308:
589:
to discuss policy. What must be understood about groups exerting influence in the bureaucracy is; "the crucial relationship here is usually that between the senior bureaucrats and leading business or industrial interests". This supports the view that groups with greater financial resources at their disposal will generally be better able to influence the decision-making process of government. The advantages that large businesses have is mainly due to the fact that they are key producers within their countries economy and, therefore, their interests are important to the government as their contributions are important to the economy. According to
454:
1209:. To obtain these types of benefits, members would simply pay dues, and donate their time or money to get a feeling of satisfaction from expressing a political value. Also, it would not matter if the interest group achieved their goal; these members would merely be able to say they helped out in the process of trying to obtain their goals, which is the expressive incentive that they got in the first place. The types of interest groups that rely on expressive benefits or incentives are environmental groups and groups who claim to be lobbying for the public interest.
183:
728:(ACLU), described as a legal nonprofit organization that, according to the organization's website, "works in the courts, legislatures, and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to all people in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." With its national headquarters in New York, the ACLU has autonomous affiliates in each of the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico.
1399:
482:, the largest of all Union Army veterans' organizations, was the most powerful single-issue political lobby of the late nineteenth century, securing massive pensions for veterans and helping to elect five postwar presidents from its own membership. To its members, it was also a secret fraternal order, a source of local charity, a provider of entertainment in small municipalities, and a patriotic organization.
275:
rebellion – it tried to rectify the faults in governance through appeals to existing legal precedents and was conceived of as an extra-Parliamentary form of agitation to arrive at a consensual and constitutional arrangement. The force and influence of this social advocacy movement on the streets of London compelled the authorities to concede to the movement's demands. Wilkes was returned to
Parliament,
1248:: Under neo-pluralism, a concept of political communities developed that is more similar to the British form of government. This is based on the concept of political communities in that advocacy groups and other such bodies are organised around a government department and its network of client groups. The members of this network co-operate together during the policy making process.
1375:. More specifically, social media can provide "a means of reproducing power and fulfilling group interest for those possessing excessive power... indirectly reinforce elitist domination." By excluding those without access to the internet, social media inherently misrepresents populations- particularly the populations in
675:
more ideological agenda. Traditionally, a prime example of such a group were the trade-unions who were the so-called "industrial" muscle. Trade-unions would campaign in the forms of industrial action and marches for workers rights, these gained much media attention and sympathy for their cause. In the United States, the
679:
gained much of its publicity through civil disobedience; African
Americans would simply disobey the racist segregation laws to get the violent, racist reaction from the police and white Americans. This violence and racism was then broadcast all over the world, showing the world just how one sided the
1386:
Since advocacy groups have the agency to control a community's narrative through a social media post, they have the agency to control the deservedness of a community as well. That is, the amount of resources or attention a community receives largely depends on the kind of narrative an advocacy group
1143:
addresses the difficulty of obtaining members of a particular interest group when the benefits are already reaped without membership. For instance, an interest group dedicated to improving farming standards will fight for the general goal of improving farming for every farmer, even those who are not
588:
to support their cause by voting a certain way in the legislature. Access to this channel is generally restricted to groups with insider status such as large corporations and trade unions – groups with outsider status are unlikely to be able to meet with ministers or other members of the bureaucracy
563:
groups mask the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by grassroots participants. It is a practice intended to give the statements or organizations credibility by withholding
1274:
Apart from lobbying and other methods of asserting political presence, advocacy groups use social media to attract attention towards their particular cause. A study published in early 2012 suggests that advocacy groups of varying political and ideological orientations operating in the United States
674:
to attempt to exert influence in
Liberal Democracies. Groups will generally use two distinct styles when attempting to manipulate the media – they will either put across their outsider status and use their inability to access the other channels of influence to gain sympathy or they may put across a
633:
Board of education, arguing that segregation of education based on race was unconstitutional. As a result of group pressure from the NAACP, the supreme court unanimously ruled that racial segregation in education was indeed unconstitutional and such practices were banned. This is a novel example of
624:
The judicial branch of government can also be used by advocacy groups to exert influence. In states where legislation cannot be challenged by the courts, like the UK, advocacy groups are limited in the amount of influence they have. In states that have codified constitutions, like the US, however,
499:
Watchdog groups exist to provide oversight and rating of actions or media by various outlets, both government and corporate. They may also index personalities, organizations, products, and activities in databases to provide coverage and rating of the value or viability of such entities to target
