harting MT, Jimenez F, Monzon-Posadas WO, Xue H, Savitz SI, et al. (June 2009).
3254:
1403:
Baumgartner C, Toifl S, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Scheicher R, Fischer I, et al. (June 2018).
570:
of the breast. Mammary stem cells have been isolated from human and mouse tissue as well as from
553:
531:
364:
354:
Under normal conditions, tissue stem cells divide slowly and infrequently. They exhibit signs of
348:
601:
4836:
3315:"Stem Cells in Adult Testes Provide Alternative to Embryonic Stem Cells for Organ Regeneration"
2539:
850:
659:
3942:
Smith S, Neaves W, Teitelbaum S (June 2007). "Adult versus embryonic stem cells: treatments".
3314:
2281:
1605:
Zuba-Surma EK, Kucia M, Wu W, Klich I, Lillard JW, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ (December 2008).
4770:
4725:
4715:
4699:
3920:
2320:
1495:
Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI, Henegariu O, Hwang S, Gardner R, et al. (May 2001).
1302:
Culurgioni S, Mari S, Bonetti P, Gallini S, Bonetto G, Brennich M, et al. (March 2018).
1046:
1000:
928:
752:
703:
613:
482:
372:
173:
3987:"Environmental physical cues determine the lineage specification of mesenchymal stem cells"
3028:
2887:
2744:
2436:
2199:
2095:
2037:"Role of Notch signaling in cell-fate determination of human mammary stem/progenitor cells"
1726:
1667:
1547:
Kucia M, Reca R, Campbell FR, Zuba-Surma E, Majka M, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ (May 2006).
1461:
1315:
1054:
992:
976:
972:
932:
858:
690:. The mesenchymal stem cells thus alter the outcome of the immune response by changing the
654:). MSCs are attractive for clinical therapy due to their ability to differentiate, provide
651:
541:
394:
340:
292:
self-renewing stem cells can exist. These properties can be illustrated with relative ease
157:
2405:
8:
4831:
4809:
4694:
4634:
4597:
4094:
3299:
1214:
862:
740:
622:
origin and may differentiate into a variety of tissues. MSCs have been isolated from the
209:
49:
4463:"Adult stem cell-derived complete lung organoid models emulate lung disease in COVID-19"
3062:
Murrell W, FΓ©ron F, Wetzig A, Cameron N, Splatt K, Bellette B, et al. (June 2005).
3032:
2891:
2748:
2440:
2203:
2099:
1730:
1671:
1465:
1319:
4540:
4513:
4489:
4462:
4443:
4324:
4266:
4241:
4217:
4208:
4192:
4076:"Me too, too β How to make human embryonic stem cells without destroying human embryos"
4011:
3986:
3967:
3854:
3805:
3788:
3653:
3599:
3574:
3550:
3523:
3504:
3460:
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3001:
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2768:
2717:
2512:
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2138:
2119:
2063:
2036:
2035:
Dontu G, Jackson KW, McNicholas E, Kawamura MJ, Abdallah WM, Wicha MS (December 2004).
2017:
1960:
1899:
1874:
1847:
1822:
1798:
1773:
1772:
Miyanishi M, Mori Y, Seita J, Chen JY, Karten S, Chan CK, et al. (6 August 2013).
1749:
1714:
1690:
1655:
1631:
1606:
1578:
1526:
1429:
1404:
1336:
1303:
1263:"Stem Cell Based Treatments and Novel Considerations for Conscience Clause Legislation"
1178:
1151:
744:
639:
579:
3171:
2939:
2922:
2921:
Doetsch F, Petreanu L, Caille I, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (December 2002).
2799:
1513:
1496:
4765:
4545:
4494:
4435:
4431:
4400:
4359:
4316:
4271:
4257:
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4173:
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4016:
3959:
3924:
3889:
3846:
3810:
3755:
3719:
3688:
3645:
3604:
3555:
3496:
3452:
3417:
3357:
3352:
3255:"Promising New Source of Stem Cells: Mouse Testes Produce Wide Range of Tissue Types"
3185:
3128:
3085:
3044:
2993:
2944:
2903:
2860:
2803:
2760:
2709:
2674:
2633:
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2553:
2504:
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2409:
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2312:
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2168:
2111:
2068:
2009:
1952:
1904:
1852:
1821:
Miyanishi M, Mori Y, Seita J, Chen JY, Karten S, Chan CK, et al. (August 2013).
