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should be housed in a tank at least 10 gallons large, and should receive roughly 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness daily. The enclosure should be kept at a temperature of or around 75 degrees
Fahrenheit, and the humidity level should be maintained at around 80 to 90 percent. African bullfrog pet owners should be aware that these animals typically do not like to be held and handled by humans, and that they tend to bite their handlers when handled in a way that causes the animal stress.
84:
31:
431:, and attempt to chase off other males. Often, they fight, causing injury or even killing one another. The dominant male attempts to prevent other males from breeding. A female approaches the group of males by swimming along at the surface until she is within a few metres of the group. Then, the female dives to avoid the smaller males and surfaces in the defended area of a larger male in the middle of the group. This helps to ensure that she mates with the dominant male.
59:
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father guards his young. Due to the male bullfrog's overprotective behaviour, he pounces and bites anything that he views as a threat. If the pool is in danger of drying out, the father uses his legs and head to dig a canal from the drying pond to a bigger pond. He continues to guard the tadpoles until they are old enough to fend for themselves, although he may also eat some of them.
451:
The
African bullfrog is an exotic pet in many countries around the world. Animals sold are generally bred in captivity. Pet African bullfrogs may live for 35 years in captivity. As pets, African bullfrogs are considered to be easygoing and low-maintenance in terms of their care. Pet African bullfrogs
426:
The
African bullfrog males call out during the rainy season. The call lasts about a second and can be described as a low-pitched whoop. Males have two breeding strategies, depending on their age. Young males congregate in a small area, perhaps only 1–2 m (11–22 sq ft) of shallow water.
434:
The female lays about 3,000 to 4,000 eggs at a time. The tadpoles hatch, and after two days, start feeding on vegetation, small fish, invertebrates, and even each other. Defending males continue to watch over the tadpoles, which metamorphose within three weeks. During the tadpole's development, the
413:
When exposed to dry conditions, they become dormant and may form a cocoon which covers the entire body surface except the external nostrils. The cocoon significantly decreases the rate of evaporative water loss. When it rains, the water softens the cocoon and the frog crawls out.
422:
Breeding typically starts after about 65 mm (2.6 in) of rain over the course of two days. They breed in shallow, temporary water bodies, such as pools, pans, and ditches. Eggs are laid in the shallow edge of the pond, but fertilization takes place above water.
843:
Okeyo, Daniel; Kashea, Martha; Kandjengo, Lineekela (2014). "The
Feeding habits of the Giant African Bullfrog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus Adspersus Tschudi, 1839) of the Cuvelai Drainage System in Northern Namibia".
542:
Scott, E.; J.D. Visser; C.A. Yetman; L. Oliver; D.G. Broadley (2013). "Revalidation of
Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa".
386:. The dorsum is dark olive-green in adults. Juveniles have bright green coloration with a yellow stripe down the back. The abdomen is white to creamy-yellow with breeding males having yellow forelimbs.
1127:
398:. It is also a cannibalistic species—the male African bullfrog is known for occasionally eating the tadpoles he guards, and juveniles also eat tadpoles. An African bullfrog kept at the
394:
The
African bullfrog is a voracious carnivore, eating insects and other invertebrates, small rodents, reptiles, small birds, fish, and other amphibians that can fit in their
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311:
817:
1219:
1101:
Okeyo, Daniel; Kandjengo, Lineekela; Kashea, Martha (2015). "Harvesting and consumption of the giant
African bullfrog, a delicacy in northern Namibia".
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length. Females are half the size of males, which is unusual, considering that most female amphibians are (generally) larger than males, to help the
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They are listed as "least concern" globally. However, they are considered "near threatened" in South Africa due to habitat loss.
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Cook, C.L.; Ferguson, Jan W.H.; Telford, S.R. (June 2001). "Adaptive male parental care in the giant bullfrog,
309:), and species boundaries between them, including exact range limits, are not fully understood. Additionally,
604:"New Material of Beelzebufo, a Hyperossified Frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
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1227:
83:
1056:"Conservation Implications of Spatial Habitat Use by Adult Giant Bullfrogs (Pyxicephalus adspersus)"
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The males weigh up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and grow to 24.5 cm (9.6 in) in snout–to–
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904:"Metabolism and Water Balance of Active and Cocooned African Bullfrogs Pyxicephalus adspersus"
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Natural
History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs
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963:
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242:
145:
992:
Balinsky, J. B. (1954). "On the breeding habits of the South
African bullfrog
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Branch, W. R. (1976). "Two exceptional food records for the
African bullfrog,
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of coastal East Africa only was revalidated as a separate species in 2013.
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The larger males occupy the centre of these breeding arenas or
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Evans S, Groenke J, Jones M, Turner A, Krause D (2014).
682:"The Natural History and Care of the African Bullfrog"
1132:
1100:
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1014:
1105:. University of Namibia Press. pp. 205–218.
1078:"A Guide to Caring for African Bullfrogs as Pets"
707:"History and habits of the East African bullfrog"
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346:, and flooded ditches. It is among the largest
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518:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T58535A3070700.en
737:
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660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
493:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013).