274:
began aggressively promoting his policies. This was the first ever sustained social advocacy group – it involved public meetings, demonstrations, the distribution of pamphlets on an unprecedented scale and the mass petition march. However, the movement was careful not to cross the line into open
1370:
While these studies show the acceptance of social media use by advocacy groups, populations not affiliated with media advocacy often question the benevolence of social media. Rather than exclusively fostering an atmosphere of camaraderie and universal understanding, social media can perpetuate
1159:
Selective benefits are material, rather than monetary benefits conferred on group members. For instance, an interest group could give members free or discounted travel, meals, or periodical subscriptions. Many trade and professional interest groups tend to give these types of benefits to their
687:. Groups that already had a global structure such as Greenpeace were better able to adapt to globalisation. Greenpeace, for example, has offices in over 30 countries and has an income of $ 50 million annually. Groups such as these have secured the nature of their influence by gaining status as
637:
Advocacy groups can also exert influence on political parties. The main way groups do this is through campaign finance. For instance; in the UK, the conservative parties campaigns are often funded by large corporations, as many of the conservative parties campaigns reflect the interests of
642:'s re-election campaign in 2004 was the most expensive in American history and was financed mainly by large corporations and industrial interests that the Bush administration represented in government. Conversely, left-wing parties are often funded by organised labour – when the British
298:
in 1807. In the opinion of Eugene Black (1963), "...association made possible the extension of the politically effective public. Modern extra parliamentary political organization is a product of the late eighteenth century the history of the age of reform cannot be written without it.
608:
Advocacy groups can also exert influence through the assembly by lobbying. Groups with greater economic resources at their disposal can employ professional lobbyists to try and exert influence in the assembly. An example of such a group is the environmentalist group
1144:
members of that particular interest group. Thus, there is no real incentive to join an interest group and pay dues if the farmer will receive that benefit anyway. For another example, every individual in the world would benefit from a cleaner environment, but
613:; Greenpeace (an organisation with income upward of $ 50,000,000) use lobbying to gain political support for their campaigns. They raise issues about the environment with the aim of having their issues translated into policy such as the government encouraging
1168:
A solidarity incentive is a reward for participation that is socially derived and created out of the act of association. Examples include "socializing congeniality, the sense of group membership and identification, the status resulting from membership, fun,
646:
was formed, it was largely funded by trade unions. Often, political parties are actually formed as a result of group pressure, for example, the Labour Party in the UK was formed out of the new trade union movement which lobbied for the rights of workers.
1379:. Since media advocacy groups use social media as a way to boost the narratives of these populations, the effect of social media use can be counteractive to well-intentioned goals. Instead of directly amplifying the voices and narratives of
550:
funds provide funding for the legal defense for, or legal action against, individuals or groups related to their specific interests or target demographic. This is often accompanied by one of the above types of advocacy groups filing an
495:
Anti-defamation organizations issue responses or criticisms to real or supposed slights of any sort (including speech or violence) by an individual or group against a specific segment of the population which the organization exists to
246:
eventually ruled in Wilkes favour. As a result of this episode, Wilkes became a figurehead to the growing movement for popular sovereignty among the middle classes – people began chanting, "Wilkes and
Liberty" in the streets.
1225:
Much work has been undertaken by academics attempting to categorize how advocacy groups operate, particularly in relation to governmental policy creation. The field is dominated by numerous and diverse schools of thought:
1235:: This is based upon the understanding that advocacy groups operate in competition with one another and play a key role in the political system. They do this by acting as a counterweight to undue concentrations of power.
1993:
Former president Bill
Clinton defined it as "stunningly effective". Former speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich called it "the most effective general-interest group across the entire planet".
1354:
Another 2012 study argued that advocacy groups use social media to reach audiences unrelated to the communities they help and to mobilize diverse groups of people. Mobilization is achieved in four ways:
882:(METO), whose draft treaty process led to the UN General Assembly convening an annual meeting of Member States on establishing a zone free of weapons of mass destruction (WMDFZ) in the Middle East.
262:
on 10 May 1768, a mass movement of support emerged, with large demonstrations in the streets under the slogan "No liberty, no King." Stripped of the right to sit in
Parliament, Wilkes became an
584:
as the main channel of influence – because, in liberal democracies, this is where the decision-making power lies. The aim of advocacy groups here is to attempt to influence a member of the
1279:
to interact with citizens every day. The study surveyed 53 groups, that were found to be using a variety of social media technologies to achieve organizational and political goals:
1240:
However, this pluralist theory (formed primarily by
American academics) reflects a more open and fragmented political system similar to that in countries such as the United States.
