Aeneas Mackintosh - Knowledge

890:. Mackintosh's reputation is not well-served by either, particularly Joyce's partisan record which is described by one commentator as a "self-aggrandizing epic". Joyce is generally scathing about Mackintosh's leadership; Richards's account is much shorter and more straightforward, although decades later, when he was the only member of the expedition still alive (he died in 1985, aged 91), he spoke out, claiming that Mackintosh on the depot-laying march was "tremendously pathetic", had "lost his nerve completely", and that the fatal ice walk was "suicide". The circumstances of Mackintosh's death have led commentators to emphasise his impetuousness and incompetence. This generally negative view of him was not, however, unanimous among his comrades. Stevens, the party's scientist, found Mackintosh "steadfast and reliable", and believed that the Ross Sea party would have achieved much less but for Mackintosh's unwearying drive. John King Davis, too, admired Mackintosh's dedication and called the depot-laying journey a "magnificent achievement". 420: 750:, with 18 men on board and carrying most of the shore party's supplies and equipment, had broken loose from its winter mooring during a gale. The day after Mackintosh's arrival he gave an outline of the situation to the other men. He explained the 'necessity for economy in the use of fuel, light, and stores, in view of the possibility' that they may have to stay there for two years. He wrote a diary note that they "are not going to commence work for the sledging operations until we know more definitely the fate of the ‘Aurora’. I dare not think any disaster has occurred." However, ice conditions in McMurdo Sound made it impossible for the ship to return; the shore party of ten was effectively marooned, with drastically depleted resources. 850:

comforts; Mackintosh in particular found the squalor of the hut intolerable, and dreaded the possibility that, caught at Hut Point, they might miss the return of the ship. On 8 May 1916, after carrying out reconnaissance on the state of the sea ice, Mackintosh announced that he and Hayward were prepared to risk the walk to Cape Evans. Although Richards, Joyce and Wild were not in favour there was not much they could do about his decision. Mackintosh was still in charge of the party and short of forcibly restraining him they could only urge him not to go. Richards revealed in an interview years later that Hayward might not have been as keen as Mackintosh. Richards thought Hayward looked dubious but possibly he did not wish to ‘lose face’.

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misunderstanding led to the underprepared and near-chaotic depot-laying journeys of January–March 1915. Shackleton's instructions were confusing. He had told Mackintosh that it was supremely important to have the depots laid, but he also informed Mackintosh he would be carrying sufficient provisions to cross the continent unaided. It appears that Shackleton wanted Mackintosh to believe that he was not absolutely dependent on the depots. A little known fact is that Shackleton also instructed Mackintosh to leave a fully equipped emergency lifeboat at McMurdo Sound, if Shackleton did not come across from the Weddell Sea. The emergency lifeboat specifications he gave Mackintosh in 1914 closely match those he implemented in 1916 on his famous

200:, causing the loss of vital equipment and supplies. In carrying out the party's depot-laying task, one man died; Mackintosh barely survived, owing his life to the actions of his comrades who brought him to safety. Restored to health, he and a companion disappeared while attempting to return to the expedition's base camp by crossing the unstable sea ice. Mackintosh's competence and leadership skills have been questioned by polar historians. Shackleton commended the work of the party, and equated the sacrifice of their lives to those given in the trenches of the First World War, but was critical of Mackintosh's organising skills. Years later, Shackleton's son, 297: 758:. The party would seek to make up its lack of supplies and equipment by salvaging the stores left by earlier expeditions, particularly from Captain Scott's recent sojourn at Cape Evans. The entire party pledged its support to this effort, though it would require, wrote Mackintosh, a record-breaking feat of polar travel to accomplish it. However, the long months of preparation were difficult for Mackintosh. The only officer in the party, he found it hard to form close relationships with his companions. His position became increasingly isolated, and subject to the frequent vocal criticisms of Joyce in particular. 702:. Conditions on the Barrier were harsh for the untrained and inexperienced men. Many of the stores taken on to the Barrier were dumped on the ice to reduce loads and did not reach the depots. After Mackintosh insisted, over Joyce's urgent protests, on taking the dogs all the way to 80°S, all died on the journey. A Joyce diary note at this time reveals his displeasure with Mackintosh. "I don’t know how I refrain from giving Mack a bit of my mind, will have to keep that in until we get back. We will have enough to think about before we get to Hut Point." The men, frostbitten and exhausted, returned to the old 44: 808:. The 80° depot laid the previous season was reinforced, and new depots were built at 81° and 82°. As the party moved on towards the vicinity of Mount Hope, both Mackintosh and Spencer-Smith, the expedition's photographer, were hobbling. Shortly after the 83° mark was passed, Spencer-Smith collapsed and was left in a tent while the others struggled on the remaining few miles. Mackintosh rejected the suggestion that he should remain with the invalid, insisting that it was his duty to ensure that every depot was laid. On 26 January, Mount Hope was attained and the final depot put in place. 770:"We had hoped to get out and see the sun rise but the sky was too overcast so we shall not have that pleasure. Anyway it is good to feel the sun is about us now. I trust before he dips again for this long spell without him, that we have experienced, we shall be in the dear Homeland. The light made us all blink, as well as to feel excitement of spirit. Personally I felt like as if I had been released from being a prisoner—or imagined what one would feel like, who had been one. I stood outside & looked at the lovely wonderful scenery all around." 784: 735: 383:

January they set out. For the next 48 hours they struggled over hostile terrain, through regions of deep crevasses and treacherous snowfields. They soon parted company with all their equipment and supplies. At one point, to proceed, they had to ascend to 3,000 feet (910 m) and then slide to the foot of a snow-slope. Eventually, after stumbling around in the fog for hours, they fortunately encountered Bernard Day, a member of the shore party, a short distance from the hut. The ship later recovered the abandoned equipment.

