Slavery in Africa - Knowledge

3001: 3332:"Peasants were rewarded for valour in battle by the present of slaves by the lord or chief for whom they had fought. They could be given slaves by relatives who had been promoted to the rank of chiefs, and they could inherit slaves from their fathers. There were the abanyage (those pillaged or stolen in war) as well as the abagule (those bought). All these came under the category of abenvumu or true slaves, that is to say people not free in any sense. In a superior position were the young Ganda given by their maternal uncles into slavery (or pawnship), usually in lieu of debts... Besides such slaves both chiefs and king were served by sons of well to do men who wanted to please them and attract favour for themselves or their children. These were the abasige and formed a big addition to a noble household.... All these different classes of dependents in a household were classed as Medard & Doyle abaddu (male servants) or abazana (female servants) whether they were slave or free-born.(175)" 2334: 4737:, was combatted by the British in a number of anti-slaveery treaties pressued by the British upon the Sultanate of Zanzibar between 1822 and 1909, each one limiting the slave trade between the Swaihili coast of east Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In an 1867 agreement with the British, Zanzibar was pressured to ban the export of slaves to Arabia, and to limit the slave trade within the borders of the Sultanate to only between Latitude 9 degrees South of Kilwa, and Latitude 4 degrees South of Lamu. After 1867, the British campaign against the slave trade in the Indian Ocean was undermined by Omani slave dhows using French colours trafficking slaves to Arabia and the Persian Gulf from East Africa as far South as Mozambique, which the French tolerated until 1905, when the Hague International Tribunal mandated France to curtail French flags to Omani dhows; nevertheless, small scale smuggling of slaves from East Africa to Arabia continued until the 1960s. 1882:"The slaves in Africa, I suppose, are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen. They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing, and are treated with kindness or severity, according to the good or bad disposition of their masters. Custom, however, has established certain rules with regard to the treatment of slaves, which it is thought dishonourable to violate. Thus the domestic slaves, or such as are born in a man's own house, are treated with more lenity than those which are purchased with money. ... But these restrictions on the power of the master extend not to the care of prisoners taken in war, nor to that of slaves purchased with money. All these unfortunate beings are considered as strangers and foreigners, who have no right to the protection of the law, and may be treated with severity, or sold to a stranger, according to the pleasure of their owners." 3166: 3798:—although it would only free a slave's children). Although the level of trade remained relatively small, the total number of slaves over the multiple centuries of the trade's existence. Because of its small and gradual nature, the impact on slavery practices in communities that did not convert to Islam was relatively small. However, in the 1800s, the slave trade from Africa to the Islamic countries picked up significantly. When the European slave trade ended around the 1850s, the slave trade to the east picked up significantly only to end with the European colonization of Africa around 1900. Between 1500 and 1900, up to 17 million Africans slaves were transported by Muslim traders to the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and 4081: 3032:

and by ordinary citizens. In pre-colonial Benin, they were acquired in a number of ways: through wars of conquest and expansion, through gifts to the Oba, who also inherited the slaves of those who died intestate and by tribute paid by dependent territories to the Oba and prominent chiefs. Lastly, hardened criminals or those guilty of serious crimes were either executed or sold into slavery. The possession of a large number of slaves was an index of a man's status. Slaves served in the militia and were also the main labour force for the chiefs, as well as serving the local need for human sacrifices. The eventual abolition of slavery created a host of problems which had economic, political and social ramifications.

72: 2935: 2322: 3410: 3706: 3098:. Domestic and agricultural labour became more evidently primary in Western Africa due to slaves being regarded as "political tools" of access and status. Slaves often had more wives than their owners, and this boosted the status of their owners. Slaves were not all used for the same purpose. European colonizing countries participated in the trade to suit the economic needs of their individual countries. The parallel of "Moorish" traders in the desert compared to Portuguese traders who were not as established pointed out the differences in uses of slaves at this point, and where they were headed in the trade. 4037: 1829:, enslavement of war captives, military slavery, slavery for prostitution, and enslavement of criminals were all practised in various parts of Africa. Slavery for domestic and court purposes was widespread throughout Africa. Plantation slavery also occurred, primarily on the eastern coast of Africa and in parts of West Africa. The importance of domestic plantation slavery increased during the 19th century, due to the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. Many African states dependent on the international slave trade reoriented their economies towards legitimate commerce worked by slave labour. 2202: 2424: 5254:

proportions for 1824–1826. They note that dismissing the profits of the enslavement of human beings from significance because it was a "small share of national income", could be used to argue that there was no industrial revolution, since modern industry provided only a small share of national income and that it is a mistake to assume that small size is the same as small significance. Findlay and O'Rourke also note that the share of American export commodities produced by enslaved human beings rose from 54% between 1501 and 1550 to 82.5% between 1761 and 1780.

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decline of slavery by offering new economic opportunities to slaves. The abolition of slave raiding and the end of wars between African states drastically reduced the supply of slaves. Slaves would take advantage of early colonial laws that nominally abolished slavery and would migrate away from their masters although these laws often were intended to regulate slavery more than actually abolish it. This migration led to more concrete abolition efforts by colonial governments. Following conquest and abolition by the French, over a million slaves in

2519:"There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis, it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers – about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000." 2795: 2853: 2285: 2917: 2121: 2032: 4245:

entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans, with a view to that object." The gradual abolition of slavery in European colonial empires during the 19th century again led to the decline and collapse of these African empires. When European powers began to stop the Atlantic slave trade, this caused a further change in that large holders of slaves in Africa began to exploit enslaved people on plantations and other agricultural products.

5057:, 50% of deaths in Africa occurred as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. This includes those who died in battles and those who died as a result of forced marches to slave ports on the coast. The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa, although wars were rarely started to procure slaves. The slave trade was largely a by-product of tribal and state 13602: 4654: 4705:

cooperation of indigenous political and economic structures which were heavily involved in slavery. As a result, early colonial policies usually sought to end slave trading while regulating existing slave practices and weakening the power of slave masters. Furthermore, the early colonial states had weak effective control over their territories, which precluded efforts to widespread abolition. Abolition attempts became more concrete later during the colonial period.

13614: 3020:, indigenous slavery in locations like Ghana had been established by the 1st century AD, with origins sometime in the ancient period. Even though slavery did exist, it was not nearly as prevalent within most West African societies that were not Islamic before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The prerequisites for slave societies to exist weren't present in West Africa prior to the Atlantic slave trade considering the small market sizes and the lack of a 40: 5125: 4131: 3291: 4988:

west coast of Africa, at its peak in the mid-1700s. The trans-Saharan slave trade involved the capture of peoples from the continental interior, who were then shipped overseas through ports on the Red Sea and elsewhere. It peaked at 10,000 people bartered per year in the 1600s. According to Patrick Manning, there was a consistent population decrease in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa as a result of these slave trades.

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canoe were sufficient to cover the cost of a trip and still make a profit, traders could fill any unused space on their canoes with other goods and transport them long distances without a significant markup on price. While the large profits from the Congo River slave trade only went to a small number of traders, this aspect of the trade provided some benefit to local producers and consumers.

5219:, claimed that "the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins , signalled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production." He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the "primitive accumulation" of European capital, the non-capitalist accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for 1911:

the larger family ties. Children of slaves born into families could be integrated into the master's kinship group and rise to prominent positions within society, even to the level of chief in some instances. However, stigma often remained attached, and there could be strict separations between slave members of a kinship group and those related to the master.

1987:. Pawnship was related to, yet distinct from, slavery in most conceptualizations, because the arrangement could include limited, specific terms of service to be provided, and because kinship ties would protect the person from being sold into slavery. Pawnship was a common practice throughout West Africa prior to European contact, including among the 1877:, the slave relationships were often complex, with rights and freedoms given to individuals held in slavery and restrictions on sale and treatment by their masters. Many communities had hierarchies between different types of slaves: for example, differentiating between those who had been born into slavery and those who had been captured through war. 5033:

around 12.8 million people between 1450 and 1900. The slave trade across the Sahara and Red Sea from the Sahara, the Horn of Africa, and East Africa, has been estimated at 6.2 million people between 600 and 1600. Although the rate decreased from East Africa in the 1700s, it increased in the 1800s and is estimated at 1.65 million for that century.

4119:. In the 16th century the Portuguese settlers found that these volcanic islands were ideal for growing sugar. Sugar growing is a labour-intensive undertaking and Portuguese settlers were difficult to attract due to the heat, lack of infrastructure, and hard life. To cultivate the sugar the Portuguese turned to large numbers of enslaved Africans. 5230:

Revolution, and that European wealth was, in part, a result of slavery, but that by the time of its abolition it had lost its profitability and it was in the economic interest of various European governments to ban it. Joseph Inikori has written that slavery in the British West Indies was more profitable than the critics of Williams believe.

3329:, the experience for women in slavery was different from that of customary slavery practices at the time. The roles assumed were based on gender and position within the society. First one must make the distinction in Ugandan slavery of peasants and slaves. Researchers Shane Doyle and Henri Médard assert the distinction with the following: 2881:. Anti-Slavery Society estimated there were 2 million slaves in the early 1930s, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. Slavery continued in Ethiopia until the Italian invasion in October 1935, when the institution was abolished by order of the Italian occupying forces. In response to pressure by Western 5250:, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before. 5441:

men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.

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The "globalized" Indian Ocean trade in fact has substantially earlier, even pre-Islamic, global roots. These roots extend back to at least 2500 BC, suggesting that the so-called "globalization" of the Indian Ocean trading phenomena, including slave trading, was in reality a development that was built

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For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big

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states the effects of the Atlantic slave trade in African captives: "he morally monstrous destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly

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Without these people, African societies were destabilized, and their political systems became weaker. This led to instability and civil conflicts, with some societies collapsing altogether. Additionally, the slave trade encouraged warfare and raiding, as people were captured and sold by rival African

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became commonplace. With the rise of a large commercial slave trade, driven by European needs, enslaving your enemy became less a consequence of war, and more and more a reason to go to war. The slave trade was claimed to have impeded the formation of larger ethnic groups, causing ethnic factionalism

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According to Patrick Manning, internal slavery was most important to Africa in the second half of the 19th century, stating "if there is any time when one can speak of African societies being organized around a slave mode production, was it". The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade resulted in the

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The enslavement of Africans for eastern markets started before the 7th century but remained at low levels until 1750. The volume of the trade peaked around 1850 but may largely have ended around 1900. Muslim participation in the slave trade started in the eighth and ninth centuries AD, beginning with

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structures. In many African communities, where land could not be owned, enslavement of individuals was used as a means to increase the influence a person had and expand connections. This made slaves a permanent part of a master's lineage, and the children of slaves could become closely connected with

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notes that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of Europeans in Africa, defence costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to

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argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster and had left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world, and that this largely explains that continent's continued poverty. He presents numbers that show that Africa's population stagnated during

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The Red Sea slave trade was combatted by particular the British who tried to control the pilgrim travellers through Africa and patrolled the Red Sea and controll the traffic, but these controls were not effective, since the slave traders would inform the European Colonial authorities that the slaves

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was trading in black slaves brought across the Sahara. Black slaves seem to have been valued in the Mediterranean as household slaves for their exotic appearance. Some historians argue that the scale of slave trade in this period may have been higher than in medieval times due to the high demand for

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and that the distinction between slave and free individuals was not particularly relevant in most societies. However, with increasing international trade in the 18th and 19th century, Southeast Africa began to be involved significantly in the Atlantic slave trade; for example, with the king of Kilwa

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In the Great Lakes region of Africa (around present-day Uganda), linguistic evidence shows the existence of slavery through war capture, trade, and pawning going back hundreds of years; however, these forms, particularly pawning, appear to have increased significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Those who have not seen a galley at sea, especially in chasing or being chased, cannot well conceive the shock such a spectacle must give to a heart capable of the least tincture of commiseration. To behold ranks and files of half-naked, half-starved, half-tanned meagre wretches, chained to a plank,

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Slave trade in Africa has also caused disruption of political systems. To elaborate on the disruption of political systems caused by slavery in Africa, the capture and sale of millions of Africans to the Americas and elsewhere resulted in the loss of many skilled and talented individuals who played

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Slavery and the slave trades had a significant impact on the size of the population and the gender distribution throughout much of Africa. The precise impact of these demographic shifts has been an issue of significant debate. The Atlantic slave trade took 70,000 people per year, primarily from the

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or on small passenger planes, and discovered upon arrival in Saudi Arabia that they were to be sold on the slave market rather than to perform the Hajj. The English traveller Charles M. Doughty, who visited Central Arabia in the 1880s, noted that African slaves were brought up to Arabia every year

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was combatted by the colonial authorities, who nominally controlled the territories of the Sahara desert from the late 19th-century onward. Both the French, Spanish, Italian and British colonial authorities officially stated that they combatted the ancient slave trade transporting enslaved Africans

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There were many causes for the decline and abolition of slavery in Africa during the colonial period including colonial abolition policies, various economic changes, and slave resistance. The economic changes during the colonial period, including the rise of wage labour and cash crops, hastened the

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The distribution of sex among enslaved peoples under traditional lineage slavery saw women as more desirable slaves due to demands for domestic labour and for reproductive reasons. Male slaves were used for more physical agricultural labour, but as more enslaved men were taken to the West Coast and

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increased significantly and became a key aspect in many societies. Economic urban centers that served as the root of main trade routes shifted towards the West coast. At the same time, many African communities relocated far away from slave trade routes, often protecting themselves from the Atlantic

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from the 15th through to the 19th centuries. According to Patrick Manning, the Atlantic slave trade was significant in transforming Africans from a minority of the global population of slaves in 1600 into the overwhelming majority by 1800. By 1850 the number of African slaves within Africa exceeded

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26th June 1866 – ... We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the

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The language for slaves in the Great Lakes region varied. This region of water made it easy for capture of slaves and transport. Captive, refugee, slave, peasant were all used in order to describe those in the trade. The distinction was made by where and for what purpose they would be utilized for.

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says that until the late 19th Century, slavery in the Kingdom of Benin, as well as in other West African kingdoms had its own place in the structure of the state, having its roots in the "economic, military, social and political necessities of the Benin kingdom". Slaves were owned by the Oba (king)

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Many slave relationships in Africa revolved around domestic slavery, where slaves would work primarily in the house of the master, but retain some freedoms. Domestic slaves could be considered part of the master's household and would not be sold to others without extreme cause. The slaves could own

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The impact of the slave trade on African political systems was far-reaching and enduring. Today, many African countries continue to face political instability and weak governance, with some scholars pointing to the legacy of slavery as a contributing factor. A study of the relationship between the

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These kingdoms relied on a militaristic culture of constant warfare to generate the great numbers of human captives required for trade with the Europeans. It is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century: "All the old writers concur in stating not only that wars are

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were enslaved people. Near the Gold Coast, many of those enslaved came from deep inside the interior of the continent as defeated people from numerous wars and were sold off as part of a practice called "eating the country" that aimed to disperse fallen enemies and prevent regrouping. According to

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The slave trade had a profound impact on this region of Central Africa, completely reshaping various aspects of society. For instance, the slave trade helped to create a robust regional trade network for the foodstuffs and crafted goods of small producers along the river. As only a few slaves in a

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trade more than men. Enslaved people served in the houses of their masters or mistresses, and were not employed to any significant extent for productive purpose. The enslaved were regarded as second-class members of their owners' family. The first attempt to abolish slavery in Ethiopia was made by

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Findlay and O'Rourke noted that the figures presented by O'Brien (1982) to back his claim that "the periphery was peripheral" suggest the opposite, with profits from the periphery 1784–1786 being £5.66 million when there was £10.30 million total gross investment in the British economy and similar

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argues the history of the region shows that the effects were still quite deleterious. He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European, and could not sustain such population losses. Population reductions in certain areas also led to widespread problems.

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This population decline throughout West Africa from 1650 to 1850 was exacerbated by the preference of slave traders for male slaves. This preference only existed in the transatlantic slave trade. More female slaves than male were traded across the continent of Africa. In eastern Africa, the slave

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Upon slavery Mr Robins remarked that it was not what people in England thought it to be. It means, as continually found in this part of Africa, belonging to a family group-there is no compulsory labour, the owner and the slave work together, eat like food, wear like clothing and sleep in the same

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traders. The Bobangi also purchased many slaves with profits from selling ivory, whom they used to populate their villages. Slaves who had been sold by their kin group, typically as a result of undesirable behaviour such as adultery, were unlikely to attempt to flee. The sale of children was also

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Like most other regions of the world, slavery and forced labour existed in many kingdoms and societies of Africa for hundreds of years. Ugo Kwokeji has called early European reports of slavery throughout Africa in the 1600s unreliable, saying they conflated various forms of servitude with chattel

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While large-scale piracy undoubtedly contributed to the Roman slave supply, it is hard to assess the relative significance of this source. Later episodes of piracy show no clear connection with the slave trade, at least not until maritime raiders were said to carry off the inhabitants of coastal

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to ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets.

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In contrast to these arguments, J. D. Fage asserts that slavery did not have a wholly disastrous effect on the societies of Africa. Slaves were an expensive commodity, and traders received a great deal in exchange for each enslaved person. At the peak of the slave trade hundreds of thousands of

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this period, while that of Europe and Asia grew dramatically. According to Rodney all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries to pursue slaving and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself.