1803:
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1518:
1477:
1434:
1385:
1375:
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and trophic factors, this transdifferentiation can form cells with a neural lineage.
960:
140:
4584:
3971:
3858:
3657:
3508:
3140:
3097:
3005:
2815:
2721:
1582:
1530:
935:, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an
4730:
4644:
4535:
4525:
4484:
4474:
4447:
4427:
4390:
4351:
4342:
Presnell SC, Petersen B, Heidaran M (October 2002). "Stem cells in adult tissues".
4328:
4306:
4298:
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4253:
4212:
4204:
4165:
4047:
4006:
3998:
3955:
3951:
3916:
3881:
3838:
3800:
3789:"Adult stem or progenitor cells in treatment for type 1 diabetes: current progress"
3747:
3680:
3635:
3594:
3586:
3545:
3535:
3488:
3464:
3444:
3175:
3167:
3120:
3075:
3036:
2983:
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2934:
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2850:
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2795:
2772:
2752:
2701:
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2584:
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2516:
2494:
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2444:
2401:
2364:
2354:
2215:
2207:
2158:
2150:
2123:
2103:
2058:
2048:
2021:
1999:
1991:
1964:
1942:
1934:
1894:
1886:
1842:
1834:
1823:"Do pluripotent stem cells exist in adult mice as very small embryonic stem cells?"
1793:
1785:
1774:"Do pluripotent stem cells exist in adult mice as very small embryonic stem cells?"
1744:
1734:
1685:
1675:
1626:
1618:
1560:
1508:
1469:
1424:
1416:
1367:
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1163:
1098:
1050:
1030:
824:
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714:
591:
513:
368:
299:
190:
and manipulated with growth hormones. They have mainly been studied in humans and
1497:"Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell"
1473:
490:
These developmental pathways are also strongly implicated as stem cell regulators.
4711:
4377:
Cogle CR, Guthrie SM, Sanders RC, Allen WL, Scott EW, Petersen BE (August 2003).
4137:
4002:
3492:
3040:
2324:
2154:
1979:
1922:
1838:
1789:
1739:
1680:
1405:"An ERK-Dependent Feedback Mechanism Prevents Hematopoietic Stem Cell Exhaustion"
791:
655:
575:
359:
336:
302:, where the progeny of a single cell is characterized. However, it is known that
195:
169:
89:
3448:
3203:
3154:
Kruger GM, Mosher JT, Bixby S, Joseph N, Iwashita T, Morrison SJ (August 2002).
2988:
2971:
2499:
2482:
1371:
4780:
4775:
4742:
4302:
3885:
3776:(Press release). International Society for Stem Cell Research. 3 December 2008.
3751:
3684:
3337:
2628:
2611:
2588:
1995:
1938:
1420:
1327:
1236:
1110:
923:
Adult stem cell treatments have been used for many years to successfully treat
818:
643:
627:
567:
465:
285:
199:
191:
132:
53:
4575:
Background information, research advances, and debates about stem cell science
4355:
3622:
Wakitani S, Nawata M, Tensho K, Okabe T, Machida H, Ohgushi H (January 2007).
3124:
4825:
4530:
4511:
4169:
3259:
947:
943:
874:
854:
842:
806:
779:
748:
687:
679:
559:
461:
452:
398:
310:
248:
136:
4034:
Ratajczak MZ, Machalinski B, Wojakowski W, Ratajczak J, Kucia M (May 2007).
