5989:
39:
2127:
419:
704:
6003:
3582:
and other categories may be distinguished only by tone. Auxiliary verbs are also widespread among
African languages; the fusing of subject markers and TAM/polarity auxiliaries into what are known as tense pronouns are more common in auxiliary verb constructions in African languages than in most other
3549:
are found throughout the world but are especially common in Africa - in fact, there are far more tonal than non-tonal languages in Africa. Both the Nilo-Saharan and the Khoi-San phyla are fully tonal. The large majority of the Niger–Congo languages are also tonal. Tonal languages are also found in
941:
The ancestors of the
Malagasy people migrated to Madagascar around 1,500 years ago from Southeast Asia, more specifically the island of Borneo. The origins of how they arrived to Madagascar remains a mystery, however the Austronesians are known for their seafaring culture. Despite the geographical
3225:
in 1884–1885 divided a great many ethnic groups and
African language speaking communities. This can cause divergence of a language on either side of a border (especially when the official languages are different), for example, in orthographic standards. Some notable cross-border languages include
2092:
After gaining independence, many
African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language, generally the former Indo-European colonial language, to be used in government and education. However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining
6873:
Langues nationales : langues considérées comme propres à une nation ou à un pays. Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : le bamanankan (bambara), le bomu (bobo), le bozo (bozo), le dTgTsT (dogon), le fulfulde (peul), le hasanya (maure), le mamara
3409:
French, English, and
Portuguese are important languages in Africa due to colonialism. About 320 million, 240 million and 35 million Africans, respectively, speak them as either native or secondary languages. Portuguese has become the national language of Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe, and
1119:
families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family. In addition, there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families. The classifications below follow
992:, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century, including the loss of verbal conjugation (save for 5 modal verbs), as well as grammatical case and gender. Most Afrikaans speakers live in
602:
are a proposed grouping of some one hundred diverse languages. Genealogical linkage between these languages has failed to be conclusively demonstrated, and support for the proposal is sparse among linguists. The languages share some unusual
891:. Today, linguists often use "Niger–Congo" to refer to this entire family, including Kordofanian as a subfamily. One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger–Congo.
2093:
linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism. This presents a methodological complication when collecting data in Africa and limited literature exists. An analysis of
7546:
3418:
Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa, whereas others are less common. Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all
African languages. Instead, some may be due to
395:, which are spoken as a second (or non-first) language by millions of people. Although many African languages are used on the radio, in newspapers and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered
2052:
are another age-old phenomenon in the
African linguistic landscape. Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication
2021:
Throughout the long multilingual history of the
African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact, language expansion, language shift and language death. A case in point is the
1509:
at one point or another. Many of these are simply unclassified, but
Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families, including isolates. Beside the possibilities listed above, there are:
1505:(evidently Cushitic). Several of these are extinct, and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming. Hombert & Philippson (2009) list a number of African languages that have been classified as
10323:
8482:
8160:
The
Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language
6947:
7055:
3570:
Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb 'to surpass'. The Niger–Congo languages have large numbers of genders (
10363:
10343:
10401:
10368:
10378:
10373:
10358:
10348:
10328:
10318:
3958:
10338:
10333:
10313:
10383:
10353:
6910:: "The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali (Maay and Maxaatiri) and Arabic. The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian".
3999:
10640:
10308:
1231:
is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000–400,000 people. There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other:
7086:
8766:
Cross-border Languages: Reports and Studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23–27 September 1996
9594:
3558:
play an important role, meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ("melodies") from the segments that bear them.
7260:
7161:
8131:
8489:
1962:. Tanzania has seven, one for each of its schools for the Deaf, all of which are discouraged. Not much is known, since little has been published on these languages
6283:
403:
at the national level. In Sub-Saharan Africa, most official languages at the national level tend to be colonial languages such as French, Portuguese, or English.
10265:
8897:
8893:
8889:
7063:
8058:
There is no exact census for the Nubian population but some researchers estimate their number in Sudan for about 5 millions and about three millions in Egypt.
7147:
3550:
the Omotic, Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic. The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels, High (H) and Low (L).
1409:
are reported in Africa. Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data; among the better-investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are:
1063:
there from the late 1800s until World War I, when Britain and France took over and revoked German's official status. Despite this, German is still spoken in
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
9804:
6874:(miniyanka), le maninkakan (malinké) le soninke (sarakolé), le soKoy (songhoï), le syenara (sénoufo), le tamasayt (tamasheq), le xaasongaxanKo (khassonké).
469:, the Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic/Neolithic cultures. Niger-Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African
10633:
10274:
8414:
10884:
9717:
6673:
Hombert, Jean-Marie; Philippson, Gérard (2009). "The linguistic importance of language isolates: the African case". In Austin, Peter K.; Bond, Oliver;
10666:
9246:
9016:
6678:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
895:
has been claimed to be equally or more divergent. Niger–Congo is generally accepted by linguists, though a few question the inclusion of Mande and
3269:
Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents. In addition to the (likely modest) impact of borders, there are also cases of
11997:
10055:
2104:
during the survey. Moreover, some African countries have been considering removing their official former Indo-European colonial languages, like
10778:
10661:
6719:
Lau, Charles (30 April 2020). "Language differences between interviewers and respondents in African surveys (Chapter 5)". In Sha, Mandy (ed.).
6309:
3234:(that stretches across northern Angola, western and coastal Democratic Republic of the Congo, and western and coastal Republic of the Congo),
1083:
expatriates exclusively. In earlier historical times, other Indo-European languages could be found in various parts of the continent, such as
10673:
8938:
8070:
6903:
6594:
Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007). "The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects".
7787:
10819:
10077:
10583:
10258:
10092:
9599:
9532:
3254:
10786:
10406:
9794:
8100:
7090:
9161:
9001:
8818:
Westphal, E.O.J. (1963). "The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot, and Bantu Linguistic Relationships".
2100:
survey data of 36 countries suggested that survey interviewers and respondents could engage in various linguistic behaviors, such as
1400:
607:, but if they are related, most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor.
6252:
Africa is incredibly rich in language—over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts, and many creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas.
9707:
7008:
6360:
10050:
9415:
9403:
9362:
10877:
10251:
9970:
9799:
9692:
9021:
7241:
510:. There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 400 million people. The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are
8436:
1600:
Below is a list of language isolates and otherwise unclassified languages in Africa, from Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:434):
10792:
9736:
8153:
8035:
7558:
7254:
6959:
6740:
6335:
6170:
289:
135:), one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world. The languages of Africa belong to many distinct
10544:
10023:
9756:
5016:
911:
Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent.
11990:
10003:
8713:
6783:
6196:
6033:
9515:
8071:"CORRECTION: Census shows South Sudan population at 8.2 million: report – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
7029:
10870:
10008:
9697:
8931:
8754:
8694:
8192:
7882:
6523:
6498:
6473:
6441:
6238:
6027:
3864:
17:
8387:
10218:
9604:
9375:
6921:
5091:
4920:
4859:
3787:
2719:
2554:
623:
10702:
10498:
10067:
9844:
9789:
9272:
876:
577:(Cushitic). Of the world's surviving language families, Afroasiatic has the longest written history, as both the
305:
8721:. Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa (Revised ed.). Harare: UNESCO. Archived from
6757:
872:
phylum, which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family (see Niger–Congo B (Bantu) in the map above).
11983:
11954:
10645:
9447:
9442:
9036:
6161:
2121:
8422:
10811:
9809:
9319:
9315:
8308:
6166:
6128:
4759:
4468:
953:
With more than 20 million speakers, Malagasy is one of the most widely spoken of the Austronesian languages.
7551:
Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal
4679:
2624:
12296:
11721:
10902:
8924:
4365:
4344:
4312:
1267:. A striking feature of Khoisan languages, and the reason they are often grouped together, is their use of
8780:
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1983). "Some areal characteristics of African languages". In Dihoff, Ivan R. (ed.).
8237:
6687:
3514:
nasal stops which only occur with nasal vowels, such as vs. (but both and ), especially in West Africa.
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3475:
3464:
3460:
3448:
3440:
1050:.) Additionally, languages like French, and Portuguese have become native languages in various countries.
12169:
12147:
11814:
11225:
11211:
10838:
9829:
9525:
9355:
9328:
6191:
6091:
1990:
1304:
422:
Clickable map showing the traditional language families, subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa
8437:
Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census: Population Size by Age and Sex
11765:
11714:
11268:
11236:
10707:
10628:
10561:
10554:
10549:
9988:
9839:
9563:
9520:
9505:
9076:
8870:
1296:
840:
and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. One of its salient features is an elaborate
7162:"En 2023, 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique"
3423:(resulting in borrowing) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background.
1937:
1071:. Although it lost its official status in the 1990s, it has been redesignated as a national language.
12192:
12130:
11928:
11327:
11154:
11145:
10955:
10893:
10697:
10087:
9893:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9548:
9477:
9398:
9311:
9186:
9176:
8981:
6720:
6616:
6021:
5838:
5714:
5692:
5539:
5490:
5443:
5415:
5300:
5272:
5248:
5227:
5203:
5183:
5155:
5131:
5103:
5082:
5061:
5041:
5021:
4932:
4895:
4875:
4870:
4779:
4731:
4711:
4691:
4611:
4591:
4586:
4571:
4550:
4545:
4530:
4510:
4489:
4402:
4381:
4356:
4328:
4281:
4261:
4241:
4150:
4080:
4036:
4015:
3970:
3929:
3909:
3885:
3706:
3632:
3391:
2820:
2799:
1986:
1279:) have clicks as well, but these were adopted from Khoisan languages. The Khoisan languages are also
833:
698:
435:
203:
143:
67:
7114:
6600:
11615:
11348:
10936:
10717:
10712:
10113:
9883:
9819:
9722:
9651:
9489:
9472:
9191:
9081:
9011:
3238:(stretches across most of the Horn of Africa), Swahili (spoken in the African Great Lakes region),
3222:
2542:
2411:
2006:
1966:
1551:
1522:
1380:
1146:
604:
231:
8784:. Publications in African Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 1. Dordrecht: Foris. pp. 3–21.
8078:
6898:
6575:
12209:
12174:
11964:
11595:
11573:
11415:
11204:
11048:
11005:
10929:
10773:
10757:
10578:
9878:
9873:
9763:
9558:
9251:
9171:
9136:
9121:
9106:
9061:
8996:
8791:
8527:
7791:
6922:"Research Guides: France & French Collections at the Library of Congress: Sub-Saharan Africa"
6053:
5790:
5770:
4831:
4706:
4651:
4606:
4171:
4130:
4056:
3990:
3949:
3843:
3681:
3375:
3246:(in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan and Sudan).
1974:
1955:
1951:
1762:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1291:
Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past, a substantial proportion of the world's
965:
845:
733:
237:
99:
30:
9302:
8329:
3562:
processes like tone spread, tone shift, downstep and downdrift are common in African languages.
12006:
11728:
10573:
10082:
10062:
10042:
9925:
9741:
9702:
9568:
9553:
9452:
9348:
9126:
8636:
8602:
6885:
6595:
5943:
5664:
5567:
5386:
4448:
4423:
4195:
3485:
3471:
3334:, which serves as a lingua franca in much of the Sahel. Other large West African languages are
3313:
1947:
1943:
1406:
1152:
1060:
923:
798:
723:
599:
594:
455:
217:
207:
108:
57:
6429:
6186:
2943:
Algeria, Comoros, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan,
269:
11905:
11784:
11586:
11467:
11305:
11195:
10678:
10605:
9712:
9226:
9201:
9051:
9046:
9026:
8991:
8976:
8650:
8560:
8442:(Report). Addis Ababa: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. December 2008. Archived from
6133:
5923:
5902:
5619:
5526:
5420:
5338:
4997:
4799:
4631:
4101:
3819:
3747:
3727:
3652:
3607:
The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:
3554:
do occur, and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable.
2727:
2558:
2027:
880:
746:
713:
491:
486:
431:
345:
173:
48:
8619:
8506:
8468:
8354:
8251:
8107:
7056:"Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts"
6228:
3599:
for animal/meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages.
3258:
926:
and is the westernmost branch of the family. It is the national and co-official language of
11959:
10749:
10610:
10600:
10595:
9462:
9298:
9289:
9280:
9211:
9181:
9166:
9151:
9141:
9131:
9096:
9091:
9041:
8986:
8961:
8773:
8588:
8574:
8289:
8223:
8206:
7553:. QKF Research in Khoisan Studies. Vol. 29. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. p. 2.