567:
Media advocacy groups use mass media to advocate the incorporation of equitable public policies- particularly policies aimed at benefiting historically marginalized communities.
515:
where lobbying first developed. Some Lobby groups have considerable financial resources at their disposal. Lobbying is regulated to stop the worst abuses which can develop into
605:". This suggests that in the ever modernising world, big business has an increasing role in influencing the bureaucracy and in turn, the decision-making process of government.
2448:
1604:
1266:
There are three broad perspectives on how special interest groups achieve influence: through quid pro quo exchange, information transmission, and subsidizing policymaking.
2671:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action"
2095:
1632:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action"
133:. Some powerful advocacy groups have been accused of manipulating the democratic system for narrow commercial gain, and in some instances have been found guilty of
2827:
1849:
695:
industries can be exerted in a number of ways: "through direct lobbying by large corporations, national trade bodies and 'peak' associations such as the
2133:
844:
for the representatives of large oil, gas, coal, and electric utilities corporations that attempt to influence governmental policy in the United States.
507:
for a change to the law or the maintenance of a particular law and big businesses fund very considerable lobbying influence on legislators, for example
978:
717:
There have been many significant advocacy groups throughout history, some of which could operated with dynamics that could better categorize them as
1461:
122:, and policy briefings. Some groups are supported or backed by powerful business or political interests and exert considerable influence on the
1151:
This poses a problem for interest groups, which require dues from their members and contributions in order to accomplish the groups' agendas.
2114:
2425:
327:
entered a period of social upheaval characterised by the growing maturity of the use of social movements and special-interest associations.
378:
parties and organisations. These tendencies were seen in poorer countries as pressure for reform continued, for example in Russia with the
1977:
1028:
On some controversial issues there are a number of competing advocacy groups, sometimes with very different resources available to them:
919:
331:
was the first mass movement of the growing working-class in the world. It campaigned for political reform between 1838 and 1848 with the
320:
200:
The early growth of pressure groups was connected to broad economic and political changes in
England in the mid-18th century, including
307:
1596:
933:
2238:
2456:
800:
since the 1970s and it has been investigated by
Italian authorities for many legal issues regarding bribery, corruption and frauds.
731:
650:
Advocacy groups also exert influence through channels that are separate from the government or the political structure such as the
2024:
1901:
1343:
As noted in the study, "while some groups raised doubts about social media's ability to overcome the limitations of weak ties and
691:(NGOs), many of which oversee the work of the UN and the EU from their permanent offices in America and Europe. Group pressure by
243:
696:
255:
2407:
1217:
Some public policy interests are not recognized or addressed by a group at all. These interests are labeled latent interests.
2871:
2847:
2554:
2521:
2193:
2059:
1437:
885:
2350:
294:. Starting with an organised sugar boycott in 1791, it led the second great petition drive of 1806, which brought about the
526:
Lobby groups spend considerable amounts of money on election advertising as well. For example, the 2011 documentary film
441:
of social movement is latent—they make the analogy to national movements of the past to describe what has been termed a
437:. Some social movement scholars posit that with the rapid pace of globalization, the potential for the emergence of new
2632:
2209:
1751:
782:, an organization formed in 1970 which aims to give consumers a voice for auto safety and quality in the United States.
287:
1577:
1412:
913:
2575:
765:
761:
1286:
was the social media site of choice with all but one group noting that they use the site to connect with citizens.
1432:
992:
879:
875:, an LGBT civil rights advocacy and lobbying organization seeking to advance the cause of LGBT rights in America.
659:
100:
20:
2905:
1878:
Westd, David B. "New Social
Movements." Knowledge Center. Built on the Thematic Theme Framework., 16 July 2004.
1262:: Some advocacy groups are backed by private businesses which can have a considerable influence on legislature.
998:
905:
861:
817:
725:
512:
2159:
1347:, an overwhelming majority of groups see social media as essential to contemporary advocacy work and laud its
351:
in which he introduced the term "social movement" into scholarly discussions – actually depicting in this way
2910:
2010:
847:
508:
469:
223:
1717:
1552:
1383:, social media magnifies their concerns through the perspective of individuals with access to the internet.