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The extent of slavery within Africa and the trade in slaves to other regions is not known precisely. Although the Atlantic slave trade has been best studied, estimates range from 8 million people to 20 million. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database estimates that the Atlantic slave trade took

4783:, both France and Spain assured that they actively fought the slave raids from the Trans-Saharan slave traders, and in 1938, the French claimed that they had secured control over the border areas alongside Morocco and Algeria and effectively prevented the trans-Saharan slave trade in that area. 4563:

large parts of inland Africa starting in the 1870s, the colonial policies were often confusing on the issue. For example, even when slavery was deemed illegal, colonial authorities would return escaped slaves to their masters. Slavery persisted in some countries under colonial rule, and in some

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peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of people were bought or captured from West Africa and taken to the Americas. The increase of demand for slaves due to the expansion of European colonial powers to the New World made the slave trade much more lucrative to the West African

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It has been argued that a decrease in able-bodied people as a result of the Atlantic slave trade limited many societies ability to cultivate land and develop. Many scholars argue that the transatlantic slave trade, left Africa underdeveloped, demographically unbalanced, and vulnerable to future

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In many African societies traditional lineage slavery became more like chattel slavery due to an increased work demand. This resulted in a general decrease in quality of life, working conditions, and status of slaves in West African societies. Assimilative slavery was increasingly replaced with

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Slave practices in Africa were used during different periods to justify specific forms of European engagement with the peoples of Africa. Eighteenth century writers in Europe claimed that slavery in Africa was quite brutal in order to justify the Atlantic slave trade. Later writers used similar

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argues that European interests in abolition were primarily motivated by economic and imperial goals. Despite slavery often being a justification behind conquest, colonial regimes often ignored slavery or allowed slavery practices to continue. This was because the colonial state depended on the

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Slave relationships in Africa have been transformed through four large-scale processes: the trans-Saharan slave trade, the Indian Ocean slave trade, the Atlantic slave trade, and the slave emancipation policies and movements in the 19th and 20th centuries. Each of these processes significantly

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has written about the contribution of Africans on the basis of profits from the slave trade and slavery, arguing that the employment of those profits were used to help finance Britain's industrialization. He argues that the enslavement of Africans was an essential element to the Industrial

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The best evidence of slave practices in Africa come from the major kingdoms, particularly along the coast, and there is little evidence of widespread slavery practices in stateless societies. Slave trading was mostly secondary to other trade relationships; however, there is evidence of a

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upon the activities of pre-Islamic Middle Eastern empires, which activities were in turn inherited, appropriated, and improved upon by the Muslim empires that followed them, and then, after that, they were again appropriated, exploited, and improved upon by Western European interveners.

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struggles in Africa often brought slaves and former slaves together with masters and former masters to fight for independence; however, this cooperation was short-lived and following independence political parties would often form based upon the stratifications of slaves and masters.

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that plagued the Arabia and North Africa at the time of early enslavement. Sub-Saharan Africans were able to endure the malaria-infested lands they were transported to, which is why North Africans were not transported despite their close proximity to Arabia and its surrounding lands.

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banning the slave trade, the slave trades had been significantly slowed and in general only illegal trade went on. Brazil continued the practice of slavery and was a major source for illegal trade until about 1870 and the abolition of slavery became permanent in 1888 when Princess

2186:, the Harvard Chair of African and African American Studies, has stated that "without complex business partnerships between African elites and European traders and commercial agents, the slave trade to the New World would have been impossible, at least on the scale it occurred." 4768:

across the Sahara to Arab North Africa and the Middle East. In reality however, the colonial authorities of the West had little actual control over the Sahara territories and were not able to actually combat the slave trade in practice, though it did gradually limit the trade.

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There is a longstanding debate among analysts and scholars about the destructive impacts of the slave trades. It is often claimed that the slave trade undermined local economies and political stability as villages' vital labour forces were shipped overseas as slave raids and

3313:, China, and India during the first millennium AD, slaves are mentioned as a commodity of secondary importance to gold and ivory. When mentioned, the slave trade appears to have been small-scale and mostly involves slave raiding of women and children along the islands of 5165:, and metals were being shipped to Guinea. Most of this money was spent on European-made firearms (of very poor quality) and industrial-grade alcohol. African trade with Europe at the peak of the Atlantic slave trade—which also included significant exports of gold and 4645:

was credited with capturing 1,600 slave ships between 1808 and 1860, and freeing 150,000 Africans who were aboard these ships. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping

3817:, where he saw the practice of slave trading: "I frequently witnessed scenes of the most shameless indecency, which the traders, who were the principal actors, only laughed at. I may venture to state, that very few female slaves who have passed their tenth year, reach 3367:) became prominent in the political environment of the region. The Southeast African trade reached its height in the early decades of the 1800s with up to 30,000 slaves sold per year. However, slavery never became a significant part of the domestic economies except in 3079:

tried to take over key sites in the trans-Saharan trade and, when these efforts failed, became defenders against slave raiding by the powerful states of the western Sahel. The Mossi eventually entered the slave trade in the 1800s, mainly in the Atlantic slave trade.

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In all, Europeans traders exported 567,900–733,200 slaves within the Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1850 and almost as many from the Indian Ocean to the Americas during the same period. Slave trade in the Indian Ocean was, nevertheless, very limited compared to the

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Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p.

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2068:), with slave military units organized by various Islamic authorities, and with the war chiefs of Western Africa. The military units in Sudan were formed in the 1800s through large-scale military raiding in the area which is currently the countries of Sudan and 3863:

19th June 1866 – We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead, the people of the country explained that she had been unable to keep up with the other slaves in a gang, and her master had determined that she should not become anyone's property if she

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of the owner. As such, the owner is free to sell, trade, or treat the slave as he would other pieces of property, and the children of the slave often are retained as the property of the master. There is evidence of long histories of chattel slavery in the

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Estimates by Patrick Manning are that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century, but about 1.5 million died on board ship. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the

1570: 2234:. However, kinship structures and rights provided to slaves (except those captured in war) appears to have limited the scope of slave trading before the start of the trans-Saharan slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade and the Atlantic slave trade. 2083:

was common in West African states up to and during the 19th century. Although archaeological evidence is not clear on the issue prior to European contact, in those societies that practised human sacrifice, slaves became the most prominent victims.

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Ghanaian historian Akosua Perbi, from the 15th to 19th centuries in Ghana, major sources of slaves were warfare, slave markets, pawning, raids, kidnapping and tributes, while minor sources were from gifts, convictions, communal or private deals.

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lived like beasts, that they were much better off as slaves, and that if he had his way he would take all (West African) pilgrims as his slaves, raising them thus out of their depraved state and turning them into happy, prosperous and civilised

3024:. Most West African societies were formed in Kinship units which would make slavery a rather marginal part of the production process within them. Slaves within Kinship-based societies would have had almost the same roles that free members had. 4799:, was a big vehicle for enslavement. Muslim African Hajj pilgrims across the Sahara were duped or given low-cost travel expenses by tribal leaders; when they arrived at the East Coast, they were trafficked over the Red Sea in the dhows of the 3449:, Brazil, where he arranged to free a countryman who had been wrongfully enslaved. African monarchs also sent their children along these same slave routes to be educated in Europe, and thousands of former slaves eventually returned to settle 2419:

was carried out in parts of Europe by both Christians and Jews. In the early medieval period, Jews had a near-monopoly on trade between Islamic and Christian countries, but by the thirteenth century this no longer applied to the slave trade.

3363:, and Southeast Africa began establishing plantations along the coasts and on the islands, To provide workers on these plantations, slave raiding and slave holding became increasingly important in the region and slave traders (most notably 1824:

In the relevant literature African slavery is categorized into indigenous slavery and export slavery, depending on whether or not slaves were traded beyond the continent. Slavery in historical Africa was practised in many different forms:

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chattel slavery. Assimilitave slavery in Africa often allowed eventual freedom and also significant cultural, social, and/or economic influence. Slaves were often treated as part of their owner's family, rather than simply property.

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huts. Some slaves have more wives than their masters. It gives protection to the slaves and everything necessary for their subsistence – food and clothing. A free man is worse off than a slave; he cannot claim his food from anyone.

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Efforts by Europeans against slavery and the slave trade began in the late 18th century and had a large impact on slavery in Africa. Portugal was the first country in the continent to abolish slavery in metropolitan Portugal and

4572:

In some parts of Africa, slavery and slavery-like practices continue to this day, particularly the illegal trafficking of women and children. The problem has proven to be difficult for governments and civil society to eliminate.

5257:

Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until abolition, because of innovations in agriculture, and that moralistic reform, not economic incentive, was primarily responsible for abolition.

5200:

number of slaves exported and current wealth found that the areas most affected by the slave trade are among the poorest today, indicating the slave trade's long-lasting detrimental effects especially on the affected regions.

4180:

religious authority) began condemning more people to slavery due to small infractions that previously probably wouldn't have been punishable by slavery, thus increasing the number of enslaved men available for purchase.

8158: 5188:, economic activity was described to be at its lowest ever while life and property were being taken daily, and normal living was in jeopardy because of the fear of being kidnapped. (Onwumah, Imhonopi, Adetunde, 2019) 3094:, developed slavery by analysing the advantages to the aristocracy of slavery and what would best suit the region. This sort of governing used the "political tool" of discerning the different labours and methods of 4779:, the French, British and Italian stated that they all surveyed the water sources along the caravan routes in the Sahara to combat the Trans-Saharan slave trade from Nigeria to North Africa. The 1937 report to the 2091:

were the most notorious example of human sacrifice of slaves, where 500 prisoners would be sacrificed. Sacrifices were carried out all along the West African coast and further inland. Sacrifices were common in the

10215: 9985: 2983:, when high slave prices on the coast made long-distance slave trading profitable. When the Atlantic trade came to an end, the price of slaves dropped dramatically, and the regional slave trade grew, dominated by 3635:

advised of slave trading opportunities in the region, particularly in the trading of "beautiful girls for concubinage." According to this manual, slaves were exported from Omana (likely near modern-day Oman) and

3039:"made up a small part of the population, lived within the household, worked alongside free members of the household, and participated in a network of face-to-face links." With the development of the trans- 4674:

economies of African states dependent on the trade being reorganized towards domestic plantation slavery and legitimate commerce worked by slave labour. Slavery before this period was generally domestic.

2553:. The majority were sailors taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and coastal villagers, and overall most of the captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy. 2572:

were frequently attacked by the pirates, and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the

5181:, currency, and salt were some of the most important commodities imported as a result of the slave trade, and these goods were spread within the entire society raising the general standard of living. 1565: 10130: 2532:

Hence, there were wide fluctuations year-to-year, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, given slave imports, and also given the fact that, prior to the 1840s, there are no consistent records.

9970: 4775:

in the 1930s that the Trans-Saharan slave trade had been erased in parallel with Italian conquest, during which 900 slaves had been freed in the Kufra slave market, and in the 1936 report to the

3375:

wrote: "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast." At various times, between 65 and 90 per cent of

7917:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

3153:

With the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade, demand for slaves in West Africa increased and a number of states became centered on the slave trade and domestic slavery increased dramatically.

2868:, was essentially domestic and was geared more towards women; this was the trend for most of Africa as well. Women were transported across the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and the 8625:

Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.

2515:

between the 16th and 19th centuries. However, to extrapolate his numbers, Davis assumes the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates were constant for a 250-year period, stating:

4911:

economy. Independent nations attempting to westernize or impress Europe sometimes cultivated an image of slavery suppression, even as they, in the case of Egypt, hired European soldiers like

1873:

in the mid-14th century, recounts that the local inhabitants vied with each other in the number of slaves and servants they had, and was himself given a slave boy as a "hospitality gift." In

4011:

1807 a system of clandestine slave trade developed to bring slaves to French planters on the islands; in all 336,000–388,000 slaves were exported to the Mascarane Islands from 1670 to 1848.

3433:

Africans knew what awaited slaves in the New World. Many elite Africans visited Europe on slave ships following the prevailing winds through the New World. One example of this occurred when

4077:

also increased. Chattel slavery in America was highly demanding because of the physical nature of plantation work and this was the most common destination for male slaves in the New World.

5237:" in academia: David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the British slave trade and slavery amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain, and economic historian 4289: 5261:

A similar debate has taken place about other European nations. The French slave trade, it is argued, was more profitable than alternative domestic investments, and probably encouraged

5116:

Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines.

3991:. The EIC mostly traded in African slaves but also in some Asian slaves purchased from Indian, Indonesian and Chinese slave traders. The French established colonies on the islands of 3067:

refused to participate in the slave trade up into the end of the seventeenth century, and did not use slave labour within their own communities until the nineteenth century. The

10241: 4900:

did not end until the 1960s and 1970s. In the 21st century, activists contend that many immigrants who travel to those countries for work are held in virtual slavery under the

4756:(CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the 2968:

whom he conquered to establish the kingdom. Early Portuguese writings show that the Kingdom did have slavery before contact, but that they were primarily war captives from the

10005: 8162: 5535:

Dirk Bezemer, Jutta Bolt, Robert Lensink, "Slavery, Statehood and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 6/2012, p. 6

4127:, originally built by African labour for the Portuguese in 1482 to control the gold trade, became an important depot for slaves that were to be transported to the New World. 2988:

common in times of famine. Captured slaves were however likely to attempt to escape and had to be moved hundreds of kilometres from their homes as a safeguard against this.

1935:. Evidence is incomplete about the extent and practices of chattel slavery throughout much of the rest of the continent prior to written records by Arab or European traders. 10288: 10284: 8054: 10558: 8710:

Zdanowski J. Slavery in the Gulf in the First Half of the 20th Century : A Study Based on Records from the British Archives. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Askon; 2008

5153:

and weakening the formation for stable political structures in many places. It also is claimed to have reduced the mental health and social development of African people.

4638: 3516:

relied heavily on the labour of slaves from sub-Saharan Africa, and used slaves in their own communities to construct and maintain underground irrigation systems known to

4641:(son-in-law of senator Eusebio de Queiroz) banned the practice. The British took an active approach to stopping the illegal Atlantic slave trade during this period. The 4942:

Although outlawed in all countries today, slavery is practised in secret in many parts of the world. There are an estimated 30 million victims of slavery worldwide. In

10045: 9842: 4593:

became the first country from Europe to implement a ban on the slave trade. Slavery itself was not banned until 1848. Britain followed in 1807 with the passage of the

1691: 4825:

were their wives, children, servants or fellow Hajj pilgrims, and the victims themselves were convinced of the same, unaware that they were being shipped as slaves.

10280: 10145: 9950: 3336:

These slaves were considered to be more trustworthy than those from the Gold Coast. They were regarded with more prestige because of the training they responded to.

2530:

In addition, the number of slaves traded was hyperactive, with exaggerated estimates relying on peak years to calculate averages for entire centuries, or millennia.

3000: 10160: 10050: 4486: 4282: 2722:

from whence they remove not for months together (commonly half a year), urged on, even beyond human strength, with cruel and repeated blows on their bare flesh....

3086:

was a catalyst for the slave trade, and from the Homann Heirs map figure shown, shows a starting point for migration and a firm port of trade. The culture of the

12558: 10105: 10030: 9965: 4996:

slaves captured from the southern interior were sold through ports on the northern seaboard in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in the

8738:

Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press, pp. 323-324

4844:

was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal

12548: 10095: 6581: 4907:

Colonial nations were mostly successful in their aim to abolish slavery, though slavery is still very active in Africa even though it has gradually moved to a

1555: 1086: 4760:(ACE). Both of these investigations noted that African slaves were transported from Africa to the Muslim Arab world, where chattel slavery were still legal. 3282:

at the turn of the 20th century, approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people there were enslaved. Slavery in northern Nigeria was finally outlawed in 1936.

2383:

Chattel slavery persisted after the fall of the Roman Empire in the largely Christian communities of the region. After the Islamic trade expansion across the

10195: 10170: 10015: 9995: 9960: 9945: 2537:

Such observations, across the late 1500s and early 1600s observers, estimate that around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this period on the

2523:

Davis' numbers have been disputed by other historians, such as David Earle, who cautions that the true picture of European slaves is clouded by the fact the

7952: 2896:, slaves were purchased in the slave market exclusively to do work on plantations. In terms of legal considerations, the customs regarding the treatment of 10768: 10267: 10258: 10249: 10135: 10110: 10065: 10060: 10010: 9955: 4885: 4541: 1440: 812: 549: 10190: 10185: 10125: 10080: 10040: 5112: 4729:

After the end of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, other slave trade routes transporting enslaved people from Africa continued in to the 20th-century. The

4275: 3016:

Various forms of slavery were practised in diverse ways in different communities of West Africa prior to European trade. According to Ghanaian historian

1176: 817: 9643: 3693:

by the Byzantines from Mesopotamia and India. After the 1st century, the export of black Africans became a "constant factor". Under the Sassanians, the

10681: 10245: 10055: 10035: 9940: 7896: 5108:

during this period. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa.

4319: 8747:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326

10175: 5316: 5663:

Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade".

4771:

The colonial authorities stated that the slave trade were still active in the 1930s, though it was actively combatted. The Italians reported to the

4722:

over 500,000 slaves were freed following French abolition in 1896. In response to this pressure, Ethiopia officially abolished slavery in 1932, the

11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 9243: 8679:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 226

2333: 509: 4795:, which transported enslaved Africans to the Arabian Peninsula across the Red Sea, continued until the 1960s. The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the 3215:

people during the 19th century, three quarters of the people were slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the

12795: 11019: 3945:

in the early 17th century led to a quick increase in volume of the slave trade in the region; there were perhaps up to 500,000 slaves in various

2965: 3873:

on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite young.