6118:
6066:
3518:
3286:
2252:
1328:
1084:
1046:
947:
535:
8272:
8173:
6264:
2042:. Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century, which led to the extension of
8:
12241:
11460:
11252:
10590:
9888:
9814:
9687:
9682:
9582:
9484:
9467:
9410:
9221:
9216:
9156:
9111:
9071:
8966:
8733:
8667:
8373:
6181:
6152:
6138:
6046:
5819:
5077:
4977:
4957:
4646:
3859:
3436:
3319:
3301:
3290:
2604:
2151:
1320:
1028:
356:
293:
7005:
1486:
355:
Around a hundred languages are widely used for interethnic communication. These include
12164:
11400:
11170:
11081:
10911:
10843:
10486:
10481:
10456:
10393:
10278:
10072:
9965:
9945:
9903:
9868:
9824:
9751:
9432:
9276:
9196:
9146:
9101:
9086:
9066:
9056:
9031:
8971:
8843:
8835:
8764:
Elugbe, Ben (1998). "Cross-border and major languages of Africa". In Legère, K. (ed.).
7306:"Världens 100 största språk 2007" [The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007].
6403:
6364:
6123:
5795:
5643:
5543:
5321:
Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of
4754:
3525:
3444:
1994:
1528:
1340:
1142:
1072:
900:
686:
519:
439:
12036:
6981:
3467:). True implosives are rare outside Africa, and clicks and the flap almost unheard of.
3261:, have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity.
1186:, around five languages; previously classified within Afro-Asiatic, spoken in Ethiopia
12255:
12222:
12159:
12119:
12112:
11793:
11700:
11369:
11184:
11038:
11012:
10992:
10920:
10568:
10431:
10211:
10028:
9913:
9834:
9777:
9457:
9425:
9383:
9206:
9116:
9006:
8847:
8750:
8700:
8690:
8149:
7878:
7817:
7554:
7250:
6955:
6736:
6659:
6644:
6548:
6519:
6494:
6469:
6437:
6234:
6081:
5948:
5814:
5776:
5635:
5624:
5590:
5531:
5469:
5343:
5098:
4992:
4839:
4671:
4443:
4369:
4340:
4316:
4215:
4190:
3904:
3838:
3579:
3294:
3270:
2891:
2756:
2705:
2684:
2638:
2628:
2423:
2391:
2373:
2246:
1870:
1806:
1565:
1494:
1240:
1227:
1177:
1116:
1076:
981:
919:
825:
816:
742:
670:
635:
627:
582:
578:
531:
527:
451:
447:
443:
400:
396:
384:
199:
195:
89:
3278:
12265:
12250:
12229:
12061:
12056:
11861:
11807:
11800:
11758:
11707:
11523:
11383:
11376:
11312:
11284:
11245:
11177:
11117:
11111:
11055:
10986:
10973:
10491:
10476:
10446:
10441:
9998:
9935:
9727:
8827:
8443:
7870:
7196:
6808:
6726:
6395:
6142:
6096:
5959:
5928:
5806:
5764:
5606:
5500:
5408:
5403:
5372:
5356:
5322:
4890:
4826:
4726:
4463:
4351:
4323:
4301:
4166:
3944:
3814:
3575:
3533:
3452:
3420:
3355:
3327:
3323:
3282:
3231:
3227:
2826:
2814:
2768:
2762:
2750:
2711:
2650:
2634:
2448:
2364:
2240:
2199:
2188:
2175:
2078:
2074:
2031:
1726:
1614:
1540:
1506:
1348:
1264:
1252:
1213:
1201:
1171:
1100:
1032:
1024:
1016:
943:
888:
662:
562:
538:
is uncertain. The family's most extensive branch, the Semitic languages (including
523:
515:
511:
360:
337:
309:
301:
273:
253:
163:
38:
8042:
7721:
6853:
6731:
6658:
Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza (August 2011).
12260:
12180:
12153:
12106:
12067:
12041:
11844:
11837:
11831:
11752:
11605:
11601:
11557:
11543:
11430:
11355:
11298:
11291:
11277:
11218:
11130:
11097:
11090:
10689:
10471:
10451:
10227:
10099:
9980:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9940:
9639:
9510:
9437:
9420:
8874:
7118:
7012:
6907:
6556:
6514:
Pithouse, Kathleen; Mitchell, Claudia; Moletsane, Relebohile (16 December 2023).
6379:
6157:
6008:
5953:
5867:
5856:
5848:
5843:
5758:
5752:
5735:
5718:
5698:
5680:
5648:
5611:
5572:
5554:
5548:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5447:
5391:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5267:
5150:
5036:
4972:
4794:
4505:
4304:
4296:
4075:
4051:
3985:
3924:
3456:
3383:
3371:
3351:
3335:
3235:
2785:
2693:
2526:
2278:
2212:
2086:
2082:
2062:
2058:
2043:
2035:
2023:
1954:. Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages, such as
1906:
1854:
1842:
1802:
1786:
1702:
1579:
1498:
1414:
1292:
1268:
1183:
1155:, some 20 languages, previously classified under Afro-Asiatic, spoken in Ethiopia
1128:
1068:
1056:
1035:
have held official status in many countries, and are widely spoken, generally as
1020:
969:
896:
892:
869:
853:
807:
788:
755:
682:
666:
654:
639:
558:
554:
547:
466:
427:
392:
388:
376:
341:
257:
167:
151:
136:
80:
10243:
1174:, some 11 languages, previously classified within either Sudanic or Nilo-Saharan
550:
among others), is the only branch of Afroasiatic that is spoken outside Africa.
277:
12204:
12139:
12101:
12075:
12030:
11920:
11913:
11875:
11867:
11693:
11649:
11581:
11498:
11442:
11394:
11341:
11335:
11258:
11123:
11071:
11066:
11061:
10998:
10979:
10466:
10461:
10436:
10176:
10131:
10126:
10121:
9746:
9624:
6674:
6645:"Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
6175:
6113:
5965:
5933:
5913:
5782:
5746:
5740:
5729:
5675:
5670:
5654:
5596:
5584:
5560:
5512:
5463:
5243:
5222:
5198:
5126:
4952:
4927:
4855:
4774:
4626:
4484:
4397:
4220:
4125:
4096:
4003:
3880:
3627:
3546:
3399:
3387:
3379:
3367:
3359:
3331:
2872:
2847:
2795:
2671:
2407:
2272:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2070:
2049:
2039:
1894:
1882:
1714:
1690:
1674:
1662:
1638:
1626:
1589:
1514:
1502:
1462:
1455:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1376:
1280:
1272:
1256:
1232:
1207:
1195:
1158:
1104:
1042:
973:
931:
849:
678:
647:
643:
574:
566:
499:
474:
459:
380:
368:
321:
297:
285:
281:
261:
185:
159:
147:
132:
8722:
7357:
7201:
7188:
1139:; these are generally thought to be divergent Niger–Congo, but debate persists
12290:
12215:
12096:
12047:
11936:
11882:
11747:
11659:
11654:
11645:
11640:
11636:
11631:
11590:
11536:
11530:
11516:
11509:
11454:
11448:
11437:
11424:
11362:
11104:
11043:
11032:
11023:
10968:
10962:
10943:
10232:
9993:
9677:
8884:
7681:
7592:
7133:
6147:
6076:
6071:
5994:
5907:
5894:
5889:
5881:
5875:
5861:
5723:
5685:
5601:
5578:
5295:
4686:
4667:
4566:
4525:
4145:
4010:
3824:
16,000,000 (estimated) (including separate mutually unintelligible varieties)
3701:
3647:
3395:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3274:
3243:
3239:
3230:(which stretches across much of North Africa and some parts of West Africa),
2878:
2699:
2665:
2659:
2616:
2263:
2094:
2066:
2054:
2046:
from its homeland in Asia, into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.
1918:
1830:
1818:
1774:
1750:
1738:
1557:
1490:
1482:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1364:
1332:
1276:
1236:
1219:
1189:
1036:
1001:
977:
861:
857:
407:
372:
349:
8903:
8704:
7952:
703:
329:
11663:
11627:
11623:
11503:
11473:
11389:
10949:
10018:
9634:
7862:
7813:
6680:
Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2
6560:
6552:
6086:
5397:
5308:
5256:
5211:
5167:
5139:
5111:
5056:
4941:
4883:
4743:
4719:
4619:
4559:
4498:
4068:
3965:
3694:
3559:
3551:
2855:
2776:
2476:
2443:
2109:
1650:
1572:
1547:
1388:
1300:
1295:
are to be found in Africa. Some are based on Indo-European languages (e.g.
993:
989:
865:
658:
503:
495:
418:
241:
181:
177:
8811:
African Voices: An Introduction to the Languages and Linguistics of Africa
8009:
7984:
7966:
7934:
7916:
7898:
7874:
7839:
7769:
7743:
7703:
7663:
7645:
7624:
7606:
7574:
7531:
7505:
7486:
7443:
7418:
7400:
7375:
7339:
7321:
7216:
6310:"Africa and the French language are growing together in global importance"
11489:
10765:
10741:
10731:
10013:
9930:
9644:
9629:
8391:
7461:
6948:"African Linguistics in Official Portuguese- and Spanish-Speaking Africa"
6108:
5457:
4418:
4256:
4031:
3541:
2732:
2562:
1982:
1655:
1356:
1180:, around five languages, with various dialects, spoken in Southern Africa
1088:
1008:
837:
674:
631:
611:
470:
155:
11975:
9665:
3300:
There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered
610:
This hypothetical family would reach an expanse that stretches from the
426:
Most languages natively spoken in Africa belong to one of the two large
10862:
10803:
8839:
5119:
4767:
4675:
4663:
4456:
3959:
List of countries and territories where English is an official language
3873:
3779:
3571:
2620:
2612:
2594:
2578:
2500:
2427:
2395:
2334:
1536:
1532:
1387:
a creole based on French, English and local African languages known as
1344:
1324:
1080:
985:
927:
841:
221:
8916:
6407:
6284:"A comprehensive list of all the English-speaking countries in Africa"
3591:
Quite often, only one term is used for both animal and meat; the word
3499:
sequences of stops and fricatives at the beginnings of words, such as
3366:
is important in Central Africa. Important South African languages are
473:
and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern
450:, and the various families previously grouped under the umbrella term
6660:"From foreign to national: a review of the status of French in Gabon"
5800:
4985:
4965:
4945:
4477:
4138:
3852:
3676:
3537:
3403:
2866:
2520:
2439:
2140:
1352:
1121:
1012:
961:
707:
Map showing the traditional language families represented in Africa:
249:
8831:
1004:. Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans.
12015:
8879:
6399:
6382:
The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history
6002:
5260:
5215:
5171:
5163:
5143:
5115:
5049:
5029:
5009:
4904:
4815:
4811:
4787:
4747:
4699:
4639:
4599:
4538:
4518:
4436:
4236:
3897:
3803:
3799:
3767:
3735:
3669:
3661:
2860:
2851:
2830:
2803:
2789:
2780:
2679:
2566:
2538:
2512:
2508:
2464:
2358:
2354:
2322:
2290:
2267:
2010:
1923:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1847:
1835:
1767:
1695:
1679:
1667:
1561:
1518:
1474:
1384:
1316:
1260:
1248:
1166:
1096:
1053:
French has become native in the urban areas of the DRC, and Gabon.
615:
120:
9340:
3221:
The colonial borders established by European powers following the
1161:, around 10 languages, the primary family of Khoisan languages of
5629:
5474:
5452:
5280:
5236:
5178:
5005:
4863:
4851:
4807:
4739:
4579:
4376:
4289:
4276:
4229:
4183:
4179:
4159:
4110:
4064:
4024:
4000:
List of territorial entities where French is an official language
3917:
3831:
3827:
3807:
3791:
3783:
3763:
3755:
3722:
3690:
3665:
3532:
Sounds that are relatively uncommon in African languages include
3363:
3326:, the lingua franca of Southeast Africa; about 5 percent speak a
2772:
2745:
2741:
2688:
2590:
2550:
2534:
2516:
2496:
2480:
2468:
2377:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2318:
2310:
2300:
2282:
2002:
1911:
1779:
1755:
1719:
1631:
1583:
1336:
1308:
1244:
1162:
1064:
997:
935:
619:
570:
543:
364:
325:
317:
265:
245:
225:
128:
124:
6657:
2987:
Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo
127:) at between 1,250 and 2,100, and by some counts at over 3,000.