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the sledge. Even the fitter members of the group were handicapped by frostbite, snow-blindness and scurvy, as the journey became a desperate struggle for survival. Mackintosh feared for their lives. On 28 February he wrote a long note and his words have an eerie similarity to some of Scott's last letters, and in particular to a note Scott wrote titled ‘Message to the Public’, as he lay dying in his tent in March 1912. Part of Mackintosh's note said:

539:. The task of dealing with these difficulties within a very restricted timescale caused Mackintosh great anxiety, and the various muddles created a negative image of the expedition in the eyes of the Australian public. Some members of the party resigned, others were dismissed; recruiting a full complement of crew and scientific staff involved some last-minute appointments which left the party noticeably short of Antarctic experience. 178:, 1914–1917. The Ross Sea party's mission was to support Shackleton's proposed transcontinental march by laying supply depots along the latter stages of the march's intended route. In the face of persistent setbacks and practical difficulties, Mackintosh's party fulfilled its task, although he and two others died in the course of their duties. Mackintosh's first Antarctic experience was as second officer on Shackleton's 482: 898:

organisation ...". Shackleton did, however, donate part of the proceeds from a short New Zealand lecture tour to assist the Mackintosh family. His son, Lord Shackleton, in a much later assessment of the expedition, wrote: "Three men in particular emerge as heroes: Captain Aeneas Mackintosh, ... Dick Richards, and Ernest Joyce." Mackintosh had two daughters, the second born while he was in Australia awaiting the

5740: 816:"I have this record in the event of anything happening to this party. Today we have finished the last of our food. A blizzard has been blowing 11 days. But I leave it on record all have done their duty nobly & well. This is all I can say & if it is God’s will that we should here give up we do so in the true British fashion my own tradition holds us in power to do." 322:". Mackintosh was recommended to Shackleton as a suitable officer by the P & O Line, and soon earned Shackleton's confidence while impressing his fellow-officers with his will and determination. While the expedition was in New Zealand, Shackleton added Mackintosh to the shore party, as a likely candidate for the polar march. On 31 January 1908, not long after 717:

to Mackintosh's plans one of the men wrote in June: "Spent most of the morning discussing the sledging problem ... and it’s a pretty big problem too, tho’ I think the O.M. has a good solution already worked out." Another of the men remembered that the ten men appeared to work well together, with no animosities. Relationships were "astonishingly good".

185:, 1907–1909. Shortly after his arrival in the Antarctic, a shipboard accident destroyed his right eye, and he was sent back to New Zealand. He returned in 1909 to participate in the later stages of the expedition; his will and determination in adversity impressed Shackleton, and led to his Ross Sea party appointment in 1914. 780:

November, confronted with incontrovertible evidence of the greater effectiveness of Joyce's methods over his own, Mackintosh was forced to back down and accept a revised plan drafted by Joyce and Richards. Joyce's private comment was "I never in my experience came across such an idiot in charge of men."

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Against the urgent advice of their comrades, the two men set off, carrying only light supplies. Shortly after they had moved out of sight of Hut Point, a severe blizzard developed which lasted for two days. When it had subsided, Joyce and Richards followed the still visible footmarks on the ice up to

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to subside. When their vision returned, they found that Cape Royds was in sight but inaccessible, as the sea-ice leading to it had gone, leaving a stretch of open water. They had little choice but to make for the hut by land, a dangerous undertaking without appropriate equipment and experience. On 11

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departure. On the return Barrier journey in February 1916, expecting to die, he wrote a farewell message, with echoes of Captain Scott. The message concludes: "If it is God's will that we should have given up our lives then we do so in the British manner as our tradition holds us in honour bound to

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After this experience, confidence in Mackintosh's leadership was low, and bickering rife. This statement is questionable. During the months of June, July and August at Cape Evans Mackintosh noted: "All is working smoothly here, and everyone is taking the situation very philosophically." In relation

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describes the journey that followed as "one of the most ill-considered parts of the entire expedition". Mackintosh's party, which left the ship on the morning of 3 January, consisted of Mackintosh and three sailors, with a sledge containing supplies and a large mailbag. Two sailors quickly returned

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On the homeward march, Spencer-Smith had to be drawn on the sledge. Mackintosh's condition was deteriorating rapidly; unable to pull, he staggered along, crippled by the growing effects of scurvy. As his condition worsened, Mackintosh was forced at intervals to join Spencer-Smith as a passenger on

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On 8 March, Mackintosh volunteered to remain in the tent while the others tried to get Spencer-Smith to the relative safety of Hut Point. Spencer-Smith died the next day. Richards, Wild and Joyce struggled on to Hut Point with the now stricken Hayward, before returning to rescue Mackintosh. By 18

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at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier. A large forward base was then established at the Bluff depot, just north of 79°, from which the final journeys to Mount Hope would be launched early in 1916. During these early stages, Mackintosh clashed repeatedly with Joyce over methods. In a showdown on 28

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These are the last diary notes of Mackintosh. He started a new diary five days later, which has never been found. On 1 September 1915, nine men in teams of three began the task of hauling approximately 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of stores from the Cape Evans base on to the Barrier—the scientist

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Mackintosh arrived in Australia in October 1914 to take up his duties, and was immediately faced with major difficulties. Without warning or notification, Shackleton had cut the Ross Sea party's allocated funds in half, from £2,000 to £1,000. Mackintosh was instructed to make up the difference by

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a year or two earlier, and they were to land stores for the staff. This was the last chance for the men to send messages home. Mackintosh sent a letter to his wife telling her that his men were a ‘real good lot of fellows’ and it was a ‘treat’ to be with them. On 16 January 1915, the shore party

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Shackleton had given Mackintosh the impression that he would if possible attempt his crossing during the coming 1914–1915 Antarctic season. Before departing for the Weddell Sea, he changed his mind about the feasibility of this timescale. Mackintosh was not informed of this change of plan; this

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which halted the ravages of scurvy, the survivors slowly recovered at Hut Point. The unstable condition of the sea ice in McMurdo Sound prevented them from completing the journey to the Cape Evans base. Conditions at Hut Point were gloomy and depressing, with an unrelieved diet and no normal

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he acknowledges that Mackintosh and his men achieved their object, praises the party's qualities of endurance and self-sacrifice, and asserts that Mackintosh died for his country. On the other hand, in a letter home, he is highly critical: "Mackintosh seemed to have no idea of discipline or

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expedition—protested that the party needed time for acclimatisation and training, but was overruled. Joyce was shocked by the rebuff; he had expected that Mackintosh would defer to him on sledging matters: "If I had Shacks here I would make him see my way of arguing", he wrote in his diary.