2387:, the practices continued and eventually, the assimilative form of slavery spread to major societies on the southern end of the Sahara (such as 2057:, who could be the head of a government or an independent warlord, and who would send his troops out for money and his own political interests. 8285: 5565: 864: 4601:. This law allowed stiff fines, increasing with the number of slaves transported, for captains of slave ships. Britain followed this with the 8729:

Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0340-5. p. 88-90

3870: 6823: 13267: 12684: 11041: 8691:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 279

8119: 6160:

For the slave-owners of Ptolemaic Egypt, Africa was an obvious source of slaves, and both land and sea routes from the south were well used

4354: 2771:

Enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans were also transported across North Africa into Arabia to do agricultural work because of their resistance to

1560: 1410: 9170:

Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies",

6880:"History & Memory : The Making of an Atlantic World : Pre-colonial Africa", The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA, 2021. 6834: 5281:

human relations among people of today". He says that it constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion and human possibility.

11056: 10563: 10496: 4056:

The slave trade was transformed from a marginal aspect of the economies into the largest sector in a relatively short span. In addition,

4004: 3869:

27th June 1866 – To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with

891: 13515: 10758: 3165: 1637: 389: 8176: 3508:

and enslaving cave-dwelling "Ethiopians" (Ethiopian being a Greek term for Black as opposed to being from the region of Ethiopia), or

1944:

the profits from their labour (whether in land or in products), and could marry and pass the land on to their children in many cases.

12898: 9314:

Onwumah, Anthony C.; Imhonopi, David O.; Adetunde, Christiana O. "A Sociological Review of the Effects of Slavery on Yoruba Nation".

4146: 839: 9085:

Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Dermographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds),

6044: 3637: 13525: 10671: 9773: 8643:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 172

4780: 4776: 4772: 4757: 4686: 4531: 4444: 2053:

military units which would retain the identity of military slaves even after their service. Slave soldier groups would be run by a

1610: 1430: 603: 8062: 7530: 7263: 6846: 13014: 11014: 10379: 10367: 10326: 7406:

Campbell, Gwyn; Alpers, Edward A. (2004). "Introduction: Slavery, forced labour and resistance in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia".

5371: 2885:, Ethiopia officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude after it regained its independence in 1942. On 26 August 1942, 1768: 10934: 10763: 10656: 9907: 4880:

worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the

3751:

traders in the ninth century. It is estimated that, at that time, a few thousand enslaved people were taken each year from the

2166:

would serve as intermediaries or roving bands, waging war on African states to capture people for export as slaves. Historians

874: 292: 7391:

Schoenbrun, David (2007). "Violence, Marginality, Scorn & Honor: Language Evidence of Slavery in the Eighteenth Century".

6598: 5173:, an economic superpower of the time, was about 14 million pounds per year over this same period of the late 18th century. As 3263:, was at least half-enslaved in the 19th century. Among the Adrar 15 per cent of people were enslaved, and 75 per cent of the 13100: 10700: 9831: 9736: 9218: 9030: 8987: 8670:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216

8543: 8388: 7925: 7304: 7240: 6781:

Ahmad, Abdussamad H. (1999). "Trading in Slaves in Bela-Shangul and Gumuz, Ethiopia: Border Enclaves in History, 1897-1938".

6425: 6016: 5433: 4829: 4334: 1813:(which started in the 16th century) began, many of the pre-existing local African slave systems began supplying captives for 1452: 1129: 901: 9850: 9610: 8661:

Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press, pp. 100–121

8652:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25

7626: 4157:, where the alarming death rate in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting the native population ( 13426: 11466: 10987: 10720: 9990: 9865: 8882: 6757: 2569: 1644: 1605: 1248: 9053: 12339: 11569: 11364: 10967: 9578: 6616:

Toldedano, Ehud (1 January 2018). "Expectations and Realities in the Study of Enslavement in Muslim-Majority Societies".

5021: 4897: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4396: 1686: 1323: 983: 834: 630: 539: 17: 10479: 9870: 8412: 13653: 12568: 12369: 8504: 8102: 7867: 7840: 7810: 7362: 6957: 6684: 6563: 6398: 4962:, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are still slaves. 3113:

contends that European accounts reveal that the slave trade was not a major activity along the coast controlled by the

1706: 1400: 1154: 11483: 11229: 10972: 10661: 9414: 9377:"The Subject of the Slave Trade: Recent Currents in the Histories of the Atlantic, Great Britain, and Western Africa" 9145: 8567: 8480: 8448: 8322: 7517: 7339: 7000: 5975: 5583: 5519: 4609:. British pressure on other countries resulted in them agreeing to end the slave trade from Africa. For example, the 3897:– explained that Africans from Sudanic and Ethiopian areas are prone to illness and death in their new environments. 2534:

Middle East expert John Wright cautions that modern estimates are based on back-calculations from human observation.

1528: 1405: 829: 598: 465: 6575: 6116:

Kwokeji, G. Ugo (2011). "Slavery in Non-Islamic West Africa, 1420–1820". In David Eltis and Stanley Engerman (ed.).

4080: 3736:; as a result, the main targets for enslavement were the people who lived in the frontier areas of Islam in Africa. 1865:. Slavery was a part of the economic structure of African societies for many centuries, although the extent varied. 13452: 13274: 12578: 11966: 11564: 11506: 11182: 10568: 10339: 5564:

David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; Seymour Drescher; David Richardson, eds. (2017). "Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936".

4744:, which founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. The 4594: 4339: 2193:

ethnic group descends from escaped intertribal slaves owned by various ancient West-central African ethnic groups.

1659: 869: 854: 800: 485: 475: 470: 299: 155: 9476:

Richardson, David (1998). "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807". In Marshall, P. J. (ed.).

1375: 13658: 13556: 11528: 11511: 11031: 10808: 10753: 7956: 5797:

Lovejoy, Paul E.; Richardson, David (2001). "The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810".

4753: 4693:

saw the continent rapidly divided between imperialistic European powers, and an early but secondary focus of all

4465: 4359: 3949:

in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Indian Ocean. For example, some 4000 African slaves were used to build the

1654: 1425: 231: 7378: 12983: 12810: 12805: 12778: 12638: 11956: 10411: 10406: 9251: 8927: 7170: 5291: 4428: 3631: 3122: 1818: 1124: 1112: 692: 504: 150: 31: 12344: 6522: 6508: 5177:

has pointed out, the vast majority of items traded for slaves were common rather than luxury goods. Textiles,

3930:

slaves were exported from Mozambique annually and similar figures have been estimated for slaves brought from

13353: 12991: 12825: 12820: 12697: 12689: 12658: 12349: 12051: 10773: 9651: 5184:

Although debated, it is argued that the Atlantic slave trade devastated the African economy. In 19th century

4873: 4853: 4685:

for the European conquest and colonization of much of the African continent. It was the central theme of the

4436: 1696: 1479: 340: 6950:

River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891

6556:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

6382:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

5100:

compared the number effect on the continent as a whole. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of

4752:, was drawn up to hasten the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. In 1932, the League formed the 3877:

The lethality of the trans-Saharan routes is comparable to those of the trans-Atlantic. Deaths of slaves in

2682:, resulting in many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches being erected. The threat was so severe that 2360:

through the desert to North Africa, which existed in Roman times, continued and documentary evidence in the

2182:

in the Atlantic slave trade, around 90% were enslaved by fellow Africans who sold them to European traders.

13643: 13239: 13120: 12314: 11490: 11453: 11254: 4946:

alone, up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved, many of them used as

4745: 4610: 4519: 2908:. These plantation slaves often acquired their freedom through eventual emancipation, escape, and ransom. 1845:

have existed throughout African history, and were shaped by indigenous practices of slavery as well as the

1701: 1545: 1415: 1076: 844: 824: 384: 352: 12713: 9184: 6426:"When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed" 2877:(r. 1855–68), although the slave trade was not legally abolished until 1923 when Ethiopia ascended to the 2604: 2600: 71: 12882: 12528: 12121: 10793: 10489: 10319: 9087:

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe

8826: 5174: 5046: 4881: 4629: 4536: 4124: 3430:

arguments to justify intervention and eventual colonization by European powers to end slavery in Africa.

2321: 2251: 1761: 1711: 1435: 1353: 480: 261: 81: 9491:

Engerman, Stanley L. (2012). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".

9484: 9333:

Lovejoy, Paul E (1989). "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature".

9276: 6150:

Thompson, Dorothy J. (2011). "Slavery in the Hellenistic world". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.).

5709:

Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the Ancient Near East". In Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (ed.).

2829:

peoples from their western borderlands, or from newly conquered or reconquered lowland territories. The

2380:

and in the 5th century AD pirates would raid coastal North African villages and enslave those captured.

13648: 13638: 13566: 12955: 12769: 12523: 11629: 11523: 11264: 10952: 10803: 10527: 10484: 10469: 9900: 8340:"Types of Forced Labour and Slavery-like Abuse Occurring in Africa Today: A Preliminary Classification" 8236: 7940: 7780: 7657: 7612: 6257: 6238: 6155: 6136: 5783: 4877: 4602: 4371: 3976:

slave traders supplied Dutch Indonesia with perhaps 250,000 slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries.

3885:

were very high, even if they were fed and treated well. Medieval manuals for slave buyers – written in

2416: 1850: 1620: 1472: 1457: 1348: 544: 214: 5534: 13295: 13027: 13004: 12705: 12603: 12518: 12513: 11911: 11246: 11051: 10857: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10512: 10441: 10362: 9814: 7183: 4955: 4764: 3542: 3505: 3485: 3466: 3414: 3396: 2368:

expanded, it enslaved defeated enemies and Roman conquests in Africa were no exception. For example,

2255: 2167: 2088: 2036: 1798: 1716: 1615: 1146: 1134: 724: 697: 202: 11871: 9611:"Profitability of slave and long distance trading in context: the case of eighteenth century France" 8296: 6343: 6131:

Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the ancient Near East". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.).

2934: 13551: 12999: 12907: 12888: 12838: 12752: 12334: 11476: 11077: 10847: 10783: 10686: 10615: 10453: 10436: 9677: 8957: 7941:

Madeline c. Zifli, Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge U.P., 2010, pp 118, 119

6463: 5331: 5326: 5311: 5170: 4730: 3942: 3907:

Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the city each year via the

3806: 3641: 3474: 3404: 3110: 3090:

was based largely on the power that individuals held, rather than the land cultivated by a family.

2296: 2247: 1854: 1806: 1496: 1365: 918: 707: 192: 93: 12858: 8953: 8024:

Van Dantzig, Albert (1975). "Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Some West African Societies".

5088:

The demographic effects of the slave trade are some of the most controversial and debated issues.

4919:. Slavery has never been eradicated in Africa, and it commonly appears in African states, such as 3705: 3352:

island signing a treaty with a French merchant in 1776 for the delivery of 1,000 slaves per year.

2499:

served in the army and formed an elite corps of troops, eventually revolting in Egypt to form the

372: 13576: 13561: 13458: 12915: 12848: 12598: 12573: 12533: 12430: 12136: 11461: 10842: 10837: 10727: 10522: 10155: 9594:

Ward, J. R. (1998). "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition". In Marshall, P. J. (ed.).

5233:

Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "

4889: 4845: 4749: 4524: 4509: 3625: 3409: 3347:

Historians Campbell and Alpers argue that there were a host of different categories of labour in

3138: 2874: 2748:

was traditionally (and still is, to some extent) stratified into several tribal castes, with the

2496: 2243: 1846: 1681: 1420: 1370: 1298: 1071: 849: 793: 776: 207: 11981: 11726: 8809: 6894:

Heywood, Linda M. (2009). "Slavery and its transformations in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800".

2979:, and in the second half of the 18th century the region became a major source of slaves for the 13338: 13281: 12878: 12815: 12643: 12588: 12543: 12538: 12508: 12319: 11046: 11026: 11006: 10889: 10705: 10666: 10532: 10517: 10416: 10312: 9980: 9441: 6233:

Bradley, Keith (2011). "Slavery in the Roman Republic". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.).

5856:

Johnson, Douglas H. (1989). "The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa".

5234: 4808:, and that "there are bondsmen and bondwomen and free negro families in every tribe and town". 4564:

instances it was not until independence that slavery practices were significantly transformed.

4494: 4386: 4210: 3184: 2882: 1794: 1754: 1723: 1228: 969: 881: 729: 453: 419: 414: 9090: 8472: 8131: 6879: 6006: 5563: 3759:. This trade accelerated as superior ships led to more trade and greater demand for labour on 2650:

in southern Italy in 1554 they took an estimated 7,000 slaves. In 1555, Turgut Reis sailed to

13431: 13421: 13316: 13055: 12721: 12633: 12618: 12359: 12111: 12071: 12041: 11986: 11976: 11786: 11746: 11559: 11379: 11349: 11324: 11222: 10676: 10220: 10140: 10090: 10075: 9893: 9764:

Lecocq, Bas, and Eric Komlavi Hahonou (2015). Exploring Post-Slavery in Contemporary Africa,

9728: 9722: 8438: 8206: 7915: 7230: 5376: 5336: 5243: 4951: 4659: 3983:(EIC) was established during the period and in 1622 one of its ships carried slaves from the 3676: 3368: 2659: 2201: 2080: 1891: 1842: 1590: 1445: 1358: 1343: 1025: 1013: 759: 744: 529: 304: 226: 197: 10271: 9020: 8535: 8378: 7505: 4884:

of the United Nations was inaugurated, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the

13309: 12968: 12760: 12729: 12676: 12583: 12503: 12402: 11886: 11716: 11711: 11549: 11396: 11307: 11302: 11259: 10426: 8315:

Trafficking in Slavery's Wake : Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa

8184: 6850: 5301: 5262: 4812: 4734: 4642: 4628:

By 1850, the year that the last major Atlantic slave trade participant (Brazil) passed the

4366: 4214: 4185: 4104: 4084: 4036: 4031: 4008: 3908: 3681: 3400: 3255:(1580–1890). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the 2980: 2630:, taking 4,000 prisoners in the process, and deported to slavery some 9,000 inhabitants of 2623: 2616: 2584: 2307: 1972: 1956: 1862: 1810: 1728: 1632: 1595: 1523: 1467: 1336: 1293: 1107: 1037: 712: 492: 394: 278: 185: 11996: 11866: 9678:"Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean" 8904: 8757: 6365: 6036: 4748:(TSC) conducted a global investigation in 1924–1926 and filed a report, and a convention, 3187:

region between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early

3105:

identified no slavery or significant domestic servitude in early European accounts on the

2503:. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by 8: 13370: 13215: 13125: 12973: 12747: 12648: 12458: 11731: 11619: 11518: 11317: 10862: 10852: 10778: 10651: 10646: 10546: 10448: 10431: 10374: 10020: 9881:"Ethiopia, Slavery and the League of Nations" Abyssinia/Ethiopia slavery and slaves trade 9880: 8852: 8339: 7457: 7363:"Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)" 6252:

Scheidel, Walter (2011). "The Roman slave supply". In Bradley, K.; Cartledge, P. (eds.).

6219: 5619:

Fage, J.D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History".

4992:

trade was multi-directional and changed over time. To meet the demand for menial labour,

4958:

people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. In

4861: 4833: 4800: 4792: 4690: 4560: 4234: 3856: 3795: 3721: 3594: 3590: 3470: 3306: 3211:

in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of enslaved people. Among the

3087: 2785: 2259: 1802: 1216: 1196: 1081: 1066: 935: 906: 896: 786: 734: 702: 499: 357: 325: 320: 273: 130: 11706: 11624: 11594: 6537: 6203: 6172: 2527:

also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe and black people from West Africa.

13530: 13520: 13487: 13232: 13140: 13095: 13085: 12978: 12942: 12933: 12863: 12800: 12734: 12613: 12563: 12553: 12081: 12066: 11931: 11916: 11836: 11776: 11741: 11036: 10929: 10909: 10867: 10832: 10788: 10715: 10396: 10180: 10150: 10120: 10100: 9930: 9745: 9551: 9516: 9508: 9396: 9268: 8761: 8634:

Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878

8608: 8359: 8286:"West African Antislavery Movements: Citizenship Struggles and the Legacies of Slavery" 8006: 7794: 7538: 7469: 7461: 7423: 7271: 7095: 7087: 6911: 6806: 6798: 6390: 6325: 6098: 6090: 5947: 5908: 5873: 5814: 5750: 5688: 5680: 5636: 5366: 5306: 4912: 4715: 4618: 4478: 4473: 4344: 4258: 4057: 3980: 3855:

Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced by Arab slave traders to march in the

3786:

This changed the slave relationships by creating new forms of employment by slaves (as

3694: 3629:(published in 77 AD) also described Indian Ocean slave trading. In the 1st century AD, 3021: 3017: 2789: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2109: 1874: 1858: 1462: 1308: 1283: 1273: 1238: 1233: 1201: 1166: 1159: 1100: 1093: 950: 769: 764: 754: 524: 377: 335: 330: 283: 251: 241: 178: 12151: 7989:

Manning, Patrick (1990). "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System".

