102:, whereas European views of literature stressed a separation of art and content, African awareness is inclusive and "literature" can also simply mean an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone. Traditionally, Africans do not radically separate art from teaching. Rather than write or sing for beauty in itself, African writers, taking their cue from oral literature, use beauty to help communicate important truths and information to society. An object is considered beautiful because of the truths it reveals and the communities it helps to build.
2516:
3408:
3388:
3270:
556:
and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa's past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between
Africanity and humanity.
534:
With liberation and increased literacy since most
African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on "best of" lists compiled since the
85:
Post-colonial literature has become increasingly diverse, with some writers returning to their native languages. Common themes include the clash between past and present, tradition and modernity, self and community, as well as politics and development. On the whole, female writers are today far
557:
Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. Female writers are today far better represented in published
African literature than they were prior to independence (see
199:, were used for aspects of both religious and secular life. The religious poems included devotions, prophetic stories, and poems honoring saints. The secular poetry could be about celebrations like births and weddings, or accounts of heroic warriors. As another example, in
3278:
643:
There have been many literary productions in Africa since the beginning of the current decade (2010), even though readers do not always follow in large numbers. One can also notice the appearance of certain writings that break with the
2681:
67:
A common theme during the colonial period is the slave narrative, often written in
English or French for western audiences. Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was
3847:
3617:
485:
For many writers this emphasis was not restricted to their publishing. Many, indeed, suffered deeply and directly: censured for casting aside their artistic responsibilities in order to participate actively in warfare,
229:, or "Book of Kings." One popular form of traditional African folktale is the "trickster" story, in which a small animal uses its wits to survive encounters with larger creatures. Examples of animal tricksters include
86:
better represented in
African literature than they were prior to independence. The internet has also changed the landscape of African literature, leading to the rise of digital reading and publishing platforms such as
3602:
3622:
2562:
3873:
3637:
673:
The increasing use of the internet has also changed the way readers of
African literature access content, which has led to the rise of digital reading and publishing platforms like
3920:
3916:
1157:
1140:
1128:
1121:
3677:
1452:
670:
notes that "the dynamic digital impulses of
African creativity have not only changed African literature but have also fundamentally altered literary culture as we know it."
293:, similarly, draws inspiration from Islamic teachings but developed under indigenous circumstances, one of the most renowned and earliest pieces of Swahili literature being
4190:
3912:
2661:
369:. Although the work moves between fiction and political advocacy, its publication and positive reviews in the Western press mark a watershed moment in African literature.
2161:
3682:
3612:
1788:
3772:
3737:
3722:
3827:
3647:
2062:
2024:
1982:
340:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3697:
3587:
3822:
3817:
3712:
3672:
1954:
1602:
3877:
3747:
3657:
1794:
1547:
1221:
3122:
4400:
3807:
3717:
1936:
4313:
2982:
2004:
1849:
1110:
1004:
878:
648:
style. In addition, the shortage of literary critics can be deplored on the continent nowadays. Literary events seem to be very fashionable, including
3153:
1378:
872:
716:
3062:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
2827:
1372:
919:
4651:
1830:
1782:
1116:
946:
3007:
1947:
447:
2855:
4673:
3101:
1835:
3389:
Daughters of Africa: An
International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present
4688:
4195:
4128:
3139:
This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations:
126:
techniques to tell their stories. Poetry describes a narrative poem based upon a short and a ribald anecdote and is often sung, through:
3762:
4390:
2149:
1842:
273:
alone, there are an estimated 300,000 or more manuscripts tucked away in various libraries and private collections, mostly written in
2634:
4303:
3109:
4646:
4011:
3999:
3958:
3089:
4566:
4395:
4288:
3541:
2613:
4332:
3482:
2080:
1199:
1066:
591:
4619:
4352:
4848:
289:. The material covers a wide array of topics, including astronomy, poetry, law, history, faith, politics, and philosophy.
4599:
2742:
2557:
889:
686:
653:
4111:
3253:
2582:
4604:
4293:
3457:
3327:
1512:
1272:
4814:
4200:
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1924:
4869:
261:
found in central and East
African folklore. Other works in written form are abundant, namely in North Africa, the
4663:
4440:
4385:
3339:
2717:
2547:
632:
3495:
522:
was incarcerated with neither charge nor trial because of an off-hand remark at a university pub; and, in 1995,
4043:
4038:
3140:
2942:, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's
1411:
3179:
4405:
421:
Among the first pieces of
African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was the novel
3404:, vol. VIII, UNESCO, 1993, ch. 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "The development of modern literature since 1935".
330:
The African works best known in the West from the periods of colonization and the slave trade are primarily
2572:
1966:
1022:
788:
3450:
Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: A Study of the Novels of Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o
118:) may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and often includes tales of the
4886:
4425:
4121:
3951:
3184:
2833:
2537:
1653:
1175:
503:
377:
851:
4584:
4435:
4159:
4116:
4101:
3787:
3777:
3582:
3534:
2458:
997:
794:
459:
3260:, Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.
3013:
4683:
4489:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4144:
4073:
3994:
3792:
3400:
3035:
2577:
2567:
1705:
1635:
1194:
907:
397:
4849:"Volume VIII - Africa since 1935 | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
2918:"Ancient Manuscripts from the Desert Libraries of Timbuktu | Exhibitions - Library of Congress"
4709:
4479:
4415:
4318:
4247:
4085:
4068:
3852:
3707:
3662:
3597:
2866:
2607:
2254:
2050:
1875:
1496:
1384:
759:
752:
203:, oral literature or folktales continue to be broadcast on the radio in the native language Booma.
78:, published in 1958. African literature in the late colonial period increasingly feature themes of
3903:
2892:
1423:
1057:
801:
351:
In the colonial period, Africans exposed to Western languages began to write in those tongues. In
4891:
4474:
4469:
4359:
4154:
3727:
3469:
2428:
2410:
2378:
1334:
1306:
1284:
535:
end of the 20th century. African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably
2128:
4678:
4658:
4638:
4521:
4337:
4298:
4164:
4149:
4048:
3944:
3802:
3652:
3627:
3592:
3577:
3040:
2499:
2144:
2074:
1181:
286:
50:
African literature can be traced back to at least the fourth century AD. The best-known is the
43:
4308:
3812:
3782:
3767:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3692:
3642:
3562:
3527:
2587:
2416:
2342:
2176:
2014:
1805:
1716:
1692:
1445:
1360:
866:
839:
1888:
4058:
3757:
3567:
1823:
1553:
1524:
1248:
1045:
981:
930:
914:
895:
822:
770:
603:
499:
356:
223:
going back at least to the fourth century AD; the best-known work in this tradition is the
3123:"Belgique::African Literature: Between Geniuses Affluence and Criticism Shortage::Belgium"
2770:(Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.