509:, to assist the transcontinental party on the final stage of its journey. Mackintosh was originally to have been a member of Shackleton's transcontinental party, but difficulties arose over the appointment of a commander for the Ross Sea party. Eric Marshall, the surgeon from the 858:

finally returned to Cape Evans in January 1917, there were further searches, equally fruitless. All the indications were that Mackintosh and Hayward had either fallen through the ice, or that the ice on which they had been walking had been blown out to sea during the blizzard.

440:) on a trip to Hungary, to survey a potential goldfield which Shackleton was hoping would form the basis of a lucrative business venture. Despite a promising report from Mawson, nothing came of this. Mackintosh later launched his own treasure-hunting expedition to 333:

in the Antarctic, Mackintosh was assisting in the transfer of sledging gear aboard ship when a hook swung across the deck and struck his right eye, virtually destroying it. He was immediately taken to the captain's cabin where, later that day, expedition doctor

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a large crack, where the tracks stopped. Neither Mackintosh nor Hayward arrived at Cape Evans and no trace of either was ever found, despite extensive searches carried out by Joyce after he, Richards and Wild finally managed to reach Cape Evans in June. After

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March, all five survivors were recuperating at Hut Point, having completed what Shackleton's biographers Marjory and James Fisher describe as "one of the most remarkable, and apparently impossible, feats of endurance in the history of polar travel."

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that went with it. When Aeneas was still a young child, his mother, Annie Mackintosh, suddenly returned to Britain, bringing the children with her. The reasons for the family rift are unknown, but it was evidently permanent. His father had

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Having brought his party to the Antarctic, Mackintosh was faced with numerous difficulties. Confused and vague orders meant he was uncertain of the timing of Shackleton's proposed march. His problems were compounded when the party's ship,

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Luckily, most of the stores required for the depots had been landed. Mackintosh therefore resolved that the following season's work would be carried out to the full: depots would be laid across the Great ice Barrier all the way to the

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The depot-laying journey which followed began with a series of mishaps. A blizzard delayed their start, a motor sledge broke down after a few miles, and Mackintosh and his group lost their way on the sea ice between Cape Evans and

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The main march southward from the Bluff depot began on 1 January 1916. Within a few days, one team of three was forced to return to base, following the failure of their Primus stove. The other six carried on: Mackintosh, Joyce,

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shipmate. "I always feel I never completed my first initiation—so would like to have one final wallow, for good or bad!" He was therefore delighted, early in 1914, to receive an invitation from Shackleton to join the latter's

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Mackintosh returned to England in June 1909. On reporting to the P & O, he was informed that due to his impaired sight he was discharged. Without immediate prospects of employment, he agreed, early in 1910, to accompany

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and remained in India. Aeneas never saw his father again but remained fond of him, writing regularly; his father kept every letter but they were found unopened when his father died. At home in Bedfordshire, Aeneas attended

314:, 1907–1909, was the first of three Antarctic expeditions led by Ernest Shackleton. Its objective, as stated by Shackleton, was to "proceed to the Ross Quadrant of the Antarctic with a view to reaching the Geographical 685:. Believing that Shackleton might have already begun his march from the Weddell Sea, he was determined to begin depot-laying at once. Joyce, the expedition's most seasoned Antarctic traveller—he had been with Scott's 374:"Our luck was in and we pulled the sledge a little way up the face of the ice and unpacked it. We were on terra firma! But none too soon for fifteen minutes later there was open water where we had gained the land!" 775:

Alexander Stevens remained at base camp, alone. This operation was the first stage in the process of laying down depots at intervals of one-degree latitude 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi), down to

523:, lately used by Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition and presently lying in Australia. Shackleton considered the Ross Sea party's assignment routine, and saw no special difficulties in its execution. 362:

to the ship, while Mackintosh and one companion went forward. They camped on the ice that evening, only to find next day that the whole area around them had broken up. After a desperate dash over the moving

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Pacific coast, but again returned home empty-handed. In February 1912, Mackintosh married Gladys Campbell, and settled into an office job as assistant secretary to the Imperial Merchant Service Guild in

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The accident cost Mackintosh his place on the shore party, and required his return to New Zealand for further treatment. He took no part in the main events of the expedition, but returned south with

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drifted in the ice for nine months, moving northward into the Ross Sea and eventually reaching the Southern Ocean. She broke free in February 1916 and reached New Zealand a month later. Shackleton (

267:. He then followed the same path as had Ernest Shackleton five years earlier, leaving school at the age of 16 to go to sea. After serving a tough Merchant Officer's apprenticeship, he joined the 338:

operated to remove the eye, using partly improvised surgical equipment. Marshall was deeply impressed by Mackintosh's fortitude, observing that "no man could have taken it better."

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a naval crew for this part of the enterprise were rejected. The post of Ross Sea party leader was finally offered to, and accepted by, Mackintosh. His ship would be the

407:, Mackintosh observed a flare, which signalled the safe return of Shackleton and his party. They had fallen just short of their South Pole objective, having reached a 345:

in January 1909, to participate in the closing stages. Shackleton, who had earlier fallen out with the ship's master, Rupert England, had wanted Mackintosh to captain

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chief officer, remarked that "Mackintosh was always the man to take the hundredth chance. This time he got away with it." Mackintosh later joined

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on this voyage, but the eye injury had not healed sufficiently to make this appointment possible. On 1 January 1909, on its return to Antarctica,

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do. Goodbye, friends. I feel sure that my dear wife and children will not be neglected." In 1923, Gladys Mackintosh married Joseph Stenhouse,

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on 24 March, but were cut off from the ship and from their Cape Evans base by unsafe sea ice and had to wait, idle, for nearly three months.

