270:, where the roaring of a rutting stag reliably signals its size. The honest advertisement benefits both sender and receiver, as neither need become involved in a costly fight to assess their relative strength. In the breeding season, frogs congregate at suitable breeding sites and call to advertise their presence, particularly at night. Females can distinguish between the fitness of males based on the characteristics of their voices. Desert toads emerge from their burrows in response to heavy rain. Males emerge first and when one finds a suitable ephemeral pool, its call attracts others and they all congregate there. Males may call in unison in noisy choruses, and breeding is explosive, a mass of males competing for the smaller number of females.
187:
104:
1328:
289:
1169:
20:
335:(scent), courtship behaviour, and visual signals. Human females have long been thought to conceal their ovulation, but women's behaviour changes around the time of ovulation with increased sexual motivation, and they are more attracted to men at that time; conversely, men are more attracted to the scent of women around the time of ovulation than in the non-ovulating (luteal) phase of the
168:
Many flowers that are adapted for pollination by birds produce copious quantities of nectar and advertise this with their red coloration. Insects see red less well than other colours, and the plant needs to devote its energy to attracting birds that can act as pollinators rather than insects that
361:
on their undersides emit light that from below hide their silhouettes and resemble the scintillating lights produced by the ever-moving surface layers of water. At the same time, each species has a distinctive pattern of photophores that enables another member of its species to identify it as a
319:
assembles an effectively infinite number of songs by assembling phrases in combination. Laboratory experiments by Clive
Catchpole demonstrate that female sedge warblers select males with more varied songs, while field observation indicates that such males attract mates before other males.
306:
Male crickets chirp to attract females, and in some species, their calls can be heard from great distances. However, a certain parasitic fly has taken advantage of this, the female is attracted to a calling male cricket on which it then deposits its developing larvae. Elaborate
285:
are well-camouflaged when at rest but flash vivid colouration when flying. The grasshopper thus avoids being eaten while the potential predator hunts in vain for the brightly coloured insect it saw.
165:, the male flowers are brighter yellow (the colour of their pollen) and have more scent than female flowers. Honey bees are more attracted by the brighter male flowers, but not by their scent.
281:
has a distinctive blue tail. If the skink cannot escape from a predator by concealment or flight, it can afford to lose its tail in order to escape with its life. Similarly, some species of
934:
378:
Iolanda, Filella; Primante, Clara; LlusiĂ , Joan; MartĂn González, Ana M.; Seco, Roger; FarrĂ©-Armengol,Gerard; Rodrigo, Anselm; Bosch, Jordi; Peñuelas, Josep (2013).
259:
with rival males. In a lek, the presence of multiple males advertises and potentially benefits all the males present, so they are both collaborating and competing.
315:, and again sexual selection has driven its evolution. Songbirds such as warblers have an extensive repertoire of songs, sometimes with thousands of phrases. The
178:
has two subspecies, a red-flowering one on
Teneriffe which is mainly pollinated by birds, and a pink-flowered one on Las Palmas which is pollinated by insects.
251:
by females. The males use these features alone or in combination to advertise their presence, and, especially but not only in species with
941:
435:
1260:
908:
840:
770:
743:
698:
633:
606:
95:, edible animals more or less accurately mimic distasteful animals to reduce their own risk of being attacked by predators.
1066:
277:
on their wings. These make no effort at concealment, but may startle a potential predator into trying elsewhere. The
1023:
652:
Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Albon, S. D. (1979). "The
Roaring of Red Deer and the Evolution of Honest Advertisement".
88:
to prevent attacks from potential predators. Such honest advertising benefits both the sender and the receiver.
574:
1368:
1292:
190:
193:
advertises to females in the breeding season with brilliant colours, patterns and tail plumes, as well as
1168:
1358:
927:
1221:
377:
1302:
1190:
1153:
1185:
898:
830:
623:
594:
349:
Many animals wish to advertise to those of their own species while being camouflaged to avoid
1312:
1059:
688:
760:
460:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1226:
795:
391:
1143:
8:
1255:
1101:
1013:
969:
786:
Cade, W.H. (1975). "Acoustically orienting parasitoids: Fly phonotaxis to cricket song".
31:
799:
461:
Dötterl, Stefan; Glück, Ulrike; Jürgens, Andreas; Woodring, Joseph; Aas, Gregor (2014).