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249:due to its scientific name. It is found in
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455:It is considered a delicacy in Namibia.
322:of the African bullfrog is moist to dry
1054:Yetman, Caroline; Ferguson, J. (2011).
939:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
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686:Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection
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402:in South Africa once ate 17 juvenile
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301:. It has long been confused with the
918:
867:(Amphibia, Anura, Pyxicephalidae)".
595:
1396:IUCN Red List least concern species
956:
902:Loveridge, J.; Withers, P. (1981).
504:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
820:. 26 February 2009. Archived from
818:"Bronberg: African bullfrog haven"
14:
1422:
1121:
350:on the planet, sixth only to the
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998:South African Journal of Science
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295:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1103:Indigenous Knowledge of Namibia
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760:Bishop, P. (19 October 2004).
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326:, subtropical to tropical dry
297:. It has been extirpated from
207:African bullfrog distribution
1:
846:Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia
474:
373:
1406:Amphibians described in 1838
629:10.1371/journal.pone.0087236
446:
235:South African burrowing frog
7:
714:J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc
10:
1427:
705:Loveridge, Arthur (1950).
458:
334:, intermittent freshwater
330:, intermittent freshwater
245:. It is also known as the
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557:10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.1
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206:
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177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
784:"Pyxicephalus adspersus"
762:"Pyxicephalus adspersus"
589:"Giant African Bullfrog"
680:Gampper, Terry (2002).
212: Extant (resident)
1220:Pyxicephalus-adspersus
1193:Pyxicephalus adspersus
1163:Pyxicephalus adspersus
1111:10.2307/j.ctvgc619h.15
1060:Journal of Herpetology
1021:Journal of Herpetology
1017:Pyxicephalus adspersus
994:Pyxicephalus adspersus
966:Pyxicephalus adspersus
933:Pyxicephalus adspersus
869:Journal of Herpetology
865:Pyxicephalus adspersus
497:Pyxicephalus adspersus
408:Hemachatus haemachatus
226:Pyxicephalus adspersus
188:Pyxicephalus adspersus
229:), also known as the
972:Encyclopedia of Life
964:"African Bullfrog -
931:"African Bullfrog -
789:Animal Diversity Web
511:: e.T58535A3070700.
620:2014PLoSO...987236E
356:helmeted water toad
293:, and possibly the
49:Conservation status
804:"African Bullfrog"
743:"African bullfrog"
390:Feeding and habits
364:Blyth's river frog
237:, is a species of
1383:
1382:
1358:Open Tree of Life
1155:Taxon identifiers
217:
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170:P. adspersus
72:
24:African bullfrog
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342:, pastureland,
303:edible bullfrog
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16:Species of frog
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312:P. angusticeps
243:Pyxicephalidae
241:in the family
231:giant bullfrog
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1401:Pyxicephalus
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1143:Frogs portal
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1085:. Retrieved
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947:. Retrieved
943:the original
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822:the original
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656:cite journal
611:
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522:. Retrieved
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454:
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442:
433:
425:
421:
418:Reproduction
412:
407:
400:Pretoria Zoo
393:
377:
352:goliath frog
318:The natural
317:
310:
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275:South Africa
246:
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187:
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169:
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157:Pyxicephalus
156:
18:
1280:iNaturalist
1202:AmphibiaWeb
1187:Wikispecies
1066:(1): 56–62.
1004:(2): 55–58.
524:15 November
340:arable land
1390:Categories
1087:2023-09-27
1027:(2): 310.
977:20 January
968:- Details"
949:2018-11-11
768:11 January
724:9 November
691:2018-11-11
566:2263/57608
475:References
374:Appearance
366:, and the
267:Mozambique
247:pixie frog
720:: 253–275
447:Human use
368:cane toad
328:shrubland
307:P. edulis
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
1298:10769089
1172:Wikidata
852:: 62–71.
648:24489877
608:PLOS ONE
575:24613871
384:amplexus
299:Eswatini
291:Zimbabwe
279:Tanzania
255:Botswana
142:Family:
126:Amphibia
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1373:4805462
1178:Q387319
1041:1566122
889:1562997
639:3905036
616:Bibcode
545:Zootaxa
459:Gallery
348:anurans
336:marshes
324:savanna
320:habitat
271:Namibia
233:or the
195:Tschudi
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
1370:uBio:
1363:911282
1350:154788
1311:665251
1259:330829
1233:542885
1039:
887:
646:
636:
573:
439:Status
396:mouths
362:, the
358:, the
354:, the
344:canals
287:Zambia
283:Uganda
263:Malawi
251:Angola
210:
197:, 1838
1337:30357
1324:58535
1293:IRMNG
1285:26196
1246:4QYCF
1037:JSTOR
885:JSTOR
828:4 May
710:(PDF)
332:lakes
259:Kenya
136:Anura
1332:NCBI
1319:IUCN
1306:ITIS
1267:GBIF
1228:BOLD
1207:4966
979:2015
830:2014
770:2020
726:2018
662:link
644:PMID
571:PMID
549:3599
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