3842:
3477:
2899:
1288:
596:
Intestinal stem cells divide continuously throughout life and use a complex
574:
derived from the mammary gland. Single such cells can give rise to both the
4659:
4549:
4498:
4404:
4363:
4320:
4275:
4226:
4177:
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4052:
4035:
4020:
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3850:
3814:
3759:
3723:
3692:
3649:
3608:
3559:
3500:
3456:
3421:
3189:
3132:
3089:
2997:
2948:
2864:
2807:
2678:
2637:
2596:
2561:
2508:
2456:
2413:
2378:
2316:
2229:
2172:
2115:
2072:
2013:
1956:
1908:
1856:
1807:
1758:
1699:
1640:
1574:
1565:
1548:
1522:
1481:
1438:
1389:
1345:
1237:"II. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? | stemcells.nih.gov"
1187:
1168:
1152:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
1106:
1102:
1094:
995:
have been derived from human adult skin tissue. Other adult stem cells are
870:
846:
837:
823:
Olfactory adult stem cells have been successfully harvested from the human
775:
732:
710:
671:
571:
544:. The HSCs are generally dormant when found in adults due to their nature.
402:
331:
To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (see
306:
257:
145:
4514:"Adult Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Stroke Treatment"
4439:
3590:
3540:
3048:
2907:
2831:"The adult mouse hippocampal progenitor is neurogenic but not a stem cell"
2764:
2713:
2705:
3907:
Raff M (November 2003). "Adult stem cell plasticity: fact or artifact?".
3706:
Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M, Karli D (May 2008).
1622:
996:
987:
979:
is) can alter or enhance the fate and differentiation of the stem cells.
878:
756:
647:
635:
537:
177:
41:
4479:
3774:"The ISSCR Releases New Guidelines to Shape Future of Stem Cell Therapy"
2612:"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses"
2448:
2107:
1029:
changes, culminating in many abnormal conditions including cancer. (See
114:
4311:
4033:
3080:
3063:
2970:
Marshall GP, Laywell ED, Zheng T, Steindler DA, Scott EW (March 2006).
2211:
1947:
1304:"Insc:LGN tetramers promote asymmetric divisions of mammary stem cells"
1114:
1074:
1070:
1026:
1008:
882:
683:
667:
277:
244:
148:
2669:
2652:
2004:
309:
conditions can alter the behavior of cells, proving that a particular
4620:
4395:
4378:
4155:
2756:
1082:
912:
904:
894:
764:
675:
563:
558:
Mammary stem cells provide the source of cells for the growth of the
344:
289:
273:
269:
231:
203:
165:
4512:
FernΓ‘ndez-Susavila H, Bugallo-Casal A, Castillo J, Campos F (2019).
2651:
Augello A, Tasso R, Negrini SM, Cancedda R, Pennesi G (April 2007).
2359:
1890:
763:, neurogenesis can be induced in other brain regions, including the
156:), they can be found in juvenile, adult animals, and humans, unlike
3640:
3623:
3572:
2920:
2053:
1872:
1118:
1078:
1057:
onto the cell. This complicates the design of drugs, for instance,
924:
760:
623:
509:
390:
386:
355:
294:
4572:
2426:
1873:
Behrens A, van
Deursen JM, Rudolph KL, Schumacher B (March 2014).
1279:
1262:
1061:
cell-targeted therapies for the treatment of clinical depression.
3521:
3381:
1978:
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K,
473:
182:
1712:
1654:
Danova-Alt R, Heider A, Egger D, Cross M, Alt R (3 April 2012).
1402:
1064:
135:, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by
4682:
4672:
3406:
3334:"Testicle Stem Cells Become Bone, Muscle in German Experiments"
2343:"Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis"
1366:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1686. pp. 1β25.
936:
866:
783:
736:
469:
281:
2034:
1494:
4677:
4589:
3736:
2969:
2302:
2274:"5. Hematopoietic Stem Cells [Stem Cell Information]"
1451:
787:
72:
4566:
1301:
351:) and their associated proteins between the daughter cells.
3018:
2650:
2136:
1977:
1875:"Impact of genomic damage and ageing on stem cell function"
1546:
631:
3793:
Canadian
Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien de Chirurgie
1653:
4460:
4379:"An overview of stem cell research and regulatory issues"
3705:
3670:
3621:
3061:
2785:
4376:
4341:
3434:
4242:"Stem cells: potency, plasticity and public perception"
3628:
Journal of Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
3153:
2137:
Sakaki-Yumoto M, Katsuno Y, Derynck R (February 2013).