395:
1277:
1205:
1195:
1158:
1091:
1018:
1008:
811:
669:
493:
462:
412:
379:
256:
640:
An advantage of lek mating is that males pool their advertising and courtship signals.
544:
517:
1363:
1307:
1250:
1177:
1138:
1116:
1001:
996:
950:
904:
879:
836:
766:
758:
739:
694:
629:
602:
549:
498:
417:
294:
274:
220:
216:
206:
194:
174:
127:
107:
62:
46:
27:
815:
1331:
1200:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1111:
1052:
869:
803:
661:
539:
529:
488:
478:
407:
399:
248:
228:
202:
154:
92:
84:; or, again honestly, to warn off other organisms, as when distasteful animals use
807:
534:
483:
354:
336:
35:
1083:
1148:
991:
874:
857:
186:
1352:
719:
316:
278:
263:
665:
515:
463:"Floral Reward, Advertisement and Attractiveness to Honey Bees in Dioecious
1297:
1282:
974:
883:
553:
502:
421:
298:, advertising its powerful defences by raising its tail and displaying its
162:
103:
1245:
1231:
1106:
1096:
984:
979:
569:
343:
282:
210:
122:
85:
919:
625:
Handbook of
Mammalian Vocalization: An Integrative Neuroscience Approach
72:
Such signalling may be honest, used to attract other organisms, as when
1236:
714:
673:
358:
299:
288:
252:
232:
215:
Advertising takes a variety of forms in animals. Breeding adults often
142:
77:
403:
350:
332:
328:
158:
153:
to encourage bees to return more often. Advertising is influenced by
66:
1028:
380:"Floral advertisement scent in a changing plant-pollinators market"
308:
267:
266:
to warn rival males of their strength, a classic example being the
244:
240:
170:
150:
50:
23:
759:
Stebbins, Robert Cyril; Ipsen, D.C.; Gillfillan, Gretchen (2008).
1240:
1075:
1038:
324:
236:
224:
19:
686:
138:
134:
130:
118:
110:
73:
54:
16:
Use of displays by organisms to signal for selective advantage
762:
Animal
Coloration: Activities on the Evolution of Concealment
327:(being "on heat" or "in season", i.e. that they are fertile,
113:
use a combination of cues to advertise themselves to insects.
58:
896:
829:
Irwin, Mark D.; Stoner, John B.; Cobaugh, Aaron M. (2013).
346:(aposematism) to prevent attacks from potential predators.
312:
1044:
832:
273:
Colour can be used in advertising. Some butterflies have
146:
81:
436:"Plants spike nectar with caffeine and give bees a buzz"
516:
RodrĂguez-GironĂ©s, Miguel A.; SantamarĂa, Luis (2004).
621:
76:use bright colours, patterns, and scent to attract
828:
651:
855:
1350:
601:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–181.
822:
856:Tarin, Juan J.; Gomez-Piquer, Vanessa (2002).
734:Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
91:Other organisms may advertise dishonestly; in
1060:
935:
733:
615:
835:. University of Chicago Press. p. 192.
588:
586:
584:
738:. Princeton University Press. p. 159.
1067:
1053:
942:
928:
785:
687:Dorcas, Michael E.; Gibbons, Whit (2011).
1261:Coloration evidence for natural selection
949:
873:
622:Brudzynski, Stefan M. (8 December 2009).
581:
543:
533:
492:
482:
411:
133:use bright colours, patterns, rewards of
715:"Animal behaviour: Truth in advertising"
287:
185:
102:
18:
353:. Many deep sea fish do this by way of
1351:
903:. Garland Science. pp. 328, 334.
897:Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (2008).
592:
565:
563:
1048:
923:
858:"Do women have a hidden heat period?"
752:
680:
219:to attract a mate. Breeding males of
890:
560:
518:"Why are so many bird flowers red?"
311:is especially well-developed among
169:cannot. In fact, the Canary Island
13:
1201:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation)
262:Breeding males may also advertise
14:
1380:
1327:
1326:
1167:
1102:Aristotelian/Distraction display
331:and receptive to breeding) with
849:
779:
736:A Natural History of Amphibians
727:
707:
628:. Academic Press. p. 446.