220:
8:
4494:
4484:
4410:
4283:
4278:
4178:
4080:
4063:
4006:
3797:
3702:
3687:
3667:
3632:
3572:
3337:
Alain Ricard (1987). "Museum, Mausoleum, or Market: The Concept of National Literature".
2805:
2781:
2597:
2592:
2552:
2475:
2224:
2102:
1912:
1570:
1530:
1418:
1290:
1254:
1094:
746:
667:
559:
544:
360:
151:
2248:
4668:
4561:
4499:
4464:
4420:
4347:
4028:
3607:
3372:
3348:
3235:
2809:
2801:
2366:
2336:
2330:
1758:
1734:
1686:
1565:
1312:
1215:
1187:
1082:
1073:
833:
710:
571:
495:
487:
463:
393:
389:
352:
345:
290:
131:
3407:
2487:
1989:
1038:
4807:
4624:
4509:
4430:
4373:
4053:
4021:
3979:
3505:
3453:
3323:
3239:
3227:
3208:"Okadabooks, E-Book Publishing and the Distribution of Homegrown Nigerian Literature"
2963:
2813:
2521:
2422:
2242:
2121:
1817:
1486:
1430:
1390:
1297:
1278:
740:
734:
623:
611:
506:
between 1969 and 1970, and subsequently released without ever having stood trial; in
423:
311:
295:
282:
123:
70:
39:
3029:, et al. (1993), "The development of modern literature since 1935" as chapter 19 of
2493:
4594:
4531:
4323:
3219:
3044:
2793:
2602:
2542:
2284:
2272:
2056:
1931:
1907:
1746:
1710:
1399:
1260:
1016:
536:
479:
454:. One of the leaders of the négritude movement, the poet and eventual president of
406:
365:
363:(now Ghana) published what is probably the first African novel written in English,
331:
193:
traditions when the majority of the population was illiterate. These poems, called
171:
3223:
2452:
4823:
4695:
4576:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4235:
4106:
4033:
4016:
3499:
3360:
3105:
3088:"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move):
3063:"The AKO Caine Prize for African Writing is a Literary Institution Built to Last"
2666:
2384:
2324:
2156:
1973:
1961:
1856:
1728:
1722:
1648:
1641:
1629:
1243:
1169:
1146:
1088:
966:
846:
783:
764:
652:, some of which can be distinguished by their original concepts. The case of the
649:
599:
540:
335:
274:
31:
3207:
689:
was presented for outstanding African writers and scholars published in Africa.
138:
of rulers and other prominent people. Praise singers, bards sometimes known as "
4870:
http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828
4856:
4772:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4342:
4220:
3383:
2529:
2464:
2440:
2300:
1942:
1800:
1624:
1577:
1536:
1503:
1440:
1405:
1206:
1164:
1151:
884:
699:
595:
564:
548:
475:
415:
373:
234:
212:
179:
175:
57:
47:
2797:
992:
56:, or "Book of Kings" from the 14th century AD. Another well-known book is the
4880:
4828:
4589:
4273:
3510:
3428:
3231:
3067:
3039:, vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were
3026:
2390:
2354:
2348:
2312:
2266:
2230:
2202:
2190:
2184:
1698:
1617:
1608:
1596:
1558:
1518:
1351:
1011:
941:
828:
723:
658:
607:
553:
523:
428:
278:
266:
246:
167:
75:
925:
4614:
4230:
3438:
3425:, London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, ch. 12, George Joseph, "African Literature".
3254:"25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"
2967:
2481:
2470:
2446:
2306:
2278:
2214:
2208:
2196:
2069:
2045:
2034:
1752:
1660:
1541:
1367:
1340:
1267:
1234:
1227:
1135:
1101:
961:
957:
861:
728:
663:
628:
587:
575:
519:
511:
381:
225:
135:
52:
451:
4609:
4526:
4240:
4225:
3445:, 2 vols, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004. Table of contents
3048:
2400:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2236:
2116:
1919:
1895:
1776:
1765:
1741:
1681:
1477:
1325:
579:
439:
307:
127:
4261:
2957:
3395:
3376:
3352:
2434:
2360:
1870:
1318:
1033:
976:
776:
674:
147:
143:
115:
87:
23:
468:
Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française
3519:
3154:"The Rise of Brittle Paper: The Village Square of African Literature"
2917:
1591:
1029:
902:
472:
Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language
411:
119:
3492:
2563:
International Research Confederacy on African Literature and Culture
60:, one of the oldest known surviving bibles in the world, written in
2940:
Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life'
2372:
2260:
2218:
1882:
1812:
1664:
1456:
1329:
1301:
1077:
1050:
704:
645:
618:
466:
the first anthology of French-language poetry written by Africans,
438:
African literature in the late colonial period (between the end of
435:
analysed the effect of colonialism on traditional African society.
270:
242:
216:
159:
155:
3936:
2959:
The girl who killed to save: Nongqause the liberator : a play
61:
2404:
2137:
1993:
1612:
1394:
1210:
1105:
583:
455:
443:
303:
254:
250:
190:
186:
163:
79:
3477:
3100:
This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author (
142:", tell their stories with music. Also recited, often sung, are
3967:
3030:
2394:
2132:
1977:
1481:
1355:
805:
515:
507:
491:
230:
195:
111:
98:
As George Joseph notes in his chapter on African Literature in
27:
2662:"Unearthed, the ancient texts that tell story of Christianity"
314:. Medieval North Africa boasted universities such as those of
3487:
1900:
1770:
1507:
666:, has been described as "Africa's leading literary journal".
578:
became the first post-independence African writer to win the
401:
319:
262:
238:
139:
2743:"African literature - Oral Traditions, Writing | Britannica"
2703:
George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon,
1998:
258:
200:
2983:"Humble beginnings of Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart'"
166:. These oral traditions exist in many languages including
3443:
The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature
3416:
Black theatre: a periodical of the black theatre movement
2768:
Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology
322:, with copious amounts of literature to supplement them.