11898:
9371:
7087:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"
5348:
5191:
4916:
4912:
4659:
4390:
4336:
4269:
4249:
4208:
3893:
3752:
150,000,000 but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties
3742:
3318:
Of the 1 billion Africans (in 2009), about 17 percent speak an
2842:
2838:
2808:
2736:
2715:
2675:
2608:
2586:
2574:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2460:
2456:
2306:
2164:
1970:
1863:
1368:
1136:
539:
116:
7722:"Oromo first-language speakers at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)"
6809:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language"
12087:
12019:
11484:
5284:
5070:
4908:
4847:
4843:
4819:
4432:
4411:
4204:
4118:
4114:
4089:
4044:
3978:
3937:
3795:
3775:
3771:
3715:
3640:
2834:
2723:
2582:
2570:
2530:
2504:
2472:
2452:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2286:
1998:
1978:
1959:
1942:
Many African countries have national sign languages, such as
1859:
1823:
1791:
1707:
1683:
1643:
1593:
1372:
1360:
1312:
1092:
884:
553:
Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include
507:
313:
211:
189:
8542:
3293:). In some countries, there are official efforts to develop
2030:, intermingling with Khoi-San speaking peoples from much of
7030:"ETHIOPIA TO ADD 4 MORE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES TO FOSTER UNITY"
6954:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–204,
6363:. Southern African Regional Poverty Network. Archived from
6336:"How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken?"
5425:
5288:
3759:
3250:
2895:
2654:
2598:
2546:
2368:
2314:
2105:
1811:
1795:
1743:
1731:
1619:
1132:
899:, and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of
557:(a Semitic language, and a recent arrival from West Asia),
465:
The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the
8862:
one of the largest online resources for African languages
8861:
8137:
7549:. In Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena; Ernszt, Martina (eds.).
7189:"Auxiliary verb constructions in the languages of Africa"
7111:
6982:"ABOUT EQUATORIAL GUINEA | Equatorial Guinea Embassy USA"
6513:
10641:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
10309:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
7742:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.
7504:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.
2112:
which removed French as an official language in 2024.
2026:, in which Bantu-speaking peoples expanded over most of
119:
is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of
42:
A rough overview of language families spoken in Africa:
8867:
8776:: A listing of African languages and language families.
7234:
6900:
The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
454:. In addition, the languages of Africa include several
6436:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290.
1145:, some 70 languages, centered on the languages of the
1131:, some 70 languages, including the major languages of
638:
is questionable, and doubts have been raised over the
8813:. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
3496:, are widespread in Africa but not common outside it.
438:. Another hundred belong to smaller families such as
206:
languages (previously grouped under the hypothetical
6708:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 392–407.
6704:
Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., eds. (2020).
6102:
5984:
1355:, both from French); some are based on Arabic (e.g.
942:
isolation, Malagasy still has strong resemblance to
653:
Some of the better known Nilo-Saharan languages are
6946:Fehn, Anne-Maria (2019), Wolff, H. Ekkehard (ed.),
3410:Portuguese is the official language of Mozambique.
1965:Sign language systems extant in Africa include the
848:. A large majority of languages of this family are
7148:327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023
6516:Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action
3574:) which cause agreement in verbs and other words.
10273:
8132:DRDC Report on the 5th Population Census in Sudan
6784:"Burkina abandons French as an official language"
6722:The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research
6672:
6666:
868:. A major branch of Niger–Congo languages is the
836:constitute the largest language family spoken in
12288:
8795:(2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
8541:Akindipe, Tola; Kakaula, Geofrey; Joné, Alcino.
8388:"Welcome to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics"
7741:
7503:
6703:
6547:] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.
3528:systems which are used for grammatical purposes.
2057:). Of particular importance in this respect are
240:, while not indigenous to Africa, are spoken in
8540:
6227:Epstein, Edmund L.; Kole, Robert, eds. (1998).
3264:
968:, as is most of the vocabulary of most African
410:declared 2006 the "Year of African Languages".
234:are spoken principally in Namibia and Botswana.
8808:
8747:Africa Now: People, Policies, and Institutions
8662:
8660:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
6593:
879:language family, joining Niger–Congo with the
634:as a geographic outlier. The inclusion of the
210:macro-family), are present in East Africa and
11991:
10878:
10793:Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa
10259:
9356:
8932:
8908:
8885:Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com
8187:
8185:
8183:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
6463:
1458:is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate.
1271:. Some neighbouring Bantu languages (notably
10820:International Organization of Turkic Culture
8631:
8629:
8614:
8612:
6361:"African Union Summit 2006: Khartoum, Sudan"
1989:languages used across the Arab Mideast, the
348:. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of
8657:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8284:
8282:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8218:
8216:
8146:Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East
7249:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012.
6854:"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI"
6464:Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007).
6394:(3–4). Linguistic Society of America: 695.
6307:
6226:
3431:Some widespread phonetic features include:
1375:); some are based on local languages (e.g.
336:There are several other small families and
131:alone has over 500 languages (according to
115:The number of languages natively spoken in
11998:
11984:
10885:
10871:
10787:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
10402:Countries and capitals in native languages
10266:
10252:
9363:
9349:
8939:
8925:
8799:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8180:
8148:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 333.
8036:"Memories of Utopia- Infoshop, World Bank"
7860:
7544:
7270:
7112:African languages for Africa's development
6781:
6755:
6642:
6215:
906:
12005:
8800:Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek, eds. (2000).
8788:
8782:Current Approaches to African Linguistics
8779:
8711:
8626:
8609:
7200:
6730:
6599:
6532:
6380:"Review of Ehred & Posnansky (eds.),
3289:) and emergence of new dialects (such as
3216:
1575:notes a couple additional possibilities:
1461:Less-well investigated languages include
1401:Category:Unclassified languages of Africa
1394:
588:
312:) and the current Spanish territories of
10892:
8817:
8804:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8361:
8315:
8296:
8279:
8258:
8213:
7186:
6758:"Mali drops French as official language"
6706:The Oxford Handbook of African Languages
6541:Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657–1867
6491:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics
6488:
6432:. In Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (eds.).
3482:are found in places south of the Sahara.
2125:
702:
692:
480:
417:
37:
8946:
8868:African language resources for children
8336:
7640:
7638:
7159:
6891:
6614:
6608:
6308:Stein-Smith, Kathleen (17 March 2022).
6281:
3714:None. Government sponsored language of
3249:Some prominent Africans such as former
352:, many of which are language isolates.
14:
12289:
8763:
8749:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS).
8684:
8483:"Report on minority groups in Somalia"
8412:
8033:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6697:
6677:; Nathan, David; Sells, Peter (eds.).
6573:
6545:The origin of the Afrikaner, 1657–1867
6377:
3413:
1192:, or Taa-ǃKwi, two surviving languages
324:and the current French territories of
11979:
10866:
10519:
10290:
10247:
9344:
8920:
8907:
8744:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8143:
7869:. Taylor & Francis. p. 699.
7547:"The twelve modern Khoisan languages"
6840:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6538:
6427:
6282:Oluwole, Victor (12 September 2021).
6171:Portuguese-speaking African countries
3618:
3435:certain types of consonants, such as
3350:. Major Horn of Africa languages are
2115:
2016:
1011:era, Indo-European languages such as
270:former colonies of the United Kingdom
8809:Webb, Vic; Kembo-Sure, eds. (1998).
8732:
8687:An Introduction to African Languages
7788:"Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)"
7635:
6945:
6643:Tibategeza, Eustard (January 2023).
6583:. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
6466:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
3521:, commonly called "tense" and "lax".
1938:List of sign languages § Africa
9370:
8880:Web resources for African languages
7806:
6919:
6718:
6577:Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans
6197:White Africans of European ancestry
6034:List of extinct languages of Africa
3330:dialect; and about 5 percent speak
3242:(in the Sahel and West Africa) and
2089:(North Africa and Horn of Africa).
1286:
24:
10407:Country names in various languages
8802:African Languages: An Introduction
8513:
8415:"The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania"
7744:"Ethnologue report for Portuguese"
7084:
6819:
6434:African Languages: An Introduction
6233:. Africa World Press. p. ix.
6230:The Language of African Literature
4339:, recognised national language of
3255:Chairman of the African Commission
763: Central and Eastern Sudanese
685:. Most Nilo-Saharan languages are
413:
25:
12308:
10009:Confederation of African Football
8855:
7867:African folklore: an encyclopedia
7266:from the original on 13 May 2015.
6333:
6269:Ethnologue Languages of the World
6103:Colonial and migratory influences
6028:Journal of West African Languages
3602:
1931:
1110:
9247:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
9017:Democratic Republic of the Congo
8643:
8595:
8581:
8567:
8553:
8534:
8034:Mannan, Nuraddin (31 May 2006).
7187:Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2011).
6952:A History of African Linguistics
6001:
5987:
5092:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4921:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4860:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4497:Recognised regional language in
3788:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3144:Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
3075:Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe
2720:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2131:
1539:Arabic restructured on an Azêr (
1525:? contains non-Cushitic lexicon)
956:
930:, and a Malagasy dialect called
689:, as are Niger-Congo languages.
630:along the middle reaches of the
10703:List of Indo-European languages
10499:Languages of the European Union
8768:. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
8499:
8475:
8461:
8429:
8406:
8380:
8244:
8230:
8199:
8166:
8125:
8093:
8063:
8027:
8002:
7977:
7959:
7945:
7927:
7909:
7891:
7854:
7832:
7780:
7762:
7735:
7714:
7696:
7674:
7656:
7617:
7599:
7585:
7567:
7538:
7524:
7497:
7479:
7454:
7436:
7411:
7393:
7368:
7350:
7332:
7314:
7209:
7180:
7160:Verdeau, Paul (20 March 2023).
7153:
7150:odsef.fss.ulaval.ca (in French)
7141:
7124:
7105:
7078:
7048:
7022:
7006:"The languages of South Africa"
6999:
6974:
6939:
6913:
6879:
6801:
6775:
6749:
6725:. RTI Press. pp. 101–115.
6712:
6651:
6636:
6587:
6567:
6507:
6482:
6457:
6265:"Ethnologue report for Nigeria"
4558:Statutory national language in
3426:
3307:
1391:has started to become popular.
914:
887:, was proposed in the 1950s by
139:, among which the largest are:
8685:Childs, George Tucker (2003).
8413:Racoma, Dine (22 April 2012).
7193:Studies in African Linguistics
7137:. 22 January 2011. p. 58.
7121:ACALAN (French & English).
6782:AfricaNews (7 December 2023).
6686:. London: SOAS. Archived from
6421:
6371:
6353:
6327:
6301:
6275:
6257:
6220:
6209:
6162:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
6060:
4858:), still marginally spoken in
2130:Official languages in Africa:
2122:Languages of the African Union
13:
1:
11759:Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)
10812:Organization of Turkic States
10520:
10291:
8789:Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966).
8678:
7545:Brenzinger, Matthias (2011).
7089:. Africa News. Archived from
6732:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004
6178:— presently Equatorial Guinea
6167:Portuguese language in Africa
6129:German colonization of Africa
1210:, a likely isolate of Nigeria
972:. Afrikaans evolved from the
430:that dominate the continent:
10662:By number of native speakers
8745:Ellis, Stephen, ed. (1996).
8689:. Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
7243:Census 2011: Census in brief
6493:(3rd ed.). OUP Oxford.
6468:. University of Utah Press.
5316:
4366:Democratic Republic of Congo
4345:Democratic Republic of Congo
4313:Democratic Republic of Congo
3622:Official status per country
3565:
3519:advanced or retracted tongue
3265:Language change and planning
2910:Official status per country
2555:Democratic Republic of Congo
1243:, which are found mainly in
1222:, a possible isolate of Chad
471:hoe-based farming traditions
7:
11715:Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)
10674:By number of total speakers
9737:International organisations
8715:Language Policies in Africa
8712:Chimhundu, Herbert (2002).
6756:AfricaNews (26 July 2023).
6428:Ehret, Christopher (2000).
6192:West African Pidgin English
5980:
3586:
3277:and probably many others),
1379:, the main language of the
290:former colonies of Portugal
70:(some areas may not belong)
10:
12313:
10708:List of Mongolic languages
9989:Africa Cricket Association
9795:Countries by GDP (nominal)
8900:in or on African languages
8738:Modern Languages of Africa
7865:, eds. (2004). "Swahili".
6897:According to article 7 of
6518:. Peter Lang. p. 91.
6378:Bender, M. Lionel (1985).