323:Breeding females may advertise
690:Frogs: The Animal Answer Guide
645:
599:Essentials of Animal Behaviour
575:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
509:
454:
428:
371:
149:. Some also use drugs such as
1:
1293:Frequency-dependent selection
808:10.1126/science.190.4221.1312
365:
181:
38:, reducing the need to fight.
765:. NSTA Press. pp. 2–3.
593:Slater, Peter J. B. (1999).
535:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020350
484:10.1371/journal.pone.0093421
98:
7:
1074:
10:
1385:
595:"8.5 Advertising displays"
200:
116:
1321:
1214:
1176:
1165:
1082:
1037:
957:
693:. JHU Press. p. 35.
191:Wilson's bird-of-paradise
26:stag advertises its size
1222:Anti-predator adaptation
875:10.1093/humrep/17.9.2243
342:Distasteful animals use
247:. These evolved through
65:their presence for some
666:10.1163/156853979x00449
141:, and scent to attract
965:Advertising in biology
303:
198:
114:
43:Advertising in biology
39:
1313:Underwater camouflage
1092:Aggressive/Wicklerian
951:Signalling in biology
291:
201:Further information:
189:
117:Further information:
106:
22:
1369:Evolutionary biology
1288:Evolutionary ecology
1273:Deception in animals
1267:Dazzled and Deceived
1227:Animal communication
1134:Emsleyan/Mertensian
1014:Distraction display
970:Agonistic behaviour
800:1975Sci...190.1312C
794:(4221): 1312–1313.
578:. Methuen. page 191
396:2013NatSR...3E3434F
1278:Deimatic behaviour
1019:Handicap principle
1009:Deimatic behaviour
862:Human Reproduction
384:Scientific Reports
344:warning coloration
304:
221:sexually dimorphic
199:
115:
86:warning coloration
40:
1359:Signalling theory
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1308:Signalling theory
1283:Mimicry#Evolution
1256:Community ecology
1251:Animal coloration
1097:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
1002:Courtship display
910:978-0-203-88522-2
900:Biology of Fishes
842:978-0-226-92532-5
772:978-1-933531-29-8
745:978-0-691-03281-8
700:978-0-8018-9935-5
635:978-0-08-092337-6
608:978-0-521-62996-6
442:. 15 October 2015
404:10.1038/srep03434
295:Mephitis mephitis
235:, have elaborate
229:birds of paradise
207:signalling theory
195:display behaviour
175:Echium wildpretii
128:Insect-pollinated
108:Insect-pollinated
45:means the use of
1376:
1332:Category mimicry
1330:
1329:
1171:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1045:
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
915:
914:
894:
888:
887:
877:
868:(9): 2243–2248.
853:
847:
846:
826:
820:
819:
783:
777:
776:
756:
750:
749:
731:
725:
724:
711:
705:
704:
684:
678:
677:
660:(3/4): 145–170.
649:
643:
642:
619:
613:
612:
590:
579:
567:
558:
557:
547:
537:
513:
507:
506:
496:
486:
458:
452:
451:
449:
447:
432:
426:
425:
415:
375:
249:sexual selection
203:sexual selection
155:sexual selection
93:Batesian mimicry
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1317:
1210:
1172:
1163:
1078:
1073:
1033:
953:
948:
918:
911:
895:
891:
854:
850:
843:
827:
823:
784:
780:
773:
757:
753:
746:
732:
728:
723:. 18 June 1998.
713:
712:
708:
701:
685:
681:
650:
646:
636:
620:
616:
609:
591:
582:
568:
561:
514:
510:
459:
455:
445:
443:
434:
433:
429:
376:
372:
368:
355:bioluminescence
337:menstrual cycle
223:birds, such as
213:
184:
125:
101:
36:breeding season
17:
12:
11:
5:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1215:Related topics
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:In vertebrates
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
994:
992:Apparent death
989:
988:
987:
977:
972:
967:
961:
959:
955:
954:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
917:
916:
909:
889:
848:
841:
821:
778:
771:
751:
744:
726:
706:
699:
679:
644:
634:
614:
607:
580:
559:
508:
453:
427:
369:
367:
364:
362:con-specific.