7755:

Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures

7733:

Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures

7709:

Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures

7673:

Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures

5928:"Asante: Human Sacrifice or Capital Punishment? An Assessment of the Period 1807-1874" 4811:

Slavery in Islamic societies has been described as a benevolent institution, and King

3047:, a number of the major states became organized around the slave trade, including the 2794: 2634:, almost the entire population. In 1551, Dragut enslaved the entire population of the 2479:, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example, ruling 2423: 399: 345: 30:

This article is about historical slavery in Africa. For modern slavery in Africa, see

13465: 13400: 13260: 13200: 13195: 13090: 13045: 12843: 12830: 12787: 12628: 12451: 12276: 12271: 12251: 12091: 12031: 11946: 11881: 11701: 11175: 10992: 10877: 10798: 10741: 10389: 10347: 9935: 9827: 9788: 9732: 9697: 9574: 9520: 9224: 9214: 9026: 8983: 8830: 8612: 8600: 8563: 8539: 8476: 8465: 8444: 8384: 8363: 8318: 8098: 7921: 7863: 7836: 7806: 7513: 7473: 7427: 7345: 7335: 7310: 7300: 7236: 7151: 7099: 7079: 6996: 6953: 6915: 6810: 6732: 6680: 6676:

Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2

6642: 6559: 6471: 6394: 6292: 6102: 6012: 5971: 5818: 5692: 5640: 5579: 5515: 5429: 5396: 5005: 4741: 4349: 4230: 4222: 4161:, 1512–13). The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501 soon after the 4000: 3988: 3840: 3434: 2969: 2878: 2811: 2356:(145 BC – ca. 430 AD) and the Eastern Romans (533 to 695 AD). A slave trade bringing 2183: 2175: 1550: 1268: 1263: 1206: 1191: 1171: 993: 988: 923: 886: 719: 514: 367: 256: 135: 8583:

Greene, Sandra E. (2 October 2015). "Minority Voices: Abolitionism in West Africa".

8232: 8181:

Of Germs, Genes, and Genocide: Slavery, Capitalism, Imperialism, Health and Medicine

6310:

Aden, John Akare; Hanson, John H. "Legacies of the Past Themes in African History".

5169:—was some 3.5 million pounds Sterling per year. By contrast, the total trade of the 4585:

and Africa. France abolished slavery in 1794. However, slavery was again allowed by

2852: 13581: 13380: 13302: 13288: 13175: 13155: 13050: 12893: 12853: 12671: 12653: 12608: 12465: 12437: 12395: 12241: 12226: 12191: 12176: 12156: 12141: 12076: 12046: 12006: 11891: 11856: 11841: 11426: 11334: 11215: 10962: 10899: 10691: 10165: 10115: 10070: 10025: 10000: 9692: 9625: 9543: 9500: 9388: 9342: 9260: 8592: 8531: 8351: 8127: 8033: 7998: 7758: 7736: 7712: 7676: 7564: 7453: 7415: 7071: 6930: 6903: 6790: 6284: 6215: 6082: 5987: 5939: 5900: 5865: 5806: 5742: 5672: 5628: 5571: 5421: 5386: 5341: 5238: 4893: 4849: 4723: 4701: 4664: 4650:", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. 4634: 4578: 4565: 4103:; the first European to actually buy enslaved Africans in the region of Guinea was 4061:

slave trade but hindering economic and technological development at the same time.

3984: 3920: 3894: 3890: 3672: 3668: 3438: 3348: 3279: 3275: 3228: 2957: 2943: 2815: 2745: 2714: 2679: 2400: 2349: 2279: 2275: 2041: 1984: 1983:

of a person or a member of that person's family, to serve another person providing

1740: 1318: 1313: 1303: 1278: 1243: 1211: 1181: 1054: 1042: 1020: 998: 945: 781: 749: 51: 9527: 9272: 8596: 8355: 6437: 5891:

Wylie, Kenneth C. (1969). "Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftaincy 1880–1896".

5512:

Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade

5061:

as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars.

3775:. There, the slaves gradually assimilated in the rural areas, particularly on the 3063:. However, other communities in West Africa largely resisted the slave trade. The 1789:

were once commonplace in parts of Africa, as they were in much of the rest of the

13617: 13571: 13535: 13510: 13333: 13253: 13246: 13165: 13160: 13130: 13115: 13080: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12911: 12416: 12256: 12211: 12206: 12186: 12061: 12036: 12011: 11691: 11686: 11639: 11609: 11436: 11354: 11312: 11297: 11191: 11063: 10944: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10904: 10603: 10474: 10401: 10384: 10085: 9975: 7857: 7830: 6993:

A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century

6674: 6585: 6380: 5966: 5425: 5321: 5277: 5266: 4857: 4841: 4582: 4555:

The final major transformation of slave relationships came with the inconsistent

4499: 4391: 4381: 4376: 4218: 4190: 4173: 4096: 3686: 3653: 3620: 3611:(completed after 23 AD) mentions Greeks from Egypt trading slaves at the port of 3558: 3371:

where plantations and agricultural slavery were maintained. Author and historian

3259:

states consisted of enslaved people. The population of the largest Fulani state,

3154: 3095: 3012:

and Barbela rivers, and Ghana Lake on the Niger River as far as Regio Auri (1743)

3009: 2961: 2893: 2819: 2504: 2341: 2315: 2159: 1919: 1790: 1649: 1540: 1535: 1288: 1258: 1253: 976: 940: 739: 657: 362: 108: 11951: 9264: 8874: 7883: 7419: 6764: 4581:

by a bill issued on 12 February 1761, but this did not affect their colonies in

4149:

were the first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in America on islands such as

4107:, a Portuguese explorer in 1441 AD. Originally interested in trading mainly for 4073:, female slaves were increasingly used for physical and agricultural labour and 2953:

Slaves were transported since antiquity along trade routes crossing the Sahara.

13150: 12739: 12364: 12246: 12171: 12146: 12106: 11821: 11781: 11736: 11681: 11676: 11359: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11140: 11095: 11090: 11085: 10710: 10588: 9057: 6745: 6433: 5220: 5054: 5038: 5001: 4865: 4622: 4606: 4590: 4514: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4158: 4049: 3973: 3950: 3578: 3570: 3546: 3489: 3372: 3314: 3240: 3204: 3076: 3060: 3005: 2984: 2916: 2886: 2838: 2807: 2737: 2675: 2581: 2542: 2512: 2488: 2412: 2408: 2392: 2365: 2143: 2105: 1733: 1627: 519: 160: 118: 13145: 9721:

Faragher, John Mack; Buhle, Mari Jo; Czitrom, Daniel; Armitage, Susan (2004).

9629: 9346: 8526:

Heafner, Christopher A. (6 April 2006), "Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society",

7568: 7075: 6907: 6794: 6646: 6288: 5904: 5810: 5676: 5632: 3247:

a third of the population consisted of enslaved people. The population of the

2120: 13632: 13606: 13390: 13110: 13105: 13065: 12374: 12329: 12309: 12281: 12166: 12116: 12096: 12016: 11861: 11816: 11771: 11666: 11589: 11554: 11406: 11196: 10957: 10641: 9440:

Marx, K. (1867). "Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist".

9228: 8604: 7314: 7155: 7083: 6475: 6296: 5346: 5247: 5226: 5089: 4947: 4901: 4815:

remarked to the British legation officer Munshi Ihsanullah that West Africans

4202: 4162: 4135: 4120: 4116: 3969: 3935: 3768: 3764: 3598: 3574: 3566: 3517: 3446: 3268: 3244: 3232: 3200: 3114: 3102: 3068: 3036: 3028: 2947: 2897: 2846: 2830: 2757: 2710: 2709:

Early modern sources are full of descriptions of the sufferings of Christian

2538: 2500: 2484: 2431: 2357: 2337:

Burning of a village in Africa and capture of its inhabitants (February 1859)

2303: 2284: 2223: 2171: 2147: 2031: 2000: 1671: 1600: 1047: 1030: 805: 635: 625: 409: 59: 9824:

Where the Negroes are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade

9806: 9571:

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

9534:

Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".

8037: 7349: 6073:

Manning, Patrick (1983). "Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa".

4048:

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the

3344:, and capture were all semantics common in this region to depict the trade. 2178:

have estimated that of the Africans captured and then sold as slaves to the

43:

Major routes of transporting slaves out of Africa, by volume of slaves moved

13470: 13395: 13185: 13135: 13075: 13070: 13060: 12666: 12593: 12472: 12423: 12409: 12324: 12286: 12261: 12216: 12201: 12181: 12101: 12001: 11991: 11941: 11936: 11926: 11906: 11896: 11811: 11671: 11579: 11471: 11386: 11339: 10982: 10598: 8118:

Wood, Kirsten E. (29 July 2010). Smith, Mark M; Paquette, Robert L (eds.).

6718: 6636: 5746: 5361: 5296: 5009: 4869: 4837: 4678: 4647: 4556: 4504: 4309: 4254: 3954: 3946: 3882: 3829: 3799: 3780: 3744: 3649: 3645: 3582: 3554: 3538: 3530: 3454: 3442: 3322: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3216: 3208: 3192: 3106: 3048: 2869: 2702: 2508: 2492: 2404: 2377: 2353: 2345: 2292: 2231: 2210: 2093: 1980: 1932: 1826: 1814: 1676: 1513: 1489: 1395: 1388: 1119: 647: 620: 583: 561: 448: 165: 145: 123: 113: 103: 98: 88: 12131: 8259:, Colonial History Series, Dawsons of Pall Mall, London 1968, pp. 203–204. 7296:

Tuareg society within a globalized world : Saharan life in transition

7294: 5575: 5223:'s industrialization and the advent of the capitalist mode of production. 4267: 2310:(1558–1080 BC) brought large numbers of slaves as prisoners of war up the 2150:

of present-day Nigeria were involved in slave-trading. Groups such as the

928: 13385: 13360: 13348: 13210: 12196: 12126: 11921: 11901: 11851: 11766: 11756: 11533: 10977: 10894: 10608: 10593: 9875: 9750: 9647: 9211:

The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870

8783: 7487: 7329: 5214: 5185: 5166: 4997: 4682: 4653: 4449: 4206: 4177: 3919:

European slave trade in the Indian Ocean began when Portugal established

3844: 3756: 3729: 3607: 3562: 3509: 3224: 3196: 3158: 3134: 3091: 3072: 3064: 3052: 2976: 2834: 2592: 2464: 2311: 2227: 2190: 2069: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1988: 1976: 1866: 1518: 1506: 859: 662: 652: 610: 424: 10629: 9400: 9376: 7832:

Oriental Influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts

7777:

Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades

7465: 7216:

Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades

2658:, taking 6,000 prisoners. In 1558 Barbary corsairs captured the town of 1898: 13482: 13416: 13180: 13040: 12960: 12903: 12623: 12304: 12266: 12231: 12026: 11846: 11826: 11796: 11791: 11751: 11696: 11634: 11614: 11599: 11411: 11369: 9573:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 334–343. 9555: 9512: 9392: 8810:

India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria on slavery's list of shame, says report

8010: 6094: 5510:

Sparks, Randy J. (2014). "4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe".

5381: 5101: 5097: 5042: 4943: 4719: 4598: 4457: 4198: 4194: 4154: 3833: 3760: 3661: 3541:

to buy and sell slaves from the African interior. The empire imposed a

3513: 3497: 3384: 3318: 3212: 3133:, Mr T. Valentine Robins, who in 1864 accompanied an expedition up the 3118: 3056: 2905: 2698: 2683: 2670:

as slaves. In 1563 Turgut Reis landed at the shores of the province of

2612: 2608: 2427: 2396: 2372:

records that Rome enslaved 27,000 people from North Africa in 256 BC.

2139: 2020: 2004: 1992: 1952: 1922:

is a specific servitude relationship where the slave is treated as the

1666: 963: 667: 534: 7174:. Paisley Herald and Renfrewshire Advertiser. 10 March 1866. p. 6 7091: 7059: 6802: 5951: 5927: 5912: 5877: 5754: 5684: 3992: 3867:

price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer.

2678:, along with 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates frequently attacked the 2399:

slave trade in Europe was mainly to the East and South: the Christian

2352:(ca. 814 BC – 146 BC), or later when the region was controlled by the 2325:

Release of Christian slaves by payment of ransom by Catholic monks in

39: 13365: 12444: 12056: 11961: 11831: 11801: 11374: 11329: 8269:

Gueye, Mbaye (1979). "The slave trade within the African continent".

7802: 7652:

Mattingly, David. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade".

5356: 5208: 5162: 5149: 4070: 3996: 3794:, and in military units) and creating conditions for freedom (namely 3732:

allowed slavery, but prohibited slavery involving other pre-existing

3657: 3501: 3493: 3364: 3298: 3004:

Homann Heirs map of the slave trade in West Africa, from Senegal and

2822: 2799: 2524: 2179: 2151: 2050: 1996: 911: 576: 438: 9885: 9547: 9504: 8271:

The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century

8002: 7627:"Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation" 7444:

Kusimba, Chapurukha M. (2004). "The African Archaeological Review".

6086: 5124: 4130: 3747:

also has a long history beginning with the control of sea routes by

593: 13343: 13190: 13170: 13035: 12021: 11971: 11876: 11761: 11344: 5943: 5869: 5178: 5143:

as used to purchase slaves for approximately 8–50 manilla per slave

5140: 5074: 5017: 4924: 4718:

fled from their masters to earlier homes between 1906 and 1911. In

4586: 4169: 4100: 4074: 4041: 4007:

captured the islands in 1810, however, and because the British had

3900: 3772: 3675:

in slave trading in the 1st century, it became a major enterprise.

3376: 3294: 3290: 3220: 2921: 2865: 2857: 2727: 2667: 2573: 2561: 2163: 1923: 1501: 1059: 1003: 955: 615: 460: 315: 221: 10304: 9798:

The Human Commodity: Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

9129:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800

5733:

Alexander, J. (2001). "Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa".

4740:

During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the

4625:

abolished slave trade from Africa in 1847 under British pressure.

4559:

efforts starting in the mid-19th century. As European authorities

3763:. Eventually, tens of thousands per year were being taken. On the 3170: 12479: 12086: 11421: 11401: 8095:

Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective

6005:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

5391: 5135: 5069: 4238: 3752: 3690: 3685:(550 AD) that slaves captured in Ethiopia would be imported into 3616: 3586: 3522: 3450: 3383:

coast, 90 per cent of the population was enslaved, while half of

3341: 3188: 3126: 3083: 2772: 2765: 2749: 2741: 2731: 2671: 2651: 2577: 2550: 2472: 2468: 2457: 2442: 2438: 2369: 2326: 2318:(305 BC–30 BC) used both land and sea routes to bring in slaves. 2288: 2101: 1968: 1907: 1838: 1786: 1484: 566: 246: 63: 9876:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa," Le Monde diplomatique 9461:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 98–107, 169–177, 9360:

Curtin, Philip D. (1972). "The Atlantic slave trade: a census".

6173:"Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants" 6030: 6028: 3824: 3460: 3251:(1600–1800) was about one-third enslaved. It was perhaps 40% in 3035:

Martin Klein has said that before the Atlantic trade, slaves in

13477: 13375: 12354: 12236: 11721: 11416: 11391: 11238: 10335: 9159:

Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

8183:. United Kingdom Council for Human Rights. 1989. Archived from 6995:. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. pp. 26–30. 6386: 5158: 5128: 5105: 4726:

abolished slavery in 1900, and the rest of the Sahel in 1911.

4697: 4694: 4614: 3886: 3787: 3776: 3740: 3733: 3612: 3602: 3534: 3418: 3326: 3310: 3260: 3236: 3207:(1275–1591), about a third of the population were enslaved. In 3130: 3040: 2901: 2826: 2674:, Spain, and captured the coastal settlements in the area like 2663: 2655: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2596: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2384: 2373: 2206: 2155: 2125: 2065: 1971:

of the debtor (usually a child). Pawnship was a common form of

1964: 1782: 1186: 1008: 588: 571: 433: 268: 236: 12495: 8982:. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 191–192. 7587:

Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade".

6275:

Fisher, Alan (1980). "Chattel Slavery in the Ottoman Empire".

6208:

Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.

3697:

transported not just slaves, but also scholars and merchants.

3652:

with wood imported from India. This shipbuilding goes back to

3426:

changed the forms, level, and economics of slavery in Africa.

2689: 2100:, and in the small independent states in what is now southern 13205: 12221: 12161: 11604: 11431: 9415:"Understanding the long-run effects of Africa's slave trades" 7979:, Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean: An Overview, pp. 295–299 7264:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 6025: 5351: 5013: 4975: 4959: 4936: 4932: 4226: 4139: 4112: 3878: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3791: 3725: 3689:

via the Red Sea. He also mentioned the import of non African

3648:

capable of carrying large numbers of human beings across the

3380: 3360: 3264: 3044: 2761: 2753: 2643: 2635: 2565: 2557: 2546: 2480: 2476: 2446: 2097: 2061: 443: 429: 404: 9720: 6496:

Wright, John (2007). "Trans-Saharan Slave Trade". Routledge.

6464:"New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe" 6263:

villages in Illyria and North Africa in the fifth century AD

4860:, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the 11806: 8416: 8413:"The U.S. Navy and the Anti-Piracy Patrol in the Caribbean" 8293:

Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für Kritische Afrikastudien

7555:

Klein, Martin A. (1978). "The Study of Slavery in Africa".