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Mackintosh's own expedition diaries, which cover the period up to 30 September 1915, have not been published; they are held by the

2324: 4676: 3682: 2095: 419: 278:, which sailed for Antarctica in 1907. Before the expedition's departure Mackintosh was commissioned as a sub lieutenant in the 5817: 5807: 4273: 3871: 3459: 453:. The safe, routine work did not satisfy him: "I am still existing at this job, stuck in a dirty office," he wrote to a former 1798: 1687: 5065: 1990: 1881: 2012: 5782: 3011: 3876: 527:

soliciting free gifts, and to mortgage the expedition's ship to raise further money. It then emerged that the purchase of

5173: 4959: 4640: 4462: 4352: 4121: 2710: 2659: 870:, West Sussex. Two of his brothers who died in Thailand and Southern Rhodesia respectively are also commemorated there. 459: 175: 4410: 3991: 3930: 4433: 1945: 1923: 1862: 1831: 672:, 950 miles from Hobart. A meteorological station had been established there during the expedition of the Australian 437: 5792: 4511: 501:, from which a group of six led by Shackleton was to march across the continent, via the South Pole. A supporting 4742: 4728: 4702: 4539: 2510: 2036: 3433: 2006: 4565: 4535: 2878: 2868: 2452: 2154: 879: 4176: 4338: 3848: 2981: 910:

s first officer and later captain. Mackintosh, who had received a silver Polar Medal for his work during the

489:. Mackintosh is seated in the middle row, third from left. Ernest Joyce is standing, extreme left, back row. 535:

was unfit for Antarctic work without an extensive overhaul, which required co-operation from an exasperated

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Shackleton's expedition contained two separate components. The main party would establish a base in the

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expedition, turned the assignment down, as did John King Davis; Shackleton's efforts to obtain from the

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When Mackintosh and the depot-laying party finally reached Cape Evans in early June, they learned that

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Mackintosh is commemorated by a memorial on his mother Annie's grave in the churchyard of

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had not been legally completed, which delayed Mackintosh's attempts to mortgage it. Also,

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was stopped by the ice, still 25 miles (40 km) from the expedition's shore base at

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Cocos Island in the Pacific Ocean, where Mackintosh searched for treasure in 1911

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McMurdo Sound, frozen over. Mackintosh and Hayward set out on 8 May 1916 from

242:), on 1 July 1879. He was one of six children (five sons and a daughter) of a 5761: 5707: 5572: 5301: 5280: 5208: 5050: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4927: 4922: 4898: 4842: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4307: 4218: 4211: 3966: 3761: 3740: 3608: 3386: 3356: 3324: 3319: 3156: 3062: 2945: 2740: 2553: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2393: 2302: 2137: 937: 923: 703: 677:

landed at McMurdo Sound, where Mackintosh established a base camp at Captain

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swept from its winter moorings during a gale and was unable to return

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planter, Alexander Mackintosh, a descendant from the chieftains of

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British Merchant Navy officer and Antarctic explorer (1879–1916)

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They camped there, and waited for several days for their

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includes letter and sledging plan prepared by Mackintosh

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Spencer-Smith and Mackintosh being hauled on the sledge

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Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

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Aeneas Mackintosh at Scott Polar Research Institute