357:. Patterns of
183:
180:
100:
97:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Mobbing calls
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
952:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
912:
906:
902:
901:
893:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
844:
838:
834:
833:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
774:
768:
764:
763:
755:
747:
741:
737:
730:
722:
721:
720:The Economist
716:
710:
702:
696:
692:
691:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
641:
637:
631:
627:
626:
618:
610:
604:
600:
596:
589:
587:
585:
577:
576:
571:
566:
564:
555:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
504:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
477:(3): e93421.
476:
472:
468:
466:
457:
441:
440:New Scientist
437:
431:
423:
419:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
370:
363:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
317:sedge warbler
314:
310:
301:
297:
296:
290:
286:
284:
280:
279:western skink
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
208:
204:
196:
192:
188:
179:
177:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
124:
120:
112:
109:
105:
96:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1303:Polymorphism
1298:Phagomimicry
1265:
1246:Co-evolution
975:Alarm signal
964:
899:
892:
865:
861:
851:
831:
824:
791:
787:
781:
761:
754:
735:
729:
718:
709:
689:
682:
657:
653:
647:
639:
624:
617:
598:
573:
570:Cott, Hugh B
528:(10): e306.
525:
522:PLOS Biology
521:
511:
474:
470:
465:Salix caprea
464:
456:
444:. Retrieved
439:
430:
387:
383:
373:
348:
341:
322:
305:
293:
272:
261:
214:
173:
167:
161:plants like
126:
90:
71:
67:evolutionary
42:
41:
1232:Aposematism
1107:Automimicry
985:Unkenreflex
980:Aposematism
958:Non-mimicry
359:photophores
283:grasshopper
233:bower birds
211:aposematism
143:pollinators
123:entomophily
78:pollinators
1353:Categories
1237:Camouflage
1206:Vavilovian
1196:Gilbertian
1159:Wasmannian
1084:In animals
366:References
333:pheromones
302:coloration
300:aposematic
253:lek mating
182:In animals
1191:Dodsonian
1178:In plants
1144:MĂĽllerian
1117:Locomotor
654:Behaviour
351:predation
329:ovulating
245:behaviour
197:and song.
159:dioecious
99:In plants
51:organisms
1364:Ethology
1186:Bakerian
1129:Chemical
1112:Batesian
1029:Stotting
884:12202409
816:85233362
572:(1940).
554:15486585
503:24676333
471:PLOS ONE
446:21 March
422:24305624
390:: 3434.
275:eyespots
268:red deer
264:honestly
225:peacocks
151:caffeine
145:such as
80:such as
69:reason.
53:such as
47:displays
28:honestly
24:Red deer
1241:Crypsis
1139:Eyespot
1076:Mimicry
1039:Mimicry
997:Display
796:Bibcode
788:Science
674:4533969
494:3968154
413:3852139
392:Bibcode
325:oestrus
292:Skunk,
257:compete
237:plumage
217:display
171:endemic
131:flowers
111:flowers
74:flowers
55:animals
34:in the
32:roaring
1325:
1149:Sexual
907:
882:
839:
814:
769:
742:
697:
672:
632:
605:
552:
545:521733
542:
501:
491:
420:
410:
243:, and
209:, and
163:sallow
139:pollen
135:nectar
119:flower
63:signal
59:plants
1124:Brood
812:S2CID
670:JSTOR
313:birds
255:, to
157:: in
905:ISBN
880:PMID
837:ISBN
767:ISBN
740:ISBN
695:ISBN
630:ISBN
603:ISBN
550:PMID
499:PMID
448:2016
418:PMID
309:song
241:song
231:and
147:bees
137:and
121:and
82:bees
57:and
870:doi
804:doi
792:190
662:doi
540:PMC
530:doi
489:PMC
479:doi
408:PMC
400:doi
61:to
49:by
30:by
1355::
878:.
866:17
864:.
860:.
810:.
802:.
790:.
717:.
668:.
658:69
656:.
638:.
597:.
583:^
562:^
548:.
538:.
524:.
520:.
497:.
487:.
473:.
469:.
438:.
416:.
406:.
398:.
386:.
382:.
339:.
239:,
227:,
205:,
1239:/
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
943:e
936:t
929:v
913:.
886:.
872::
845:.
818:.
806::
798::
775:.
748:.
703:.
676:.
664::
611:.
556:.
532::
526:2
505:.
481::
475:9
467:"
450:.
424:.
402::
394::
388:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