4193:"Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine"
3991:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
2143:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
1820:
1771:
1604:
4581:
provides educational materials and research resources
4095:"Scientists Bypass Need for Embryo to Get Stem Cells"
3941:
3374:"U.S. Firm Says It Made Stem Cells From Human Testes"
2085:
376:
mutations that would be passed on to daughter cells.
3871:
3276:"Testicles yield stem cells in science breakthrough"
3064:"Multipotent stem cells from adult olfactory mucosa"
2391:
4114:"Stem-cell method hailed as 'massive breakthrough'"
4068:
3786:
2577:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1201:
1199:
1197:
911:Multipotent stem cells have also been derived from
3827:
2529:
397:or plasticity. It can be induced by modifying the
4417:
4288:
4190:
3410:Journal of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine
2609:
2420:
2385:
1921:
4823:
2185:
1194:
1117:restorative processes through the generation of
1081:were separated into individual cells to form 2D
755:. Although the generation of new neurons in the
139:to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged
3909:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
3787:Liao YH, Verchere CB, Warnock GL (April 2007).
3295:"Testes May Prove Fertile Source of Stem Cells"
2336:
2334:
1542:
1540:
4786:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
4585:Stem Cell Research at Johns Hopkins University
2480:
4605:
3984:
3110:
2877:
2340:
1065:Lung Organoid Model: Lung Disease in COVID-19
812:
801:Neural stem cells share many properties with
4344:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
4335:
3865:
3821:
3780:
3566:
3515:
2828:
2331:
2130:
1814:
1706:
1647:
1537:
1207:"4. The Adult Stem Cell | stemcells.nih.gov"
1077:. After being developed in 3D cultures, the
343:into a mature cell. It is believed that the
4191:Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (May 2007).
3950:(5830): 1422β1423, author reply 1422β1423.
525:
4612:
4598:
2610:Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF (February 2005).
2192:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1868:
1866:
1097:, capacity to release growth factors, and
831:
40:
4579:UMDNJ Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
4539:
4529:
4488:
4478:
4394:
4310:
4265:
4216:
4051:
4010:
3804:
3639:
3598:
3549:
3539:
3179:
3079:
2987:
2938:
2854:
2691:
2668:
2627:
2543:
2498:
2368:
2358:
2219:
2162:
2062:
2052:
2003:
1946:
1898:
1846:
1797:
1748:
1738:
1689:
1679:
1630:
1564:
1512:
1428:
1335:
1278:
1177:
1167:
697:
607:
512:regulate the stemness of both normal and
52:of an adult stem cell displaying typical
4791:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
3921:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.143037
3740:Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
3218:"Study: Mice Testes Act Like Stem Cells"
2532:Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research
2481:Phinney DG, Prockop DJ (November 2007).
2188:"Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow"
1361:
918:
770:Neural stem cells are commonly cultured
585:
313:of cells possesses stem cell properties
208:
4239:
4111:
3350:
2476:
2474:
1863:
1036:
849:. Similar cells have been found in the
27:Multipotent stem cell in the adult body
14:
4824:
4092:
3985:Huang C, Dai J, Zhang XA (June 2015).
3831:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
3331:
3292:
3282:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
3273:
2829:Bull ND, Bartlett PF (November 2005).
2574:
2341:Liu S, Dontu G, Wicha MS (June 2005).
2186:Birbrair A, Frenette PS (April 2016).
2139:"TGF-Ξ² family signaling in stem cells"
1058:
333:Stem cell division and differentiation
243:is the ability to go through numerous
225:
214:Stem cell division and differentiation
4593:
3234:
2734:
2406:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163145
2244:"Medical Definition of Hematopoiesis"
1260:
1156:International Journal of Cell Biology
1149:
618:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of
547:
442:
4130:
3906:
2694:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2471:
1357:
1355:
1254:
720:
4569:, a resource for stem cell research
3874:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
3371:
1088:
888:
646:, and teeth (perivascular niche of
566:and play an important role in the
24:
4567:NIH Stem Cell Information Resource
4209:10.1161/01.RES.0000265074.83288.09
3224:. Associated Press. 24 March 2006.