315:
2782:"Translating African Oral Literature in Global Contexts"
2063:
Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth
341:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
635:, an award for short stories, was established in 2000.
3363:(1987). "National Literatures and Literary History".
857:
The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva AraĂşjo
386:
The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator
2511:
692:
2893:"The Rush to Save Timbuktu's Crumbling Manuscripts"
2890:
384:published the first English-language African play,
685:Inaugurated in 1980 and operating until 2009, the
590:had been awarded the prize in 1957. Other African
529:
2891:Schulz, Matthias; Anwen Roberts (1 August 2008).
680:
4878:
442:and independence) increasingly showed themes of
122:character. Storytellers in Africa sometimes use
110:Oral literature (or orature, the term coined by
547:) and in traditional African languages such as
431:. Published in 1958, late in the colonial era,
219:, there is a substantial literature written in
366:Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation
325:
3952:
3535:
3212:Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
3336:
3177:
638:
494:against the Nigerian movement of the 1960s'
3483:The Africa_(Bookshelf) at Project Gutenberg
3271:"African Language Materials Archive (ALMA)"
3959:
3945:
3542:
3528:
2962:. Lovedale, South Africa: Lovedale Press.
2856:"Timbuktu Manuscripts Project Description"
2150:Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess
3322:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3205:
2980:
1062:NĂłs Matamos O CĂŁo-Tinhoso e Outros Contos
277:but some in the native languages (namely
206:
3421:Gordon, April A., and Donald L. Gordon,
3359:
3180:"African Literature and Digital Culture"
2170:
299:or "The Story of Tambuka" (dated 1728).
3470:Things We Inherited: Voices from Africa
3178:Shringarpure, Bhakti (4 January 2021).
2635:"The Kebra Nagast (Ethiopia, c. 1300s)"
446:, independence, and (among Africans in
189:, oral poetry was an important part of
4879:
3549:
3151:
3120:
2955:
2779:
2682:"African literature | Infoplease"
2659:
2614:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
2435:Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (Dox)
2094:The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town
2086:Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle
3940:
3523:
3452:. New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.
3317:
2653:
1067:We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories
474:), featuring a preface by the French
3206:Olofinlua, Temitayo (7 March 2021).
3060:
404:wrote the first East African drama,
376:written in English began to emerge.
215:African literature are numerous. In
3966:
3152:Udenwe, Obinna (13 February 2018).
3104:) with the more classical style of
2558:Grand Prix of Literary Associations
2175:For a more comprehensive list, see
890:The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born
687:Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
654:Grand Prix of Literary Associations
359:(also known as Ekra-Agiman) of the
285:). Many were written at the famous
13:
3433:Encyclopedia of African Literature
3258:The African Book Publishing Record
2981:Elizabeth, Marie (22 March 2013).
2583:List of African writers by country
526:was hanged by the Nigerian junta.
502:was detained under South Africa's
310:attained great distinction within
265:regions of west Africa and on the
233:, a spider in the folklore of the
105:
16:Literature originating from Africa
14:
4903:
4605:Confederation of African Football
3463:
3423:Understanding Contemporary Africa
2718:"African literature | Infoplease"
2705:Understanding Contemporary Africa
2534:African language material archive
1202:(The Forest of a Thousand Demons)
693:Notable novels by African writers
100:Understanding Contemporary Africa
3848:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3618:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3406:
3061:Mugo, Delfhin (5 October 2020).
2865:. 1 January 2003. Archived from
2829:African Literature - MSN Encarta
2514:
2098:Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty
1925:Season of Migration to the North
662:, an online platform founded by
4863:
4841:
3478:New African Literature resource
3365:Research in African Literatures
3340:Research in African Literatures
3297:
3263:
3246:
3199:
3171:
3145:
3133:
3114:
3094:
3082:
3054:
3020:
3000:
2974:
2949:
2932:
2910:
2884:
2848:
2820:
2548:Caine Prize for African Writing
633:Caine Prize for African Writing
530:Postcolonial African literature
3488:African Literature Association
3310:Berhanemariam, Sahlesillasse,
3121:Bieloe, Latifa (28 May 2017).
2773:
2760:
2735:
2710:
2697:
2688:
2674:
2660:Taylor, Jerome (6 July 2010).
2627:
1412:This Blinding Absence of Light
1273:In the Fog of the Seasons' End
681:Literature published in Africa
1:
3224:10.1080/23277408.2020.1847803
3009:Leopold Senghor - MSN Encarta
2620:
2081:My Life in the Bush of Ghosts
1200:Ogboju odáşą ninu igbo irunmaláşą
1023:Life & Times of Michael K
592:Nobel laureates in literature
357:Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford
3043:, M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui,
1967:The Story of an African Farm
1158:The Quiet Violence of Dreams
1141:Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde
1131:(The Story of Monica Peters)
1129:Die Storie van Monica Peters
372:During this period, African
7:
4333:International organisations
3185:Los Angeles Review of Books
2538:African-American literature
2507:
2090:Feather Woman of the Jungle
1654:Murder in the Cassava Patch
1453:Christopher Zacharia Lameck
610:(UK/Zimbabwe) in 2007, and
582:in literature. Previously,
504:Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967
410:, a cautionary tale about "
378:Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo
326:Colonial African literature
93:
10:
4908:
4585:Africa Cricket Association
4391:Countries by GDP (nominal)
3493:African Literature Reviews
3441:, and Simon Gikandi (eds),
3435:, London: Routledge, 2003.
3252:Jay, Mary (23 June 2006),
3158:The Village Square Journal
2174:
795:An Orchestra of Minorities
4801:
4708:
4637:
4600:Australian-rules football
4575:
4517:
4508:
4460:
4453:
4381:
4372:
4269:
4260:
4191:Countries and territories
4186:
4177:
4137:
4094:
3987:
3978:
3861:
3836:
3555:
3401:General History of Africa
3036:General History of Africa
2956:Dhlomo, H. I. E. (1935).
2806:10.2979/globalsouth.5.2.7
2798:10.2979/globalsouth.5.2.7
2578:List of African novelists
2568:Latin-American literature
2020:Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu
1636:The Orchard of Lost Souls
1513:The Beginning and the End
1195:Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa
1122:'n Stringetjie Blou Krale
987:Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba
908:Everything Good Will Come
639:Contemporary developments
490:was killed in battle for
418:between African tribes).