1634:Scott-Fawcett, Stephen; Phillips, Anne (May 2016). 1133: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 1819: 1453: 1126: 1124: 1091: 1892:"Meet the Crew of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition" 1326: 1238: 1236: 1016:"Meet the Crew of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition" 5759: 1593: 1591: 1057: 1055: 972: 1121: 1233: 5158: 2037: 1588: 1052: 550: 1977: 1910: 1112: 841:(B). They disappeared in the area marked C. 5165: 5151: 2044: 2030: 1968: 1932: 1894:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from 1627: 1018:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from 824: 42: 19:For other people with the same name, see 5803:People educated at Bedford Modern School 5102:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 1849: 996: 873: 828: 782: 733: 480: 418: 295: 219: 4677:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1871: 1199: 1197: 5760: 1840: 1817: 766:On 26 August 1915, Mackintosh wrote: 761: 432:(who had served as a geologist on the 414: 158:(1 July 1879 – 8 May 1916) was a 5146: 3821: 2063: 2051: 2025: 476: 436:expedition and was later to lead the 5739: 1194: 886:, and the account of Dick Richards: 285: 5174:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4463:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2660:Norse colonization of North America 1985:. London: Bloomsbury Publications. 1940:. London 1983: Century Publishing. 1918:. London: Bloomsbury Publications. 1841:Fisher, Marjorie and James (1957). 1712:Huntford, pp. 413–414, pp. 450–451. 493:is the tall figure, centre back row 460:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 395:and others on a journey across the 176:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 13: 3992:United States Exploring Expedition 1857:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1643:Journal of the James Caird Society 224:Aeneas with his daughter, Pamela, 14: 5834: 5066:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 4434:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2000: 1796: 1685: 720: 465: 438:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5788:British people in colonial India 5738: 5727: 5726: 4960:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 4353:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 888:The Ross Sea Shore Party 1914–17 366:, they managed to reach a small 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1224: 1215: 1206: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1154: 1145: 1103: 914:expedition, is commemorated by 864:St John the Evangelist's Church 742:, anchored to the Antarctic ice 135: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1043: 1034: 880:Scott Polar Research Institute 554: 156:Aeneas Lionel Acton Mackintosh 55:Aeneas Lionel Acton Mackintosh 1: 5818:Royal Naval Reserve personnel 5808:Recipients of the Polar Medal 4339:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 4274:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 3822: 1845:. London: James Barrie Books. 1739:Shackleton, pp. 241–242, 340. 961: 893:Shackleton was equivocal. In 225: 215: 4696:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 4512:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 4318:French Antarctic Expeditions 4248:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 4134:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 2252:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 1973:. London: William Heinemann. 966: 579:Sledging equipment and dogs 7: 5783:Antarctic expedition deaths 3781:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 3460:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 2325:Andrée's balloon expedition 1969:Shackleton, Ernest (1911). 689:in 1901–1904, and with the 10: 5839: 2982:Franklin's lost expedition 2682:Christian IV's expeditions 2064: 1971:The Heart of the Antarctic 1822:Shackleton's Forgotten Men 1790: 837:(A), intending to walk to 727: 599:Chaplain and photographer 551:Depot-laying, first season 469: 289: 21:Aeneas Mackintosh (priest) 18: 5721: 5497: 5320: 5311: 5230: 5180: 4799: 4530: 4117: 3857: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3336:Great Northern Expedition 3230: 3012:Rae–Richardson expedition 2761: 2606: 2212:British Arctic Expedition 2104: 2076: 2072: 2059: 1676:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 259–260. 1513:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 184–185. 1495:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 163–171. 1486:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 145–162. 1468:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 138–144. 1459:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 135–137. 1389:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 105–106. 1353:Tyler-Lewis. pp. 104–105. 1278:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 214–215. 1100:Riffenburgh, pp. 266–268. 145: 122: 105: 95: 76: 50: 41: 34: 25:Aeneas William Mackintosh 4620:British Antarctic Survey 4614:Captain Arturo Prat Base 3859:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 1960:: CS1 maint: location ( 1872:McOrist, Wilson (2015). 1826:. London: Random House. 1818:Bickel, Lennard (2001). 1624:Shackleton, pp. 335–336. 1615:Shackleton, pp. 302–303. 1380:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 99–100. 5793:Explorers of Antarctica 5096:Pole of inaccessibility 4759:Antarctic Treaty System 3100:2nd Grinnell expedition 1335:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 71–72. 1314:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 67–68. 1269:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 48–53. 845:With the help of fresh 825:Disappearance and death 681:'s old headquarters at 234:Mackintosh was born in 1221:Huntford, pp. 371–373. 1182:Huntford, pp. 323–327. 1162:Heart of the Antarctic 993:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 35–36 842: 818: 788: 772: 743: 607:Biologist and surgeon 494: 485:The Ross Sea party in 424: 376: 307: 231: 112:Merchant naval officer 4766:Transglobe Expedition 4665:Operation Deep Freeze 4074:Challenger expedition 2940:Coppermine expedition 2461:Drifting ice stations 1522:McOrist, pp. 259–261. 