25:
4848:
4560:
3204:"Testicle cells may aid research"
1352:
358:or reversible growth arrest. The
4804:
4803:
4258:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00029.x
2554:10.1111/j.1601-6343.2005.00331.x
1595:Am Surg. 2007 Nov; 73: 1106β1110
1069:The virus that causes COVID-19,
666:into various cell types such as
326:
109:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
4505:
4454:
4411:
4370:
4282:
4233:
4184:
4149:
4124:
4105:
4086:
4027:
3978:
3935:
3900:
3766:
3730:
3699:
3664:
3615:
3471:
3428:
3400:
3388:
3365:
3344:
3325:
3307:
3293:Minkel JR (19 September 2007).
3286:
3267:
3247:
3228:
3210:
3196:
3147:
3104:
3055:
3012:
2963:
2914:
2871:
2822:
2779:
2728:
2685:
2644:
2603:
2568:
2523:
2296:
2266:
2236:
2179:
2079:
2028:
1971:
1915:
1765:
1598:
1589:
152:(from Greek ΟΟΞΌΞ±ΟΞΉΞΊΓ³Ο, meaning
4650:Induced pluripotent stem cells
4619:
4133:"A Breakthrough on Stem Cells"
4112:McIlroy A (21 November 2007).
3956:10.1126/science.316.5830.1422b
3274:Miller B (20 September 2007).
2847:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3249-05.2005
2280:. 17 June 2001. Archived from
1488:
1445:
1396:
1295:
1229:
1143:
265:multidifferentiative potential
13:
1:
4093:Kolata G (21 November 2007).
3397:Retrieved on 21 November 2008
3237:"Embryonic Stem Cell Success"
3172:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00827-9
2940:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01133-9
2800:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00770-5
1514:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00328-2
1474:10.1126/science.288.5471.1660
1136:
1025:prime target for genetic and
1003:, adipose-derived stem cell,
379:
321:
4432:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90141-k
4003:10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.011
3493:10.3109/14653249.2011.579961
3351:Schultz N (9 October 2008).
3041:10.1126/science.283.5401.534
2155:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.008
1839:10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.07.001
1790:10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.07.001
1740:10.1371/journal.pone.0063329
1681:10.1371/journal.pone.0034899
954:
857:, cardiac outflow tract and
220:
7:
4131:Park A (20 November 2007).
3449:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0542
3332:Waters R (8 October 2008).
2989:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0245
2835:The Journal of Neuroscience
2500:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0637
2394:Annual Review of Physiology
1372:10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_1
1124:
1047:ATP-binding cassette family
1014:
865:. These cells can generate
437:
268:is the ability to generate
10:
4853:
4303:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
3886:10.1016/j.pcad.2007.02.006
3752:10.2174/157488810790442796
3685:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.042
3579:Stem Cells and Development
2629:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559
2589:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.012
1996:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
1939:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
1421:10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.003
1328:10.1038/s41467-018-03343-4
1261:Mlsna L (1 January 2011).
1131:Induced somatic stem cells
982:
958:
915:found in human testicles.
892:
835:
816:
813:Olfactory adult stem cells
724:
701:
611:
589:
551:
529:
424:DNA damage theory of aging
234:possesses two properties:
4799:
4753:
4658:
4627:
4573:Nature Reports Stem Cells
4356:10.1016/s1084952102000939
4240:Gardner RL (March 2002).
3235:Weiss R (25 March 2006).
3125:10.1007/s12015-008-9042-0
1267:Indiana Health Law Review
1041:Adult stem cells express
1019:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
39:
34:
4761:Cellular differentiation
4531:10.3389/fneur.2019.00908
4170:10.1089/ten.2006.12.3007
2657:Arthritis and Rheumatism
899:Spermatogonial stem cell
803:hematopoietic stem cells
526:Hematopoietic stem cells
520:
416:
365:hematopoietic stem cells
298:, using methods such as
4721:Hematopoietic stem cell
4383:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3843:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100301
2900:10.1126/science.1553558
2788:Brain Research Bulletin
832:Neural crest stem cells
554:Breast cancer stem cell
532:Hematopoietic stem cell
422:environment. (See also
4518:Frontiers in Neurology
4053:10.1038/sj.leu.2404630
3395:Bone Marrow Transplant
3372:Fox M (2 April 2006).