306:, North Africans such as
3603:Central African Republic
2608:South African literature
2255:Viriato Clemente da Cruz
1985:(Fire under the Cassock)
1876:Cry, The Beloved Country
1497:The Radiance of the King
1385:Confessions of a Gambler
1124:(A String of Blue Beads)
852:O dia das calças roladas
760:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
753:Anthills of the Savannah
606:(South Africa) in 2003,
602:(South Africa) in 1991,
510:in 1970, his countryman
4647:Countries by population
4360:United States of Africa
2920:. Loc.gov. 27 July 2010
2707:(1996), ch. 14, p. 303.
2429:Ny Avana Ramanantoanina
2411:Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
2379:Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye
1335:When Rain Clouds Gather
1285:Time of the Butcherbird
656:is quite illustrative.
46:languages. Examples of
4396:Countries by GDP (PPP)
4338:Pan-African Parliament
4129:Science and technology
3392:, Jonathan Cape, 1992.
3320:Twelve African Writers
3318:Moore, Gerald (1980).
3041:Mario Pinto de Andrade
2694:Joseph (1996), p. 304.
2500:Patricia Jabbeh Wesley
2145:Joseph Jeffrey Walters
2075:The Palm Wine Drinkard
2030:Le dernier de l'Empire
2025:The Last of the Empire
1983:Le Feu sous la Soutane
1182:The Joys of Motherhood
818:The Book of Chameleons
287:University of Timbuktu
207:Precolonial literature
4049:European colonisation
4012:Pre-colonial kingdoms
3763:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3623:Republic of the Congo
3473:Cordite Poetry Review
2639:Humanities LibreTexts
2588:Literature by country
2459:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
2417:Jacques Rabemananjara
2343:Christopher Mwashinga
2177:List of African poets
2171:Notable African poets
1861:Le Devoir de Violence
1806:Zahrah the Windseeker
1693:Going Down River Road
1446:The Swallows of Kabul
1361:Abyssinian Chronicles
1058:LuĂs Bernardo Honwana
840:Changes: a Love Story
802:José Eduardo Agualusa
460:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
4620:Stadiums by capacity
4567:World Heritage Sites
4044:European exploration
3275:msustatewide.msu.edu
2766:Aoudjit, A. (2017).
2162:Ye'imba debdabbéwoch
2129:José Luandino Vieira
1955:Na die Geliefde Land
1887:Muana PuĂł, Mayombe,
1824:Songs of Enchantment
1603:The Heart of Redness
1554:Sarah Ladipo Manyika
1525:Children of Gebelawi
1046:Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa
1000:(A Dry White Season)
982:Poor Christ of Bomba
972:Radiance of Tomorrow
931:Une si longue lettre
915:Ayesha Harruna Attah
896:Two Thousand Seasons
771:Half of a Yellow Sun
614:(Tanzania) in 2021.
604:John Maxwell Coetzee
500:Mongane Wally Serote
4859:on 14 October 2012.
4304:Freedom of religion
4289:Heads of government
4081:Scramble for Africa
3838:States with limited
3498:23 May 2021 at the
3016:on 31 October 2009.
2987:The Washington Post
2938:Newell, Stephanie,
2598:Oceanian literature
2593:Nigerian literature
2573:Liberian literature
2553:European literature
2225:Breyten Breytenbach
2165:("Tearful Letters")
2103:Marlene van Niekerk
1913:Woman at Point Zero
1795:Women are Different
1586:Circles in a Forest
1571:The House of Hunger
1548:A Tail in the Mouth
1461:The Mythical Father
1419:Cheikh Hamidou Kane
1346:A Question of Power
1291:A Walk in the Night
1255:The Conservationist
1222:Sweet and Sour Milk
1095:This Mournable Body
1041:(Sleepwalking Land)
998:'n Droe Wit Seisoen
747:A Man of the People
668:Bhakti Shringarpure
560:Daughters of Africa
514:committed suicide;
20:African literature
4887:African literature
4029:Indian Ocean trade
3550:African Literature
3305:The Thirteenth Sun
3303:Werku, Dagnachew,
2836:on 28 October 2009
2747:www.britannica.com
2722:www.infoplease.com
2367:Christopher Okigbo
2337:Togara Muzanenhamo
2331:Micere Githae Mugo
2015:God's Bits of Wood
1889:A Gloriosa FamĂlia
1759:Underground People
1735:Wizard of the Crow
1687:Carcase for Hounds
1566:Dambudzo Marechera
1424:L'Aventure ambiguë
1216:From a Crooked Rib
1188:Destination Biafra
1083:Nervous Conditions
1074:Tsitsi Dangarembga
834:Our Sister Killjoy
711:A Wreath for Udomo
488:Christopher Okigbo
291:Swahili literature
132:occupational verse
82:and independence.