2900:
1231:
1074:
688:
1095:
1064:
747:
434:
332:
1358:"1). Social media help connect individuals to advocacy groups and thus can strengthen outreach efforts.
750:, which formed at a meeting of 50 doctors in 1832 for the sharing of knowledge; its lobbying led to the
557:
if the cause at stake serves the interests of both the legal defense fund and the other advocacy groups.
19:
This article is about political and social advocacy and lobbying groups. For other interest groups, see
2096:"Il sistema corrotto degli appalti Aler, MM, Fnm che ingrassava gli uomini della Compagnia delle Opere"
1102:
1060:
982:
479:
383:
379:
2839:
The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America
2481:
1681:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada"
1032:
683:
Advocacy group influence has also manifested itself in supranational bodies that have arisen through
533:
343:, amongst other things. The term "social movements" was introduced in 1848 by the German Sociologist
370:
of the late 19th century are seen as the prototypical social movements, leading to the formation of
2890:
1404:
1367:
4). Social media are cost-effective tools that enable advocacy organizations to do more for less."
1364:
3). Social media strengthen collective action efforts through an increased speed of communication.
1145:
981:
Incorporated (ARPRA), which was established in 1986 to represent residents of residential parks in
927:
785:
712:
520:
442:
201:
27:
2433:
2288:
1036:
1010:
865:
821:
755:
425:
groups" as opposed to special interest groups. They led, among other things, to the formation of
2833:
2513:
2507:
1091:
1016:
953:
779:
541:
491:
Advocacy groups exist in a wide variety of genres based upon their most pronounced activities.
457:
414:
259:
227:
1702:
1665:
2704:
1324:
1185:
People who join an interest group because of expressive benefits likely joined to express an
872:
827:
676:
461:
410:
205:
108:
1797:
Rudbeck, J. (2012). "Popular sovereignty and the historical origin of the social movement".
1462:"New Guidance On Rules For Canadian Federal Lobbyists – Government, Public Sector – Canada"
1090:
Pit Bull Advocates vs Pitbull Attack Victim Advocates (members of the first group, such as
947:
803:
793:
516:
453:
418:
295:
280:
134:
2726:
2644:
2324:
1743:
8:
1779:
769:
692:
398:
231:
2775:
2818:
2748:
2700:
2613:
2544:
2032:
2004:
1905:
1814:
1653:
1533:
1517:
1376:
1206:
1174:
1140:
736:
671:
614:
537:
433:. Some find in the end of the 1990s the emergence of a new global social movement, the
367:
352:
336:
286:
Another important advocacy group that emerged in the late 18th century was the British
209:
162:
158:
146:
212:. The first mass social movement catalyzed around the controversial political figure,
2895:
2867:
2861:
2843:
2837:
2752:
2727:"Social Media and Poverty: Paradoxes of Communicating Poverty Issues on Social Media"
2692:
2648:
2590:
2550:
2517:
2189:
2055:
2051:
1818:
1747:
1698:
1661:
1657:
1525:
1509:
1442:
1422:
1070:
643:
577:
528:
312:
182:
123:
2239:"Achieving the Possible: "Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East""
2182:
1537:
960:, which organized a march of between 750,000 and 2,000,000 people in London in 2003.
279:
were declared as unconstitutional and press freedom was extended to the coverage of
2810:
2776:
Ages of Organization: The Emergence of National Interest Groups in American History
2738:
2682:
2640:
2605:
1806:
1688:
1643:
1501:
1380:
1202:
957:
751:
721:. Here are some notable advocacy groups operating in different parts of the world:
718:
375:
344:
218:
192:
130:
2687:
2670:
1106:
72:. They play an important role in the development of political and social systems.
26:"Campaign group" redirects here. For the faction of the British Labour party, see
2857:
2389:
2342:
1998:
as "the most important organization affecting America's relationship with Israel"
1833:
1736:
1597:"Meet the new Britain: just like the old one where green protesters are spied on"
1417:
1372:
1361:
2). Social media help promote engagement as they enable engaging feedback loops.
1148:
interest groups do not receive monetary help from every individual in the world.
1006:
708:
629:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) lobbied against the
547:
422:
324:
276:
239:
235:
187:
111:
2306:
1693:
1680:
598:
1648:
1631:
1344:
1080:
1054:
1046:
1002:
971:
888:(NRA), an organization that formed in New York in 1871 to promote marksmanship.
824:
655:
639:
602:
590:
402:
363:
356:
267:
65:
1810:
634:
how advocacy groups can exert influence in the judicial branch of government.