6015:
5884:(Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire): 11
5329:
3311:
2119:
1935:
1398:
1204:, a likely isolate of Mali
696:
592:
484:
146:, which include the large
28:
12239:
12200:
12191:
12129:
12086:
12014:
11947:
11891:
11854:
11824:
11783:
11738:
11683:
11676:
11614:
11572:
11565:
11556:
11482:
11414:
11326:
11267:
11235:
11194:
11162:
11153:
11144:
11080:
11022:
10919:
10910:
10901:
10831:
10728:
10687:
10654:
10621:
10530:
10526:
10515:
10392:
10301:
10297:
10286:
10205:
10112:
10041:
10004:Australian-rules football
9979:
9921:
9912:
9864:
9857:
9785:
9776:
9673:
9664:
9595:Countries and territories
9590:
9581:
9541:
9498:
9391:
9382:
9260:
9235:
8954:
8914:
8909:Links to related articles
7202:10.32473/sal.v40i1.107282
7195:. 40 (1 & 2): 1–409.
6022:Writing systems of Africa
3621:
3615:
3612:
3322:. About 10 percent speak
3053:Central African Republic
2061:(North and West Africa),
278:former colonies of France
10718:List of Uralic languages
10713:List of Turkic languages
10634:by country and territory
9002:Central African Republic
7131:"Tongues under threat".
7036:. Ventures. 4 March 2020
6906:18 December 2008 at the
6886:CIA – The World Factbook
6216:Heine & Nurse (2000)
6202:
6039:
3455:and in southern Africa,
2954:Algeria, Morocco, Libya
2543:Central African Republic
2412:Central African Republic
2007:Tanzanian Sign languages
1997:and other areas such as
1967:Paget Gorman Sign System
1552:Central African Republic
1501:(possibly spurious) and
1497:(possibly Afroasiatic),
1381:Central African Republic
1216:, an isolate of Tanzania
1198:, an isolate of Tanzania
1147:Central African Republic
844:system with grammatical
344:and languages that have
306:former colonies of Spain
298:former colonies of Italy
73:
10774:Three Linguistic Spaces
10758:Commonwealth of Nations
10051:Countries by population
9764:United States of Africa
8792:The Languages of Africa
8543:"Learn Chokwe Language"
8144:Shoup, John A. (2011).
6489:Matthews, P.H. (2014).
6288:Business Insider Africa
6054:The Languages of Africa
5008:, regional language in
3486:prenasalized consonants
3155:Eswatini, South Africa
3086:Botswana, South Africa
2065:(western West Africa),
2038:and other peoples from
1975:Sudanese Sign languages
1956:Adamorobe Sign Language
1952:Ethiopian Sign Language
1423:possibly Nilo-Saharan:
1339:, all from Portuguese;
984:) spoken by the mainly
907:Other language families
238:Indo-European languages
31:The Languages of Africa
29:For the 1963 book, see
9800:Countries by GDP (PPP)
9742:Pan-African Parliament
9533:Science and technology
6615:Coetzee, Abel (1948).
6430:"Language and History"
5325:speakers in millions.
3517:vowels contrasting an
3314:Demographics of Africa
3217:Cross-border languages
2243:in Morocco and Algeria
2228:
1948:Tunisian Sign Language
1944:Algerian Sign Language
1481:(evidently Jukunoid),
1429:possibly Niger–Congo:
1413:possibly Afroasiatic:
1407:unclassified languages
1395:Unclassified languages
924:Austronesian languages
829:
600:Nilo-Saharan languages
595:Nilo-Saharan languages
589:Nilo-Saharan languages
494:are spoken throughout
456:unclassified languages
423:
218:Austronesian languages
176:are spread throughout
112:
10679:Languages in censuses
10302:By official languages
9453:European colonisation
9416:Pre-colonial kingdoms
9162:São Tomé and Príncipe
9022:Republic of the Congo
8873:3 August 2015 at the
8547:Learn Chokwe (Mofeko)
7875:10.4324/9780203493144
6920:Spencer, Erika Hope.
6574:Kloeke, G.G. (1950).
6539:Heese, J. A. (1971).
6134:Islamization of Egypt
5421:Kordofanian languages
5090:National language of
5069:Regional language in
4680:São Tomé and Príncipe
4364:National language of
4228:National language of
4063:National language of
4023:National language of
3995:1,200,000 (estimated)
3954:6,500,000 (estimated)
3872:National language in
3689:National language in
3619:Native speakers (L1)
3312:Further information:
3295:standardized language
3253:president and former
2728:Republic of the Congo
2625:São Tomé and Príncipe
2275:in Ethiopia and Kenya
2222: other languages
2129:
2085:(Horn of Africa) and
2028:Sub-Equatorial Africa
1399:Further information:
1303:and the very similar
950:of southern Borneo.
881:Kordofanian languages
834:Niger–Congo languages
796: Western Bantoid
775: Eastern Bantoid
769: Central Bantoid
706:
699:Niger–Congo languages
693:Niger–Congo languages
673:, which includes the
492:Afroasiatic languages
487:Afroasiatic languages
481:Afroasiatic languages
421:
174:Afroasiatic languages
41:
10750:Dutch Language Union
10394:Endonyms and exonyms
10024:Stadiums by capacity
9971:World Heritage Sites
9448:European exploration
8948:Languages of Africa
8734:Cust, Robert Needham
8670:. 22 September 2021.
8668:"The World Factbook"
8653:. 22 September 2021.
8651:"The World Factbook"
8639:. 22 September 2021.
8637:"The World Factbook"
8622:. 22 September 2021.
8620:"The World Factbook"
8605:. 22 September 2021.
8603:"The World Factbook"
8591:. 22 September 2021.
8589:"The World Factbook"
8577:. 22 September 2021.
8575:"The World Factbook"
8563:. 22 September 2021.
8561:"The World Factbook"
8530:. 22 September 2021.
8528:"The World Factbook"
8509:. 22 September 2021.
8507:"The World Factbook"
8471:. 22 September 2021.
8469:"The World Factbook"
8419:The Language Journal
8376:. 22 September 2021.
8374:"The World Factbook"
8357:. 22 September 2021.
8355:"The World Factbook"
8332:. 22 September 2021.
8330:"The World Factbook"
8311:. 22 September 2021.
8309:"The World Factbook"
8292:. 22 September 2021.
8290:"The World Factbook"
8275:. 22 September 2021.
8273:"The World Factbook"
8254:. 22 September 2021.
8252:"The World Factbook"
8240:. 22 September 2021.
8238:"The World Factbook"
8226:. 22 September 2021.
8224:"The World Factbook"
8209:. 22 September 2021.
8207:"The World Factbook"
8195:. 22 September 2021.
8193:"The World Factbook"
8176:. 22 September 2021.
8174:"The World Factbook"
8075:www.sudantribune.com
7308:Nationalencyklopedin
7085:Shaban, Abdurahman.
7011:4 March 2011 at the
6187:Spanish North Africa
6148:Italian North Africa
6119:Dutch Language Union
5118:(as 'as Shangani'),
4067:, special status in
3583:parts of the world.
3542:front rounded vowels
3302:endangered languages
2852:Eswatini (Swaziland)
2081:(Southeast Africa),
1969:used in Namibia and
1489:(evidently Chadic),
1329:Guinea-Bissau Creole
1149:; may be Niger–Congo
1099:in North Africa and
536:Afroasiatic Urheimat
346:yet to be classified
232:Khoe–Kwadi languages
12297:Languages of Africa
11112:Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)
10769:(Romance languages)
10646:Number of languages
9708:Freedom of religion
9693:Heads of government
9485:Scramble for Africa
9237:States with limited
8890:Online Dictionaries
8495:on 21 October 2013.
8449:on 14 February 2012
8394:on 21 November 2013
8081:on 24 December 2010
7955:. 19 November 2019.
7794:on 19 February 2015
7750:. SIL International
7595:. 19 November 2019.
7512:. SIL International
7117:24 May 2006 at the
7093:on 15 December 2020
6863:. 29 September 2017
6618:Standaard Afrikaans
6182:Spanish West Africa
6153:North African Arabs
6139:Italian East Africa
6092:Diedrich Westermann
6047:Polyglotta Africana
4476:Native language of
4389:Native language of
3860:Cape Verdean Creole
3470:doubly articulated
3414:Linguistic features
3130:Somalia, Djibouti,
1321:Cape Verdean Creole
1067:, mostly among the
669:and the widespread
581:of Mesopotamia and
60:(possibly a family)
11722:Southwestern Mande
10844:Category:Languages
10839:Lists of languages
10823:(Turkic languages)
10815:(Turkic languages)
10629:Official languages
9433:Indian Ocean trade
8113:on 12 January 2020
6124:French West Africa
4755:Seychellois Creole
4636:37,071,900 (2020)
3472:labial-velar stops
3259:Alpha Oumar Konaré
3166:Ethiopia, Eritrea
3091:Seychelles Creole
2229:
2116:Official languages
2017:Language in Africa
1995:Francophone Africa
1993:languages used in
1477:(possibly Bantu),
1341:Seychellois Creole
1061:Germany's colonies
1047:African Portuguese
934:is also spoken in
830:
726:(Malay-Polynesian)
424:
397:national languages
260:) and are used as
113:
12284:
12283:
12278:
12277:
12274:
12273:
11973:
11972:
11955:Proto-Niger–Congo
11779:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11672:
11671:
11552:
11551:
11410:
11409:
11322:
11321:
11226:Upper Cross River
11212:Lower Cross River
11140:
11139:
10980:Mbum (Kebi–Benue)
10860:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10698:Language families
10511:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10241:
10240:
10108:
10107:
10037:
10036:
9853:
9852:
9830:Natural resources
9772:
9771:
9718:Linguistic rights
9660:
9659:
9577:
9576:
9338:
9337:
9264:other territories
9037:Equatorial Guinea
8772:Ethnologue.com's
8425:on 28 April 2012.
8155:978-1-59884-363-7
7861:Peek, Philip M.;
7818:SIL International
7770:"Sotho, Southern"
7704:"Sotho, Northern"
7560:978-3-89645-873-5
7256:978-0-621-41388-5
7066:on 17 August 2021
6961:978-1-108-41797-6
6742:978-1-934831-24-3
6169:— predominant in
6082:Christopher Ehret
5978:
5977:
5910:(West Africa): 40
5314:
5313:
5235:Lingua franca in
4840:Equatorial Guinea
4672:Equatorial Guinea
4370:Republic of Congo
4341:Republic of Congo
4317:Republic of Congo
3865:Portuguese Creole
3693:, co-official in
3534:uvular consonants
3271:dialect levelling
3223:Berlin Conference
3214:
3213:
2965:Malawi, Zimbabwe
2639:Equatorial Guinea
2629:Equatorial Guinea
2424:Seychelles Creole
2227:
2226:
1929:
1928:
1807:Mimi of Nachtigal
1507:language isolates
1405:A fair number of
1265:language isolates
1059:was once used in
982:Hollandic dialect
948:Ma'anyan language
883:of south-central
877:Niger–Kordofanian
716:(Semitic-Hamitic)
636:Songhay languages
628:Songhay languages
579:Akkadian language
506:and parts of the
428:language families
399:, only a few are
338:language isolates
224:and parts of the
188:and parts of the
137:language families
18:African languages
16:(Redirected from
12304:
12198:
12197:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11977:
11976:
11929:Serengeti-Dorobo
11741:(Samogo–Soninke)
11686:(Manding–Kpelle)
11681:
11680:
11570:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11269:Southern Bantoid
11237:Northern Bantoid
11160:
11159:
11151:
11150:
10917:
10916:
10908:
10907:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10864:
10863:
10824:
10816:
10808:
10798:
10783:
10770:
10762:
10754:
10746:
10528:
10527:
10517:
10516:
10299:
10298:
10288:
10287:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10245:
10244:
10221:
10214:
9999:Afro-Asian Games
9919:
9918:
9862:
9861:
9840:Renewable energy
9805:Countries by HDI
9783:
9782:
9671:
9670:
9588:
9587:
9389:
9388:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9342:
9341:
9325:
9324:(United Kingdom)
9320:Tristan da Cunha
9316:Ascension Island
9308:
9295:
9286:
9262:Dependencies and
8955:Sovereign states
8941:
8934:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8905:
8904:
8898:online fulltexts
8851:
8814:
8805:
8796:
8785:
8769:
8760:
8741:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8708:
8672:
8671:
8664:
8655:
8654:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8551:
8550:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8524:
8511:
8510:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8488:. Archived from
8487:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8421:. Archived from
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8390:. Archived from
8384:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8294:
8293:
8286:
8277:
8276:
8269:
8256:
8255:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8220:
8211:
8210:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8189:
8178:
8177:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8141:
8135:
8134:darfurcentre.ch
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8112:
8106:. Archived from
8105:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8077:. Archived from
8067:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8053:
8047:
8041:. Archived from
8040:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7790:. Archived from
7784:
7778:
7777:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7642:
7633:
7632:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7506:"Ethnologue hau"
7501:
7495:
7494:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7303:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7248:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7128:
7122:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7062:. Archived from
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7026:
7020:
7017:southafrica.info
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6917:
6911:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6858:
6850:
6817:
6816:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6734:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6685:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6624:. Afrikaner Pers
6623:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6314:The Conversation
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6224:
6218:
6213:
6143:Italian Ethiopia
6097:Joseph Greenberg
6011:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5864:(Nigeria): 30–35
5328:
5327:
5323:primary language
5087:6,300,000 (1991)
4871:Southern Ndebele
4862:, recognized in
4587:Northern Ndebele
4464:Mauritian Creole
3610:
3609:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3477:
3466:
3462:
3453:labiodental flap
3450:
3442:
3421:language contact
3392:Southern Ndebele
3132:Ethiopia, Kenya
2901:
2900:
2792:and South Africa
2376:in Ethiopia and
2365:Hassaniya Arabic
2221:
2210:
2197:
2186:
2173:
2162:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2032:Southeast Africa
1603:
1602:
1359:in the southern
1349:Mauritian Creole
1299:from English in
1293:creole languages
1287:Creole languages
1269:click consonants
1115:The three small
1073:Indian languages
1069:white population
974:Dutch vernacular
970:creole languages
944:Barito languages
889:Joseph Greenberg
823:
814:
805:
795:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
753:
740:
731:
721:
711:
583:Ancient Egyptian
106:
97:
87:
83:
78:
74:
65:
55:
46:
21:
12312:
12311:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12302:
12301:
12287:
12286:
12285:
12280:
12279:
12270:
12235:
12193:Eastern Sudanic
12187:
12131:Central Sudanic
12125:
12082:
12022:
12010:
12004:
11974:
11969:
11948:Proto-languages
11943:
11887:
11850:
11820:
11771:
11740:
11734:
11685:
11668:
11610:
11548:
11487:
11478:
11406:
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11136:
11076:
11018:
10897:
10891:
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10848:
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10822:
10814:
10806:
10796:
10781:
10768:
10760:
10752:
10744:
10734:
10730:
10724:
10690:language family
10683:
10650:
10617:
10532:
10522:
10503:
10388:
10324:Dutch/Afrikaans
10293:
10282:
10272:
10242:
10237:
10224:
10217:
10210:
10201:
10104:
10100:Youth in Africa
10078:Life expectancy
10033:
9975:
9951:Africanfuturism
9908:
9849:
9845:Stock exchanges
9768:
9656:
9615:Natural history
9573:
9537:
9494:
9443:Muslim conquest
9438:Bantu expansion
9378:
9369:
9339:
9334:
9333:
9323:
9306:
9293:
9284:
9265:
9263:
9256:
9240:
9238:
9231:
8950:
8945:
8910:
8875:Wayback Machine
8858:
8832:10.2307/1157418
8757:
8728:on 16 May 2017.