4837:
4836:
4704:
4703:
4633:
4632:
4449:
4448:
4426:Natural resources
4368:
4367:
4314:Linguistic rights
4256:
4255:
4173:
4172:
3934:
3933:
3865:other territories
3638:Equatorial Guinea
2522:Literature portal
2423:Elie Rajaonarison
2243:John Pepper Clark
2122:Butterfly Burning
1950:(Another Country)
1937:Birds Are Singing
1865:Bound to Violence
1818:The Famished Road
1706:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
1487:The African Child
1431:Malama Katulwende
1391:Tahar Ben Jelloun
1298:Abdulrazak Gurnah
1279:The Stone-Country
1249:Burger's Daughter
1007:(Rumours of Rain)
823:My Father's Wives
741:Things Fall Apart
735:No Longer At Ease
624:The Famished Road
612:Abdulrazak Gurnah
598:(Egypt) in 1988,
433:Things Fall Apart
424:Things Fall Apart
398:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
312:Arabic literature
296:Utendi wa Tambuka
124:call-and-response
71:Things Fall Apart
38:") or written in
4899:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4855:. Archived from
4845:
4817:
4810:
4595:Afro-Asian Games
4515:
4514:
4458:
4457:
4436:Renewable energy
4401:Countries by HDI
4379:
4378:
4267:
4266:
4184:
4183:
3985:
3984:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3926:
3925:(United Kingdom)
3921:Tristan da Cunha
3917:Ascension Island
3909:
3896:
3887:
3863:Dependencies and
3556:Sovereign states
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3418:, New York: 1994
3411:
3410:
3380:
3361:Schipper, Mineke
3356:
3333:
3312:The Warrior King
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3277:. Archived from
3267:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3112:
3110:Jeuneafrique.com
3098:
3092:
3090:Africultures.com
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3058:
3052:
3045:Daniel P. Kunene
3024:
3018:
3017:
3012:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2953:
2947:
2944:Ethiopia Unbound
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2824:
2818:
2817:
2786:The Global South
2777:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2631:
2603:Poetry in Africa
2543:Asian literature
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2443:(Malawi, Uganda)
2285:Ahmadou Kourouma
2273:Jonathan Kariara
2249:José Craveirinha
2105:(South Africa):
2057:Seasons of Anomy
2051:The Interpreters
2005:The Black Docker
1964:(South Africa):
1945:(South Africa):
1932:Wilton Sankawulo
1908:Nawal El Saadawi
1898:(South Africa):
1885:(Angola) :
1873:(South Africa):
1833:(South Africa):
1744:(South Africa):
1711:A Grain of Wheat
1594:(South Africa):
1582:Kringe in 'n bos
1580:(South Africa):
1472:European Madness
1400:The Sacred Night
1370:(South Africa):
1270:(South Africa):
1246:(South Africa):
1237:(South Africa):
1149:(South Africa):
1119:(South Africa):
1111:La grande maison
1064:, translated as
1014:(South Africa):
1005:Gerugte van Reen
995:(South Africa):
944:(South Africa):
936:So Long a Letter
879:Sunset in Biafra
702:(South Africa):
480:Jean-Paul Sartre
407:The Black Hermit
332:slave narratives
152:children's songs
134:, ritual verse,
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4797:
4700:
4696:Youth in Africa
4674:Life expectancy
4629:
4571:
4547:Africanfuturism
4504:
4445:
4441:Stock exchanges
4364:
4252:
4211:Natural history
4169:
4133:
4090:
4039:Muslim conquest
4034:Bantu expansion
3974:
3965:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3907:
3894:
3885:
3866:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3839:
3832:
3551:
3548:
3504:
3500:Wayback Machine
3466:
3405:
3384:Busby, Margaret
3330:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3106:Alain Mabanckou
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3025:
3021:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2975:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2780:Haring (2011).
2778:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2667:The Independent
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2488:VĂ©ronique Tadjo
2325:Bai Tamia Moore
2180:
2173:
2168:
2157:Berhanu Zerihun
1990:Ousmane Sembène
1974:Benjamin Sehene
1962:Olive Schreiner
1957:(Promised Land)
1857:Yambo Ouologuem
1729:Weep Not, Child
1723:Petals of Blood
1649:Bai Tamia Moore
1642:The Fortune Men
1630:Black Mamba Boy
1379:Eyes of the Sky
1244:Nadine Gordimer
1170:The Bride Price
1147:K. Sello Duiker
1089:The Book of Not
1039:Terra Sonâmbula
967:A Long Way Gone
873:The Great Ponds
847:Germano Almeida
784:Chigozie Obioma
765:Purple Hibiscus
717:This Island Now
695:
683:
650:literary awards
641:
600:Nadine Gordimer
532:
462:, published in
336:Olaudah Equiano
328:
209:
108:
106:Oral literature
96:
64:around 500 AD.
17:
12:
11:
5:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4892:Arts in Africa
4889:
4874:
4873:
4862:
4853:www.unesco.org
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4625:Tour d'Afrique
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Climate change
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Infrastructure
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4343:Pan-Africanism
4340:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4319:Women's rights
4316:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4294:Heads of state
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:Impact craters
4198:
4196:Highest points
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4112:Historiography
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4086:Decolonisation
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3910:
3897:
3888:
3874:Canary Islands
3870:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3516:(Bibliography)
3506:"(Literature)"
3502:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3464:External links
3462:
3461:
3460:
3448:Shamim, Amna.
3446:
3436:
3429:Gikandi, Simon
3426:
3419:
3412:
3396:Mazrui, Ali A.
3393:
3381:
3371:(3): 280–292.
3357:
3347:(3): 293–303.
3334:
3328:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3281:on 21 May 2021
3262:
3245:
3218:(1–2): 40–64.
3198:
3170:
3144:
3141:Bellanaija.com
3132:
3113:
3093:
3081:
3053:
3027:Mazrui, Ali A.