2884:
2696:
2652:
1835:
The Association British Extra Parliamentary Political Organization, 1769–1793
1513:
1348:
988:
967:
940:
in 1889 to campaign against the "barbarous trade in plumes for women's hats".
923:
899:
851:
841:
831:
807:
773:
684:
553:
426:
340:
250:
After a later period of exile, brought about by further charges of libel and
154:
69:
2743:
2217:
930:, in the clothing trade, in laboratories, and in the entertainment industry.
625:
advocacy group influence is much more significant. For example, in 1954 the
2546:
The Logic of Collective Action : Public Goods and the Theory of Groups
2540:
1276:
1198:
1170:
1084:
909:
837:
811:
594:
560:
406:
258:, where most of his support was located. When Wilkes was imprisoned in the
166:
115:
1529:
1136:
349:
Socialist and Communist Movements since the Third French Revolution (1848)
161:, and in some cases are accused of being a threat to the social order or '
1252:
1194:
1186:
963:
943:
667:
585:
581:
387:
213:
153:. Some groups, generally the ones with less financial resources, may use
129:
Some have developed into important social, and political institutions or
96:
386:, resulting in the collapse of the Czarist regime around the end of the
2617:
2076:
1521:
1489:
1135:
A general theory is that individuals must be enticed with some type of
937:
857:
663:
651:
610:
597:
has been strengthened by "the greater ease with which corporations can
2822:
2798:
2263:
2115:"Truffa con i corsi di formazione: condannati tre esponenti di Cielle"
1292:
was also popular with all but two groups saying that they use Twitter.
2725:
Wahyunengseh, Rutiana Dwi; Hastjarjo, Sri; Suharto, Didik G. (2018).
1328:
1067:(now 'Living Streets') (road safety in the United Kingdom since 1929)
618:
371:
251:
84:
16:
Groups using advocacy in order to influence public opinion and policy
2609:
2509:
Interest Groups and Congress, Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence
1505:
2814:
2371:
2151:
2134:"Comunione e Liberazione, ecco perché non esiste senza la politica"
1427:
1300:
1283:
1050:
1040:
926:
organization that focuses primarily on the treatment of animals on
504:
430:
394:
328:
263:
119:
104:
92:
88:
76:
61:
57:
1490:"Media Advocacy: A Strategy for Empowering People and Communities"
758:
which has registered and regulated doctors in the UK to this date.
1296:
1289:
1258:
291:
226:
and the peace terms that the new government accepted at the 1763
142:
80:
1889:
Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900.
2569:
1332:
1320:
1308:
895:
741:
630:
150:
464:, one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century.
2045:
1780:"The Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights (SSBR)"
1336:
1316:
1190:
891:
797:
772:
in the UK since 1957, and whose logo is now an international
626:
138:
2724:
1959:
165:'. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy groups use
2791:
The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant
1891:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
1312:
1304:
1114:
1019:, by far the biggest lobby group in the US by expenditures.
740:
as the "most influential Lobby impacting US relations with
1984:. 2008-06-03. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009
734:(AIPAC), the American Israel lobby, which is described by
2799:"Organized Interests and American Political Development"
523:
makes a clear distinction between lobbying and advocacy.
2669:
Obar, Jonathan A.; Zube, Paul; Lampe, Clifford (2012).
966:, which sought to gain voting rights for women through
222:, Wilkes vigorously attacked the new administration of
169:
to facilitate civic engagement, and collective action.
1850:"Chartism: the birth of mass working class resistance"
1760:
1483:
1481:
1110:
1001:("Tories"), which formed in 1678 to fight the British
1946:
The Captive State: The Corporate Take-Over of Britain
2408:"The campaign for women's suffrage: an introduction"
1394:
564:
information about the source's financial connection.
1924:
1922:
1738:
John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty
1478:
2630:
2181:
1735:
1087:(aviation policy in the United Kingdom since 2007)
894:, an organization formed in 1942 in the UK as the
190:. On the table beside Wilkes lies two editions of
1582:and others against 25 members and former members"
1105:(BSL) while members of the second group, such as
979:Affiliated Residential Park Residents Association
242:, a move that Wilkes denounced as unlawful – the
2882:
2856:
2797:Tichenor, Daniel J.; Harris, Richard A. (2002).
1919:
272:Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights
2633:"Formal Theories of Special Interest Influence"
2631:Schnakenberg, Keith E.; Turner, Ian R. (2024).