5831: 5242:

less than 5% of the British economy during any year of the

4993: 4980: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4805: 4796: 4189:

powers, leading to the establishment of a number of actual

4150: 4108: 3958: 3931: 3904: 3748: 3356: 2842: 2694: 2639: 2588: 2388: 2361: 2060:

This was most significant in the Nile valley (primarily in

1960: 1928: 1870: 310: 140: 8980:

Holding It Together:African Women in Changing Perspectives

7955:. .nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from 6868:

Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery

5770:

More than chattel: black women and slavery in the Americas

5494:

Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa

3903:

was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, and under

3720:

small-scale movements of people, largely from the eastern

2049:

Military slavery involved the acquisition and training of

11207: 9757:

Klein, Martin A. (2009). The Study of Slavery in Africa,

9598:. Vol. II: The Eighteenth Century. pp. 415–439. 9562: 9480:. Vol. II: The Eighteenth Century. pp. 440–464. 8813: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7047:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47, 179, 192, 211. 6758:"Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery" 5058: 3961:

and neighbouring islands supplied regional networks with

3421:. Memorial to the slave trade through the port of Ouidah. 1955:, or debt bondage slavery, involves the use of people as 9805: 9768:. Vol 48. No. 2. Boston University African Study Center. 9007:

The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

7972: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7133:

An Economic History of Development in sub-Saharan Africa

6638:

Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people's republic

4589:

in 1802 and not abolished for good until 1848. In 1803,

3914: 3828:

Swahili-Arab slave traders and their captives along the

2364:

shows it to have been regulated there by treaty. As the

9866:

Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery

5932:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2483:

from 1250 to 1517. From 1250 on Egypt was ruled by the

1906:

The forms of slavery in Africa were closely related to

9785:

Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade

9636: 7902: 7607:

Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan Exports to the Roman World".

7118:

The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold

6641:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 160. 6326:"Historical survey > The international slave trade" 5790: 5713:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–21. 5077:: "An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence" ( 3755:

and Indian Ocean coast. They were sold throughout the

3267:

were enslaved. Slavery was extremely common among the

8471:. Cambridge University Press. 28 April 1999. p. 7963: 7399: 7292: 6523:"BBC – History – British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 5570:. Vol. 4. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5420:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, 5416:

Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History",

4115:, they set up colonies on the uninhabited islands of 3043:

slave trade and the economies of gold in the western

9766:

The International Journal of African History Studies

9446:. Vol. 1 – via Marxists Internet Archive. 7855: 7793: 7395:. Oxford, England: James Currey Ltd. pp. 38–74. 6952:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 28–39. 6870:(University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. 83–84. 6538:"The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands" 6004: 4954:

was finally criminalized in August 2007. During the

4886:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

4700:

was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade.

4542:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

2734:

and over 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves.

2666:

the inhabitants, and carried off 3,000 survivors to

1441:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

9568: 9313: 8313:Roberts, Richard L.; Lawrance, Benjamin N. (2012). 8097:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 191–204. 7162: 5550:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 18. 4864:. When the League of Nations was succeeded by the 8905:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 8464: 7169: 5119: 5064: 4708: 4320:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf 4087:'s conception of enslaved persons in Brazil (1839) 2764:tribes. Below them ranked servile groups known as 2314:and used them for domestic and supervised labour. 2230:which persisted in the area after the fall of the 2042:The history of Dahomy, an inland Kingdom of Africa 9795: 7914:Livingstone, David (2011). Waller, Horace (ed.). 7835:. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. p. 17. 6698: 6696: 6436:, Ohio: OSU News Research Archive. Archived from 6344:"Routes of the Jewish Merchants Called Radanites" 6118:The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume II 5796: 5317:Anti-Slavery operations of the United States Navy 3999:in 1721; by 1735 some 7,200 slaves populated the 3121:before Europeans arrived. In a paper read to the 13630: 9244:"The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades" 8853:"Poverty, tradition shackle Mauritania's slaves" 8440:Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East 8283: 8146:Critical Lessons in Slavery & the Slavetrade 7393:Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa 6746:Kituo cha katiba >> Haile Selassie Profile 5505: 5503: 5041:, more Africans likely died during the wars and 4939:, in places where law and order have collapsed. 3851:To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility. 2956:Oral tradition recounts slavery existing in the 1556:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 8560:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 8312: 8092: 7748: 7746: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7331:Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa 7299:. London: Tauris Academic Studies/I.B. Tauris. 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7023:The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 2942:1911/1915, owned by Njapundunke, mother of the 2752:warrior tribes ruling and extracting tribute – 9046: 8124:The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas 7856:Edward R. Tannenbaum, Guilford Dudley (1973). 7405: 7111: 7109: 7060:"Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945" 7025:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86, 88. 6986: 6984: 6693: 5514:. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–161. 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5203: 4095:The first Europeans to arrive on the coast of 4003:, a number which reached 133,000 in 1807. The 2007:(in modified forms, it also existed among the 11223: 10320: 9901: 9761:. Vol. 19. No. 4. Cambridge University Press. 7770: 7768: 7589:Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays 7550: 7548: 7232:Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa 5500: 5131:shells were used as money in the slave trade. 4283: 3859:region when he was travelling there in 1866: 3461:Trans-Saharan, Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade 3157:in 1824 believed that half the population of 2475:. Over time, they became a powerful military 2376:became an important source of slaves for the 1821:is still practised despite it being illegal. 1762: 13268:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 9751:Cudjo's Own Story of the Last African Slaver 9569:Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2009). 9089:(Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117-144, 8380:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 7743: 7719: 7687: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7510:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 7190: 6419: 6417: 6165: 6059: 5834:Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa 5832:Paul E. Lovejoy; Toyin Falola, eds. (2003). 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5212: 4193:thriving on slave trade. These included the 3581:all traded slaves on small scale across the 3445:, went to Europe in 1604, stopping first in 1781:Slavery has historically been widespread in 1561:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 9012: 8758:"Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan" 8673: 8023: 7913: 7664: 7115: 7106: 6981: 5446: 4297: 4165:gave almost all of the New World to Spain. 3923:in the early 16th century. Until the 1830s 3700: 3545:on the trade of slaves. In 5th century AD, 3274:When British rule was first imposed on the 2642:, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to 11230: 11216: 10327: 10313: 9908: 9894: 9475: 9374: 8370: 8331: 7897:Travels in Nubia, by John Lewis Burckhardt 7849: 7765: 7545: 7523: 7439: 7437: 7390: 7384: 7145: 7139: 6928: 6922: 6889: 6887: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 4290: 4276: 4263: 3771:from the interior and brought them to the 2108:, human sacrifice was often combined with 1769: 1755: 12899:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 9696: 9185:"Manilla or penannular bracelet currency" 8977: 8925: 8502: 8376: 8337: 8231:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). 7595: 7575: 7381:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa 7334:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7042: 6862: 6860: 6824:The slave trade: myths and preconceptions 6702: 6615: 6423: 6414: 6034: 5732: 5717: 3075:also fought against the slave trade. The 2900:slaves were established by the decree of 2889:issued a proclamation outlawing slavery. 2818:captured slaves primarily from the pagan 2302:Slavery in northern Africa dates back to 13526:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 9782: 9596:The Oxford History of the British Empire 9490: 9478:The Oxford History of the British Empire 9456: 9001: 8999: 8557: 8436: 8284:Hahonou, Eric; Pelckmans, Lotte (2011). 8277: 8230: 7982: 7876: 7824: 7822: 6457: 6455: 6251: 6149: 6035:Gates Jr., Henry Louis (23 April 2010). 5925: 5772:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 5704: 5702: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5559: 5557: 5415: 5134: 5123: 5068: 4974: 4781:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4777:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4773:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4758:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4687:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889-90 4652: 4532:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4445:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 4355:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 4129: 4079: 4035: 3823: 3704: 3640:to the west coast of India. The ancient 3408: 3289: 3164: 2999: 2933: 2915: 2851: 2837:Muslim sultanates, such as the medieval 2793: 2688: 2422: 2332: 2320: 2283: 2200: 2119: 2030: 1566:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1431:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1411:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 38: 9644:"Engaging the Holocaust of Enslavement" 9332: 9304:. Routledge, 4th edition, 2001, p. 261. 8525: 8132:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0024 7988: 7443: 7434: 7213: 7120:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7020: 6893: 6884: 6461: 6366:"The Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (Timeline)" 6232: 6115: 6109: 6072: 5855: 5840: 5491: 5372:History of slavery in the United States 5211:in his economic history of capitalism, 4040:African slaves working in 17th-century 4025: 3355:At about the same time, merchants from 3191:states of the western Sahel, including 2849:) slaves captured from the hinterland. 2075: 14: 13631: 9821: 9771: 9608: 9359: 9208: 9108: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9018: 8951: 8926:Andersson, Hilary (11 February 2005). 8687: 8685: 8582: 8443:. U. of Washington Press. p. 11. 8262: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8049: 8047: 7654:Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond 7609:Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond 7488:"Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds" 7228: 7057: 7045:Slavery and Slaving in African History 6857: 6666: 6634: 6495: 6489: 6309: 6274: 6254:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 6235:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 6152:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 6133:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 6047:from the original on 11 September 2017 5767: 5761: 5711:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 5662: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5567:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 5509: 5418:Slavery and Slaving in African History 5192:important roles in African societies. 3285: 3027:However, Nigerian historian Professor 2196: 12685:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 11211: 10308: 9915: 9889: 9778:. London: J. Buckland and J. Johnson. 9775:Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade 9675: 9533: 8996: 8907:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002 8850: 8536:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.44880 8268: 7976: 7828: 7819: 7651: 7554: 7446:Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa 7327: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6990: 6947: 6929:Birmingham, David (25 January 2010). 6780: 6653: 6509:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 6506: 6452: 6378: 6201: 6130: 5890: 5884: 5708: 5699: 5647: 5554: 5545: 5496:. London: Cambridge University Press. 5265:before the Industrial Revolution and 5111:Others in turn challenged that view. 4830:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4786: 4335:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 4271: 4022:slaves exported across the Atlantic. 3915:European traders and colonial markets 1899:v. II, Chapter XXII – War and Slavery 1869:, who visited the ancient kingdom of 1453:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1130:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 13427:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 9593: 9439: 9241: 9009:, 1 edition, (Routledge: 2003), p.ix 8117: 7797:; Tordoff, William (December 2001). 7531:"Historical survey, Slave societies" 7148:Dahomey and Its Neighbors: 1708–1818 6672: 6618:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5618: 5548:Give Me Liberty: An American History 4836:, explicitly banned slavery. After 3821:or Arabia in a state of virginity." 2960:from the time of its formation with 2587:("Redbeard"), and his older brother 2580:. The most famous corsairs were the 2344:was legal and widespread throughout 2115: 1645:Slave marriages in the United States 1249:Human trafficking in the Middle East 10334: 9754:. Eastford, CT: Martino Fine Books. 9131:, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 9072: 8885:from the original on 6 January 2010 8682: 8410: 8111: 8077: 8044: 7774: 7752: 7730: 7706: 7670: 7586: 7235:. Hurst & Company. p. 33. 7130: 6535: 6500: 5605: 5272: 3144:, described slavery in the region: 2975:Slavery was common along the Upper 2415:an important source of slaves. The 2026: 1963:. Slave labour is performed by the 1938: 984:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 12494: 9840: 9713: 9056:. Emory University. Archived from 9022:The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census 8954:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 8875:"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law" 8273:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 150–163. 8093:Robertson, Claire; Achebe (2019). 7606: 7458:10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a 7029: 7009: 6507:Davis, Robert (17 February 2011). 6379:Davis, Robert C. (December 2003). 6220:10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0014 6008:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 5836:. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 5096:Others have challenged this view. 3390: 3271:and many still hold slaves today. 2841:, through their ports also traded 2556:The coastal villages and towns of 1914: 1638:last survivors of American slavery 25: 13670: 13317:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 10973:Confederation of African Football 9859: 9209:Thomas, Hugh (12 November 2015). 9025:. University of Wisconsin Press. 8851:Flynn, Daniel (1 December 2006). 7508:, in Junius P. Rodriguez (1997), 6972: 5970:". Transaction Publishers. p.63. 4681:in Europe became an excuse and a 4372:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.) 3843:talking about the slave trade in 3767:, the Afro-Arab slavers captured 2911: 2779: 1896:Travels in the Interior of Africa 1888:Travels in the Interior of Africa 599:Field slaves in the United States 466:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 13613: 13612: 13600: 13453:A General History of the Pyrates 13275:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 12796:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 10216:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 9986:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9698:10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206 9602: 9587: 9469: 9450: 9433: 9407: 9368: 9353: 9326: 9307: 9294: 9235: 9202: 9177: 9164: 9161:, Oxford University Press, 1987. 9151: 9142:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 9134: 9121: 9105:. Oxford University Press, 1993. 9095: 8971: 8945: 8919: 8897: 8867: 8844: 8819: 8802: 8784:"Millions 'forced into slavery'" 8776: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8713: 8704: 8694: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8576: 8551: 8519: 8496: 8457: 8430: 8404: 8383:. Vol. 1. A – K. ABC-CLIO. 8306: 8250: 8224: 8199: 8169: 8151: 8138: 8017: 7945: 7934: 7890: 7859:A History of World Civilizations 7293:Ines Kohl; Anja Fischer (2010). 6975:River of Wealth, River of Sorrow 6424:Grabmeier, Jeff (8 March 2004). 4689:. In the late 19th century, the 4595:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 4340:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 3479: 3305:With sea trade from the eastern 2726:As late as 1798, the islet near 476:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 471:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 300:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 70: 9843:"History of Slavery and Africa" 9796:Savage, Elizabeth, ed. (1992). 9669: 8528:African American Studies Center 8233:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 8055:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 7787: 7645: 7619: 7498: 7480: 7372: 7356: 7321: 7286: 7256: 7222: 7124: 7051: 6966: 6941: 6873: 6839: 6828: 6817: 6774: 6750: 6739: 6725: 6711: 6628: 6609: 6591: 6568: 6548: 6529: 6515: 6462:Carroll, Rory (11 March 2004). 6372: 6358: 6336: 6318: 6303: 6268: 6245: 6226: 6195: 6143: 6124: 6037:"Ending the Slavery Blame-Game" 5998: 5980: 5958: 5919: 5825: 5784:"Domestic Slavery: What Is It?" 5776: 5120:Effect on the economy of Africa 5065:Debate about demographic effect 4970: 4754:Committee of Experts on Slavery 4709:20th century up to World War II 4387:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil) 4360:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 3739:The trade of slaves across the 3223:and other peoples of the lower 2467:. The first Mamluks served the 2237: 1855:Islamic institutions of slavery 1426:Committee of Experts on Slavery 977:East, Southeast, and South Asia 12811:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 12806:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 12559:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 9808:The Slave Trade of East Africa 9335:The Journal of African History 9252:Quarterly Journal of Economics 9146:Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications 8952:Steeds, Oliver (3 June 2005). 8562:. Cambridge University Press. 7920:. Cambridge University Press. 7557:The Journal of African History 7150:. Cambridge University Press. 7064:The Journal of African History 6896:The Journal of African History 6783:The Journal of African History 6679:. Facts on File. p. 239. 6011:. Cambridge University Press. 5893:The Journal of African History 5799:The Journal of African History 5665:The Journal of African History 5621:The Journal of African History 5592: 5539: 5528: 5409: 5292:Slavery in contemporary Africa 5139:Two slightly differing Okpoho 4605:which freed all slaves in the 3934:to the Philippines during the 3709:The slave market in Zanzibar, 3632:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 3557:goes back to 2500 BC. Ancient 3231:, and the Kasanje kingdom and 3123:Ethnological Society of London 2995: 2417:slave trade in medieval Europe 1931:valley, much of the Sahel and 1819:Slavery in contemporary Africa 1125:Slave raiding in Easter Island 32:Slavery in contemporary Africa 13: 1: 12667:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 9362:University of Wisconsin Press 9341:(3). Cambridge.org: 365–394. 8928:"Born to Be a Slave in Niger" 8597:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1008213 8503:Loosemore, Jo (8 July 2008). 8377:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 8356:10.4000/etudesafricaines.5619 8295:(20): 141–162. Archived from 6577:A complete History of Algiers 5786:. Anti-Slavery International. 5403: 5078: 5073:Photograph of a slave boy in 4983:slave gang in Zanzibar (1889) 4874:Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge 4016: 4009:prohibited the slave trade in 3962: 3924: 3710: 3667:After the involvement of the 3278:and the surrounding areas in 3174: 2925: 2146:of present-day Ghana and the 2129: 13240:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 12490:Pirate battles and incidents 9871:The story of Africa: Slavery 9826:. Harvard University Press. 9116:Exchanging Our Country Marks 9054:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" 8026:Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire 7229:Fisher, Humphrey J. (2001). 7116:Meillassoux, Claude (1991). 6991:Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004). 6719:"Ethiopia – The Interregnum" 6542:International Herald Tribune 5926:Williams, Clifford. (1988). 5426:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003 5161:, vast quantities of cloth, 4746:Temporary Slavery Commission 4611:1820 U.S. Law on Slave Trade 4520:Temporary Slavery Commission 4248: 4044:, by an unknown artist, 1670 3591:Slave trading in the Red Sea 3550:slaves in the Roman Empire. 3387:'s population was enslaved. 2035:Slaves for sacrifice at the 1847:Roman institution of slavery 1416:Temporary Slavery Commission 1077:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 27:Historical slavery in Africa 7: 12639:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 12122:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 10701:International organisations 9618:Journal of Economic History 9536:The Economic History Review 9265:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139 8530:, Oxford University Press, 8467:A Concise History of Brazil 8344:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 8207:"Transatlantic slave trade" 7420:10.1080/0144039042000292992 6214:. Oxford University Press. 5600:Ibn Battuta in Black Africa 5284: 5204:Effects on Europe's economy 4882:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 4537:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 4367:West Africa Squadron (U.K.) 4069:across the Atlantic to the 3496:in the 5th century BC. The 2798:A "servant-slave" woman in 2576:and struck as far north as 2407:were the destinations, and 2252:Slavery in the Roman Empire 1959:to secure the repayment of 1947: 1785:. Systems of servitude and 1436:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 481:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 13675: 13516:Pirate films and TV series 12956:African Slave Trade Patrol 12524:Action of 11 November 2008 11313:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 11237: 10953:Africa Cricket Association 10759:Countries by GDP (nominal) 9759:Journal of African History 9609:Daudin, Guillaume (2004). 9019:Curtin, Philip D. (1972). 8978:Robertson, Claire (2019). 8558:Drescher, Seymour (2009). 8437:Tôledānô, Ehûd R. (1998). 8237:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7884:"Focus on the slave trade" 7781:Cambridge University Press 7658:Cambridge University Press 7613:Cambridge University Press 7146:Akinjogbin, I. A. (1967). 7058:Igbafe, Philip A. (1975). 6703:Robertson, Claire (2019). 6258:Cambridge University Press 6239:Cambridge University Press 6177:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering 6156:Cambridge University Press 6137:Cambridge University Press 6075:American Historical Review 4965: 4878:Anti-Slavery International 4603:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 4252: 4029: 3464: 3394: 2783: 2241: 1851:Christian views on slavery 1621:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1458:Anti-Slavery International 1223:North Africa and West Asia 29: 13654:History of Central Africa 13594: 13544: 13503: 13496: 13444: 13409: 13326: 13224: 13026: 13013: 13005:Trans-Saharan slave trade 12941: 12872: 12604:Battle off Minicoy Island 12579:Battle of Cape Fear River 12549:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 12519:Action of 28 October 2007 12514:Action of 9 November 1822 12489: 12387: 12295: 11659: 11652: 11578: 11542: 11499: 11452: 11445: 11290: 11245: 11169: 11076: 11005: 10968:Australian-rules football 10943: 10885: 10876: 10828: 10821: 10749: 10740: 10637: 10628: 10559:Countries and territories 10554: 10545: 10505: 10462: 10355: 10346: 10229: 10204: 9923: 9822:Sparks, Randy J. (2014). 9815:Church Missionary Society 9783:Reynolds, Edward (1985). 9630:10.1017/S0022050704002633 9375:WOOD SWEET, JOHN (2009). 9347:10.1017/S0021853700024439 8505:"Sailing Against Slavery" 8317:. Ohio University Press. 8161:. Cia.gov. Archived from 7829:Lodhi, Abdulaziz (2000). 7569:10.1017/s0021853700016509 7328:Klein, Martin A. (1998). 7214:Manning, Patrick (1990). 7184:British Newspaper Archive 7076:10.1017/S002185370001433X 6948:Harms, Robert W. (1981). 6908:10.1017/S0021853709004228 6866:Catherine Lowe Besteman, 6795:10.1017/S0021853799007458 6635:Keller, Edmond J (1991). 6289:10.1080/01440398008574806 5905:10.1017/s0021853700009531 5811:10.1017/S0021853700007787 5677:10.1017/s0021853700006514 5633:10.1017/s0021853700036343 5492:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). 5027: 4956:Second Sudanese Civil War 4832:, adopted in 1948 by the 4765:Trans-Saharan slave trade 4305: 3941:The establishment of the 3506:trans-Saharan slave trade 3486:trans-Saharan slave trade 3467:Trans-Saharan slave trade 3397:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2904:and local administrative 2864:Slavery, as practised in 2495:enslaved people from the 2256:trans-Saharan slave trade 2138:Many nations such as the 2089:Annual Customs of Dahomey 2037:Annual Customs of Dahomey 1799:trans-Saharan slave trade 1717:Emancipation Proclamation 1389:Opposition and resistance 1147:Sex trafficking in Europe 1135:Blackbirding in Polynesia 698:Trans-Saharan slave trade 13000:Indian Ocean slave trade 12889:International piracy law 12826:Pirate attacks in Borneo 12698:Capture of the schooner 12690:Capture of the schooner 12624:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 12350:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 9971:Central African Republic 9459:Capitalism & Slavery 9172:African Economic History 8338:Dottridge, Mike (2005). 8257:Slave Trade Debates 1806 7886:. BBC. 3 September 2001. 7801:(4 ed.). Budapest: 7367:Journal of World History 7043:Stillwell, Sean (2014). 6673:Page, Willie F. (2001). 6346:. Jewishencyclopedia.com 6202:Lewis, David M. (2018). 5602:, Princeton 2005, p. 54. 5332:Islamic views on slavery 5327:Christianity and slavery 5312:Slavery in modern Africa 5171:Kingdom of Great Britain 4731:Indian Ocean slave trade 4058:agricultural plantations 3943:Dutch East India Company 3809:wrote of his travels in 3805:In 1814, Swiss explorer 3701:Arab traders and markets 3642:Indian Ocean slave trade 3475:Indian Ocean slave trade 3405:Indian Ocean slave trade 3379:was enslaved. Along the 2938:Elderly female slave, c. 2291:waiting to be sold at a 2248:Slavery in ancient Egypt 1832: 1807:Indian Ocean slave trade 1497:Compensated emancipation 708:Indian Ocean slave trade 13459:Captain Charles Johnson 12883:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 12594:Battle of Mandab Strait 12574:Battle of Boca Teacapan 12569:Balanguingui Expedition 12534:Action of 23 March 2010 11015:Countries by population 10728:United States of Africa 9493:Business History Review 9457:Williams, Eric (1944). 8585:Slavery & Abolition 8211:Encyclopedia Britannica 8038:10.3406/outre.1975.1831 7535:Encyclopædia Britannica 7408:Slavery & Abolition 7135:. Palgrave. p. 70. 7021:Nwokeji, U. G. (2011). 