8725:
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8259:
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8172:
8171:
8167:
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8142:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8101:"unsudanig.org"
8099:
8098:
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8084:
8082:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8051:
8049:
8048:on 6 April 2012
8045:
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7119:Wayback Machine
7110:
7106:
7096:
7094:
7083:
7079:
7069:
7067:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7037:
7034:Ventures Africa
7028:
7027:
7023:
7013:Wayback Machine
7004:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6966:
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6944:
6940:
6930:
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6918:
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6908:Wayback Machine
6896:
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6852:
6851:
6820:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6792:
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6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6717:
6713:
6702:
6698:
6693:on 23 May 2013.
6690:
6683:
6675:Charette, Monik
6671:
6667:
6656:
6652:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6601:10.1.1.222.5044
6592:
6588:
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6572:
6568:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6487:
6483:
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6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
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6426:
6422:
6412:
6410:
6376:
6372:
6367:on 30 May 2006.
6359:
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6354:
6344:
6342:
6340:Babbel Magazine
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6214:
6210:
6205:
6158:Maghrebi Arabic
6105:
6063:
6042:
6018:
6009:Language portal
6007:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5709:Southern Africa
5319:
3605:
3589:
3568:
3547:Tonal languages
3429:
3416:
3316:
3310:
3267:
3219:
2881:in South Africa
2875:in South Africa
2869:in South Africa
2863:in South Africa
2823:in South Africa
2811:in South Africa
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2073:(West Africa),
2069:(West Africa),
2050:Trade languages
2036:Southern Africa
2024:Bantu expansion
2019:
1940:
1934:
1803:Mimi of Decorse
1403:
1397:
1289:
1113:
988:of what is now
959:
946:especially the
922:belongs to the
917:
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828:
821:
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738:
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729:
727:
719:
717:
709:
701:
695:
597:
591:
489:
483:
467:Capsian culture
416:
414:Language groups
204:Central Sudanic
168:Southern Africa
111:
104:
102:
95:
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76:
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72:
71:
63:
61:
53:
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12024:
12012:
12011:
12003:
12002:
11995:
11988:
11980:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11967:
11965:Proto-Yoruboid
11962:
11957:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11933:
11924:
11918:
11910:
11902:
11895:
11893:
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11864:
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11797:
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11666:
11657:
11652:
11643:
11634:
11620:
11618:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11608:
11599:
11596:Samo (Burkina)
11593:
11584:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11550:
11549:
11547:
11546:
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11094:
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11069:
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11059:
11052:
11049:Samo (Burkina)
11046:
11041:
11036:
11028:
11026:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11016:
11013:Yendang (Maya)
11009:
11002:
10995:
10993:Nyingwom (Kam)
10990:
10983:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10959:
10952:
10947:
10940:
10933:
10925:
10923:
10914:
10905:
10903:Atlantic–Congo
10899:
10898:
10890:
10889:
10882:
10875:
10867:
10858:
10857:
10854:
10853:
10850:
10849:
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10841:
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10809:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10784:
10776:
10771:
10763:
10755:
10747:
10738:
10736:
10729:Language-based
10726:
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10694:
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10608:
10603:
10593:
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10587:
10586:
10584:Southeast Asia
10581:
10576:
10566:
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10559:
10558:
10557:
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10031:
10029:Tour d'Afrique
10026:
10021:
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10001:
9996:
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9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9884:Climate change
9881:
9876:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9820:Infrastructure
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9786:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9749:
9747:Pan-Africanism
9744:
9739:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9723:Women's rights
9720:
9715:
9710:
9700:
9698:Heads of state
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9674:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
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9637:
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9627:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9605:Impact craters
9602:
9600:Highest points
9597:
9591:
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9551:
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9529:
9528:
9518:
9516:Historiography
9513:
9508:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9490:Decolonisation
9487:
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9455:
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9408:
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9386:
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9379:
9368:
9367:
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9353:
9345:
9336:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9329:Western Sahara
9326:
9309:
9296:
9287:
9273:Canary Islands
9269:
9268:
9266:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
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8951:
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8929:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8902:
8901:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8865:
8857:
8856:External links
8854:
8853:
8852:
8826:(3): 237–265.
8815:
8806:
8797:
8786:
8777:
8770:
8761:
8755:
8742:
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8709:
8695:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8656:
8642:
8625:
8608:
8594:
8580:
8566:
8552:
8533:
8512:
8498:
8474:
8460:
8428:
8405:
8379:
8360:
8335:
8314:
8295:
8278:
8257:
8243:
8229:
8212:
8198:
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8165:
8154:
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8124:
8092:
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8026:
8001:
7976:
7958:
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7926:
7908:
7890:
7883:
7853:
7831:
7805:
7779:
7761:
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7713:
7695:
7673:
7655:
7634:
7616:
7598:
7584:
7566:
7559:
7537:
7523:
7496:
7478:
7466:Ethnologue.com
7453:
7435:
7410:
7392:
7367:
7349:
7331:
7313:
7269:
7255:
7233:
7208:
7179:
7152:
7140:
7123:
7104:
7077:
7047:
7021:
6998:
6986:EG Embassy USA
6973:
6960:
6938:
6926:guides.loc.gov
6912:
6890:
6878:
6818:
6800:
6774:
6748:
6741:
6711:
6696:
6665:
6650:
6635:
6607:
6586:
6566:
6531:
6524:
6506:
6499:
6481:
6474:
6456:
6442:
6420:
6400:10.2307/414395
6370:
6352:
6326:
6300:
6274:
6256:
6239:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6176:Spanish Guinea
6173:
6164:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6114:Asian Africans
6111:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6050:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
5998:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5804:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5487:
5486:
5485:Eastern Africa
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5440:
5439:
5438:Central Africa
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5335:
5334:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5109:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4856:Canary Islands
4837:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4607:Northern Sotho
4603:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4178:Recognized in
4176:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4109:Recognized in
4107:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:African French
3996:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3588:
3585:
3567:
3564:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3497:
3483:
3468:
3428:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3320:Arabic dialect
3309:
3306:
3266:
3263:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:French Creole
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:French Creole
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:Indo-European
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2845:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2783:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2602:
2524:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:Ngbandi creole
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2117:
2114:
2102:code-switching
2098:public opinion
2040:Central Africa
2018:
2015:
1933:
1932:Sign languages
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1544:
1526:
1523:South Cushitic
1452:
1451:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1396:
1393:
1288:
1285:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1112:
1111:Small families
1109:
1105:Horn of Africa
1101:Modern Persian
1079:are spoken by
1043:African French
1037:lingua francas
986:Dutch settlers
958:
955:
916:
913:
908:
905:
820:
811:
802:
792:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
750:
737:
728:
718:
708:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
671:Nilotic family
593:Main article:
590:
587:
573:(Semitic) and
500:Horn of Africa
485:Main article:
482:
479:
475:Wilton culture
460:sign languages
415:
412:
350:sign languages
334:
333:
322:Canary Islands
262:lingua francas
235:
229:
220:are spoken in
215:
193:
186:Horn of Africa
171:
152:Bantu branches
148:Atlantic-Congo
133:SIL Ethnologue
103:
94:
92:(not a family)
84:
62:
52:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12309:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12225:
12224:
12220:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12211:
12210:Eastern Jebel
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12190:
12183:
12182:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12170:Mangbutu–Lese
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12149:
12148:Bongo–Bagirmi
12145:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12128:
12122:
12121:
12117:
12115:
12114:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12078:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12050:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12032:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12023:border region
12021:
12017:
12013:
12008:
12001:
11996:
11994:
11989:
11987:
11982:
11981:
11978:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11938:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11922:
11919:
11916:
11915:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11903:
11900:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11890:
11884:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11846:
11842:
11840:
11839:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11817:
11816:
11815:Talodi–Heiban
11812:
11810:
11809:
11805:
11803:
11802:
11798:
11796:
11795:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11768:
11767:
11763:
11761:
11760:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11726:
11724:
11723:
11719:
11717:
11716:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11705:
11703:
11702:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11688:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11665:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11613:
11607:
11603:
11600:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11568:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11545:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11514:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11469:
11465:
11463:
11462:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11432:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11426:
11422:
11421:
11419:
11417:
11416:West Atlantic
11413:
11403:
11402:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11360:
11358:
11357:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11346:
11344:
11343:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11315:
11314:
11310:
11308:
11307:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11254:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11238:
11234:
11228:
11227:
11223:
11221:
11220:
11216:
11214:
11213:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11205:Central Delta
11202:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11133:
11132:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11113:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11100:
11099:
11095:
11093:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11034:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10984:
10982:
10981:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10922:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10900:
10895:
10888:
10883:
10881:
10876:
10874:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10830:
10821:
10818:
10813:
10810:
10805:
10802:
10795:
10794:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10785:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10767:
10764:
10759:
10756:
10751:
10748:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10735:organizations
10733:
10727:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10691:
10686:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:By population
10653:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10620:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10562:South America
10560:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10550:North America
10548:
10547:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:and subregion
10529:
10525:
10518:
10514:
10500:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10391:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10289:
10285:
10280:
10276:
10269:
10264:
10262:
10257:
10255:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10111:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10068:Ethnic groups
10066:
10064:
10061:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10040:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9994:African Games
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9879:Caste systems
9877:
9875:
9874:Birth control
9872:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9790:Central banks
9788:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9775:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9678:African Union
9676:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9540:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9478:Trans-Saharan
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9361:
9359:
9354:
9352:
9347:
9346:
9343:
9330:
9327:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9291:
9288:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9259:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9234:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9077:Guinea-Bissau
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8942:
8937:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8756:9780435089870
8752:
8748:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8696:9781588114211
8692:
8688:
8683:
8682:
8669:
8663:
8661:
8652:
8646:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8604:
8598:
8590:
8584:
8576:
8570:
8562:
8556:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8508:
8502:
8491:
8484:
8478:
8470:
8464:
8445:
8438:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8291:
8285:
8283:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8253:
8247:
8239:
8233:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8208:
8202:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8175:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8109:
8102:
8096:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8059:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8015:
8011:
8005:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7954:
7948:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7886:
7884:0-415-93933-X
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7863:Yankah, Kwesi
7857:
7841:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7723:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7683:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7594:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7562:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7534:. Ethnologue.