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2796:
2549:(Revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
2426:"Robert Raikes and the Sunday School Movement"
2046:Minnion, John; Bolsover, Philip, eds. (1983).
1625:
1623:
1621:
702:
126:, while others have few or no such resources.
2668:
1902:"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"
355:fighting for the social rights understood as
254:, Wilkes stood for the Parliamentary seat at
2832:
2572:Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations
2492:
2307:"Founding of Pennsylvania Abolition Society"
2329:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1618:
1220:
946:, which formed in 1892 to help protect the
920:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
238:, Wilkes was arrested after the issue of a
172:
2570:Clark, Peter B.; Wilson, James Q. (1961).
2093:
1125:
270:in 1769, and an activist group called the
2742:
2686:
2588:
2112:
1692:
1647:
934:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
2535:
2533:
2179:
2144:
1978:"And the winner is ... the Israel lobby"
1838:. Harvard University Press. p. 279.
1180:
1163:
1139:to join an interest group. However, the
1023:
974:from 1865 to 1928 in the United Kingdom.
860:, an organization formed in 1970 as the
796:in many private and public companies in
732:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
452:
306:
181:
103:to try to achieve their aims, including
2591:"An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups"
2440:
2335:
2210:"About Us | Human Rights Campaign"
2131:
2039:
1943:
1928:
1796:
1594:
1487:
1295:Other social media being used included
2883:
2449:"A Brief History of the Conservatives"
2325:"PETA's History: Compassion in Action"
2074:
1578:"Complaints from Mr Mohamed al Fayed,
1553:"Fury at airport lobby links to No 10"
697:European Round Table of Industrialists
658:campaigning. Advocacy groups will use
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2664:
2662:
2645:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102335
2539:
2530:
2446:
2188:. New York: Dorling Kindersley, Inc.
2162:from the original on 4 September 2007
1831:
1718:"BRITAIN CREATES THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT"
1607:from the original on 19 February 2009
1438:Pressure groups in the United Kingdom
1381:historically marginalized populations
1154:
1130:
991:, which formed circa 1751 to promote
886:National Rifle Association of America
806:, whose principal goal is to end the
2598:Midwest Journal of Political Science
2353:from the original on 26 January 2007
1766:
1733:
1678:
1630:Obar, Jonathan; et al. (2012).
1629:
1550:
1193:value that they believe in, such as
1005:and developed into one of the first
830:and legal organization based in the
680:race 'war' in America actually was.
429:and organisations influenced by the
302:
1672:
1544:
1269:
1212:
850:, an organization representing the
544:paid for advertising to unseat him.
421:, some of which may be considered "
335:as its manifesto – this called for
75:Motives for action may be based on
13:
2768:
2711:
2659:
2637:Annual Review of Political Science
2390:"'Million' march against Iraq war"
2180:Brown, Michael; May, John (1991).
2094:Sparaciari, Andrea (7 July 2017).
2031:. 26 February 2018. Archived from
1742:. Yale University Press. pp.
1387:curates for them on social media.
768:of nuclear weapons and unilateral
580:, advocacy groups tend to use the
14:
2922:
2842:. Simon & Schuster/Fireside.
2132:Marzano, Marco (20 August 2015).
2113:Ingegneri, Luca (27 March 2014).
2075:Levine, Jason (14 January 2003).
1933:. London: MacMillan. p. 305.
1715:
1685:Canadian Journal of Communication
1413:Classification of advocacy groups
186:Satirical engraving of Wilkes by
2576:Administrative Science Quarterly
2506:Wright, John R. (January 1996).
2453:Conservative Research Department
2289:"History of Oxfam International"
2152:"About the Drug Policy Alliance"
1397:
762:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
448:
2624:
2582:
2563:
2474:
2447:Cooke, Alistair (August 2008).
2418:
2400:
2382:
2364:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2256:
2231:
2202:
2173:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2017:
1970:
1952:
1937:
1894:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1842:
1832:Black, Eugene Charlton (1963).
1825:
1790:
1772:
1584:. Parliament UK. 1 August 1997.
1494:Journal of Public Health Policy
1433:Methods used by advocacy groups
880:Middle East Treaty Organization
601:production and investment in a
474:According to Stuart McConnell:
21:Interest group (disambiguation)
2866:. Princeton University Press.
2731:Bisnis & Birokrasi Journal
1727:
1709:
1595:Monbiot, George (2009-02-16).
