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unmanned aerial systems (UASs) to improve their capabilities while reducing the risk for service members. Currently, the Coast Guard has roughly 250 drone certified officers across the US. The main uses of UASs within maritime activities are search and rescue operations and responding to different environmental disasters. The Coast Guard’s use of unmanned drones specifically led them to creating an “Unmanned
Systems Strategic Plan.” This plan would expand the use of current aerial surveillance systems to new challenges such as drug trafficking surveillance, migrant interdiction, and ice operations. With regards to environmental tasks, UASs will be expanded to address marine safety, fishing activity, and navigational uses. The Coast Guard outlines the future of aerial surveillance in maritime patrol as improving current UAS systems, integrating improved sensors and AI/ML, and creating more organized command and control plans/operations.
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incident, concern within the US is only increasing regarding the government respecting people’s privacy and civil liberties. Regarding the use of surveillance drones domestically in the US, the public tends to consider the benefits of this kind of surveillance versus the risks to individual privacy. Findings from an ethical analysis suggest people understand the benefits UAVs contribute to protecting the public while at the same time poses a risk to individual safety. A report from 2014 found 70%-73% of U.S. adults believed government use of surveillance drones was “excessive” and “violates personal privacy.” Subsequently, only 39% believed it “increased public safety” and only 10% believed it was “necessary” for surveillance. Furthermore, the public is more opposed to surveillance drones being in the hands of private individuals and businesses, rather than the government.
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856:. Unmanned aircraft were used to track the movements of protestors and to provide aerial views of violent acts and arson. The recorded video was sent to a digital network that could be accessed by various federal agencies and local law enforcement for use in criminal investigations. However, the National Air Security Operations Center stated the drones flew at a height that made it impossible to identify individuals or license plates.
462:
surveillance drones can also be used to identify the locations of suspects who may be hiding or analyze the physical layout of a room before officers enter. Furthermore, unmanned surveillance drones can be used by law enforcement to light up large areas where it may be dark and difficult for officers to use traditional means of illumination. There are a few federal laws that apple to the use of unmanned surveillance systems, the
508:
629:. According to the U.S. Defense Department, flights collected surveillance with the purpose of locating hostages taken by Hamas during the surprise attack on Israel and finding signs of life, but did not aid Israeli military ground operations. The British military also carried out flights over Gaza to locate hostages initially using unarmed
466:(FAA) currently only has 2 options for the use of this technology by law enforcement. The first is that they can only operate them under 400 feet and need to maintain visual of the aircraft. Second, operators of the aircraft need to receive specific license and certifications to operate them. In response to the few and vague laws, the
190:
The French were the first to adopt hydrogen-filled balloons on the battlefield for reconnaissance. In the early 1790s, the French would deploy a hydrogen-filled balloon that held two soldiers: one who possessed a telescope, and the other would relay information to troops on the ground. These balloons
646:
released provocative drone footage capturing sensitive sites in northern Israel, including military complexes and naval bases around Haifa. This aggressive action showcased areas such as the Rafael
Military Industries Complex and various naval facilities. Hezbollah's campaign aims to intimidate and
418:
The main components of maritime surveillance consist of sightings from ship captains and aircraft pilots. However, due to the radar horizon, surveillance aircraft are preferred as they can identify targets hundreds of miles further than vessels. An example of this today is the Coast Guard’s use of
235:
evolved entirely new methods of reconnaissance and photography. The translucent wings of the plane made it very difficult for ground-based observers to detect a Taube at an altitude above 400 m. The French also called this plane "the
Invisible Aircraft", and it is sometimes also referred to as the
207:
This method of surveillance would eventually be adopted by the Union Army in the Civil War. American inventor
Thadeus Low proposed this invention to President Abraham Lincoln, to which a similar idea would be adopted. The Union Army would use balloons that could hold as many as five soldiers, and
461:
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are being increasingly deployed by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In August 2023, a
Congressional Research Service to members of Congress described the multiple uses of these aircraft, including general surveillance and intelligence or evidence gathering. Unmanned
893:
A 2014 survey from the Pew Center showed that pluralities or majorities of people in 39 of 44 countries oppose
American drone strikes in the Middle East. Only in Israel, Kenya, and the USA do at least half of the public support American drone strikes. Additionally, following the Edward Snowden
211:
In the 1880s, a
British meteorologist named Douglas Archibald experimented with unmanned surveillance vehicles. Douglas rigged cameras to a kite and used a long cable attached to the kite's string to activate the shutter. This invention would eventually catch the eyes of American Army Corporal
144:
The terms "surveillance" and "reconnaissance" have sometimes been used interchangeably. In the military context, a distinction can be drawn between surveillance, which monitors a changing situation in real time, and reconnaissance, which captures a static picture for analysis. Surveillance is
913:
2000 provides that people have a right of privacy and
Article 8 protects the right to one's individual personal data. Under these provisions, aerial surveillance of public spaces would be lawful but surveillance of one's private home be subject to administrative oversight.