1477:McOrist, pp. 140–141. 884:The South Polar Trail 874:Legacy and assessment 832: 814: 786: 768: 737: 728:Further information: 537:Australian Government 484: 422: 372: 299: 265:Bedford Modern School 223: 172:Sir Ernest Shackleton 160:British Merchant Navy 100:Bedford Modern School 5274:McDonald Ice Rumples 1784:Tyler-Lewis, p. 271. 1775:Bickel, pp. 169–171. 1748:Tyler-Lewis, p. 252. 1730:Tyler-Lewis, p. 260. 1721:Tyler-Lewis, p. 259. 1667:Tyler-Lewis, p. 346. 1597:Bickel, pp. 212–213. 1567:Tyler-Lewis, p. 195. 1558:Bickel, pp. 206–207. 1549:Bickel, pp. 205–207. 1540:Fisher, pp. 407–409. 1242:Fisher, pp. 397–400. 1173:Riffenburgh, p. 231. 1151:Tyler-Lewis, p. 108. 1142:Riffenburgh, p. 268. 1130:Riffenburgh, p. 267. 1109:Riffenburgh, p. 266. 1088:Riffenburgh, p. 170. 1079:Riffenburgh, p. 159. 1070:Riffenburgh, p. 141. 1040:Riffenburgh, p. 103. 802:Arnold Spencer-Smith 687:Discovery Expedition 595:Arnold Spencer-Smith 491:Arnold Spencer-Smith 71:, British India 4936:South magnetic pole 3602:Brusilov expedition 2711:Danish colonization 2149:North magnetic pole 1874:Shackleton's Heroes 1636:"Aeneas Mackintosh" 1362:Tyler-Lewis, p. 97. 1344:Tyler-Lewis, p. 84. 1323:Tyler-Lewis, p. 68. 1305:Tyler-Lewis, p. 64. 1287:McOrist, pp. 34–35. 1230:Shackleton, p. 242. 1203:Tyler-Lewis, p. 27. 1061:Tyler-Lewis, p. 22. 933: / 762:March to Mount Hope 679:Robert Falcon Scott 621:Richard W. Richards 415:Between expeditions 320:South Magnetic Pole 280:Royal Naval Reserve 5813:Scottish explorers 4627:Operation Windmill 4608:Operation Highjump 3583:Rusanov expedition 3488:A. E. Nordenskiöld 3232:North East Passage 3036:McClure expedition 1979:Tyler-Lewis, Kelly 1934:Shackleton, Ernest 1805:on 2 December 2008 1694:on 2 December 2008 1434:Bickel, pp. 72–74. 938:74.333°S 162.250°E 843: 789: 744: 651:General assistant 641:General assistant 495: 477:Early difficulties 425: 387:, then serving as 308: 238:(in what was then 232: 166:who commanded the 164:Antarctic explorer 115:Antarctic explorer 5753: 5752: 5717: 5716: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 4594:Operation Tabarin 4456:Far Eastern Party 4302:Nimrod Expedition 3813: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3372:M. Pronchishcheva 3294:Siberian Cossacks 2763:Northwest Passage 2096:Research stations 2053:Polar exploration 1992:978-0-7475-7972-4 1912:Riffenburgh, Beau 1898:on 25 August 2009 1883:978-1-84954-815-1 1797:Arrow, Michelle. 1686:Arrow, Michelle. 1049:Huntford, p. 196. 1022:on 25 August 2009 756:Beardmore Glacier 655: 654: 612:Alexander Stevens 604:John Lachlan Cope 566:Aeneas Mackintosh 561:Rank or function 507:Great Ice Barrier 397:Great Ice Barrier 312:Nimrod Expedition 305:Nimrod Expedition 301:Ernest Shackleton 292:Nimrod Expedition 286:Nimrod Expedition 153: 152: 36:Aeneas Mackintosh 5830: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5318: 5317: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5221: 5214: 5204: 5194: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5144: 5143: 4641:Ronne Expedition 4126: 4120: 3984:Dumont d'Urville 3832: 3831: 3819: 3818: 3367:V. Pronchishchev 2074: 2073: 2061: 2060: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2023: 2022: 1996: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1951: 1929: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1887: 1868: 1851:Huntford, Roland 1846: 1837: 1825: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1799:"Ross Sea Party" 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1766:Bickel, p. viii. 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1688:"Ross Sea Party" 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1586: 1585:McOrist, p. 309. 1583: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1416:McOrist, p. 139. 1414: 1408: 1407:McOrist, p. 137. 1405: 1399: 1398:McOrist, p. 138. 1396: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1119: 1118:McOrist, p. 314. 1116: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1012: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 957: 956: 954: 953: 952: 950: 949:Mount Mackintosh 945: 944: 943:-74.333; 162.250 939: 934: 931: 930: 929: 926: 909: 670:Macquarie Island 615:Chief scientist 555: 359:Beau Riffenburgh 328: 303:, leader of the 260:Bright's disease 230: 227: 139: 137: 83: 64: 62: 46: 32: 31: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5823:British sailors 5758: 5757: 5754: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5267:King Haakon Bay 5265: 5260:Fortuna Glacier 5258: 5253:Elephant Island 5251: 5244: 5237: 5226: 5217: 5207: 5197: 5187: 5176: 5171: 5141: 5128: 4803: 4795: 4671:McMurdo Station 4540:Modern research 4538: 4526: 4261:O. Nordenskjöld 4124: 4118: 4113: 4029:Ross expedition 3853: 3826: 3805: 3234: 3226: 2767:Northern Canada 2765: 2757: 2610: 2602: 2108: 2100: 2068: 2055: 2050: 2003: 1993: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1926: 1901: 1899: 1890: 1884: 1865: 1834: 1808: 1806: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757:Fisher, p. 423. 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606:Bickel, p. 213. 1605: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576:Bickel, p. 209. 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531:Fisher, p. 409. 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504:Fisher, p. 408. 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450:), pp. 307–333. 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425:McOrist, p. 133 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371:McOrist, p. 79. 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296:McOrist, p. 32. 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260:Fisher, p. 399. 1259: 1255: 1251:Fisher, p. 398. 1250: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212:Fisher, p. 302. 1211: 1207: 1202: 1195: 1191:Fisher, p. 300. 