3068:Developmental Dynamics
2347:Breast Cancer Research
2041:Breast Cancer Research
1566:10.1038/sj.leu.2404171
1113:as well as activating
851:gastrointestinal tract
698:Endothelial stem cells
660:innate immune response
658:support, and modulate
608:Mesenchymal stem cells
217:
4771:Stem cell controversy
4726:Mesenchymal stem cell
4716:Endothelial stem cell
3591:10.1089/scd.2008.0253
2706:10.1002/cne.901240303
2305:Journal of Stem Cells
1308:Nature Communications
1005:endothelial stem cell
1001:mesenchymal stem cell
919:Clinical significance
753:hippocampal formation
704:Endothelial stem cell
614:Mesenchymal stem cell
586:Intestinal stem cells
373:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
212:
4635:Embryonic stem cells
4197:Circulation Research
4145:on 21 November 2007.
3528:Bone Marrow Research
3321:. 20 September 2007.
3263:. 24 September 2007.
1623:10.1002/cyto.a.20667
1169:10.1155/2016/6940283
1055:multidrug resistance
1037:Multidrug resistance
993:embryonic stem cells
977:extracellular matrix
973:transdifferentiation
933:embryonic stem cells
652:periodontal ligament
602:crypts of Lieberkuhn
542:umbilical cord blood
401:when stem cells are
395:transdifferentiation
272:of several distinct
158:embryonic stem cells
78:cellula praecursoria
4695:Embryonic stem cell
4480:10.7554/eLife.66417
4082:. 22 November 2007.
3541:10.1155/2012/787414
3300:Scientific American
3033:1999Sci...283..534B
2892:1992Sci...255.1707R
2886:(5052): 1707β1710.
2841:(47): 10815β10821.
2749:1968Natur.217..974L
2449:10.1038/nature07602
2441:2009Natur.457..608B
2204:2016NYASA1370...82B
2108:10.1038/nature03100
2100:2004Natur.432..324B
1879:Nature Cell Biology
1731:2013PLoSO...863329S
1672:2012PLoSO...734899D
1466:2000Sci...288.1660C
1460:(5471): 1660β1663.
1364:Cellular Quiescence
1320:2018NatCo...9.1025C
1033:for more details.)
863:sympathetic ganglia
741:subventricular zone
735:, the birth of new
562:during puberty and
226:Defining properties
50:electron micrograph
4246:Journal of Anatomy
4158:Tissue Engineering
4099:The New York Times
3673:Medical Hypotheses
3319:Cornell University
3081:10.1002/dvdy.20360
2212:10.1111/nyas.13016
745:lateral ventricles
743:, which lines the
692:cytokine secretion
580:myoepithelial cell
548:Mammary stem cells
443:Signaling pathways
432:induced stem cells
218:
102:H1.00.01.0.00035
4819:
4818:
4766:Stem cell therapy
4645:Cancer stem cells
4252:(Pt 3): 277β282.
4164:(11): 3007β3019.
3443:(10): 2292β2298.
3358:Technology Review
3113:Stem Cell Reviews
3027:(5401): 534β537.
2743:(5132): 974β975.
2670:10.1002/art.22511
2493:(11): 2896β2902.
2435:(7229): 608β611.
2278:stemcells.nih.gov
2094:(7015): 324β331.
1827:Stem Cell Reports
1778:Stem Cell Reports
1617:(12): 1116β1127.
1611:Cytometry. Part A
1415:(6): 879β892.e6.
1381:978-1-4939-7370-5
1241:stemcells.nih.gov
1211:stemcells.nih.gov
1150:Mahla RS (2016).
961:Stem cell therapy
721:Neural stem cells
715:lymphatic vessels
514:cancer stem cells
300:clonogenic assays
123:
122:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4844:
4807:
4806:
4754:Related articles
4731:Neural stem cell
4640:Adult stem cells
4614:
4607:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4396:10.4065/78.8.993
4374:
4368:
4367:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4203:(9): 1249β1260.
4188:
4182:
4181:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4141:. Archived from
4128:
4122:
4121:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4014:
3997:(6): 1261β1266.