7533:
7527:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7317:
7310:(in Swedish).
7309:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
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7237:
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7218:
7212:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7134:The Economist
7127:
7120:
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7113:
7108:
7092:
7088:
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7065:
7061:
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7051:
7035:
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7025:
7018:
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7002:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6963:
6957:
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6949:
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6916:
6909:
6905:
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6894:
6887:
6882:
6875:
6862:
6855:
6849:
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6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6763:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6707:
6700:
6689:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6639:
6620:
6619:
6611:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6579:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6525:9781433105012
6521:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6500:9780199675128
6496:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6475:9780874808926
6471:
6467:
6460:
6445:
6443:0-521-66629-5
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6383:
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6366:
6362:
6356:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6253:
6242:
6240:0-86543-534-0
6236:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
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6168:
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6127:
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6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Wilhelm Bleek
6075:
6073:
6072:Lionel Bender
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6010:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5995:Africa portal
5985:
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5816:
5813:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5791:Indo-European
5789:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
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4868:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Indo-European
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
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4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:French Creole
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:Guinea-Bissau
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Indo-European
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:French Creole
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:Indo-European
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4131:Indo-European
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Indo-European
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Indo-European
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Indo-European
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Indo-European
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Indo-European
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:Tone melodies
3553:
3552:Contour tones
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:and possibly
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3210:South Africa
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:South Africa
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:South Africa
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:South Africa
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:South Africa
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:South Africa
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:Austronesian
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:South Africa
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Guinea-Bissau
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:Côte d'Ivoire
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:Indo-European
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:French Creole
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:Afrobarometer
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:lingua franca
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:or Aramanik (
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Guinea-Bissau
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:and parts of
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:, as well as
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:lingua franca
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:South Holland
975:
971:
967:
966:Indo-European
963:
957:Indo-European
954:
951:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
912:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
818:
809:
800:
790:
781: Guinean
757:
748:
744:
735:
734:Indo-European
725:
715:
705:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
601:
596:
586:
585:are members.
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
411:
409:
408:African Union
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:, as well as
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
141:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
101:
100:Indo-European
91:
82:
69:
59:
50:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
12228:
12221:
12214:
12179:
12146:
12138:
12118:
12111:
12074:
12066:
12046:
12029:
12007:Nilo-Saharan
11935:
11927:
11912:
11906:Dima-Bottego
11904:
11892:Unclassified
11874:
11866:
11843:
11836:
11813:
11806:
11799:
11792:
11766:Soninke–Bozo
11764:
11757:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11706:
11699:
11692:
11684:Central West
11535:
11522:
11515:
11508:
11466:
11459:
11447:
11423:
11399:
11382:
11375:
11368:
11361:
11354:
11347:
11340:
11311:
11304:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11276:
11251:
11244:
11224:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11129:
11124:Sere (Ndogo)
11122:
11110:
11103:
11096:
11089:
11054:
11031:
11011:
11004:
10997:
10985:
10978:
10961:
10954:
10942:
10935:
10928:
10797:(Portuguese)
10791:
10779:Francophonie
10732:geopolitical
10539:
10531:By continent
10083:Urbanization
10043:Demographics
10019:Rugby Africa
9926:Architecture
9898:
9810:Billionaires
9703:Human rights
9473:Indian Ocean
9404:North Africa
9312:Saint Helena
9283:
9187:South Africa
9177:Sierra Leone
8982:Burkina Faso
8947:
8823:
8819:
8810:
8801:
8790:
8781:
8765:
8746:
8737:
8723:the original
8714:
8686:
8645:
8597:
8583:
8569:
8555:
8546:
8536:
8501:
8490:the original
8477:
8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8444:the original
8431:
8423:the original
8418:
8408:
8396:. Retrieved
8392:the original
8382:
8246:
8232:
8201:
8168:
8159:
8145:
8139:
8127:
8115:. Retrieved
8108:the original
8095:
8083:. Retrieved
8079:the original
8074:
8065:
8057:
8050:. Retrieved
8043:the original
8029:
8017:. Retrieved
8013:
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7988:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7947:
7938:
7929:
7920:
7917:"Luba-Kasai"
7911:
7902:
7893:
7866:
7856:
7844:. Retrieved
7842:. Ethnologue
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7808:
7796:. Retrieved
7792:the original
7782:
7773:
7764:
7752:. Retrieved
7747:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7716:
7707:
7698:
7688:20 September
7686:. Retrieved
7684:. Ethnologue
7676:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7601:
7587:
7578:
7569:
7550:
7540:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7509:
7499:
7490:
7481:
7469:. Retrieved
7465:
7456:
7447:
7438:
7426:. Retrieved
7422:
7413:
7404:
7395:
7383:. Retrieved
7379:
7370:
7361:
7352:
7343:
7334:
7325:
7316:
7307:
7242:
7236:
7224:. Retrieved
7220:
7211:
7192:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7165:
7155:
7143:
7132:
7126:
7107:
7095:. Retrieved
7091:the original
7080:
7068:. Retrieved
7064:the original
7059:
7050:
7038:. Retrieved
7033:
7024:
7016:
7001:
6989:. Retrieved
6985:
6976:
6965:, retrieved
6951:
6941:
6929:. Retrieved
6925:
6915:
6899:
6893:
6881:
6872:
6865:. Retrieved
6860:
6812:
6803:
6791:. Retrieved
6787:
6777:
6765:. Retrieved
6761:
6751:
6721:
6714:
6705:
6699:
6688:the original
6679:
6668:
6653:
6638:
6628:17 September
6626:. Retrieved
6617:
6610:
6589:
6576:
6569:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6515:
6509:
6490:
6484:
6465:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6433:
6423:
6411:. Retrieved
6391:
6387:
6381:
6373:
6365:the original
6355:
6343:. Retrieved
6339:
6329:
6317:. Retrieved
6313:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6287:
6277:
6268:
6259:
6251:
6244:. Retrieved
6229:
6222:
6211:
6141:— including
6087:Carl Meinhof
6067:Karl Lepsius
6052:
6045:
6026:
5944:Nilo-Saharan
5851:(Nigeria): 7
5665:Nilo-Saharan
5568:Nilo-Saharan
5527:Austronesian
5387:Nilo-Saharan
5333:North Africa
5320:
5309:South Africa
5257:South Africa
5212:South Africa
5170:, spoken in
5168:South Africa
5140:South Africa
5112:South Africa
4942:South Africa
4940:Official in
4903:Official in
4884:South Africa
4744:South Africa
4720:South Africa
4620:South Africa
4560:South Africa
4499:Burkina Faso
4449:Austronesian
4424:Nilo-Saharan
4196:Nilo-Saharan
4069:South Africa
3695:South Africa
3606:
3603:Demographics
3596:
3592:
3590:
3572:noun classes
3569:
3560:Tonal sandhi
3555:
3545:
3531:
3430:
3427:Phonological
3417:
3408:
3317:
3308:Demographics
3299:
3273:(such as in
3268:
3248:
3220:
3207:Niger-Congo
3196:Niger-Congo
3185:Niger-Congo
3174:Niger-Congo
3163:Afroasiatic
3152:Niger-Congo
3141:Niger-Congo
3131:
3127:Afroasiatic
3116:Niger-Congo
3105:Niger-Congo
3083:Niger-Congo
3072:Niger-Congo
3061:Niger-Congo
3039:Afroasiatic
3028:Niger-Congo
3006:Niger-Congo
2995:Niger-Congo
2992:Kinyarwanda
2984:Niger-Congo
2973:Niger-Congo
2962:Niger-Congo
2951:Afroasiatic
2940:Afroasiatic
2929:Afroasiatic
2886:Nilo-Saharan
2856:South Africa
2777:South Africa
2477:South Africa
2444:South Africa
2386:Austronesian
2285:, Ethiopia,
2110:Burkina Faso
2091:
2048:
2020:
1964:
1941:
1599:
1573:Roger Blench
1571:
1493:(Jukunoid),
1460:
1453:
1404:
1389:Camfranglais
1383:); while in
1367:in parts of
1301:Sierra Leone
1290:
1263:, which are
1226:
1225:
1184:South Omotic
1153:Te-Ne-Omotic
1114:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1006:
994:South Africa
990:South Africa
960:
952:
940:
918:
915:Austronesian
910:
874:
866:Ewe language
831:
799:Nilo-Saharan
724:Austronesian
652:
614:to northern
609:
598:
561:(Cushitic),
552:
504:Western Asia
496:North Africa
490:
464:
425:
405:
354:
335:
242:South Africa
208:Nilo-Saharan
182:North Africa
178:Western Asia
114:
109:Austronesian
58:Nilo-Saharan
35:
26:
11960:Proto-Bantu
11785:Kordofanian
11753:Jowulu (Jɔ)
11490:Ivory Coast
11468:Senegambian
11328:Volta–Niger
11306:Grassfields
11196:Cross River
11155:Benue–Congo
11146:Volta–Congo
11033:Central Gur
10894:Niger–Congo
10766:Latin Union
10742:Arab League
10093:urban areas
10014:FIBA Africa
9713:LGBT rights
9411:Archaeology
9239:recognition
9192:South Sudan
9082:Ivory Coast
8019:15 December
7994:15 December
7798:19 February
7727:27 November
7172:27 November
7168:(in French)
7097:10 February
6861:sgg-mali.ml
6345:2 September
6319:2 September
6293:2 September
6109:Arabization
6061:Classifiers
5924:Afroasiatic
5903:Senegambian
5857:Volta–Niger
5844:Benue–Congo
5839:Niger–Congo
5833:West Africa
5715:Niger–Congo
5693:Niger–Congo
5620:Afroasiatic
5540:Niger–Congo
5491:Niger–Congo
5458:Kinyarwanda
5444:Niger–Congo
5416:Niger–Congo
5339:Afroasiatic
5301:Niger–Congo
5273:Niger–Congo
5249:Niger–Congo
5228:Niger–Congo
5204:Niger–Congo
5184:Niger–Congo
5156:Niger–Congo
5132:Niger–Congo
5104:Niger–Congo
5083:Niger–Congo
5062:Niger–Congo
5042:Niger–Congo
5022:Niger–Congo
4998:Afroasiatic
4933:Niger–Congo
4896:Niger–Congo
4876:Niger–Congo
4800:Afroasiatic
4780:Niger–Congo
4732:Niger–Congo
4712:Niger–Congo
4692:Niger–Congo
4632:Afroasiatic
4612:Niger–Congo
4592:Niger–Congo
4572:Niger–Congo
4551:Niger–Congo
4531:Niger–Congo
4511:Niger–Congo
4490:Niger–Congo
4403:Niger–Congo
4382:Niger–Congo
4357:Niger–Congo
4329:Niger–Congo
4302:Kongo-based
4282:Niger–Congo
4262:Niger–Congo
4257:Kinyarwanda
4242:Niger–Congo
4151:Niger–Congo
4102:Afroasiatic
4081:Niger–Congo
4037:Niger–Congo
4016:Niger–Congo
3971:Niger–Congo
3930:Niger–Congo
3910:Niger–Congo
3886:Niger–Congo
3820:Afroasiatic
3748:Afroasiatic
3728:Afroasiatic
3707:Niger–Congo
3653:Afroasiatic
3633:Niger–Congo
3509:/dt͡sk͡xʼa/
3287:Runyakitara
3097:Seychelles
3020:Madagascar
2733:Kinyarwanda
2645:Niger-Congo
2303:in Ethiopia
2232:Afroasiatic
1983:South Sudan
1656:Ivory Coast
1568:? Extinct?)