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1001: 997: 992: 973: 969: 964: 948: 946: 942: 940: 936: 935: 932: 927: 924: 922: 920: 919: 907: 876: 827: 764: 732: 726: 553: 479: 474: 468: 417: 385:John King Davis 326: 294: 288: 228: 218: 202:Lord Shackleton 141: 138: 1912) 133: 129: 128:Gladys Campbell 118: 91: 85: 81: 72: 66: 60: 58: 57: 56: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5735: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 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4879:Southern Cross 4875: 4874: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4809: 4807: 4801:Farthest South 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4762: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4498:Ross Sea party 4494: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4298: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4192:Southern Cross 4185:Southern Cross 4181: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4129: 4127: 4115: 4114: 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3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3236:Russian Arctic 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3008: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2678: 2673: 2671:Snæbjörn galti 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 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5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5756: 5745: 5736: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5476:Spencer-Smith 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5302:Stromness Bay 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281:Mount Worsley 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189:Drift of the 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219:Discovery Hut 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749:A. Sibiryakov 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3721:Glavsevmorput 3718: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023:J. Richardson 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2785:M. Corte-Real 2783: 2781: 2780:G. Corte-Real 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:C. Richardson 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2512:Georgiy Sedov 2508: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2399:Riiser-Larsen 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1949: 1947:0-7126-0111-2 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925:0-7475-7253-4 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1864:0-340-25007-0 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1833:0-7126-6807-1 1829: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1179: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1046: 1037: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1009: 999: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 971: 959: 955: 917: 916:Mt Mackintosh 913: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 871: 869: 865: 860: 857: 851: 848: 840: 836: 831: 822: 817: 813: 809: 807: 803: 799: 798:Dick Richards 795: 785: 781: 778: 771: 767: 759: 757: 751: 749: 741: 736: 731: 724: 718: 714: 712: 708: 706: 701: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660:finally left 659: 650: 648: 645: 644: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 628: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 611: 610: 606: 603: 602: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 564: 560: 557: 556: 548: 546: 540: 538: 534: 530: 524: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 492: 488: 483: 473: 463: 461: 456: 452: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 375: 371: 369: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 336:Eric Marshall 332: 331:McMurdo Sound 329:s arrival at 325: 321: 317: 313: 306: 302: 298: 293: 283: 281: 277: 275: 270: 266: 261: 256: 252: 248: 245: 241: 240:British India 237: 222: 213: 211: 210:Dick Richards 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 186: 184: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 148: 144: 125: 121: 114: 111: 110: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 89: 88:McMurdo Sound 79: 75: 70: 53: 49: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 5755: 5499: 5461: 5428:Shore party: 5427: 5322: 5210: 5200: 5190: 5094: 5082:Pole of Cold 5080: 5006: 4997: 4965: 4958: 4934: 4905: 4891: 4885:Borchgrevink 4877: 4864: 4849: 4829: 4814: 4783: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4727: 4718: 4701: 4694: 4675: 4663: 4639: 4625: 4618: 4606: 4592: 4578: 4564: 4557: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4441: 4432: 4394: 4386: 4377: 4370: 4358: 4351: 4337: 4325:Pourquoi-Pas 4324: 4316: 4308: 4300: 4295:Orcadas Base 4293: 4285: 4272: 4266:C. A. Larsen 4254: 4246: 4232: 4225: 4212: 4204: 4198:Borchgrevink 4191: 4183: 4140: 4132: 4107:C. A. Larsen 4100: 4081: 4072: 4054: 4036: 4027: 4014: 3999: 3990: 3977: 3938: 3924: 3917: 3898: 3883: 3793: 3786: 3769: 3762: 3748: 3733: 3719: 3706: 3681: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3607: 3600: 3581: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3529: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3479: 3477: 3458: 3334: 3292: 3275: 3243: 3207: 3205: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3163: 3149: 3136: 3121: 3107: 3098: 3085: 3056: 3044:Investigator 3043: 3034: 3010: 2997: 2989: 2980: 2967: 2938: 2915: 2900: 2885: 2855: 2840: 2810: 2729: 2709: 2680: 2676:Erik the Red 2658: 2636: 2629: 2586:submersibles 2583: 2577:Arktika 2007 2575: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2542: 2533: 2530: 2511: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2466: 2459: 2435: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2376: 2374: 2345: 2342: 2331:S. A. Andrée 2323: 2310: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2250: 2232: 2219: 2210: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2147: 2014: 1983:The Lost Men 1982: 1970: 1937: 1915: 1900:. Retrieved 1896:the original 1873: 1854: 1842: 1821: 1807:. Retrieved 1803:the original 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1696:. Retrieved 1692:the original 1681: 1672: 1663: 1651:. Retrieved 1646: 1642: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1340: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1161: 1160:Shackleton, 1156: 1147: 1114: 1105: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1045: 1036: 1024:. 