3982:
3976:
3975:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3643:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3206:. 25 March 2006.
3200:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2933:(6): 1021β1034.
2918:
2912:
2911:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2757:10.1038/217974a0
2732:
2726:
2725:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2663:(4): 1175β1186.
2648:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2622:(4): 1815β1822.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2254:on 14 March 2017
2250:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2149:(2): 2280β2296.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2047:(6): R605βR615.
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1568:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1203:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1147:
1099:immunomodulatory
1089:Stroke Treatment
1031:cancer stem cell
889:Testicular cells
825:olfactory mucosa
792:progenitor cells
727:Neural stem cell
592:Intestinal gland
369:MAPK/ERK pathway
284:) as opposed to
143:. Also known as
130:undifferentiated
126:Adult stem cells
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
56:characteristics.
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Adult stem cells
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4795:
4749:
4712:Progenitor cell
4654:
4623:
4618:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4510:
4506:
4459:
4455:
4416:
4412:
4389:(8): 993β1003.
4375:
4371:
4340:
4336:
4287:
4283:
4238:
4234:
4189:
4185:
4154:
4150:
4129:
4125:
4110:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4032:
4028:
3983:
3979:
3940:
3936:
3905:
3901:
3870:
3866:
3826:
3822:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3735:
3731:
3704:
3700:
3669:
3665:
3620:
3616:
3571:
3567:
3520:
3516:
3476:
3472:
3433:
3429:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3378:Washington Post
3370:
3366:
3349:
3345:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3272:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3241:Washington Post
3233:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3152:
3148:
3109:
3105:
3060:
3056:
3017:
3013:
2968:
2964:
2919:
2915:
2876:
2872:
2827:
2823:
2784:
2780:
2733:
2729:
2690:
2686:
2649:
2645:
2608:
2604:
2573:
2569:
2545:10.1.1.456.7504
2528:
2524:
2479:
2472:
2425:
2421:
2390:
2386:
2360:10.1186/bcr1021
2339:
2332:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2184:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2084:
2080:
2033:
2029:
1976:
1972:
1920:
1916:
1891:10.1038/ncb2928
1871:
1864:
1819:
1815:
1770:
1766:
1711:
1707:
1652:
1648:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1545:
1538:
1493:
1489:
1450:
1446:
1401:
1397:
1382:
1360:
1353:
1300:
1296:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1217:on 29 July 2018
1205:
1204:
1195:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1091:
1067:
1039:
1022:
1017:
985:
963:
957:
921:
901:
891:
840:
834:
821:
815:
729:
723:
706:
700:
680:neuroectodermal
640:Wharton's jelly
616:
610:
598:genetic program
594:
588:
556:
550:
534:
528:
523:
445:
440:
419:
382:
341:differentiating
337:progenitor cell
329:
324:
276:, (for example
228:
223:
192:model organisms
119:
57:
54:ultrastructural
35:Adult stem cell
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4850:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Stem cell laws
4778:
4776:Stem cell line
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4743:Precursor cell
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4561:External links
4559:
4556:
4555:
4504:
4453:
4410:
4369:
4350:(5): 369β376.
4334:
4297:(4): 663β676.
4281:
4232:
4183:
4148:
4123:
4118:Globe and Mail
4104:
4085:
4067:
4046:(5): 860β867.
4026:
3977:
3934:
3899:
3880:(6): 396β413.
3864:
3837:(3): 252β264.
3820:
3799:(2): 137β142.
3779:
3765:
3729:
3718:(3): 343β353.
3712:Pain Physician
3698:
3679:(6): 900β908.
3663:
3641:10.1002/term.8
3614:
3585:(5): 683β692.
3565:
3514:
3487:(8): 993β999.
3470:
3427:
3416:(3): 175β176.
3399:
3387:
3364:
3343:
3338:Bloomberg News
3324:
3306:
3285:
3266:
3246:
3227:
3209:
3195:
3166:(4): 657β669.
3146:
3119:(4): 256β260.
3103:
3074:(2): 496β515.
3054:
3011:
2982:(3): 731β738.
2962:
2913:
2870:
2821:
2794:(6): 751β758.