1588:
1570:
1454:
956:, an organization against the
906:Pennsylvania Abolition Society
818:Electronic Frontier Foundation
726:American Civil Liberties Union
532:contains interviews of former
339:and the implementation of the
311:The Great Chartist Meeting on
1:
2705:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
2688:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
2675:Journal of Information Policy
2589:Salisbury, Robert H. (1969).
1636:Journal of Information Policy
1448:
993:universal schooling in the UK
848:Financial Services Roundtable
689:nongovernmental organisations
486:
470:Lobbying in the United States
177:
2774:Holyoke, Thomas T. (2021). "
2264:"A Brief History of the NRA"
1075:Action on Smoking and Health
1043:policy in the United States)
571:
7:
2803:Political Science Quarterly
2780:Political Science Quarterly
1904:. NP Action. Archived from
1694:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678
1390:
1096:Best Friends Animal Society
862:Don't Make a Wave Committee
748:British Medical Association
703:Influential advocacy groups
519:. In the United States the
435:anti-globalization movement
10:
2927:
2268:National Rifle Association
1649:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.1
1488:Wallack, Lawrence (1994).
1107:National Pitbull Awareness
1103:breed-specific legislation
1061:The Automobile Association
983:New South Wales, Australia
912:in 1775 with a mission to
764:, which has advocated the
706:
480:Grand Army of the Republic
467:
417:emerged, often dubbed the
380:Russian Revolution of 1905
296:banning of the slave trade
25:
18:
2009:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1811:10.1007/s11186-012-9180-x
1551:Helm, Toby (2009-01-18).
754:and the formation of the
638:businesses. For example,
534:Mississippi Supreme Court
216:. As editor of the paper
99:-based positions. Groups
2025:"The history of the BMA"
1944:Monibot, George (2011).
1929:Heywood, Andrew (2007).
1405:Political science portal
1221:Theoretical perspectives
1146:environmental protection
1065:Pedestrians' Association
786:Communion and Liberation
713:Category:Advocacy groups
521:Internal Revenue Service
443:global citizens movement
393:In the post-war period,
333:People's Charter of 1838
202:political representation
173:History in Great Britain
28:Socialist Campaign Group
2744:10.20476/jbb.v25i3.9969
2372:"About the Sierra Club"
2100:Business Insider Italia
1869:Tilly, 2004, p. 5.
1679:Obar, Jonathan (2014).
1126:Benefits and incentives
866:nuclear weapons testing
792:), it created a lot of
790:Comunione e Liberazione
756:General Medical Council
415:environmental movements
56:, use various forms of
46:special interest groups
2863:Political Organization
2789:Thompson, Margaret S.
2081:Center for Auto Safety
1092:Animal Farm Foundation
1017:US Chamber of Commerce
989:Sunday School movement
954:Stop the War Coalition
780:Center for Auto Safety
542:US Chamber of Commerce
484:
465:
458:Martin Luther King Jr.
316:
197:
2906:Political terminology
2343:"History of the RSPB"
2119:Padova: Il Gazzettino
1734:Cash, Arthur (2006).
1181:Expressive incentives
1173:, the maintenance of
1164:Solidarity incentives
1077:(tobacco legislation)
1024:Adversarial groupings
916:in the United States.
873:Human Rights Campaign
868:in the United States.
794:conflicts of interest
677:Civil Rights Movement
476:
462:civil rights movement
456:
323:after victory in the
310:
281:Parliamentary debates
206:market capitalization
185:
2911:Public choice theory
2512:. Longman. pp.
2184:The Greenpeace Story
2156:Drug Policy Alliance
2035:on 7 September 2018.
1377:low-income countries
804:Drug Policy Alliance
419:New Social Movements
2901:Civic organizations
2578:. pp. 134–135.
2396:. 16 February 2003.
2311:Africans in America
2243:Inter Press Service
2138:il Fatto Quotidiano
1966:. 27 February 2020.
1175:social distinctions
1009:; now known as the
820:, an international
770:nuclear disarmament
593:, the influence of
578:liberal democracies
353:political movements
260:King's Bench Prison
163:domestic extremists
107:, media campaigns,
54:public associations
2414:. 6 February 2018.
1996:The New York Times
1887:Stuart McConnell,
1799:Theory and Society
1769:, pp. 216–26.