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Fyodorov 2091:Expeditions 1902:5 September 1026:5 September 941: / 794:Ernest Wild 638:Irvine Gaze 630:Andrew Jack 585:Ernest Wild 545:James Caird 499:Weddell Sea 401:Minna Bluff 229: 1912 170:as part of 106:Occupations 65:1 July 1879 5762:Categories 5680:Stephenson 5673:Shackleton 5650:Mrs Chippy 5517:Blackborow 5462:Mackintosh 5219:Luis Pardo 5008:Terra Nova 4913:Shackleton 4856:J. C. Ross 4815:Resolution 4805:South Pole 4580:New Swabia 4504:Mackintosh 4476:Shackleton 4395:Terra Nova 4388:Terra Nova 4122:Heroic Age 4082:Challenger 4042:J. C. Ross 3952:Bransfield 3884:Resolution 3799:icebreaker 3763:Chelyuskin 3504:expedition 3482:Expedition 3424:Matyushkin 3382:Kh. Laptev 3377:Chelyuskin 3271:Heemskerck 3261:Chancellor 3256:Willoughby 3251:Koch boats 3194:Stefansson 3128:McClintock 3092:Inglefield 2934:J. C. Ross 2841:Resolution 2693:Cunningham 2591:Sagalevich 2280:expedition 2239:Stephenson 2199:C. F. Hall 2186:expedition 2160:J. C. 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Larsen 3180:Rasmussen 3135:HMS 3106:USS 3055:HMS 3042:HMS 3006:Collinson 2996:HMS 2988:HMS 2966:HMS 2914:HMS 2899:HMS 2884:HMS 2869:Mackenzie 2856:Discovery 2854:HMS 2839:HMS 2811:Discovery 2790:Frobisher 2753:Rasmussen 2666:Gunnbjörn 2612:Greenland 2541:USS 2532:USS 2404:Ellsworth 2346:Roosevelt 2276:Nansen's 2233:Discovery 2231:HMS 2218:HMS 2165:Abernethy 2133:Marmaduke 1956:cite book 1653:4 January 967:Citations 847:seal meat 835:Hut Point 711:Hut Point 705:Discovery 700:Hut Point 547:journey. 515:Admiralty 487:Australia 451:Liverpool 364:ice floes 255:Inverness 96:Education 5732:Category 5622:McCarthy 5524:Cheetham 5510:Bakewell 5469:Richards 5411:Thompson 5382:Mugridge 5367:Kavanagh 5342:Donnelly 5119:A. Fuchs 5076:V. Fuchs 5056:McKinley 5019:E. Evans 4978:Bjaaland 4973:Amundsen 4923:Marshall 4836:Furneaux 4688:V. Fuchs 4652:E. Ronne 4647:F. Ronne 4586:Ritscher 4440:SY 4428:Filchner 4372:Framheim 4366:Amundsen 4172:Racoviță 4157:Amundsen 4152:Lecointe 4021:Ringgold 4015:Porpoise 3905:Furneaux 3741:Shevelev 3696:Begichev 3675:Amundsen 3637:Nagórski 3615:Brusilov 3609:Sv. Anna 3523:Melville 3493:Palander 3449:Tsivolko 3409:Sannikov 3404:Billings 3347:Chirikov 3266:Barentsz 3208:St. Roch 3199:Bartlett 3173:Amundsen 3157:Sverdrup 3057:Resolute 2946:Franklin 2874:Kotzebue 2741:Sverdrup 2724:Scoresby 2698:Lindenov 2549:Plaisted 2534:Nautilus 2479:Shirshov 2453:Belyakov 2448:Baydukov 2422:Nautilus 2384:Amundsen 2344:SS 2303:Sverdrup 2298:Johansen 2268:Brainard 2263:Lockwood 2118:Barentsz 1981:(2006). 1936:(1983). 1914:(2004). 1853:(1985). 1809:13 April 1698:13 April 1164:, p. 339 928:162°15′E 900:Aurora's 721:Loss of 666:Tasmania 444:off the 389:Nimrod's 318:and the 244:Scottish 146:Children 5744:Commons 5708:Worsley 5687:Vincent 5629:McIlroy 5615:Marston 5608:Macklin 5559:Holness 5482:Stevens 5441:Hayward 5377:Maugher 5372:Larkman 5352:Glidden 5347:Downing 5124:Messner 5071:Hillary 5051:Balchen 4999:Polheim 4993:Wisting 4871:Crozier 4843:Weddell 4821:J. 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Ross 2138:Carolus 2086:History 1791:Sources 925:74°20′S 140: 132: 5701:Wordie 5643:McNish 5636:McLeod 5587:Hussey 5580:Hurley 5573:Hudson 5416:Warren 5387:Ninnis 5323:Aurora 5211:Yelcho 5191:Aurora 5181:Events 5034:Bowers 5029:Wilson 4988:Hassel 4983:Helmer 4952:Mackay 4942:Mawson 4907:Nimrod 4865:Terror 4850:Erebus 4777:Burton 4572:Rymill 4448:Mawson 4442:Aurora 4421:Lashly 4406:Wilson 4309:Nimrod 4286:Scotia 4093:Murray 4068:Cooper 4055:Terror 4037:Erebus 4006:Wilkes 3957:Palmer 3925:Vostok 3872:Bouvet 3796:-class 3776:Gakkel 3644:Taymyr 3625:Konrad 3594:Kuchin 3532:Yermak 3439:Lavrov 3357:Ovtsyn 3342:Bering 3320:Ivanov 3283:Hudson 3245:Pomors 3222:Cowper 3187:Karluk 3086:Isabel 3080:Bellot 3030:Austin 2998:Terror 2990:Erebus 2886:Griper 2862:Clerke 2822:Baffin 2805:Hudson 2736:Nansen 2649:Garðar 2570:Barneo 2437:ANT-25 2413:Italia 2389:Nobile 2358:Henson 2317:Amedeo 2293:Nansen 2258:Greely 2128:Hudson 2066:Arctic 2015:Aurora 1989: 1944: 1922: 1916:Nimrod 1880: 1861: 1830: 1444:Aurora 912:Nimrod 905:Aurora 856:Aurora 748:Aurora 740:Aurora 723:Aurora 691:Nimrod 662:Hobart 658:Aurora 533:Aurora 529:Aurora 520:Aurora 511:Nimrod 455:Nimrod 446:Panama 434:Nimrod 405:Nimrod 351:Nimrod 347:Nimrod 343:Nimrod 324:Nimrod 274:Nimrod 247:indigo 236:Tirhut 196:, was 193:Aurora 181:Nimrod 123:Spouse 69:Tirhut 5594:James 5545:Green 5538:Crean 5531:Clark 5455:Joyce 5393:Paton 5362:Hooke 5357:Grady 5332:Atkin 5114:Crary 5061:Dufek 5024:Oates 5014:Scott 4947:David 4928:Adams 4899:Barne 4720:Mirny 4709:Somov 4519:Quest 4416:Crean 4401:Scott 4280:Bruce 4234:Gauss 4227:Gauss 4101:Jason 4088:Nares 3962:Davis 3939:Mirny 3912:Smith 3867:Roché 3787:Lenin 3707:Sadko 3632:Wiese 3577:Sedov 3548:Zarya 3471:Payer 3434:Litke 3429:Anjou 3362:Minin 3325:Vagin 3315:Popov 3288:Poole 3143:Young 2956:Dease 2901:Hecla 2892:Parry 2817:Bylot 2800:Davis 2775:Cabot 2748:Peary 2730:Jason 2717:Egede 2631:Papar 2543:Skate 2524:Wiese 2504:NP-37 2497:NP-36 2377:Norge 2365:Sedov 2353:Peary 2311:Jason 2226:Nares 2220:Alert 2175:Hayes 2143:Parry 2081:Ocean 1938:South 1639:(PDF) 1448:South 908:' 895:South 327:' 134:( 130: 5694:Wild 5601:Kerr 5488:Wild 5448:Jack 5435:Gaze 5430:Cope 5421:Wise 5399:Shaw 5046:Byrd 4967:Fram 4918:Wild 4600:Marr 4566:BGLE 4553:Byrd 4481:Wild 4360:Fram 4162:Cook 3683:AARI 3668:Maud 3555:Toll 3480:Vega 3166:Gjøa 3151:Fram 3114:Kane 2951:Back 2916:Fury 2907:Lyon 2829:Munk 2468:NP-1 2370:Byrd 2287:Fram 2278:Fram 2170:Kane 2013:"SY 1987:ISBN 1962:link 1942:ISBN 1920:ISBN 1904:2009 1878:ISBN 1859:ISBN 1828:ISBN 1811:2008 1700:2008 1655:2023 1649:: 62 1028:2009 804:and 558:Name 310:The 208:and 77:Died 51:Born 23:and 5566:How 4743:3rd 4729:2nd 4703:1st 4536:IGY 4532:IPY 3122:Fox 3018:Rae 2584:Mir 2560:NS 918:at 866:in 738:SY 709:at 399:to 191:SY 174:'s 5764:: 3648:/ 1958:}} 1954:{{ 1645:. 1641:. 1590:^ 1328:^ 1235:^ 1196:^ 1135:^ 1123:^ 1093:^ 1054:^ 1007:^ 974:^ 958:. 800:, 796:, 664:, 282:. 226:c. 212:. 136:m. 5166:e 5159:t 5152:v 4125:" 4119:" 4062:) 4058:( 4049:) 4040:( 2045:e 2038:t 2031:v 1995:. 1964:) 1950:. 1928:. 1906:. 1886:. 1867:. 1836:. 1813:. 1702:. 1657:. 1647:8 1030:. 951:) 149:2 63:) 59:( 27:.

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