6935:Encyclopædia Britannica 6847:"Chronology of slavery" 6584:8 December 2013 at the 6277:Slavery & Abolition 5992:Encyclopædia Britannica 4890:Slavery in Saudi Arabia 4750:1926 Slavery Convention 4525:1926 Slavery Convention 4510:Treaty of Jeddah (1927) 4495:Battle of Little Bereby 4299:Slave trade suppression 4264:18th and 19th centuries 4092:European colonization. 4053:those in the Americas. 3615:and other ports on the 2756:– from the subservient 2471:caliphs in 9th century 2244:History of North Africa 2226:slave trade route from 1421:1926 Slavery Convention 1177:Germany in World War II 794:North and South America 316:Contract of manumission 13659:History of West Africa 12816:Operation Ocean Shield 12644:Battle of Tonkin River 12589:Battle of Doro Passage 12544:Action of 5 April 2010 12539:Action of 1 April 2010 12529:Action of 9 April 2009 12509:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 12499: 12335:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 12320:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 11467:British Virgin Islands 10764:Countries by GDP (PPP) 10706:Pan-African Parliament 10497:Science and technology 9381:Early American Studies 9091:online at pp. 119-120. 7991:Social Science History 7862:. Wiley. p. 615. 6599:"Slavery's last stand" 5768:Gaspar, D. B. (1998). 5747:10.1080/00438240126645 5213: 5144: 5132: 5085: 4984: 4822: 4670: 4657:Capture of slave ship 4630:Eusébio de Queirós Law 4474:Bombardment of Johanna 4382:Brazil Squadron (U.S.) 4377:Africa Squadron (U.S.) 4211:Imamate of Futa Jallon 4142: 4134:Slave trade along the 4088: 4045: 3966: 100,000–150,000 3875: 3853: 3837: 3716: 3422: 3340:Methods like pillage, 3302: 3180: 3151: 3013: 2950: 2931: 2883:Allies of World War II 2861: 2803: 2768:, a black population. 2724: 2706: 2646:. When pirates sacked 2521: 2507:and sold as slaves to 2434: 2338: 2330: 2299: 2214: 2135: 2046: 1884: 902:British Virgin Islands 454:Circassian slave trade 420:Safavid imperial harem 415:Ottoman Imperial Harem 44: 13432:Pirates versus Ninjas 12859:Slave raid of Suðuroy 12821:Persian Gulf Campaign 12706:Capture of the sloop 12634:Battle of the Leotung 12619:Battle of New Orleans 12498: 12360:Richard Avery Hornsby 12112:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 12072:Moses Cohen Henriques 12042:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 11787:Christina Anna Skytte 11325:Brethren of the Coast 11308:Baltic Slavic pirates 11255:Ancient Mediterranean 10417:European colonisation 10380:Pre-colonial kingdoms 10131:São Tomé and Príncipe 9991:Republic of the Congo 9772:Newton, John (1788). 9729:Pearson Prentice Hall 9676:Allen, R. B. (2017). 9242:Nunn, Nathan (2008). 8159:"CIA Factbook: Haiti" 8148:. A & B Book Pub. 6661:Ethiopian Borderlands 5576:10.1017/9781139046176 5377:James Riley (Captain) 5337:Slavery in Mauritania 5244:Industrial Revolution 5138: 5127: 5072: 4978: 4952:Slavery in Mauritania 4915:'s expedition up the 4817: 4679:anti-slavery movement 4656: 4237:, and the kingdom of 4133: 4083: 4039: 3861: 3849: 3827: 3708: 3677:Cosmas Indicopleustes 3553:Slave trading in the 3484:Early records of the 3441:'s ambassador to the 3412: 3369:Sultanate of Zanzibar 3293: 3168: 3146: 3003: 2937: 2919: 2855: 2797: 2719: 2692: 2570:Mediterranean islands 2517: 2426: 2336: 2324: 2287: 2242:Further information: 2204: 2124:Young slave women in 2123: 2034: 1880: 1861:, and eventually the 1141:Europe and North Asia 1101:Australia and Oceania 801:Pre-Columbian America 373:Slave raid of Suðuroy 305:Slavery in al-Andalus 227:Black Sea slave trade 156:21st-century jihadism 42: 13354:skull and crossbones 13310:Mistress of the Seas 12992:Capture of the brig 12969:Atlantic slave trade 12730:Falklands Expedition 12584:Battle of Cape Lopez 12504:1582 Cagayan battles 12431:Queen Anne's Revenge 11982:José Joaquim Almeida 11967:John Newland Maffitt 11887:Hayreddin Barbarossa 11727:Bartolomeu Português 11717:Artemisia I of Caria 11712:Alexandre Exquemelin 11550:Baltic Slavic piracy 11303:Anglo-Turkish piracy 10988:Stadiums by capacity 10935:World Heritage Sites 10412:European exploration 8350:(179/180): 689–712. 8144:John Henrik Clarke. 8120:"Gender and Slavery" 7753:Freamon, Bernard K. 7731:Freamon, Bernard K. 7707:Freamon, Bernard K. 7671:Freamon, Bernard K. 7512:, ABC-CLIO, p. 623. 7218:. London: Cambridge. 6721:. Countrystudies.us. 6430:researchnews.osu.edu 6312:Legacies of the Past 6204:"13. Punic Carthage" 5546:Foner, Eric (2012). 5302:Atlantic slave trade 5263:capital accumulation 5022:Indian Ocean islands 4898:United Arab Emirates 4813:Abd al Aziz Ibn Saud 4735:Zanzibar slave trade 4643:West Africa Squadron 4215:Imamate of Futa Toro 4191:West African empires 4186:Atlantic slave trade 4085:Jean-Baptiste Debret 4032:Atlantic slave trade 4026:Atlantic slave trade 3909:Zanzibar slave trade 3682:Christian Topography 3401:Atlantic slave trade 3325:. In places such as 3096:assimilative slavery 2981:Atlantic slave trade 2730:was attacked by the 2686:became uninhabited. 2624:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2076:Slaves for sacrifice 1863:Atlantic slave trade 1811:Atlantic slave trade 1596:Indentured servitude 1524:Underground Railroad 1324:United Arab Emirates 713:Zanzibar slave trade 680:By country or region 493:Atlantic slave trade 395:Ma malakat aymanukum 279:Venetian slave trade 13644:African slave trade 13371:No purchase, no pay 13339:Davy Jones's locker 13282:The Angel's Command 13126:Guybrush Threepwood 12974:Barbary slave trade 12951:African slave trade 12748:Jiajing wokou raids 12649:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 11872:François l'Olonnais 11732:Bartholomew Roberts 11620:Republic of Pirates 10672:Freedom of religion 10657:Heads of government 10449:Scramble for Africa 10206:States with limited 9847:Online Encyclopedia 9746:Hurston, Zora Neale 9302:A History of Africa 9118:. Chapel Hill, 1998 8177:"Health in Slavery" 7799:A History of Africa 7795:Donnelly Fage, John 7615:. pp. 192–193. 7274:on 30 December 2007 7171:"Among the savages" 6853:on 23 October 2009. 6368:. Sunnahonline.com. 6183:: 12. February 1859 5967:Death by government 4862:Red Sea slave trade 4834:UN General Assembly 4801:Red Sea slave trade 4793:Red Sea slave trade 4691:Scramble for Africa 4621:. In addition, the 4613:made slave trading 4235:Ashanti Confederacy 4172:, for example, the 3857:African Great Lakes 3595:Alexander the Great 3593:around the time of 3585:(and sometimes the 3504:as engaging in the 3471:Red Sea slave trade 3307:African Great Lakes 3301:owned 10,000 slaves 3286:African Great Lakes 2786:Slavery in Ethiopia 2701:being marched to a 2260:Barbary slave trade 2197:Practices by region 1803:Red Sea slave trade 1682:Slave Route Project 813:Americas indigenous 703:Red Sea slave trade 693:Contemporary Africa 556:Topics and practice 326:Crimean slave trade 321:Bukhara slave trade 274:Genoese slave trade 151:Contemporary Africa 131:Forced prostitution 18:African slave trade 13531:Timeline of piracy 13488:Piracy kidnappings 13141:Jacquotte Delahaye 13096:Charlotte de Berry 13086:Captain Sabertooth 12979:Blockade of Africa 12934:Piracy Law of 1820 12864:Turkish Abductions 12801:Operation Atalanta 12735:Great Lakes Patrol 12614:Battle of Nam Quan 12564:Attack on Veracruz 12500: 12082:Nicholas van Hoorn 12067:Michel de Grammont 11932:Jacquotte Delahaye 11917:Hippolyte Bouchard 11837:Elise Eskilsdotter 11777:Charlotte de Berry 11742:Benjamin Hornigold 10397:Indian Ocean trade 9917:Slavery in Africa 9841:Wright, Donald R. 9800:. London: F. Cass. 9654:on 16 January 2013 9421:. 27 February 2017 9393:10.1353/eam.0.0011 9114:Gomez, Michael A. 9103:American Holocaust 8816:. 18 October 2013. 8762:Human Rights Watch 7959:on 1 October 2005. 7775:Manning, Patrick. 7541:on 6 October 2014. 7379:The end of slavery 6391:Palgrave Macmillan 6260:. pp. 297–8. 6120:. pp. 81–110. 6041:The New York Times 5367:History of slavery 5307:Blockade of Africa 5145: 5133: 5086: 5045:within Africa and 4985: 4913:Samuel White Baker 4854:the Trucial States 4787:After World War II 4716:French West Africa 4671: 4561:began to take over 4345:Blockade of Africa 4259:Blockade of Africa 4163:Papal Bull of 1493 4143: 4089: 4046: 3981:East India Company 3968:slaves 1620–1830. 3838: 3717: 3695:Indian Ocean trade 3423: 3303: 3181: 3169:A slave trader of 3022:division of labour 3014: 2951: 2932: 2920:A slave market in 2894:Somali territories 2862: 2804: 2790:Slavery in Somalia 2707: 2435: 2395:, and Ghana). The 2339: 2331: 2300: 2272:Slavery in Tunisia 2268:Slavery in Algeria 2264:Slavery in Morocco 2215: 2136: 2110:capital punishment 2047: 1979:. It involved the 1875:sub-Saharan Africa 1859:Muslim slave trade 1837:Multiple forms of 1463:Blockade of Africa 770:Somali slave trade 686:Sub-Saharan Africa 378:Turkish Abductions 336:Khivan slave trade 331:Khazar slave trade 284:Balkan slave trade 242:Prague slave trade 45: 13649:History of Africa 13639:Slavery in Africa 13626: 13625: 13607:Piracy portal 13590: 13589: 13567:Fictional pirates 13466:Truce of Ratisbon 13440: 13439: 13401:Walking the plank 13261:On Stranger Tides 13201:Tony Tony Chopper 13091:Captain Stingaree 13028:Fictional pirates 12844:Sack of Baltimore 12839:Raid on Cartagena 12781:Moscow University 12660:Beluga Nomination 12629:Battle of Pianosa 12554:Antelope incident 12445:Marquis of Havana 12383: 12382: 12092:Olivier Levasseur 12032:Louis-Michel Aury 11997:Klaus Störtebeker 11947:Jeanne de Clisson 11867:François Le Clerc 11702:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 11648: 11647: 11565:South China Coast 11529:Strait of Malacca 11205: 11204: 11072: 11071: 11001: 11000: 10817: 10816: 10794:Natural resources 10736: 10735: 10682:Linguistic rights 10624: 10623: 10541: 10540: 10302: 10301: 10233:other territories 10006:Equatorial Guinea 9833:978-0-674-72487-7 9789:Allison and Busby 9738:978-0-13-182431-7 9220:978-1-4746-0336-2 9101:Stannard, David. 9032:978-0-299-05403-8 8989:978-0-299-32110-9 8881:. 9 August 2007. 8831:BBC World Service 8545:978-0-19-530173-1 8411:Carrell, Toni L. 8390:978-0-87436-885-7 7927:978-1-108-03261-2 7761:. pp. 81–82. 7739:. pp. 82–83. 7715:. pp. 79–80. 7660:. pp. 27–28. 7633:. 5 November 2011 7365:, Project MUSE – 7306:978-0-85771-924-9 7242:978-1-85065-524-4 6977:. pp. 48–51. 6735:. Infoplease.com. 6705:Women and Slavery 6139:. pp. 16–17. 6018:978-1-107-09485-7 5994:. 26 August 2019. 5988:"Human Sacrifice" 5964:R. Rummel (1997)" 5735:World Archaeology 5598:Noel King (ed.), 5435:978-1-139-03499-9 5397:Asiento de Negros 5113:Joseph E. Inikori 5006:Arabian Peninsula 4828:Article 4 of the 4742:League of Nations 4552: 4551: 4350:Kanunname of 1889 4231:Fante Confederacy 4223:Kingdom of Khasso 4020: 12,000,000 4001:Mascarene Islands 3989:Dutch East Indies 3847:in his journals: 3841:David Livingstone 3807:Johann Burckhardt 3500:were recorded by 3415:Door of No Return 3203:(1712–1861), and 2970:Kingdom of Ndongo 2879:League of Nations 2705:in the Arab world 2445:who converted to 2209:) carrying Queen 2205:Malagasy slaves ( 2184:Henry Louis Gates 2176:Boston University 2116:Local slave trade 2096:, in what is now 1779: 1778: 1729:Freedmen's Bureau 1551:Third Servile War 1546:International law 1113:Human trafficking 875:Human trafficking 550:Thirteen colonies 368:Sack of Baltimore 136:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 13666: 13616: 13615: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13501: 13500: 13303:Pirate Latitudes 13296:Long John Silver 13289:Voyage of Slaves 13156:Long John Silver 13051:Captain Birdseye 13024: 13023: 12894:Letter of marque 12854:Salvador Pirates 12849:Sack of Campeche 12672:Chepo Expedition 12654:Battle of Tysami 12609:Battle off Mukah 12599:Battle of Manila 12438:Quedagh Merchant 12396:Adventure Galley 12242:Victual Brothers 12227:Thomas Cavendish 12192:Sayyida al Hurra 12177:Samuel Hall Lord 12157:Roche Braziliano 12142:Robert Culliford 12077:Nathaniel Gordon 12047:Martin Frobisher 12007:Laurens de Graaf 11977:Jørgen Jørgensen 11912:Henry Strangways 11892:Hendrick Lucifer 11842:Eustace the Monk 11707:António de Faria 11657: 11656: 11625:Republic of Salé 11595:Île Sainte-Marie 11450: 11449: 11427:Victual Brothers 11335:Cilician pirates 11232: 11225: 11218: 11209: 11208: 11185: 11178: 10963:Afro-Asian Games 10883: 10882: 10826: 10825: 10804:Renewable energy 10769:Countries by HDI 10747: 10746: 10635: 10634: 10552: 10551: 10353: 10352: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10294: 10293:(United Kingdom) 10289:Tristan da Cunha 10285:Ascension Island 10277: 10264: 10255: 10231:Dependencies and 9924:Sovereign states 9910: 9903: 9896: 9887: 9886: 9854: 9853:on 2 April 2007. 9849:. Archived from 9837: 9818: 9812: 9801: 9792: 9779: 9742: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9700: 9682: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9650:. Archived from 9640: 9634: 9633: 9615: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9311: 9305: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9281: 9275:. Archived from 9248: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9189:web.prm.ox.ac.uk 9181: 9175: 9168: 9162: 9155: 9149: 9140:Rodney, Walter, 9138: 9132: 9127:Thornton, John. 9125: 9119: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9093: 9083: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9060:on 25 March 2013 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8994: 8993: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8827:"Modern slavery" 8823: 8817: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8730: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8680: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8470: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8290: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8165:on 12 June 2009. 8155: 8149: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8090: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8061:. Archived from 8051: 8042: 8041: 8032:(226): 252–269. 8021: 8015: 8014: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7961: 7960: 7949: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7750: 7741: 7740: 7728: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7685: 7684: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7604: 7593: 7592: 7584: 7573: 7572: 7552: 7543: 7542: 7537:. Archived from 7527: 7521: 7504:Timothy Insoll, 7502: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7441: 7432: 7431: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7270:. Archived from 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7131:Hillbom, Ellen. 7128: 7122: 7121: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7007: 7006: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6931:"Central Africa" 6926: 6920: 6919: 6891: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6849:. Archived from 6843: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6763:. Archived from 6762: 6754: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6595: 6589: 6580:, 1731, p. 517. 6572: 6566: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5853: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5730: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5660: 5645: 5644: 5616: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5507: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5444: 5443: 5413: 5387:African Diaspora 5342:Slavery in Sudan 5273:Legacy of racism 5239:Stanley Engerman 5218: 5083: 5080: 4733:, including the 4724:Sokoto Caliphate 4702:Seymour Drescher 4635:Isabel of Brazil 4617:, punishable by 4579:Portuguese India 4392:Slave Trade Acts 4300: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4227:Kingdom of Kaabu 4021: 4018: 3985:Coromandel Coast 3967: 3964: 3951:Colombo fortress 3929: 3926: 3715: 3712: 3673:Sassanian Empire 3669:Byzantine Empire 3597:is described by 3349:Southeast Africa 3280:northern Nigeria 3276:Sokoto Caliphate 3179: 3176: 3111:I. A. Akinjogbin 2958:Kingdom of Kongo 2941: 2930: 2927: 2816:Ethiopian Empire 2746:Northwest Africa 2715:Barbary corsairs 2680:Balearic islands 2662:, destroyed it, 2549:, but mostly in 2533: 2401:Byzantine Empire 2350:Ancient Carthage 2280:Slavery in Egypt 2276:Slavery in Libya 2134: 2131: 2027:Military slavery 1939:Domestic service 1902: 1817:outside Africa. 1771: 1764: 1757: 1741:Emancipation Day 1574: 1541:Slave Trade Acts 232:Byzantine Empire 74: 47: 46: 21: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13629: 13628: 13627: 13622: 13601: 13599: 13586: 13552:Barbary pirates 13540: 13536:Women in piracy 13492: 13436: 13405: 13334:Buried treasure 13322: 13254:Facing the Flag 13247:Treasure Island 13220: 13166:Vaas Montenegro 13161:Monkey D. Luffy 13131:Hector Barbossa 13116:Elizabeth Swann 13081:Captain Pugwash 13018: 13016: 13009: 12986:Veloz Passagera 12984:Capture of the 12937: 12868: 12677:Capture of the 12485: 12417:Flying Dutchman 12379: 12345:Miguel Enríquez 12297: 12291: 12257:William Dampier 12212:Simon Mascarino 12207:Shirahama Kenki 12187:Samuel Pallache 12152:Roberto Cofresí 12062:Mary Wolverston 12037:Mansel Alcantra 12012:Lawrence Prince 11692:Albert W. Hicks 11644: 11582: 11574: 11538: 11495: 11441: 11437:Women in piracy 11402:Sindhi corsairs 11355:French corsairs 11345:Cossack pirates 11298:Albanian piracy 11291:Types of pirate 11286: 11241: 11236: 11206: 11201: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11165: 11068: 11064:Youth in Africa 11042:Life expectancy 10997: 10939: 10915:Africanfuturism 10872: 10813: 10809:Stock exchanges 10732: 10620: 10579:Natural history 10537: 10501: 10458: 10407:Muslim conquest 10402:Bantu expansion 10342: 10333: 10303: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10275: 10262: 10253: 10234: 10232: 10225: 10209: 10207: 10200: 9919: 9914: 9862: 9857: 9834: 9804: 9739: 9716: 9714:Further reading 9703: 9701: 9680: 9672: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9580:978-0-691143279 9567: 9563: 9548:10.2307/2590147 9532: 9528: 9505:10.2307/3113341 9489: 9485: 9474: 9470: 9455: 9451: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9373: 9369: 9358: 9354: 9331: 9327: 9316:IFE PsychologIA 9312: 9308: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9259:(1): 139–1745. 9246: 9240: 9236: 9221: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9169: 9165: 9156: 9152: 9139: 9135: 9126: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9100: 9096: 9084: 9073: 9063: 9061: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9005:Gwyn Campbell, 9004: 8997: 8990: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8950: 8946: 8936: 8934: 8924: 8920: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8765: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8524: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8311: 8307: 8302:on 12 May 2013. 8299: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8187:on 17 June 2008 8175: 8174: 8170: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8143: 8139: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8091: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8065:on 6 March 2020 8053: 8052: 8045: 8022: 8018: 8003:10.2307/1171441 7987: 7983: 7975: 7964: 7953:"Swahili Coast" 7951: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7912: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7805:. p. 258. 7792: 7788: 7773: 7766: 7751: 7744: 7729: 7720: 7705: 7688: 7669: 7665: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7605: 7596: 7585: 7576: 7553: 7546: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7503: 7499: 7494:. 25 July 2009. 7486: 7485: 7481: 7442: 7435: 7414:(2): ix–xxvii. 7404: 7400: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7361: 7357: 7342: 7326: 7322: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7212: 7191: 7177: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7144: 7140: 7129: 7125: 7114: 7107: 7056: 7052: 7041: 7030: 7019: 7010: 7003: 6989: 6982: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6946: 6942: 6927: 6923: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6874: 6865: 6858: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6779: 6775: 6770:on 15 May 2011. 6767: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6633: 6629: 6614: 6610: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6586:Wayback Machine 6573: 6569: 6554:Davis, Robert, 6553: 6549: 6536:Richtel, Matt. 6534: 6530: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6460: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6440:on 25 July 2011 6422: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6377: 6373: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6308: 6304: 6273: 6269: 6256:. Vol. 1. 6250: 6246: 6237:. Vol. 1. 6231: 6227: 6209: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6158:. p. 207. 6154:. Vol. 1. 6148: 6144: 6135:. Vol. 1. 6129: 6125: 6114: 6110: 6087:10.2307/1874022 6071: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5924: 5920: 5889: 5885: 5854: 5841: 5830: 5826: 5795: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5766: 5762: 5731: 5718: 5707: 5700: 5661: 5648: 5617: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5562: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5508: 5501: 5490: 5447: 5436: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5322:Barbary pirates 5287: 5278:Maulana Karenga 5275: 5267:Napoleonic Wars 5235:Williams thesis 5206: 5175:Patrick Manning 5122: 5081: 5067: 5030: 4973: 4968: 4846:in Saudi Arabia 4842:chattel slavery 4789: 4711: 4677:The continuing 4553: 4548: 4500:Hamerton Treaty 4466:Capture of the 4437:Capture of the 4431:Veloz Passagera 4429:Capture of the 4421:Capture of the 4413:Capture of the 4405:Capture of the 4397:Capture of the 4301: 4298: 4296: 4266: 4261: 4253:Main articles: 4251: 4219:Kingdom of Koya 4105:Antão Gonçalves 4034: 4028: 4019: 3965: 3927: 3921:Estado da Índia 3917: 3868: 3865: 3724:region and the 3713: 3703: 3687:Byzantine Egypt 3644:was enabled by 3626:Natural History 3621:Pliny the Elder 3482: 3477: 3465:Main articles: 3463: 3407: 3395:Main articles: 3393: 3391:Transformations 3288: 3177: 3155:Hugh Clapperton 3008:to Guinea, the 2998: 2962:Lukeni lua Nimi 2939: 2928: 2914: 2812:Christian kings 2792: 2782: 2617:Koca Murat Reis 2531: 2505:Barbary pirates 2449:and served the 2342:Chattel slavery 2316:Ptolemaic Egypt 2282: 2240: 2199: 2132: 2118: 2081:Human sacrifice 2078: 2029: 1950: 1941: 1920:Chattel slavery 1917: 1915:Chattel slavery 1904: 1886: 1849:(and the later 1835: 1775: 1746: 1745: 1650:Slave narrative 1606:Fugitive slaves 1586: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1536:Slave rebellion 1391: 1381: 1380: 1339: 1329: 1328: 1151:United Kingdom 1087:Yankee princess 681: 673: 672: 400:Avret Pazarları 346:Avret Pazarları 215:Medieval Europe 181: 171: 170: 109:Forced marriage 84: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13672: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13610: 13595: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13577:Piracy by year 13574: 13569: 13564: 13562:Female pirates 13559: 13557:By nationality 13554: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13507: 13505: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13292: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13151:Joshamee Gibbs 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 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12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12247:Vincenzo Gambi 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12172:Samuel Bellamy 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12147:Robert Surcouf 12144: 12139: 12137:Richard Glover 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12107:Pierre Lafitte 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11882:Grace O'Malley 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11822:Edward England 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11782:Cheung Po Tsai 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11737:Benito de Soto 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11682:Abraham Samuel 11679: 11677:Adam Baldridge 11674: 11669: 11663: 11661: 11654: 11650: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11630:Saint Augustin 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11586: 11584: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11507:Horn of Africa 11503: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11493: 11491:Gulf of Guinea 11488: 11487: 11486: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11477:Lake Nicaragua 11469: 11458: 11456: 11454:Atlantic World 11447: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11360:Jewish pirates 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11262: 11257: 11251: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11212: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11194: 11187: 11186: 11179: 11171: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11011: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10993:Tour d'Afrique 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10848:Climate change 10845: 10840: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10784:Infrastructure 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10713: 10711:Pan-Africanism 10708: 10703: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10687:Women's rights 10684: 10679: 10674: 10664: 10662:Heads of state 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10569:Impact craters 10566: 10564:Highest points 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10480:Historiography 10477: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10454:Decolonisation 10451: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10377: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10359: 10357: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10332: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10309: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10278: 10265: 10256: 10242:Canary Islands 10238: 10237: 10235: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10212: 10210: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9913: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9860:External links 9858: 9856: 9855: 9838: 9832: 9819: 9802: 9793: 9780: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9743: 9737: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9691:(2): 294–313. 