3019:
2999:
2973:
2948:
2931:
2909:
2883:
2847:
2819:
2772:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2696:
2687:
2673:
2652:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2530:African cinema
2526:
2525:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2494:Arménio Vieira
2491:
2485:
2479:
2478:(South Africa)
2473:
2468:
2465:Bewketu Seyoum
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2441:David Rubadiri
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:(South Africa)
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2321:(South Africa)
2316:
2315:(South Africa)
2310:
2304:
2301:Mumbi Macharia
2298:
2297:(South Africa)
2292:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:(South Africa)
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2233:(South Africa)
2228:
2227:(South Africa)
2222:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2126:
2114:
2100:
2067:
2043:
2010:Le Docker Noir
1987:
1971:
1959:
1943:Karel Schoeman
1940:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1880:
1868:
1854:
1828:
1810:
1801:Nnedi Okorafor
1798:
1763:
1739:
1703:
1679:
1658:
1646:
1625:Nadifa Mohamed
1622:
1611:(South Africa/
1606:
1589:
1578:Dalene Matthee
1575:
1563:
1551:
1537:Charles Mangua
1534:
1504:Naguib Mahfouz
1501:
1475:
1450:
1441:Yasmina Khadra
1438:
1428:
1416:
1406:The Sand Child
1388:
1373:The Slave Book
1365:
1349:
1323:
1295:
1265:
1241:
1232:
1207:Nuruddin Farah
1204:
1192:
1176:The Slave Girl
1165:Buchi Emecheta
1162:
1152:Thirteen Cents
1144:
1133:
1114:
1099:
1071:
1060:(Mozambique):
1055:
1048:(Mozambique):
1043:
1027:
1009:
990:
974:
955:
939:
923:
920:Harmattan Rain
912:
900:
885:Ayi Kwei Armah
882:
859:
849:(Cape Verde):
844:
826:
799:
781:
757:
721:
700:Peter Abrahams
696:
694:
691:
682:
679:
640:
637:
596:Naguib Mahfouz
565:Margaret Busby
531:
528:
476:existentialist
416:discrimination
327:
324:
208:
205:
128:narrative epic
107:
104:
95:
92:
58:Garima Gospels
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4904:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
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4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
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4707:
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4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
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4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Ethnic groups
4662:
4660:
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4608:
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4590:African Games
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4486:
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4481:
4478:
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4475:Caste systems
4473:
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4470:Birth control
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4456:
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4442:
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4409:
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4399:
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4386:Central banks
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4300:
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4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:African Union
4272:
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4242:
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4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:Trans-Saharan
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
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4027:
4023:
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4018:
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4008:
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3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
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3957:
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3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Guinea-Bissau
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
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3649:
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3513:
3512:
3511:AfricaBib.org
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
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3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:9788193326978
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:Irele, Abiola
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3394:
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3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3329:9780253196194
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3069:
3068:Brittle Paper
3064:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2872:on 5 May 2006
2868:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
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2783:
2776:
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2763:
2748:
2744:
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2723:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2641:. 9 July 2021
2640:
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2630:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
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2606:
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2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:(Ivory Coast)
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:Dina SalĂşstio
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:Lenrie Peters
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:Gabriel Okara
2353:
2350:
2349:Arthur Nortje
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:Eugene Marais
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:Ingrid Jonker
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:Dennis Brutus
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:Kofi Anyidoho
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:Ama Ata Aidoo
2189:
2186:
2185:Chinua Achebe
2183:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
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1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
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1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
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1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:Deon Opperman
1829:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:One is Enough
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:Mandela's Ego
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:Kill Me Quick
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
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1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:Thomas Mofolo
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:Ways of Dying
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:In Dependence
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:Cairo Trilogy
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:L'Enfant noir
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
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1401:
1396:
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1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:Moses Isegawa
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:July's People
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:E. K. M. Dido
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:J. M. Coetzee
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
978:
975:
973:
969:
968:
963:
959:
956:
953:
949:
948:
943:
942:Chris Barnard
940:
937:
933:
932:
927:
924:
922:
921:
916:
913:
910:
909:
904:
901:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
883:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
868:
867:The Concubine
863:
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
845:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:Ama Ata Aidoo
827:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
796:
791:
790:
789:The Fishermen
785:
782:
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
766:
761:
758:
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
724:Chinua Achebe
722:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
698:
697:
690:
688:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:
659:Brittle Paper
655:
651:
647:
636:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:
609:
608:Doris Lessing
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
561:
555:
554:Ali A. Mazrui
551:
550:
546:
542:
538:
527:
525:
524:Ken Saro-Wiwa
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:territories)
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
429:Chinua Achebe
426:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Swahili coast
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:, along with
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
103:
101:
91:
89:
83:
81:
77:
76:Chinua Achebe
73:
72:
65:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4865:
4857:the original
4852:
4843:
4679:Urbanization
4639:Demographics
4615:Rugby Africa
4541:
4522:Architecture
4406:Billionaires
4299:Human rights
4069:Indian Ocean
4000:North Africa
3913:Saint Helena
3884:
3788:South Africa
3778:Sierra Leone
3583:Burkina Faso
3509:
3472:
3449:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3415:
3399:
3387:
3368:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3298:Bibliography
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3274:
3265:
3257:
3248:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3183:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:
3147:
3135:
3126:
3116:
3096:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3034:
3022:
3014:the original
3008:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:
2976:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2862:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2828:
2822:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2752:12 September
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2737:
2727:12 September
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2690:
2676:
2665:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2612:
2496:(Cape Verde)
2482:Wole Soyinka
2471:Warsan Shire
2455:(Cabo Verde)
2447:Tijan Sallah
2437:(Madagascar)
2431:(Madagascar)
2425:(Madagascar)
2419:(Madagascar)
2413:(Madagascar)
2385:Okot p'Bitek
2307:Jack Mapanje
2279:Susan Kiguli
2251:(Mozambique)
2215:Fadhy Mtanga
2209:Kofi Awoonor
2197:Jared Angira
2160:
2159:(Ethiopia):
2148:
2136:
2120:
2119:(Zimbabwe):
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:Amos Tutuola
2061:
2055:
2049:
2046:Wole Soyinka
2039:
2035:Tribal Scars
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1981:
1965:
1953:
1948:n Ander Land
1946:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1886:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1753:Mating Birds
1751:
1745:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1669:Kizungumkuti
1668:
1661:Fadhy Mtanga
1652:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1568:(Zimbabwe):
1557:
1546:
1542:Son of Woman
1540:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1368:Rayda Jacobs
1359:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1268:Alex La Guma
1259:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1235:Athol Fugard
1226:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1139:
1136:Assia Djebar
1127:
1120:
1109:
1102:Mohammed Dib
1093:
1087:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1021:
1015:
1003:
996:
986:
980:
979:(Cameroon):
971:
965:
962:Sierra Leone
958:Ishmael Beah
951:
945:
935:
929:
918:
906:
894:
888:
877:
871:
865:
862:Elechi Amadi
856:
850:
838:
832:
821:
817:
813:
810:Rainy Season
809:
793:
787:
775:
769:
763:
751:
745:
739:
733:
729:Arrow of God
727:
715:
709:
703:
684:
672:
664:Ainehi Edoro
657:
642:
629:Booker Prize
622:
616:
588:Albert Camus
576:Wole Soyinka
574:, Nigeria's
569:
563:, edited by
558:
552:
533:
520:Jack Mapanje
512:Arthur Norje
484:
471:
467:
437:
432:
422:
420:
405:
385:
382:South Africa
371:
364:
350:
339:
329:
301:
294:
249:folklore of
226:Kebra Negast
224:
213:pre-colonial
211:Examples of
210:
194:
184:
136:praise poems
109:
99:
97:
84:
69:
66:
53:Kebra Negast
51:
48:pre-colonial
44:Afro-Asiatic
35:
19:
18:
4689:urban areas
4610:FIBA Africa
4309:LGBT rights
4007:Archaeology
3840:recognition
3793:South Sudan
3683:Ivory Coast
3049:Jan Vansina
2401:Dada Masiti
2319:Don Mattera
2295:Antjie Krog
2289:Ivory Coast
2237:Abena Busia
2147:(Liberia):
2117:Yvonne Vera
2072:(Nigeria):
2048:(Nigeria):
1934:(Liberia):
1920:Tayeb Salih
1896:Sol Plaatje
1852:(Heartland)
1845:(Crossroad)
1838:(Dark Land)
1815:(Nigeria):
1803:(Nigeria):
1789:Never Again
1768:(Nigeria):
1766:Flora Nwapa
1742:Lewis Nkosi
1682:Meja Mwangi
1651:(Liberia):
1556:(Nigeria):
1531:Midaq Alley
1478:Camara Laye
1443:(Algeria):
1421:(Senegal):
1326:Bessie Head
1197:(Nigeria):
1167:(Nigeria):
1138:(Algeria):
993:André Brink
928:(Senegal):
905:(Nigeria):
864:(Nigeria):
786:(Nigeria):
762:(Nigeria):
726:(Nigeria):
580:Nobel Prize
448:francophone
440:World War I
308:Ibn Khaldun
302:As for the
241:; Ijà pá, a
4881:Categories
4659:Emigration
4562:Philosophy
4542:Literature
3988:Chronology
3895:(Portugal)
3853:Somaliland
3773:Seychelles
3738:Mozambique
3723:Mauritania
3708:Madagascar
3663:The Gambia
3598:Cape Verde
3414:Marvin x.