1207:political equality
1155:Selective benefits
1141:free rider problem
1131:Free rider problem
1057:in United Kingdom)
1011:Conservative Party
908:, which formed in
737:The New York Times
672:civil disobedience
615:alternative energy
538:Oliver E. Diaz Jr.
466:
368:socialist movement
337:universal suffrage
317:
244:Lord Chief Justice
230:at the end of the
210:proletarianization
198:
159:civil disobedience
149:and other serious
147:influence peddling
101:use varied methods
2873:978-0-691-04385-2
2849:978-0-671-74634-6
2556:978-0-674-53751-4
2523:978-0-02-430301-1
2195:978-0-86318-691-2
2061:978-0-85031-487-8
2052:Allison and Busby
1784:historyhome.co.uk
1443:Pressure politics
1423:Identity politics
1373:power hierarchies
1345:generational gaps
1071:Tobacco Institute
1007:political parties
766:non-proliferation
540:and evidence the
376:social democratic
313:Kennington Common
303:Growth and spread
290:movement against
124:political process
109:awareness raising
2918:
2877:
2858:Wilson, James Q.
2853:
2826:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2746:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2690:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:on 30 April 2010
2461:
2455:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2432:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2295:. 26 April 2021.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2206:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1716:Tilly, Charles.
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1270:Social media use
1213:Latent interests
1203:economic justice
958:War on Terrorism
752:Medical Act 1858
719:social movements
423:general interest
345:Lorenz von Stein
315:, London in 1848
277:general warrants
232:Seven Years' War
219:The North Briton
193:The North Briton
131:social movements
112:publicity stunts
36:, also known as
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2891:Advocacy groups
2881:
2880:
2874:
2850:
2793:(1985) on 1870s
2771:
2769:Further reading
2766:
2757:
2755:
2723:
2712:
2667:
2660:
2629:
2625:
2610:10.2307/2110212
2593:
2587:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2504:
2493:
2486:opensecrets.org
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2331:. 23 June 2010.
2323:
2322:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2092:
2088:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1908:on 2 April 2010
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1795:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1677:
1673:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1506:10.2307/3343024
1486:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1418:Client politics
1403:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1272:
1223:
1215:
1183:
1166:
1157:
1133:
1128:
1033:Abortion-rights
1026:
914:abolish slavery
715:
709:social movement
705:
574:
489:
472:
451:
388:First World War
325:Napoleonic Wars
305:
240:general warrant
236:seditious libel
234:. Charged with
228:Treaty of Paris
188:William Hogarth
180:
175:
50:pressure groups
42:interest groups
34:Advocacy groups
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2830:
2815:10.2307/798136
2809:(4): 587–612.
2794:
2787:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2710:
2658:
2623:
2581:
2562:
2555:
2529:
2522:
2491:
2473:
2439:
2436:on 2007-10-08.
2430:Grace Magazine
2417:
2399:
2381:
2363:
2334:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2255:
2230:
2201:
2194:
2172:
2143:
2124:
2105:
2086:
2067:
2060:
2038:
2016:
1969:
1951:
1948:. London: Pan.
1936:
1918:
1893:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1841:
1824:
1805:(6): 581–601.
1789:
1771:
1759:
1753:978-0300123630
1752:
1726:
1708:
1671:
1617:
1587:
1569:
1543:
1500:(4): 420–436.
1477:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1392:
1389:
1341:
1340:
1293:
1287:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1182:
1179:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1088:
1081:Flying Matters
1078:
1068:
1058:
1055:animal testing
1047:SPEAK campaign
1044:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1003:Exclusion Bill
996:
986:
975:
972:hunger strikes
961:
951:
941:
931:
917:
903:
898:Committee for
889:
883:
876:
869:
855:
845:
835:
825:digital rights
815:
801:
783:
777:
759:
745:
729:
704:
701:
656:public opinion
640:George W. Bush
603:global economy
591:George Monbiot
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
558:
545:
524:
501:
497:
488:
485:
468:Main article:
450:
447:
395:women's rights
364:labor movement
357:welfare rights
304:
301:
179:
176:
174:
171:
66:public opinion
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2923:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2786:(4): 715–740.
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2541:Olson, Mancur
2536:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2378:. 2018-10-06.
2377:
2373:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2220:on 2015-11-20
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2140:(in Italian).
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:(in Italian).
2120:
2116:
2109:
2102:(in Italian).
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:The CND Story
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:democratizing
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:Neo-pluralism
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:, and so on.
1176:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:anti-abortion
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
984:
980:
976:
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