1485:(unclear),
1357:Juba Arabic
1085:Old Persian
1081:South Asian
838:West Africa
747:Niger-Congo
714:Afroasiatic
632:Niger River
626:, with the
612:Nile Valley
436:Niger–Congo
432:Afroasiatic
144:Niger–Congo
68:Niger–Congo
49:Afroasiatic
11349:Ayere–Ahan
10999:Samba–Duru
10969:Kwah (Baa)
10937:Bikwin–Jen
10804:Hispanidad
10622:By country
10606:Micronesia
10579:South Asia
10364:Portuguese
10344:Hindustani
10063:Emigration
9966:Philosophy
9946:Literature
9392:Chronology
9294:(Portugal)
9252:Somaliland
9172:Seychelles
9137:Mozambique
9122:Mauritania
9107:Madagascar
9062:The Gambia
8997:Cape Verde
8896:and other
8679:References
8453:29 October
8052:14 October
8014:Ethnologue
7989:Ethnologue
7971:Ethnologue
7939:Ethnologue
7921:Ethnologue
7903:Ethnologue
7899:"Tigrigna"
7846:10 January
7824:5 February
7774:Ethnologue
7748:Ethnologue
7708:Ethnologue
7668:Ethnologue
7664:"Morisyen"
7650:Ethnologue
7646:"Malagasy"
7629:Ethnologue
7611:Ethnologue
7579:Ethnologue
7510:Ethnologue
7491:Ethnologue
7471:15 January
7448:Ethnologue
7423:Ethnologue
7405:Ethnologue
7401:"Chichewa"
7380:Ethnologue
7376:"Bhojpuri"
7362:Ethnologue
7344:Ethnologue
7326:Ethnologue
7221:Ethnologue
7070:2 February
7040:2 February
6788:Africanews
6762:Africanews
6413:31 January
6334:Yates, Y.
5820:Portuguese
5305:10,400,000
5277:28,000,000
5232:5,454,000
5208:1,300,000
5120:Mozambique
4984:Spoken in
4964:Spoken in
4900:50,000,000
4804:21,937,940
4768:Seychelles
4676:Mozambique
4664:Cape Verde
4656:17,000,000
4647:Portuguese
4457:Madagascar
4453:18,000,000
4426:(probable)
4410:Spoken in
4203:Spoken in
4158:Native in
4155:27,000,000
4137:Spoken in
4106:48,637,300
4088:Spoken in
4020:25,000,000
3934:1,020,000
3874:Cape Verde
3851:Spoken in
3780:Mauritania
3732:32,400,000
3711:11,000,000
3660:Spoken in
3637:1,393,000
3538:diphthongs
3437:implosives
3297:versions.
3113:Sindebele
2915:Afrikaans
2621:Cape Verde
2613:Mozambique
2605:Portuguese
2595:Seychelles
2579:Madagascar
2501:Seychelles
2428:Seychelles
2396:Madagascar
2335:Mauritania
2260:Cushitic:
2253:Tawellemet
2152:Portuguese
2120:See also:
2005:, and the
1991:Francosign
1936:See also:
1537:Hassaniyya
1533:Mauritania
1454:Of these,
1345:Seychelles
1325:Cape Verde
1159:Khoe-Kwadi
1091:in Egypt,
1029:Portuguese
1007:Since the
1000:it is the
928:Madagascar
842:noun class
650:branches.
605:morphology
569:(Chadic),
565:(Berber),
330:La Réunion
294:Portuguese
222:Madagascar
12242:Astaboran
12175:Moru–Madi
11739:Northwest
11566:Southeast
11461:Rio Nunez
11253:Mambiloid
11006:Tula–Waja
10930:Bena–Mboi
10807:(Spanish)
10761:(English)
10611:Polynesia
10601:Melanesia
10574:East Asia
10555:Caribbean
10521:Languages
10487:Sri Lanka
10482:Singapore
10457:Indonesia
10292:Countries
10279:languages
10275:Countries
9899:Languages
9889:Etiquette
9815:Education
9688:Democracy
9683:Elections
9583:Geography
9542:By region
9526:conflicts
9399:Antiquity
9127:Mauritius
8864:at Mofeko
8848:143635864
7967:"Umbundu"
7840:"Spanish"
7682:"Ndebele"
7593:"Luganda"
7444:"English"
7322:"Amharic"
6596:CiteSeerX
5801:Afrikaans
5317:By region
5253:7,600,000
5188:6,000,000
5160:5,800,000
5136:1,300,000
5127:Tshivenda
5108:5,000,000
5046:3,700,000
5026:1,500,000
5002:7,000,000
4986:Mauritius
4978:Dravidian
4966:Mauritius
4958:Dravidian
4946:Swaziland
4937:2,300,000
4880:1,100,000
4836:1,100,000
4784:7,200,000
4736:5,600,000
4716:4,700,000
4696:2,869,000
4616:4,600,000
4596:2,600,000
4555:1,100,000
4535:2,400,000
4494:7,600,000
4478:Mauritius
4473:1,100,000
4429:5,000,000
4407:6,800,000
4386:4,100,000
4361:5,500,000
4333:5,600,000
4309:5,400,000
4286:8,800,000
4266:9,800,000
4246:1,700,000
4200:6,600,000
4139:Mauritius
4085:8,100,000
3975:2,300,000
3914:1,100,000
3890:9,700,000
3853:Mauritius
3686:7,200,000
3677:Afrikaans
3657:2,500,000
3613:Language
3566:Syntactic
3445:ejectives
3404:Afrikaans
3281:(such as
3160:Tigrinya
3119:Zimbabwe
3108:Zimbabwe
3080:Setswana
3042:Ethiopia
3014:Malagasy
2970:Comorian
2932:Ethiopia
2904:Language
2800:Sindebele
2521:Mauritius
2440:Afrikaans
2297:Semitic:
2141:Afrikaans
2077:(Congo),
1987:Arab Sign
1529:Imeraguen
1443:unknown:
1353:Mauritius
1122:Glottolog
1013:Afrikaans
962:Afrikaans
618:and into
250:Afrikaans
164:Southeast
12291:Category
12165:Mangbetu
12016:Ethiopia
12009:branches
11932:" ?
11855:Isolates
11729:Vai–Kono
11616:Southern
11483:Others (
11401:Yoruboid
11171:Jukunoid
11082:Ubangian
10912:Savannas
10896:branches
10832:See also
10782:(French)
10745:(Arabic)
10545:Americas
10432:Cambodia
10369:Romanian
10228:Category
10073:HIV/AIDS
9904:Religion
9869:Abortion
9825:Internet
9752:Politics
9728:feminism
9666:Politics
9521:Military
9499:By topic
9463:Atlantic
9426:Sahelian
9376:articles
9318: /
9314: /
9307:(France)
9301: /
9279: /
9275: /
9227:Zimbabwe
9202:Tanzania
9052:Ethiopia
9047:Eswatini
9027:Djibouti
8992:Cameroon
8977:Botswana
8871:Archived
8736:(1883).
8705:52766015
8117:10 April
7953:"Tswana"
7935:"Tsonga"
7814:"Somali"
7754:16 April
7625:"Dholuo"
7487:"Gikuyu"
7462:"French"
7419:"Dangme"
7358:"Berber"
7340:"Arabic"
7261:Archived
7115:Archived
7009:Archived
6991:28 March
6967:28 March
6931:28 March
6904:Archived
6813:BBC News
6793:28 March
6767:28 March
6561:5361614M
6449:12 March
6388:Language
5981:See also
5796:Germanic
5777:Chichewa
5644:Cushitic
5636:Tigrinya
5591:Kalenjin
5544:Ubangian
5532:Malagasy
5470:Tshiluba
5359:: 30–40
5261:Zimbabwe
5216:Zimbabwe
5172:Zimbabwe
5164:Botswana
5144:Zimbabwe
5116:Zimbabwe
5078:Tshiluba
5050:Zimbabwe
5030:Zimbabwe
5010:Ethiopia
4993:Tigrinya
4905:Tanzania
4816:Ethiopia
4812:Djibouti
4788:Zimbabwe
4748:Zimbabwe
4700:Zimbabwe
4640:Ethiopia
4600:Zimbabwe
4539:Zimbabwe
4519:Zimbabwe
4444:Malagasy
4437:Tanzania
4237:Kimbundu
4216:Khoekhoe
4191:Kalenjin
3905:Comorian
3898:Zimbabwe
3839:Bhojpuri
3804:Zanzibar
3800:Tanzania
3768:Djibouti
3736:Ethiopia
3670:Ethiopia
3662:Djibouti
3587:Semantic
3138:Swahili
3069:Sesotho
3025:Ndebele
3009:Burundi
3003:Kirundi
2981:Kikongo
2976:Comoros
2926:Amharic
2831:Tanzania
2804:Zimbabwe
2790:Botswana
2786:Setswana
2781:Zimbabwe
2757:Minyanka
2706:Kassonke
2685:Comorian
2680:Zimbabwe
2567:Djibouti
2539:Cameroon
2513:Eswatini
2509:Tanzania
2465:Zimbabwe
2392:Malagasy
2374:Tigrinya
2359:Tanzania
2355:Zanzibar
2323:Djibouti
2291:Djibouti
2268:Ethiopia
2247:Tamasheq
2237:Berber:
2067:Fulfulde
2011:Tanzania
2009:used in
1977:used in
1924:Cameroon
1900:Ethiopia
1888:Ethiopia
1876:Ethiopia
1871:Rer Bare
1848:Ethiopia
1836:Cameroon
1768:Cameroon
1696:Tanzania
1680:Ethiopia
1668:Ethiopia
1615:Bangi Me
1609:Country
1606:Language
1562:Cameroon
1519:Tanzania
1495:Meroitic
1475:Rer Bare
1385:Cameroon
1317:Cameroon
1261:Tanzania
1249:Botswana
1167:Botswana
1143:Ubangian
1097:Vandalic
1077:Gujarati
1075:such as
1009:colonial
920:Malagasy
901:Ubangian
852:such as
624:DR Congo
616:Tanzania
528:Egyptian
520:Cushitic
440:Ubangian
401:official
320:and the
268:and the
121:language
12256:Nyimang
12223:Nilotic
12184: ?
12156: ?
12143: ?
12120:Songhay
12113:Saharan
12079: ?
12071: ?
12051: ?
11940: ?
11923: ?
11917: ?
11909: ?
11901: ?
11879: ?
11871: ?
11862:Bangime
11701:Manding
11598: ?
11574:Eastern
11540: ?
11527: ?
11524:Mangree
11370:Idomoid
11185:Plateau
11163:Platoid
11118:Ngbandi
11051: ?