600:
to identify enemy units and navigate artillery fire for safer and more efficient attacks on
Russian targets, record propaganda videos of ambushes for posting on social media, and document alleged Russian war crimes and damages. Class I and III drone systems, classified by
133:
In order to be surveillance, it is critical for the collection system, the target, and the decision maker to be in contact with each other in such a way that the actions of the enemy are relayed in real-time to those who can make decisions to counter the enemy actions.
243:
Aircraft were initially used for reconnaissance missions. The pilots of these initial aircraft would track the movement of enemy troops using photographs. These photos would be used to understand enemy formations and create maps that would eventually be used by
588:. Reconnaissance missions are capable of changing course within minutes to monitor activity and therefore used for reconnaissance missions more often than satellites, which can take hours or days to change position and are vulnerable to anti-satellite weapons.
191:
did not cross into enemy lines; they were deployed on friendly lines for the purpose of surveillance from a higher point of view. These balloons formed the first air force in 1794, which was referred to as the
Compagnie d'AĂ©ronautiers. Also in 1794, during the
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in the Indo-Pacific region for decades; however, recent operations in the region have focused on monitoring movements by the People’s Republic of China. More than ten different aircraft are used for SRO missions in the theater, including manned aircraft USAF
530:
surveillance aircraft have been "deployed or are under development in many countries, including Israel, Iran, the UK, the United States, Canada, China, India, South Africa and Pakistan." Most air forces around the world lack dedicated surveillance planes.
113:
Reconnaissance missions are typically more oriented for long-term intelligence-gathering purposes. The surveillance mission is much more integral to the kill chain, with more tactically oriented operations servicing the short-term decision-making process.
633:
aircraft. As of March 2024, the Israeli military conducted hundreds of flight hours and almost 100 sorties in Gaza using the Oron reconnaissance aircraft, previously used as a business jet and upgraded to include advanced sensors and defense systems.
387:, the US military developed defenses to surveillance aircraft to combat surveillance use. The United States military used precision cameras, drones that detect drones, and direct-energy weapons that disrupt control links and GPS navigation.
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threaten Israel by displaying its surveillance capabilities and asserting its ability to penetrate Israeli defenses. This act highlights Hezbollah's growing technological and operational threats against Israel's security.
203:
remained afloat for nine hours. French officers used the balloon to observe the movements of the Austrian Army, dropping notes to the ground for collection by the French Army and also signaled messages using semaphores.
251:
Eventually, surveillance aircraft would be highly valued due to commander’s reliance on their information. However, surveillance aircraft would fly a low, slow, and predictable flight path, and with the introduction of
921:(RIPA) of 2000 applies to air surveillance in the United Kingdom. RIPA prohibits large-scale and generalized surveillance, and RIPA authorization is required for individualized surveillance of private residences.
248:. By 1916, these aircraft would assist in the spotting of artillery, and the guidance and coordination of infantry. These aircraft forced enemy troops to camouflage their position to hide from aerial observation.