3102:Eric Mendi
2897:spiegel.de
2621:References
2476:Adam Small
2467:(Ethiopia)
2361:Nii Parkes
2345:(Tanzania)
2339:(Zimbabwe)
1871:Alan Paton
1836:Donkerland
1627:(Somalia)
1435:Bitterness
1433:(Zambia):
1319:Afterlives
1313:By the Sea
1034:Mozambique
977:Mongo Beti
926:Mariama Bâ
777:Americanah
675:OkadaBooks
545:Portuguese
444:liberation
361:Gold Coast
334:, such as
237:people of
148:work songs
144:love songs
116:Pio Zirimu
88:OkadaBooks
80:liberation
24:literature
4495:Languages
4485:Etiquette
4411:Education
4284:Democracy
4279:Elections
4179:Geography
4138:By region
4122:conflicts
3995:Antiquity
3728:Mauritius
3240:233832700
3232:2327-7408
3163:20 August
2814:144077902
2502:(Liberia)
2484:(Nigeria)
2461:(Senegal)
2375:(Nigeria)
2369:(Nigeria)
2357:(Nigeria)
2327:(Liberia)
2263:(Somalia)
2245:(Nigeria)
2187:(Nigeria)
2042:), (1962)
2040:VoltaĂŻque
1922:(Sudan):
1910:(Egypt):
1708:(Kenya):
1684:(Kenya):
1592:Zakes Mda
1539:(Kenya):
1494:, 1953),
1030:Mia Couto
985:(1956 as
917:(Ghana):
903:Sefi Atta
887:(Ghana):
831:(Ghana):
621:'s novel
617:In 1991,
567:, 1992).
496:civil war
452:négritude
412:tribalism
120:trickster
30:, either
4824:Category
4669:HIV/AIDS
4500:Religion
4465:Abortion
4421:Internet
4348:Politics
4324:feminism
4262:Politics
4117:Military
4095:By topic
4059:Atlantic
4022:Sahelian
3972:articles
3919: /
3915: /
3908:(France)
3902: /
3880: /
3876: /
3828:Zimbabwe
3803:Tanzania
3653:Ethiopia
3648:Eswatini
3628:Djibouti
3593:Cameroon
3578:Botswana
3496:Archived
3191:25 March
3127:Camer.be
2902:17 April
2876:17 April
2840:17 April
2792:(2): 7.
2645:25 April
2508:See also
2449:(Gambia)
2387:(Uganda)
2373:Ben Okri
2309:(Malawi)
2281:(Uganda)
2261:Hadraawi
2257:(Angola)
2219:Tanzania
2084:(1954),
2078:(1952),
2060:(1973),
2054:(1965),
2002:(1973),
1883:Pepetela
1859:(Mali):
1850:Hartland
1843:Kruispad
1821:(1991),
1813:Ben Okri
1780:(1970),
1774:(1966),
1756:(1986),
1750:(2006),
1732:(1964),
1726:(1977),
1720:(1986),
1717:Matigari
1714:(1967),
1696:(1976),
1690:(1974),
1665:Tanzania
1639:(2013),
1633:(2010),
1600:(1995),
1545:(1971),
1516:(1949),
1469:Ztraceni
1457:Tanzania
1409:(1985),
1344:(1971),
1338:(1968),
1330:Botswana
1316:(2001),
1310:(1994),
1307:Paradise
1302:Tanzania
1288:(1979),
1282:(1967),
1276:(1972),
1258:(1974),
1252:(1979),
1225:(1979),
1219:(1970),
1185:(1979),
1179:(1977),
1173:(1976),
1155:(2000),
1092:(2006),
1086:(1988),
1078:Zimbabwe
1051:Ualalapi
1020:(1999),
1017:Disgrace
970:(2007),
893:(1968),
870:(1966),
855:(1982),
837:(1977),
792:(2015),
774:(2006),
768:(2003),
750:(1966),
744:(1958),
738:(1960),
732:(1964),
714:(1956),
708:(1946),
705:Mine Boy
646:academic
627:won the
619:Ben Okri
584:Algerian
271:Timbuktu
243:tortoise
217:Ethiopia
160:proverbs
156:epigrams
114:scholar
94:Overview
4808:Outline
4710:By year
4652:density
4537:Cuisine
4510:Culture
4454:Society
4431:Poverty
4374:Economy
4353:parties
4221:Central
4216:Regions
4206:Islands
4145:Central
4107:Empires
4102:Economy
4064:Barbary
4054:Slavery
4017:Empires
3980:History
3904:RĂ©union
3900:Mayotte
3891:Madeira
3886:(Spain)
3882:Melilla
3813:Tunisia
3783:Somalia
3768:Senegal
3753:Nigeria
3743:Namibia
3733:Morocco
3698:Liberia
3693:Lesotho
3643:Eritrea
3613:Comoros
3588:Burundi
3563:Algeria
3431:(ed.),
3398:(ed.),
3386:(ed.),
3377:4618185
3353:4618186
3314:, 1974.