2778:
2727:
2700:(3): 319β335.
2684:
2643:
2602:
2583:(3): 321β326.
2567:
2538:(3): 191β199.
2522:
2470:
2419:
2400:(1): 241β260.
2384:
2330:
2295:
2284:on 5 June 2014
2265:
2235:
2178:
2129:
2078:
2054:10.1186/bcr920
2027:
1990:(5): 861β872.
1970:
1933:(4): 663β676.
1914:
1885:(3): 201β207.
1862:
1833:(2): 198β208.
1813:
1784:(2): 198β208.
1764:
1705:
1646:
1597:
1588:
1559:(5): 857β869.
1536:
1507:(3): 369β377.
1487:
1444:
1409:Cell Stem Cell
1395:
1380:
1351:
1294:
1253:
1228:
1193:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1111:synaptogenesis
1090:
1087:
1066:
1063:
1038:
1035:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
984:
981:
959:Main article:
956:
953:
931:as the use of
920:
917:
890:
887:
875:myofibroblasts
843:Hair follicles
833:
830:
819:Stratum basale
814:
811:
725:Main article:
722:
719:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
662:. These cells
644:umbilical cord
628:adipose tissue
612:Main article:
609:
606:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
568:carcinogenesis
549:
546:
530:Main article:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
501:
500:
492:
491:
487:
486:
478:
477:
457:
456:
444:
441:
439:
436:
418:
415:
381:
378:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
253:
227:
224:
222:
219:
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4849:
4838:
4837:Biotechnology
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4812:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:Sources/types
4626:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4080:The Economist
4077:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3260:Science Daily
3256:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:(2): 97β106.
2310:
2306:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:(5): e63329.
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(4): e34899.
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:10.18060/2020
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:Due to their
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:actively pump
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
980:
978:
974:
969:
968:differentiate
962:
952:
949:
948:hematopoietic
945:
944:hematopoietic
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:controversial
926:
916:
914:
909:
906:
900:
896:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Schwann cells
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:sciatic nerve
852:
848:
844:
839:
829:
826:
820:
810:
808:
807:immune system
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:heterogeneous
777:
774:as so-called
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:dentate gyrus
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
718:
716:
712:
711:blood vessels
705:
695:
693:
689:
688:T-lymphocytes
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:chondroblasts
669:
665:
664:differentiate
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
605:
603:
599:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:mammary gland
555:
545:
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1095:multipotency
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1068:
1043:transporters
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838:Neural crest
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1059:neural stem
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988:Pluripotent
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684:hepatocytes
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648:dental pulp
638:and blood,
636:bone marrow
538:bone marrow
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476:stem cells.
278:glial cells
178:homeostasis
154:of the body
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2976:Stem Cells
2487:Stem Cells
2325:1769944207
2005:2433/49782
1980:Yamanaka S
1137:References
1115:endogenous
1083:monolayers
1071:SARS-CoV-2
1027:epigenetic
1011:cultures.
1009:fibroblast
913:germ cells
893:See also:
836:See also:
817:See also:
747:, and the
676:adipocytes
572:cell lines
552:See also:
380:Plasticity
356:quiescence
322:Properties
286:unipotency
274:cell types
204:planarians
194:, such as
166:cell types
149:stem cells
4738:Unipotent
4120:. Canada.
2540:CiteSeerX
1119:cytokines
1079:organoids
1075:epithelia
955:Therapies
905:testicles
895:Germ cell
765:neocortex
642:from the
564:gestation
510:cytokines
349:receptors
345:molecular
290:unipotent
232:stem cell
221:Structure
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4550:31555195
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4405:12911047
4364:12324219
4321:16904174
4276:12033732
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4062:17344915
4040:Leukemia
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3972:12738214
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3422:24693165
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3141:23267408
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3090:15782416
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2638:15494428
2597:20833143
2562:16022721
2509:17901396
2457:19092804
2414:18808327
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2321:ProQuest
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2230:27015419
2173:22959078
2116:15549094
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2014:18035408
1957:16904174
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1759:23696815
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1700:22509366
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4267:1570679
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3505:S2CID
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2069:PMID
2010:PMID
1984:Cell
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