906:, so long as unmanned aircraft systems are not in "general public use". The lack of widespread use of such systems justifies individuals' reasonable expectations of privacy again this type of surveillance.
322:
surveillance. The U2 was also equipped with a Hycon 73B camera. This camera was capable of capturing details as small as 2.5 feet wide. In 1962, a U2 captured images that discovered nuclear missiles in
609:
military drones have often been utilized by Ukraine in both reconnaissance and strike missions, and both Ukrainian and Russian militaries have used hobby drones donated to them by civilians, such as
215:
During the Spanish-American War of 1898, Eddy adopted his own version of Archibald’s kite-mounted camera. Eddy’s kite was responsible for creating the first-ever military aerial surveillance photos.
338:, 64 of them were participating in aerial reconnaissance missions. During the time period of 1945-1977, more than forty reconnaissance aircraft were shot down in the European and Pacific areas.
1708:"Strengthening Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Employment in the Indo-Pacific Region > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display"
1707:
567:
The United States military has flown reconnaissance flights, called sensitive reconnaissance operations (SRO) by the U.S. Air Force, to monitor expansionist developments by the
1581:
2129:
2096:
903:
357:. These repurposed aircraft were sometimes referred to as “ferret” aircraft, and intelligence personnel commanding these aircraft were nicknamed “backenders”.
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Surveillance aircraft have recently been used to patrol maritime borders that are much longer than land borders and typically have less personnel. The
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The United States military had flown MQ-9 Reapers, unmanned aerial vehicles capable of more than 20 consecutive hours of flight, over the
425:
are typically large, slow machines capable of flying continuously for many hours, with a wide range of sensors. Such aircraft include the
918:
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as those of less than 150 kilograms and more than 600 kilograms, respectively, have been the most frequently used in the region. Turkish
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can be modified in surveillance aircraft to perform specialized missions cost-effectively, from ground surveillance to maritime patrol:
1117:
Gates, J.W.C (December 2002). "Surveillance and reconnaissance imaging systems – modelling and performance prediction".
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electronic-attack system to the G550 CAEW-based EC-37B, like the NC-37B range-support aircraft, and will modify others for Australia's
1507:
268:, that could follow and observe the enemy fleet at a distance. However, they were made obsolete by the 1940s with the introduction of
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990:
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1016:
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2031:
West, Jonathan P.; Bowman, James S. (July 2016). "The Domestic Use of Drones: An Ethical Analysis of Surveillance Issues".
87:
Surveillance aircraft usually carry limited defensive armament, if any. They do not require high-performance capability or
1937:
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467:
17:
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1023:
493:
481:
1914:
Koh, Lian Pin and Serge A. Wich. 2012. "Dawn of Drone Ecology: Low-Cost Autonomous Aerial Vehicles for Conservation."
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236:"world's very first stealth plane". German Taube aircraft were able to detect the advancing Russian army during the
1481:
1005:
463:
265:
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2159:
994:
750:
311:
170:
96:
876:. They gather intelligence including illegal crossings, search and rescue operations, smuggling, and fishing.
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477:
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for reconnaissance missions. Eventually, variants of the aircraft were designed for reconnaissance, e.g. the
310:
during most of the 1960s. Due to the difficulty of surveillance in the USSR, US policymakers established the
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930:
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In the U.S., case law holds that airborne surveillance does not violate privacy rights protected under the
497:
2410:
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has also deployed drones to monitor irregular maritime activity and to find children lost on the beach.
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In May 1991, the Department of the Navy reported that at least one UAV was airborne at all times during
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Maritime Multirole Aircraft for France (which delayed its Avsimar requirement), South Korea and the
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1445:
2003 proceedings of the International Conference on Radar: Adelaide, Australia, September 3-5, 2003
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characteristics and may be modified civilian aircraft. Surveillance aircraft have also included
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853:
798:
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474:(DHS) has created policies to regulate the use and deployment of these drones domestically.