11039:Kulango
10974:Longuda
10921:Adamawa
10753:(Dutch)
10596:Oceania
10492:Vietnam
10477:Myanmar
10447:Iceland
10442:Germany
10379:Spanish
10374:Russian
10359:Persian
10349:Italian
10329:English
10319:Chinese
10212:Outline
10114:By year
10056:density
9941:Cuisine
9914:Culture
9858:Society
9835:Poverty
9778:Economy
9757:parties
9625:Central
9620:Regions
9610:Islands
9549:Central
9511:Empires
9506:Economy
9468:Barbary
9458:Slavery
9421:Empires
9384:History
9303:Réunion
9299:Mayotte
9290:Madeira
9285:(Spain)
9281:Melilla
9212:Tunisia
9182:Somalia
9167:Senegal
9152:Nigeria
9142:Namibia
9132:Morocco
9097:Liberia
9092:Lesotho
9042:Eritrea
9012:Comoros
8987:Burundi
8962:Algeria
8894:e-books
8840:1157418
8398:28 June
8085:21 July
8010:"Wolof"
7985:"Venda"
7607:"Luhya"
7575:"Kongo"
7516:30 June
7428:16 July
7385:16 July
7226:16 July
7217:"Abron"
6867:26 July
6553:1821706
6246:23 June
6016:General
5960:Songhai
5949:Saharan
5815:Romance
5807:English
5765:Umbundu
5657:: 30–35
5651:: 10–15
5630:Amharic
5625:Semitic
5607:Shilluk
5501:Swahili
5475:Kirundi
5453:Lingala
5409:Masalit
5404:Zaghawa
5344:Semitic
5281:Nigeria
5237:Senegal
5179:Umbundu
5066:630,000
5006:Eritrea
4891:Swahili
4864:Morocco
4852:Melilla
4827:Spanish
4808:Somalia
4740:Lesotho
4727:Sesotho
4580:Senegal
4546:Ndebele
4515:100,000
4377:Luganda
4352:Lingala
4290:Burundi
4277:Kirundi
4230:Namibia
4225:200,000
4184:Somalia
4180:Eritrea
4167:Italian
4160:Nigeria
4111:Nigeria
4065:Namibia
4041:745,000
4025:Senegal
3945:English
3918:Comoros
3869:871,000
3848:65,300
3832:Algeria
3828:Morocco
3808:Tunisia
3792:Somalia
3784:Morocco
3764:Comoros
3756:Algeria
3723:Amharic
3691:Namibia
3666:Eritrea
3616:Family
3524:simple
3488:, like
3451:), the
3364:Lingala
3356:Amharic
3324:Swahili
3232:Kikongo
3171:Tsonga
3124:Somali
3058:Sepedi
2998:Rwanda
2948:Berber
2937:Arabic
2907:Family
2892:Songhay
2827:Swahili
2821:Ndebele
2817:in Mali
2815:Soninke
2773:Lesotho
2769:Sesotho
2765:in Mali
2759:in Mali
2753:in Mali
2751:Maninke
2746:Burundi
2742:Kirundi
2708:in Mali
2702:in Mali
2696:in Mali
2689:Comoros
2687:in the
2668:in Mali
2662:in Mali
2651:Bambara
2635:Spanish
2591:Senegal
2551:Comoros
2535:Burundi
2517:Lesotho
2497:Namibia
2481:Liberia
2469:Nigeria
2449:English
2410:in the
2378:Eritrea
2351:Tunisia
2343:Somalia
2339:Morocco
2319:Comoros
2311:Algeria
2301:Amharic
2283:Somalia
2255:in Mali
2249:in Mali
2200:Swahili
2189:English
2176:Spanish
2079:Swahili
2075:Lingala
2003:Tunisia
1912:Nigeria
1780:Nigeria
1756:Nigeria
1727:Kujarge
1720:Nigeria
1632:Senegal
1584:Nigeria
1566:Adamawa
1541:Soninke
1487:Kujarge
1343:in the
1337:Senegal
1309:Nigeria
1253:Sandawe
1245:Namibia
1228:Khoisan
1214:Sandawe
1202:Bangime
1163:Namibia
1117:Khoisan
1103:in the
1065:Namibia
1033:Spanish
1025:Italian
1017:English
998:Namibia
936:Mayotte
846:concord
826:Songhai
817:Nilotic
743:Khoisan
663:Songhay
620:Nigeria
571:Amharic
544:Amharic
532:Semitic
452:Khoisan
448:Saharan
444:Nilotic
385:Manding
365:Amharic
361:Swahili
342:creoles
326:Mayotte
318:Melilla
310:Spanish
302:Italian
282:Belgium
280:and of
274:English
266:Liberia
254:English
246:Namibia
226:Comoros
200:Nilotic
196:Saharan
160:Central
129:Nigeria
125:dialect
90:Khoisan
12266:Temein
12251:Nubian
12230:Surmic
12181:Sinyar
12090:region
12068:Ongota
12062:Kunama
12057:Kuliak
11899:Degere
11832:Defaka
11825:Others
11808:Rashad
11801:Lafofa
11708:Mokole
11606:Tyenga
11602:Shanga
11544:Siamou
11431:Bijago
11384:Nupoid
11377:Igboid
11313:Tivoid
11285:Beboid
11246:Dakoid
11178:Kainji
11067:Tusian
11056:Senufo
11044:Miyobe
10987:Mumuye
10667:Europe
10591:Europe
10540:Africa
10472:Kosovo
10339:German
10334:French
10314:Arabic
10233:Portal
10088:cities
9936:Cinema
9894:Health
9652:Rivers
9374:
9372:Africa
9322:
9305:
9292:
9222:Zambia
9217:Uganda
9157:Rwanda
9112:Malawi
9072:Guinea
8967:Angola
8846:
8838:
8820:Africa
8774:Africa
8753:
8703:
8693:
8161:group.
8152:
7881:
7820:. 2024
7557:
7532:"Igbo"
7253:
7060:Nazret
6958:
6739:
6598:
6559:
6551:
6522:
6497:
6472:
6440:
6408:414395
6406:
6237:
6160:— via
5954:Kanuri
5929:Chadic
5868:Yoruba
5849:Ibibio
5771:Sepedi
5759:Tswana
5753:Tsonga
5736:Chokwe
5699:Zigula
5681:Kunama
5649:Somali
5612:Maasai
5573:Kanuri
5507:Gikuyu
5503:: 5–10
5392:Nubian
5378:Zenaga
5373:Tuareg
5363:Kabyle
5357:Berber
5349:Arabic
5268:Yoruba
5192:Angola
5151:Tswana
5099:Tsonga
5037:Tsonga
4973:Telugu
4917:Rwanda
4913:Uganda
4795:Somali
4764:73,000
4707:Sepedi
4660:Angola
4576:33,000
4506:Nambya
4391:Uganda
4337:Angola
4305:creole
4297:Kituba
4270:Rwanda
4250:Angola
4209:Uganda
4076:Gikuyu
4052:German
4011:Fulani
3986:French
3925:Dangme
3894:Malawi
3815:Berber
3743:Arabic
3480:/ɡ͡ba/
3476:/k͡pa/
3457:clicks
3384:Tsonga
3372:Tswana
3352:Somali
3336:Yoruba
3328:Berber
3279:koinés
3251:Malian
3236:Somali
3228:Berber
3193:Xhosa
3182:Venda
3149:Swati
3102:Shona
3047:Sango
3036:Oromo
2959:Chewa
2861:Tsonga
2843:Uganda
2839:Rwanda
2809:Sepedi
2763:Senufo
2737:Rwanda
2726:, and
2716:Angola
2676:Malawi
2609:Angola
2597:, and
2587:Rwanda
2575:Guinea
2527:French
2519:, and
2493:Rwanda
2489:Malawi
2485:Zambia
2461:Uganda
2457:Gambia
2307:Arabic
2289:, and
2279:Somali
2241:Berber
2220:
2213:French
2211:
2209:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2165:Arabic
2163:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2087:Arabic
2083:Somali
2059:Berber
2044:Arabic
1985:, the
1973:, the
1971:Angola
1907:Wutana
1864:Uganda
1855:Oropom
1843:Ongota
1787:Meyobe
1703:Irimba
1580:Defaka
1546:Kara (
1543:) base
1499:Oropom
1463:Irimba
1415:Ongota
1369:Uganda
1305:Pidgin
1172:Surmic
1137:Guinea
1057:German
1021:French
854:Yoruba
824:
822:
815:
813:
808:Kanuri
806:
804:
794:
787:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
754:
752:
741:
739:
732:
730:
722:
720:
712:
710:
683:Maasai
667:Nobiin
655:Kanuri
563:Berber
559:Somali
555:Arabic
548:Hebrew
540:Arabic
534:. The
524:Omotic
516:Chadic
512:Berber
498:, the
393:Yoruba
389:Fulani
377:Somali
357:Arabic
286:French
258:German
184:, the
117:Africa
107:
105:
98:
96:
88:
86:
79:
77:
66:
64:
56:
54:
47:
45:
12160:Lendu
12154:Kresh
12140:Birri
12107:Maban
12097:Furan
12088:Sahel
12076:Shabo
12042:Koman
12037:Bʼaga
12031:Berta
12020:Sudan
11921:Rimba
11914:Omaio
11876:Komta
11868:Jalaa
11845:Ijoid
11838:Dogon
11794:Katla
11650:Yaure
11582:Bissa
11558:Mande
11499:Dompo
11485:Ghana
11443:Limba
11395:Ukaan
11356:Edoid
11342:Akpes
11336:Akoko
11299:Ekoid
11292:Bendi
11278:Bantu
11259:Tikar
11219:Ogoni
11131:Zande
11098:Gbaya
11091:Banda
11072:Viemo
11062:Tiefo
10467:Korea
10462:Japan
10452:India
10437:China
10384:Tamil
10354:Malay
10281:lists
10219:Index
9981:Sport
9961:Music
9956:Media
9640:South
9635:North
9564:South
9559:North
9277:Ceuta
9197:Sudan
9147:Niger
9102:Libya
9087:Kenya
9067:Ghana
9057:Gabon
9032:Egypt
8972:Benin
8844:S2CID
8836:JSTOR
8726:(PDF)
8719:(PDF)
8493:(PDF)
8486:(PDF)
8447:(PDF)
8440:(PDF)
8111:(PDF)
8104:(PDF)
8046:(PDF)
8039:(PDF)
7264:(PDF)
7247:(PDF)
6857:(PDF)
6691:(PDF)
6684:(PDF)
6622:(PDF)
6581:(PDF)
6543:[
6404:JSTOR
6203:Notes
6040:Works
5966:Zarma
5934:Hausa
5914:Wolof
5783:Makua
5747:Sotho
5741:Shona
5730:Xhosa
5719:Bantu
5676:Anuak
5671:Gumuz
5655:Oromo
5632:: 20+
5597:Dinka
5561:Zande
5555:Banda
5549:Gbaya
5534:: 20+
5519:Luhya
5513:Ganda
5495:Bantu
5464:Kongo
5448:Bantu
5368:Atlas
5351:: 200
5285:Benin
5244:Xhosa
5223:Wolof
5199:Venda
5071:Ghana
5017:Tonga
4953:Tamil
4928:Swazi
4909:Kenya
4848:Ceuta
4844:Spain
4820:Kenya
4775:Shona
4627:Oromo
4485:Mossi
4433:Kenya
4412:Kenya
4398:Luhya
4324:Kongo
4205:Kenya
4126:Hindi
4119:Niger
4115:Ghana
4097:Hausa
4090:Kenya
4045:Ghana
3979:Benin
3938:Ghana
3881:Chewa
3796:Sudan
3776:Libya
3772:Egypt
3716:Ghana
3641:Ghana
3628:Abron
3597:nyama
3580:tense
3505:/pta/
3501:/fsa/
3494:/ŋɡa/
3490:/mpa/
3474:like
3465:/ᵑǃa/
3449:/kʼa/
3400:Xhosa
3388:Swazi
3380:Venda
3368:Sotho
3360:Oromo
3332:Hausa
3291:Sheng
3204:Zulu
2873:Xhosa
2867:Venda
2848:Swati
2835:Kenya
2796:Shona
2724:Gabon
2712:Kongo
2694:Dogon
2672:Chewa
2583:Niger
2571:Gabon
2559:Congo
2531:Benin
2505:Sudan
2473:Kenya
2453:Ghana
2408:Sango
2347:Sudan
2331:Libya
2327:Egypt
2287:Kenya
2273:Oromo
2071:Hausa
1999:Ghana
1979:Sudan
1960:Ghana
1895:Weyto
1883:Shabo
1860:Kenya
1824:Ghana
1792:Benin
1715:Jalaa
1708:Gabon
1691:Hadza
1684:Sudan
1675:Gumuz
1663:Gomba
1644:Ghana
1639:Dompo
1627:Bayot
1594:Ghana
1590:Dompo
1515:Aasax
1503:Weyto
1456:Jalaa
1439:Bayot
1431:Jalaa
1425:Shabo
1419:Gomba
1377:Sango
1373:Kenya
1363:, or
1361:Sudan
1313:Ghana
1281:tonal
1273:Xhosa
1257:Hadza
1208:Jalaa
1196:Hadza
1129:Mande
1093:Latin
1089:Greek
996:. In
932:Bushi
897:Dogon
893:Mande
885:Sudan
870:Bantu
850:tonal
789:Mande
756:Bantu
687:tonal
679:Dinka
644:Gumuz
640:Koman
575:Oromo
567:Hausa
508:Sahel
434:, or
381:Hausa
369:Oromo
314:Ceuta
212:Sahel
190:Sahel
81:Bantu
12261:Tama
12216:Nara
12205:Daju
12102:Kadu
12048:Gule
11937:Wawu
11883:Laal
11748:Bobo
11694:Jogo
11677:West
11655:Mano
11646:Guro
11641:Beng
11637:Gban
11632:Tura
11591:Boko
11587:Busa
11537:Mpra
11531:Mbre
11488:and
11455:Nalu
11438:Gola
10956:Fali
10569:Asia
10277:and
10197:2020
10192:2019
10187:2018
10182:2017
10177:2016
10172:2015
10167:2014
10162:2013
10157:2012
10152:2011
10147:2010
10142:2009
10137:2008
10132:2007
10127:2006
10122:2005
9645:West
9630:East
9569:West
9554:East
9207:Togo
9117:Mali
9007:Chad
8751:ISBN
8701:OCLC
8691:ISBN
8455:2014
8400:2013
8150:ISBN
8119:2018
8087:2017
8054:2015
8021:2019
7996:2019
7879:ISBN
7848:2018
7826:2024
7800:2015
7756:2021
7729:2023
7690:2016
7555:ISBN
7518:2021
7473:2021
7430:2019
7387:2019
7251:ISBN
7228:2019
7174:2023
7166:RTBF
7099:2021
7072:2021
7042:2021
6993:2024
6969:2024
6956:ISBN
6933:2024
6869:2023
6795:2024
6769:2024
6737:ISBN
6630:2014
6549:OCLC
6520:ISBN
6495:ISBN
6470:ISBN
6451:2018
6438:ISBN
6415:2017
6347:2023
6321:2023
6295:2023
6248:2011
6235:ISBN
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5587::3–4
5585:Sara
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5521:: 6+
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5426:Nuba
5400:: 5+
5394:: 5+
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4526:Ndau
4343:and
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