3307:, 1968.
3074:5 March
2992:25 July
2968:6680037
2924:25 July
2405:Somalia
2381:(Kenya)
2363:(Ghana)
2333:(Kenya)
2303:(Kenya)
2275:(Kenya)
2239:(Ghana)
2211:(Ghana)
2205:(Ghana)
2199:(Kenya)
2193:(Ghana)
2138:Luuanda
2113:, 1994)
2111:Triumph
1994:Senegal
1677:Fungate
1613:Lesotho
1395:Morocco
1211:Somalia
1106:Algeria
756:(1987),
537:English
478:writer
456:Senegal
304:Maghreb
283:Songhai
269:. From
255:Sungura
251:Nigeria
235:Ashanti
187:Algeria
172:Swahili
164:riddles
112:Ugandan
40:African
36:orature
4829:Portal
4684:cities
4532:Cinema
4490:Health
4248:Rivers
3970:
3968:Africa
3923:
3906:
3893:
3823:Zambia
3818:Uganda
3758:Rwanda
3713:Malawi
3673:Guinea
3568:Angola
3456:
3375:
3351:
3326:
3285:21 May
3238:
3230:
3031:UNESCO
2966:
2863:uio.no
2812:
2804:
2395:Gambia
2153:(1891)
2141:(1963)
2133:Angola
2125:(1998)
2107:Triomf
2066:(2021)
1978:Rwanda
1970:(1883)
1928:(1966)
1916:(1975)
1904:(1930)
1892:(1997)
1879:(1948)
1827:(1993)
1809:(2005)
1762:(2002)
1738:(2006)
1702:(1973)
1657:(1968)
1645:(2021)
1621:(1925)
1574:(1978)
1562:(2008)
1500:(1954)
1482:Guinea
1449:(2002)
1437:(2005)
1427:(1961)
1415:(2001)
1364:(1998)
1356:Uganda
1348:(1973)
1322:(2020)
1294:(2020)
1264:(1981)
1239:Tsotsi
1231:(1986)
1191:(1982)
1161:(2001)
1098:(2020)
1070:(1964)
1054:(1987)
1026:(1983)
954:(1971)
952:Mahala
911:(2005)
899:(1973)
843:(1991)
814:Creole
806:Angola
798:(2019)
780:(2013)
720:(1966)
631:. The
586:-born
549:Hausa.
543:, and
541:French
516:Malawi
508:London
492:Biafra
275:Arabic
253:; and
247:Yoruba
231:Anansi
196:Isefra
191:Berber
178:, and
140:griots
28:Africa
4815:Index
4577:Sport
4557:Music
4552:Media
4236:South
4231:North
4160:South
4155:North
3878:Ceuta
3798:Sudan
3748:Niger
3703:Libya
3688:Kenya
3668:Ghana
3658:Gabon
3633:Egypt
3573:Benin
3373:JSTOR
3349:JSTOR
3236:S2CID
2870:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2810:S2CID
2802:JSTOR
1901:Mhudi
1771:Efuru
1618:Chaka
1508:Egypt
947:Bundu
427:, by
402:Kenya
392:. In
374:plays
320:Cairo
263:Sahel
239:Ghana
221:Ge'ez
180:Wolof
176:Hausa
74:, by
62:Ge'ez
26:from
4793:2020
4788:2019
4783:2018
4778:2017
4773:2016
4768:2015
4763:2014
4758:2013
4753:2012
4748:2011
4743:2010
4738:2009
4733:2008
4728:2007
4723:2006
4718:2005
4241:West
4226:East
4165:West
4150:East
3808:Togo
3718:Mali
3608:Chad
3454:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3287:2021
3228:ISSN
3193:2023
3165:2019
3076:2024
3047:and
2994:2014
2964:OCLC
2926:2014
2904:2012
2878:2012
2842:2012
2754:2024
2729:2024
2647:2024
1999:Xala
1673:Huba
1465:Lost
1341:Maru
1228:Maps
594:are
572:1986
464:1948
394:1962
390:1935
353:1911
346:1789
318:and
281:and
279:Fula
259:hare
257:, a
201:Mali
168:Fula
162:and
42:and
32:oral
4527:Art
3220:doi
3033:'s
2794:doi
2135:):
2032:),
2022:),
2012:),
1996:):
1980:):
1777:Idu
1667:):
1615:):
1510:):
1484:):
1463:,
1459:):
1397:):
1358:):
1332:):
1304:):
1213:):
1108:):
1080:):
1036:):
964:):
808:):
570:In
518:'s
414:" (
400:of
388:in
380:of
348:).
338:'s
316:Fes
245:in
185:In
22:is
4883::
4851:.
3508:.
3369:18
3367:.
3345:18
3343:.
3273:.
3256:,
3234:.
3226:.
3214:.
3210:.
3182:.
3156:.
3125:.
3108::
3065:.
2985:.
2946:".
2895:.
2861:.
2808:.
2800:.
2788:.
2784:.
2745:.
2720:.
2664:.
2637:.
2096:,
2092:,
2088:,
1952:,
1847:,
1840:,
1792:,
1786:,
1675:,
1671:,
1528:,
1522:,
1467:,
1403:,
1382:,
1376:,
1126:,
1002:,
950:,
876:,
820:,
816:,
812:,
677:.
539:,
498:;
482:.
458:,
396:,
355:,
182:.
174:,
170:,
158:,
150:,
146:,
130:,
90:.
34:("
3960:e
3953:t
3946:v
3543:e
3536:t
3529:v
3514:.
3379:.
3355:.
3332:.
3289:.
3242:.
3222::
3216:7
3195:.
3167:.
3129:.
3078:.
3051:.
2996:.
2970:.
2928:.
2906:.
2880:.
2844:.
2816:.
2796::
2790:5
2756:.
2731:.
2684:.
2670:.
2649:.
2407:)
2403:(
2397:)
2393:(
2291:)
2287:(
2221:)
2217:(
2179:.
2131:(
2109:(
2038:(
2028:(
2018:(
2008:(
1992:(
1976:(
1867:)
1863:(
1663:(
1588:)
1584:(
1506:(
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1480:(
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1455:(
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344:(
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