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for artillery spotting. By the mid-1960s, air observation was generally taken over by light
64:. They are primarily operated by military forces and government agencies in roles including
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2107:
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700:
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450:
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328:
275:
123:
2095:
US Centennial of Flight Commission: "Military Use of Balloons During the Napoleonic Era".
8:
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411:
295:
175:
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Surveillance drones, helicopters, and airplanes were deployed over 15 cities during the
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1982:
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A Battlefield Airborne Communications Node, the radar-carrying ground-surveillance
119:
92:
88:
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37:
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2169:
1733:"The war in Ukraine shows the game-changing effect of drones depends on the game"
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841:
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708:
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69:
46:
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Spy flights were a source of major contention between the United States and the
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2340:
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1923:
1815:"Israel-Hamas War: Israel's Military Widens Evacuation Orders in Southern Gaza"
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539:
365:
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269:
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Pre-war, the British built and flew two Fleet Shadower aircraft, including the
253:
150:
334:
Aerial Reconnaissance was dangerous: Out of 152 cryptologists who died in the
318:. This aircraft could fly at altitudes of 70,000 feet to avoid detection from
2429:
2318:
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2072:
Eyes In The Sky: The Secret Rise of Gorgon Stare and How It Will Watch Us All
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1996:
1987:
1970:
1949:
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are increasingly used in conservation work to complete tasks such as mapping
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224:
1782:"U.S. Drones Are Flying Over Gaza to Aid in Hostage Recovery, Officials Say"
1463:
2243:
2238:
1938:"U.S. Watched George Floyd Protests in 15 Cities Using Aerial Surveillance"
837:
780:
688:
556:
361:
315:
314:. To combat this difficulty of surveillance, the US military developed the
307:
279:
73:
61:
1297:"Dedication and Sacrifice: National Aerial Reconnaissance in the Cold War"
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2335:
936:
772:
572:
228:
184:
77:
1847:"Meet 'Oron': Israel's new reconnaissance aircraft already used in Gaza"
2103:
Maps of FBI and DHS surveillance flights over the United States in 2015
2044:
768:
734:
622:
542:
1872:"What is Hezbollah's message behind their spy drone video? - analysis"
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156:
The term observation was used when the main sensor was the human eye.
1353:"UAV evolution – how natural selection directed the drone revolution"
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738:
680:
643:
630:
610:
232:
1185:
Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years
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372:
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unmanned target drones. Variants of these vehicles, designated the
335:
245:
57:
1557:"Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems"
1419:
840:, tracking wildlife, and enforcing environmental laws by catching
613:
mini drones, to conduct surveillance and strikes on enemy troops.
2226:
2154:
877:
790:
786:
704:
1505:
1226:"Britain's Bizarre 'Fleet Shadower' Showed Up at the Wrong Time"
507:
2233:
1442:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, ed. (2003).
1403:"Military Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – A Historical Study"
1280:. Paris, Texas (US). Associated Press. May 23, 1960. p. 1.
817:
742:
696:
684:
576:
546:
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The United States also performed surveillance using repurposed
534:
Several countries adapt aircraft for electronic intelligence (
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has recently used it to monitor their southern border in the
692:
568:
535:
2137:
1813:
Yee, Vivian; Harouda, Ameera; Minsberg, Talya (2023-12-03).
602:
324:
1655:"Nevada company launches silent Sky Sentinel UAV airship"
555:
Unmanned surveillance UAVs include both airships—such as
319:
1095:
487:
223:
One of the first aircraft used for surveillance was the
2069:
627:
surprise attack on Israel by Hamas on October 7, 2023
1898:"Spotlight on Bizjet-based Special Mission Aircraft"
1971:"Surveillance Aircraft and the Borders of Schengen"
997:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
911:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
1812:
327:. These photos would initiate what we know as the
1325:Keane, John F, John F.; Carr, Stephen S. (2013).
1324:
453:were used from World War I through World War II.
183:observation balloon on the Western Front, during
2427:
1582:"LA Now – Southern California, December 7, 2009"
1079:"Next generation of Global Hawks ready to roll,
828:
502:
208:they would use telegraphs to relay information.