9671: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9635: 9624:(1): 144–171. 9601: 9586: 9579: 9561: 9542:(2): 119–144. 9526: 9499:(4): 430–443. 9483: 9468: 9449: 9432: 9406: 9367: 9352: 9325: 9306: 9293: 9234: 9219: 9201: 9176: 9163: 9150: 9133: 9120: 9107: 9094: 9071: 9045: 9031: 9011: 8995: 8988: 8970: 8944: 8918: 8896: 8866: 8843: 8818: 8801: 8775: 8749: 8740: 8731: 8722: 8712: 8703: 8693: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8591:(4): 642–661. 8575: 8568: 8550: 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6241:. p. 246. 6225: 6194: 6164: 6142: 6123: 6108: 6081:(4): 835–857. 6058: 6024: 6017: 5997: 5979: 5957: 5944:10.2307/219449 5938:(3): 433–441. 5918: 5899:(2): 295–308. 5883: 5870:10.2307/482742 5839: 5824: 5789: 5775: 5760: 5716: 5698: 5671:(3): 431–443. 5646: 5627:(3): 393–404. 5604: 5591: 5584: 5553: 5538: 5527: 5520: 5499: 5445: 5434: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5274: 5271: 5221:Western Europe 5205: 5202: 5121: 5118: 5066: 5063: 5055:David Stannard 5047:forced marches 5039:Middle Passage 5029: 5026: 5002:Horn of Africa 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4866:United Nations 4788: 4785: 4710: 4707: 4623:Ottoman Empire 4607:British Empire 4591:Denmark-Norway 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4515:Moresby Treaty 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4330:Firman of 1857 4327: 4325:Firman of 1854 4322: 4317: 4315:Firman of 1830 4312: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4250: 4247: 4159:Laws of Burgos 4050:Atlantic Ocean 4030:Main article: 4027: 4024: 3947:Dutch colonies 3916: 3913: 3836:, 19th century 3702: 3699: 3646:building boats 3547:Roman Carthage 3537:established a 3533:, the city of 3481: 3478: 3462: 3459: 3435:Antonio Manuel 3392: 3389: 3373:Timothy Insoll 3315:Kilwa Kisiwani 3287: 3284: 3269:Tuareg peoples 3092:Western Africa 3077:Mossi Kingdoms 3061:Songhai Empire 2997: 2994: 2964:enslaving the 2913: 2912:Central Africa 2910: 2887:Haile Selassie 2860:, 19th century 2839:Adal Sultanate 2808:Horn of Africa 2781: 2780:Horn of Africa 2778: 2697:captured in a 2654:and ransacked 2607:in the West), 2599:in the West), 2513:Ottoman Empire 2443:slave soldiers 2413:Eastern Europe 2366:Roman republic 2348:, be it under 2239: 2236: 2198: 2195: 2117: 2114: 2106:Ashanti Region 2077: 2074: 2028: 2025: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1916: 1913: 1879: 1834: 1831: 1795:medieval world 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1628:List of slaves 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:Dutch Republic 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 996: 991: 986: 980: 979: 973: 972: 967: 960: 959: 958: 953: 943: 938: 933: 932: 931: 921: 916: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 889: 884: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 822: 821: 820: 810: 809: 808: 797: 796: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 773: 772: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 716: 715: 705: 700: 695: 689: 688: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 643: 639: 638: 633: 631:Child soldiers 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 607: 606: 596: 591: 586: 581: 580: 579: 574: 569: 558: 557: 553: 552: 547: 542: 540:Spanish Empire 537: 532: 527: 522: 520:Middle Passage 517: 512: 507: 502: 496: 495: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 382: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 350: 349: 348: 341:Ottoman Empire 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 296: 295: 289: 288: 287: 286: 276: 271: 266: 265: 264: 259: 254: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 217: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 188: 182: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 161:Sexual slavery 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 127: 126: 121: 119:Child marriage 116: 106: 101: 96: 94:Child soldiers 91: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 67: 66: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13671: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13619: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13499: 13495: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445:Miscellaneous 13443: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13410:Miscellaneous 13408: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13391:Pirate utopia 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13279: 13277: 13276: 13272: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13256: 13255: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13111:Elaine Marley 13109: 13107: 13106:Edward Kenway 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13066:Captain Flint 13064: 13062: 13061:Captain Crook 13059: 13057: 13056:Captain Blood 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12940: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12884: 12880: 12879:Acts of grace 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12772:Orkim Harmony 12768: 12766: 12764: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12715:Carré d'As IV 12712: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12679:Ambrose Light 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12459:Royal Fortune 12456: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12435: 12433: 12432: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12403:Ambrose Light 12400: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12376: 12375:Woodes Rogers 12373: 12371: 12370:Thomas Warren 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12330:Julius Caesar 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12310:Chaloner Ogle 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12282:Zheng Zhilong 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12167:Sadie Farrell 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12117:Princess Sela 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12097:Pedro Gilbert 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017:Liang Daoming 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11862:Francis Drake 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11817:Dominique You 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11772:Charles Gibbs 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11667:Abduwali Muse 11665: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11655: 11653:Major figures 11651: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11590:Barataria Bay 11588: 11587: 11585: 11581: 11580:Pirate havens 11577: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11555:Barbary Coast 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407:Timber pirate 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11233: 11228: 11226: 11221: 11219: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11168: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11065: 11062: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11032:Ethnic groups 11030: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11004: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10958:African Games 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10843:Caste systems 10841: 10839: 10838:Birth control 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10754:Central banks 10752: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642:African Union 10640: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10442:Trans-Saharan 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10325: 10323: 10318: 10316: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10046:Guinea-Bissau 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9904: 9899: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9487: 9479: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9444: 9436: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9297: 9282:on 1 May 2015 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9160: 9157:David Eltis, 9154: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9130: 9124: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9015: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8933: 8929: 8922: 8906: 8900: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8854: 8847: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8790:. 27 May 2002 8789: 8785: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8744: 8735: 8726: 8716: 8707: 8697: 8688: 8686: 8676: 8667: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8569:9780521841023 8565: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8506: 8499: 8484: 8482:9780521565264 8478: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8450:9780295802428 8446: 8442: 8441: 8433: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8326: 8324:9780821420027 8320: 8316: 8309: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8253: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7898: 7893: 7885: 7879: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7823: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7783:. p. 12. 7782: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7549: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7518:0-87436-885-5 7515: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7438: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7341:0-521-59324-7 7337: 7333: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7004: 7002:9789988550325 6998: 6994: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6742: 6734: 6733:"Tewodros II" 6728: 6720: 6714: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6510: 6503: 6492: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6418: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6345: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6029: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5976:1-56000-927-6 5973: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5779: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5585:9781139046176 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5521:9780674724877 5517: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347:Unfree labour 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5248:Richard Pares 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5227:Eric Williams 5224: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5090:Walter Rodney 5076: 5071: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5053:According to 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948:bonded labour 4945: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4902:kafala system 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4648:King of Lagos 4644: 4640: 4639:Rodrigo Silva 4637:and Minister 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4566:Anti-colonial 4562: 4558: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4488:Edward Barley 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4138:, kingdom of 4137: 4136:Senegal River 4132: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4121:Elmina Castle 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4023: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3938:(1580–1640). 3937: 3936:Iberian Union 3933: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3860: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769:Bantu peoples 3766: 3765:Swahili Coast 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3679:wrote in his 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3599:Agatharchides 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3529:In the early 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3512:. The Berber 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490:ancient Greek 3487: 3480:Early history 3476: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3297:slave trader 3296: 3292: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199:(1235–1645), 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125:in 1866, the 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Yoruba people 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:Walter Rodney 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:Western Sudan 3033: 3030: 3029:Philip Igbafe 3025: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966:Mwene Kabunga 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2948:Ibrahim Njoya 2945: 2936: 2923: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2711:galley slaves 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:Barbary Coast 2535: 2528: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Burgi dynasty 2498: 2494: 2491:Turk origin. 2490: 2486: 2485:Bahri dynasty 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:ancient Egypt 2298: 2297:ancient Egypt 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2213:of Madagascar 2212: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:Linda Heywood 2169: 2168:John Thornton 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Yoruba people 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1815:slave markets 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672:Slave catcher 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:Forced labour 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446:Abolitionists 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048:comfort women 1046: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031:Chukri System 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 978: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 961: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 920: 919:Latin America 917: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 876: 873: 871: 870:interregional 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855:prison labour 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 825:United States 823: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 798: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 684: 683: 677: 676: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 640: 637: 636:White slavery 634: 632: 629: 627: 626:Slave raiding 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 595: 594:Corvée labour 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 560: 559: 555: 554: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 494: 491: 490: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410:Abbasid harem 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 353:Barbary Coast 351: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 290: 285: 282: 281: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 175: 174: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 83: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60:Forced labour 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13598: 13471:Pirate Round 13451: 13422:Space pirate 13396:Treasure map 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13231: 13186:Roronoa Zoro 13136:Jack Sparrow 13076:Captain Nemo 13071:Captain Hook 12993: 12985: 12961: 12950: 12831: 12788: 12780: 12771: 12762: 12753: 12740: 12723:Dai Hong Dan 12722: 12714: 12707: 12699: 12691: 12678: 12659: 12478: 12473:Whydah Gally 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12429: 12424:Ganj-i-Sawai 12422: 12415: 12408: 12401: 12394: 12388:Pirate ships 12340:Luis Fajardo 12325:James Brooke 12315:David Porter 12287:Zheng Yi Sao 12262:William Kidd 12217:Stede Bonnet 12202:Shap-ng-tsai 12182:Samuel Mason 12102:Peter Easton 12052:Mary Lindsey 12002:Lai Choi San 11992:Joseph Barss 11987:Joseph Baker 11957:John Hawkins 11952:Johanna Hård 11942:Jean Lafitte 11937:Jan Janszoon 11927:Israel Hands 11907:Henry Morgan 11897:Henri Caesar 11812:Dirk Chivers 11747:Black Caesar 11672:Abshir Boyah 11543:Other waters 11524:Persian Gulf 11512:Somali Coast 11500:Indian Ocean 11472:Spanish Main 11387:River pirate 11365:Moro pirates 11340:Child pirate 11265:21st century 11047:Urbanization 11007:Demographics 10983:Rugby Africa 10890:Architecture 10774:Billionaires 10667:Human rights 10437:Indian Ocean 10421: 10368:North Africa 10281:Saint Helena 10252: 10156:South Africa 10146:Sierra Leone 9951:Burkina Faso 9916: 9851:the original 9846: 9823: 9807: 9797: 9784: 9774: 9765: 9758: 9749: 9723: 9702:. Retrieved 9688: 9684: 9670:Bibliography 9656:. Retrieved 9652:the original 9638: 9621: 9617: 9604: 9595: 9589: 9570: 9564: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9477: 9471: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9442: 9435: 9423:. Retrieved 9418: 9409: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9361: 9355: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9301: 9300:Fage, J. D. 9296: 9284:. Retrieved 9277:the original 9256: 9250: 9237: 9210: 9204: 9192:. Retrieved 9188: 9179: 9171: 9166: 9158: 9153: 9141: 9136: 9128: 9123: 9115: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9086: 9062:. Retrieved 9058:the original 9048: 9036:. Retrieved 9021: 9014: 9006: 8979: 8973: 8961:. Retrieved 8947: 8935:. Retrieved 8931: 8921: 8909:. Retrieved 8899: 8887:. Retrieved 8878: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8846: 8834:. Retrieved 8821: 8804: 8792:. Retrieved 8787: 8778: 8766:. Retrieved 8764:. March 2002 8752: 8743: 8734: 8725: 8715: 8706: 8696: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8559: 8553: 8527: 8521: 8509:. Retrieved 8498: 8486:. 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Historian 5232: 5225: 5207: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5155: 5146: 5110: 5095: 5087: 5052: 5035: 5031: 5010:Persian Gulf 4990: 4986: 4971:Demographics 4941: 4906: 4870:World War II 4838:World War II 4827: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4791:The ancient 4790: 4770: 4762: 4739: 4728: 4712: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4627: 4575: 4571: 4557:emancipation 4554: 4505:Frere Treaty 4487: 4479: 4467: 4458: 4450: 4438: 4430: 4422: 4415:El Almirante 4414: 4406: 4398: 4310:Abolitionism 4255:Abolitionism 4243: 4183: 4176:oracle (the 4167: 4144: 4094: 4090: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4013: 3978: 3955:Dutch Ceylon 3940: 3918: 3899: 3883:North Africa 3876: 3871:slave-sticks 3862: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3830:Ruvuma River 3804: 3800:North Africa 3785: 3745:Indian Ocean 3738: 3718: 3680: 3666: 3650:Persian Gulf 3630: 3624: 3606: 3583:Indian Ocean 3555:Indian Ocean 3552: 3539:slave market 3531:Roman Empire 3528: 3521: 3483: 3455:Sierra Leone 3432: 3428: 3424: 3354: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3304: 3273: 3257:Fulani jihad 3239:. Among the 3209:Sierra Leone 3195:(750–1076), 3182: 3152: 3147: 3141:Investigator 3140: 3107:Upper Guinea 3100: 3082: 3049:Ghana Empire 3034: 3026: 3018:Akosua Perbi 3015: 2990: 2974: 2955: 2952: 2891: 2870:Indian Ocean 2863: 2805: 2770: 2736: 2725: 2720: 2708: 2703:slave market 2621: 2555: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2509:North Africa 2436: 2405:Muslim World 2382: 2378:Roman Empire 2354:Roman Empire 2346:North Africa 2340: 2301: 2293:slave market 2238:North Africa 2232:Roman Empire 2220: 2216: 2211:Ranavalona I 2188: 2137: 2094:Benin Empire 2086: 2079: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2040: 1951: 1942: 1933:North Africa 1918: 1905: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1836: 1827:Debt slavery 1823: 1780: 1677:Slave patrol 1514:Freedom suit 1490:Sierra Leone 1480:Colonization 1396:Abolitionism 1376:Baháʼí Faith 1349:Christianity 1299:Saudi Arabia 1155:Penal Labour 1120:Blackbirding 1026:Debt bondage 1014:penal system 840:Contemporary 830:Field slaves 818:U.S. Natives 777:South Africa 685: 648:Galley slave 621:Slave market 611:House slaves 584:Blackbirding 562:Conscription 486:21st century 449:Umm al-walad 293:Muslim world 262:Emancipation 166:Wage slavery 146:Penal labour 124:Wife selling 114:Bride buying 99:Conscription 89:Child Labour 82:Contemporary 36: 13386:Pirate code 13361:Keelhauling 13349:Jolly Roger 13211:Will Turner 13146:José Gaspar 13046:Barbe Rouge 12943:Slave trade 12197:Sister Ping 12127:Rachel Wall 11922:Huang Bamei 11902:Henry Every 11857:Fūma Kotarō 11852:Flying Gang 11767:Calico Jack 11757:Bully Hayes 11560:Falcon Lake 11534:Nosy Boraha 11392:Sea Beggars 11380:Confederate 11350:Filibusters 11057:urban areas 10978:FIBA Africa 10677:LGBT rights 10375:Archaeology 10208:recognition 10161:South Sudan 10051:Ivory Coast 9724:Out of Many 9648:Ron Karenga 9443:Das Kapital 9387:(1): 1–45. 8069:24 November 7178:19 November 6659:Pankhurst. 6574:Morgan, J. 6481:11 December 6187:10 November 5215:Das Kapital 5186:Yoruba Land 5082: 1890 5043:slave raids 4998:Nile Valley 4868:(UN) after 4804:during the 4683:casus belli 4480:Mary Carver 4399:Providentia 4207:Kong Empire 3845:East Africa 3757:Middle East 3730:Islamic law 3722:Great Lakes 3714: 1860 3608:Geographica 3563:Babylonians 3543:customs tax 3510:Troglodytae 3178: 1797 3135:River Niger 3109:region and 3053:Mali Empire 2996:West Africa 2977:Congo River 2929: 1876 2875:Tewodros II 2802:(1882–1883) 2760:-descended 2744:society in 2664:slaughtered 2593:Turgut Reis 2465:Middle Ages 2463:during the 2430:slavery in 2362:Nile Valley 2312:Nile valley 2308:New Kingdom 2228:Roman times 2189:The entire 2133: 1897 2070:South Sudan 2051:conscripted 2017:Ijaw people 2013:Igbo people 2009:Efik people 1989:Akan people 1977:West Africa 1867:Ibn Battuta 1797:. When the 1692:court cases 1569: [ 1519:Slave Power 1507:Manumission 1354:Catholicism 1229:Afghanistan 970:Puerto Rico 882:The Bahamas 860:Slave codes 663:Shanghaiing 653:Impressment 545:Slave Coast 425:Qajar harem 385:Concubinage 358:slave trade 13633:Categories 13545:Categories 13521:Privateers 13483:Matelotage 13417:Air pirate 13381:Pet parrot 13233:The Pirate 13181:Nico Robin 13101:Davy Jones 13041:Tom Ayrton 13015:Pirates in 12904:Piracy Act 12873:Piracy law 12789:North Star 12452:My Revenge 12305:Angelo Emo 12267:Zheng Jing 12232:Thomas Tew 12027:Lo Hon-cho 11847:Flora Burn 11827:Edward Low 11797:Dan Seavey 11792:Chui A-poo 11752:Blackbeard 11697:Anne Bonny 11635:Saint-Malo 11615:Port Royal 11600:Libertatia 11412:Ushkuyniks 11375:Privateers 11370:Narentines 11330:Buccaneers 11260:Golden Age 11027:Emigration 10930:Philosophy 10910:Literature 10356:Chronology 10263:(Portugal) 10221:Somaliland 10141:Seychelles 10106:Mozambique 10091:Mauritania 10076:Madagascar 10031:The Gambia 9966:Cape Verde 9813:. London: 9787:. London: 9425:6 February 9144:, London: 8963:12 January 8937:12 January 8889:12 January 8859:12 January 8836:12 January 8794:12 January 8768:12 January 8511:12 January 8422:11 January 8242:13 January 8191:13 January 7977:Allen 2017 7637:9 December 6647:1036800537 6212:800-146 BC 5404:References 5382:Slave ship 5150:civil wars 5102:emigration 5098:J. D. 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Reuters 8613:144012357 8605:0144-039X 8364:144102510 7803:Routledge 7506:"Swahili" 7474:161103875 7428:144847867 7315:711000207 7156:469476592 7100:161431780 7084:0021-8537 6916:154942266 6811:161799739 6663:, p. 432. 6476:0261-3077 6297:0144-039X 6103:155847068 5819:145386643 5693:162649628 5641:162902339 5357:Tippu Tip 5209:Karl Marx 5163:gunpowder 4665:HMS 4439:Brillante 4249:Abolition 4099:were the 4071:New World 3997:Mauritius 3790:to guard 3783:islands. 3567:Egyptians 3559:Assyrians 3502:Herodotus 3494:Herodotus 3365:Tippu Tip 3299:Tippu Tip 3295:Zanzibari 3139:HMS 2906:delegates 2823:Shanqella 2800:Mogadishu 2732:Tunisians 2676:Almuñécar 2626:captured 2622:In 1544, 2605:Curtogoli 2541:, across 2428:Christian 2218:slavery. 2180:New World 2152:Imbangala 2104:. 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The 2278:, and 2222:trans- 2207:Andevo 2156:Angola 2148:Yoruba 2126:Luanda 2066:Uganda 2055:Patron 2045:, 1793 2015:, the 2011:, the 1999:, the 1995:, the 1991:, the 1985:credit 1981:pledge 1965:debtor 1890:, 1783:Africa 1633:owners 1269:Kuwait 1264:Jordan 1217:Sweden 1207:Russia 1192:Poland 1187:Norway 1009:Laogai 994:Brunei 989:Bhutan 951:revolt 924:Brazil 887:Canada 850:partus 835:female 720:Angola 589:Coolie 572:Mamluk 525:Nantes 505:Brazil 434:Cariye 269:Thrall 237:Kholop 203:Greece 13504:Lists 13206:Usopp 13196:Sanji 12832:Quest 12741:Irene 12700:Fancy 12692:Bravo 12410:Fancy 12222:Teuta 12162:Rusla 11605:Lundy 11446:Areas 11432:Wokou 11183:Index 10945:Sport 10925:Music 10920:Media 10604:South 10599:North 10528:South 10523:North 10246:Ceuta 10166:Sudan 10116:Niger 10071:Libya 10056:Kenya 10036:Ghana 10026:Gabon 10001:Egypt 9941:Benin 9685:Tempo 9681:(PDF) 9614:(PDF) 9552:JSTOR 9517:S2CID 9509:JSTOR 9397:JSTOR 9280:(PDF) 9269:S2CID 9247:(PDF) 8609:S2CID 8507:. 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