2011:"Canadian Warplane Heritage: Auster Beagle AOP"
1529:
725:The 91,000 lb (41,000 kg), 6,750 nmi
663:the 99,500 lb (45,100 kg), 6,000 nmi
584:and U-2 Dragon Lady, and the unmanned aircraft
1895:
591:
2123:
1779:
1506:Deputy Commandant for Operations (Mar 2023).
256:, surveillance aircraft were an easy target.
1935:
1584:. Latimesblogs.latimes.com. December 7, 2009
1327:"A brief history of early unmanned aircraft"
1276:"Reds, U.S. Face Hot Plane Debate at U.N.".
779:with a mission system developed with L3 and
637:
596:Small unmanned drones have been used by the
1780:Mellen, Riley; Schmitt, Eric (2023-11-02).
1646:
27:Aircraft designed for sustained observation
2130:
2116:
2030:
1627:
1605:"Drones by country: who has all the UAVs?"
1400:
1986:
1756:
1730:
1479:
1418:
1401:Aleksander, Kozera Cyprian (2018-10-05).
1223:
1057:Learn how and when to remove this message
883:
1350:
1177:
909:In the European Union, Article 7 of the
761:proposes the G550 for the J-Stars Recap;
745:(which also has IAI Sigint G550s) while
714:battlefield-surveillance program, while
506:
405:
174:
36:
1968:
1918:5(2):121–32. Retrieved March 4, 2019 (
1668:
1554:
1071:
812:versions, including L3's Spyder II and
703:; it is also the base for the proposed
345:originally used standard aircraft like
14:
2428:
1675:Perry, William D. (Fall–Winter 2010).
1652:
1602:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1475:
1473:
919:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
847:
34:, which are sometimes separate models.
2111:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1674:
1653:Govers, Francis X. III (2013-06-11).
1291:
1289:
1287:
1195:
1193:
1160:"How Nations Have Spied from the Sky"
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1116:
488:Battlefield and airspace surveillance
145:sometimes grouped with intelligence,
1902:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1555:Finklea, Kristin (August 22, 2023).
1271:
1269:
1112:
1110:
995:adding citations to reliable sources
966:
650:
1494:
1470:
1318:
655:With smaller equipment, long-range
616:
24:
2211:Airborne early warning and control
2063:
2017:
2003:
1936:Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (2020-06-19).
1731:Kunertova, Dominika (2023-03-04).
1530:Major Elliot M., John (Jan 1990).
1334:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest
1284:
1190:
1145:
904:14th Amendment of the Constitution
562:
494:Airborne early warning and control
456:
395:
164:
25:
2457:
2089:
1737:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1628:Withington, Thomas (2017-10-16).
1561:FAS Project on Government Secrecy
1508:"Unmanned Systems Strategic Plan"
1482:"Changing the way we do business"
1304:U.S. Department of Defense (.gov)
1266:
1254:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
1201:"Air War - Aerial Reconnaissance"
1107:
897:
888:
733:Conformal Airborne Early Warning
559:and HiSentinel 80—and airplanes.
1224:Beckhusen, Robert (2017-03-28).
1119:Optics and Lasers in Engineering
971:
859:
378:
139:from USAF research report, 2001
1962:
1929:
1908:
1896:Graham Warwick (Jan 10, 2018).
1889:
1864:
1839:
1806:
1773:
1724:
1700:
1689:from the original on 2011-05-24
1621:
1596:
1574:
1548:
1523:
1435:
1394:
1369:
1344:
982:needs additional citations for
625:for at least a month after the
552:are examples of this activity.
472:Department of Homeland Security
464:Federal Aviation Administration
266:General Aircraft Fleet Shadower
259:
2070:Arthur Holland Michel (2019).
1876:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1851:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1242:
1217:
1205:Canada and the First World War
1096:Lt Col James O. Norman, USAF.
1089:
312:National Reconnaissance Office
218:
171:History of military ballooning
106:
13:
1:
1916:Tropical Conservation Science
1749:10.1080/00963402.2023.2178180
1131:10.1016/s0143-8166(01)00180-4
962:
829:Current civilian applications
667:is the platform for the USAF
528:Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
503:Current military applications
2033:Public Administration Review
1603:Rogers, Simon (2012-08-03).
1480:Pulkkinen, AJ (1 Aug 2023).
1183:Charles Coulston Gillispie,
931:High-Altitude Long Endurance
722:is based on the Global 5000;
498:Airborne ground surveillance
368:, could fly for 2500 miles.
7:
1969:NovotnĂ˝, VĂt (April 2020).
924:
707:Swordfish MPA and the USAF
592:Russian invasion of Ukraine
480:UAVs have been used by the
301:
238:Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
72:, battlefield and airspace
10:
2462:
1924:10.1177/194008291200500202
1098:"The Rise of Surveillance"
854:2020 George Floyd protests
569:People’s Republic of China
491:
399:
168:
159:
29:
2354:
2203:
2196:
2147:
1516:United States Coast Guard
1487:United States Coast Guard
1448:. Piscataway, N.J: IEEE.
638:Israel-Hezbollah Conflict
290:were used by the British
122:representative quoted by
1988:10.1177/1781685820915975
1712:www.airuniversity.af.edu
1630:"Keeping Your Ears Open"
1532:"Battleship Floatplanes"
957:Wide-area motion imagery
449:. Smaller ship-launched
423:Maritime patrol aircraft
402:Maritime patrol aircraft
390:
101:unmanned aerial vehicles
84:), and law enforcement.
2097:Retrieved April 1, 2007
1351:Berenice (2012-11-14).
1006:"Surveillance aircraft"
942:Reconnaissance aircraft
816:'s Scorpion and as the
806:Beechcraft King Air 350
683:AEW&C carrying its
296:observation helicopters
197:French Aerostatic Corps
32:reconnaissance aircraft
1537:Naval History Magazine
884:Ethics and regulations
665:Bombardier Global 6000
524:
427:Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod
415:
373:Operation Desert Storm
278:were developed during
187:
136:
116:
66:intelligence gathering
50:
1677:"Sentinel in the Sky"
808:ER is a platform for
729:was selected for the
669:Northrop Grumman E-11
510:
468:Department of Justice
451:observation seaplanes
409:
276:Air observation posts
231:, when aviators like
178:
131:
111:
54:Surveillance aircraft
49:showing its radar pod
40:
2441:Signals intelligence
1682:. Technology Today.
1634:Armada International
1407:Safety & Defense
1377:"The Drones of ISIS"
1081:Flight International
991:improve this article
947:Treaty on Open Skies
701:United Arab Emirates
543:RC-12 Super King Air
515:is a high-altitude,
482:US for border patrol
439:Lockheed P-2 Neptune
385:global war on terror
329:Cuban Missile Crisis
124:Flight International
2281:Electronic warfare
1758:20.500.11850/606858
848:Monitoring protests
814:Sierra Nevada Corp.
749:transfers the U.S.
687:AESA radar as UK's
18:Aerial surveillance
2222:Counter-insurgency
2045:10.1111/puar.12506
1942:The New York Times
1819:The New York Times
1786:The New York Times
1250:"Aircraft Details"
1083:, August 16, 2010"
793:as a platform for
789:delivered several
677:UK Royal Air Force
642:On June 18, 2024,
598:Ukrainian military
582:RC-135 Rivet Joint
550:RC-135 Rivet Joint
525:
443:Lockheed P-3 Orion
431:Breguet Atlantique
416:
188:
181:Royal Flying Corps
147:target acquisition
82:artillery spotting
51:
2436:Military aircraft
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2276:Close air support
2140:military aircraft
2074:. Mariner Books.
1455:978-0-7803-7870-4
1067:
1066:
1059:
1041:
952:Micro air vehicle
777:Japan Coast Guard
765:Dassault Aviation
673:Raytheon Sentinel
657:business aircraft
651:Business aircraft
538:) gathering. The
193:Battle of Fleurus
43:Raytheon Sentinel
16:(Redirected from
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1075:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1040:
999:
975:
967:
797:, MPA and multi-
759:Northrop Grumman
756:
617:Israel-Hamas War
586:RQ-4 Global Hawk
517:remotely-piloted
513:RQ-4 Global Hawk
140:
127:
21:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2350:
2326:Maritime patrol
2299:Air superiority
2282:
2192:
2181:
2143:
2142:types and roles
2136:
2092:
2082:
2066:
2064:Further reading
2061:
2060:
2029:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1967:
1963:
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1357:Army Technology
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988:
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965:
927:
900:
891:
886:
862:
850:
842:illegal loggers
831:
747:L3 Technologies
727:Gulfstream G550
709:Lockheed Martin
653:
640:
619:
594:
565:
563:South China Sea
505:
500:
492:Main articles:
490:
459:
457:Law enforcement
404:
398:
396:Maritime patrol
393:
381:
304:
292:Royal Artillery
262:
221:
173:
167:
165:Pre World War I
162:
153:to form ISTAR.
142:
138:
129:
118:
109:
93:moored balloons
70:maritime patrol
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2379:
2372:Reconnaissance
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2346:Strike fighter
2343:
2341:Fighter-bomber
2338:
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2328:
2323:
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2316:
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2306:
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2100:
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2087:
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2081:978-0544972001
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2039:(4): 649–659.
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1306:. January 2014
1283:
1278:The Paris News
1265:
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1187:, pp. 372–373.
1176:
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1125:(6): 607–608.
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870:European Union
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767:developed the
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400:Main article:
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284:Light aircraft
270:airborne radar
261:
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220:
217:
212:William Eddy.
201:L'Entreprenant
169:Main article:
166:
163:
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158:
151:reconnaissance
130:
110:
108:
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26:
9:
6:
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2250:
2249:Medium bomber
2247:
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2240:
2237:
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2228:
2225:
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2023:
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2012:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:European View
1972:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1873:
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1852:
1848:
1842:
1828:
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1820:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:(2): 95–102.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
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1421:
1420:10.37105/sd.4
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1340:(3): 558–571.
1339:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1231:
1230:War Is Boring
1227:
1220:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
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1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1103:. p. 18.
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1074:
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1061:
1058:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008: –
1007:
1003:
1002:Find sources:
996:
992:
986:
985:
980:This article
978:
974:
969:
968:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
922:
920:
915:
912:
907:
905:
895:
881:
879:
875:
874:Mediterranean
871:
867:
866:Schengen Area
860:Border patrol
857:
855:
845:
844:or poachers.
843:
839:
835:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:IAI EL/W-2085
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
712:J-Stars Recap
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:, and Saab's
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
660:
658:
648:
645:
635:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
607:Bayraktar TB2
604:
599:
589:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
553:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
532:
529:
522:
519:surveillance
518:
514:
509:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
454:
452:
448:
447:CP-140 Aurora
444:
440:
436:
435:Tupolev Tu-95
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
408:
403:
388:
386:
379:War on terror
376:
374:
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
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326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
257:
255:
254:aerial combat
249:
247:
241:
239:
234:
230:
226:
225:Rumpler Taube
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
186:
182:
177:
172:
157:
154:
152:
148:
141:
135:
128:
125:
121:
115:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2446:Surveillance
2384:Surveillance
2383:
2362:Experimental
2244:Light bomber
2239:Heavy bomber
2071:
2036:
2032:
2005:
1981:(1): 27–35.
1978:
1974:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1878:. 2024-06-19
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1853:. 2024-03-29
1850:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1657:. gizmag.com
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1609:The Guardian
1608:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1514:
1485:
1444:
1437:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1383:. 2017-01-12
1380:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1277:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1184:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1166:. 2023-02-10
1163:
1122:
1118:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1001:
989:Please help
984:verification
981:
916:
908:
901:
892:
863:
851:
838:forest cover
832:
799:intelligence
781:Thales Group
751:Compass Call
718:'s ELI-3360
689:Marshall ADG
654:
641:
620:
595:
566:
557:Sky Sentinel
554:
533:
526:
476:
460:
421:
417:
412:P-8 Poseidon
382:
370:
362:Ryan Firebee
359:
340:
333:
308:Soviet Union
305:
286:such as the
280:World War II
274:
263:
260:World War II
250:
242:
222:
214:
210:
206:
200:
189:
155:
143:
137:
132:
117:
112:
86:
74:surveillance
62:surveillance
53:
52:
2336:Interdictor
2304:Interceptor
2213:(AEW&C)
1381:Defense One
937:MikroKopter
773:Falcon 2000
737:for Italy,
573:North Korea
414:on take off
383:During the
343:US Military
229:World War I
219:World War I
185:World War I
107:Definitions
78:observation
2430:Categories
2355:Non-combat
2331:Multi-role
2264:Pathfinder
2259:Penetrator
2175:Helicopter
2165:Fixed-wing
1955:2024-04-12
1882:2024-06-19
1857:2024-04-12
1832:2024-04-12
1799:2024-04-12
1717:2024-04-12
1693:2014-08-16
1661:2014-08-16
1639:2020-04-11
1614:2019-03-19
1387:2024-04-12
1362:2024-04-12
1259:2024-04-12
1235:2024-04-13
1210:2024-04-12
1170:2024-04-12
1017:newspapers
963:References
769:Falcon 900
735:AESA radar
691:basis for
623:Gaza Strip
470:(DOJ) and
410:A US Navy
2411:Transport
2309:Emergency
2254:Strategic
2180:Unmanned
2053:0033-3352
1997:1781-6858
1950:0362-4331
1827:0362-4331
1794:0362-4331
1767:0096-3402
1429:2450-551X
1413:: 17–21.
1310:April 11,
1139:0143-8166
822:U.S. Army
795:AEW&C
757:program,
739:Singapore
681:GlobalEye
644:Hezbollah
631:Shadow R1
611:DJI Mavic
366:Model 147
233:Fred Zinn
60:used for
2289:Intruder
1684:Archived
1566:April 2,
1464:54345248
1047:May 2015
933:aircraft
925:See also
820:for the
791:EMB-145s
771:MPA and
699:for the
675:for the
478:Predator
441:and the
336:Cold War
302:Cold War
246:infantry
199:balloon
120:Northrop
103:(UAVs).
58:aircraft
30:Compare
2406:Trainer
2401:Testbed
2367:Liaison
2294:Fighter
2271:Carrier
2227:Gunship
2188:Stealth
2160:Balloon
2155:Airship
2138:Modern
1588:May 20,
1164:HISTORY
1031:scholar
878:Belgium
868:in the
787:Embraer
705:Saab AB
227:during
160:History
126:(2010)
89:stealth
45:of the
2396:Tanker
2314:Escort
2234:Bomber
2217:Attack
2204:Combat
2170:Glider
2078:
2051:
1995:
1948:
1825:
1792:
1765:
1462:
1452:
1427:
1137:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
834:Drones
818:MC-12W
755:AISREW
743:Israel
697:Sigint
685:Erieye
577:Russia
575:, and
547:Boeing
437:, the
433:, the
429:, the
355:RC-130
288:Auster
195:, the
149:, and
99:) and
95:(e.g.
80:(e.g.
2389:Scout
2377:Scout
2319:Night
2197:Roles
2182:(UAV)
2148:Types
1687:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1038:JSTOR
1024:books
693:Elint
540:Beech
536:ELINT
391:Roles
351:C-130
347:B-29s
2283:(EW)
2076:ISBN
2049:ISSN
1993:ISSN
1946:ISSN
1823:ISSN
1790:ISSN
1763:ISSN
1590:2010
1568:2023
1544:(1).
1460:OCLC
1450:ISBN
1425:ISSN
1312:2024
1135:ISSN
1010:news
917:The
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