1325:
1201:
36:
1521:
1541:
1309:
230:
1529:
1435:, which was a survival of earlier doctrines. The Khwarazmians continued to bury their dead in ossuaries until the 3rd-century, when they were replaced with stone boxes, a sign of the expanding influence of orthodox Zoroastrianism from Iran. Contrary to the orthodox Zoroastrians, the Khwarazmians, like the Sogdians, mourned the dead, as demonstrated by the paintings on the
1184:. Bordered by steppeland and desert on all sides, Khwarazm was geographically secluded from other areas of civilization, which allowed it to preserve a separate distinctive Iranian language and culture. Khwarazm was possibly the early homeland of the Iranians. In the Islamic era, the region had three main cities; Kath,
1740:
C.E. Bosworth, "The
Ghaznavids" in History of Civilization: Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : Part One : The Historical Social and Economic Setting/edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E.
1095:
scholar, mentions twenty-two members of the
Afrighid dynasty for a total span of 690 years with an average rule of 31 years for each ruler. According to him, the Afrighids ruled from 305, through the Arab conquests under Qutayba ibn Muslim in 712, and up to their overthrow in 995 by the rising rival
1932:
commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries. And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my
1931:
It is through the Arabic language that the sciences have been transmitted by means of translations from all parts of the world. They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men's hearts, and the beauty of this language has
1377:. Although the Khwarazmshahs sometimes granted sanctuary to Samanid rebels, they generally ruled a peaceful domain. During the end of the Samanids, the Khwarazmshahs extended their rule as far as the northern edges of Khurasan, ruling frontier posts such as Farawa and
1427:. Contrary to Iran, Zoroastrianism was not an official religion of Khwarazm, and thus did not follow strict writings. The Iran-based and Khwarazmian variants differed significantly from each other; while the remains of the deceased was buried in
1281:
and his brother
Khurrazad. Khwarazm was devastated, and Azkajwar II was killed. According to al-Biruni, the Arabs killed all Khwarazmian scholars who knew the ancient history of the country; however, according to Bosworth, this is exaggerated.
1249:
adds that "If this era was actually in use, it must have been unofficial." Likewise, many of the
Khwarazmshahs recorded by al-Biruni are not supported by archeological evidence; however, this may be due to scribal errors.
1265:. Reliable information about Khwarazm first starts to appear in the early 8th-century. Khwarazm had initially been the subject of ineffective raids by the Arabs, who occasionally attacked from the neighbouring regions of
1749:. Excerpt from page 101: "The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath, but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs, the
1228:
archeological findings demonstrate that al-Biruni was in reality not well-acquainted with pre-Islamic
Khwarazmian history. Coin findings show that before the advent of the Afrighids, Khwarazm was part of the
35:
1443:
was highly esteemed in
Khwarazm, with food being placed in the burial chambers on the last five days of the last (twelfth) month and five extra days during the New Year. The local cult of Vakhsh—the
1925:
L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valeur internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni
Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219. excerpt: In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs,
1715:
1237:
seemingly took place in the early 1st-century, after they had freed themselves of
Parthian rule, and established their own local dynasty of shahs. The dynastic name of "Afrighid" (
1253:
The first four centuries of
Afrighid rule are particularly obscure. According to al-Biruni, Afrig had a large fortress called Fil or Fir constructed on the fringe of the capital
1487:
script, the short vowels are not written and diacritic signs are used to clarify when required. After the conversion of 'Abdallah, all the names except possibly 'Eraq are
1123:
priests and burned and wasted their books, until gradually the illiterate only remained, who knew nothing of writing, and hence the region's history was mostly forgotten.
1285:
Once the Arabs withdrew from their raid, the Shahs recovered power in
Khwarezm and they continued to adhere to their ancestral faith, which according to Al-Biruni was
209:
1005:
1257:, which by the time of al-Biruni was in ruins, due to the changes in the flow of the Oxus in the 10th-century. Coinage confirms the existence of the Afrighid shah
1100:. The main source on the Afrighids prior to Islam is also Al-Biruni. Part of the reason for the gap in information about this dynasty is mentioned by Al-Biruni.
1491:
and their pronunciation is known. Unfortunately, the manuscripts that have also come down have also suffered some corruption due to scribal errors, since the
1665:
1681:
1558:
1625:
1392:, one of the three main cities of the country. The city had risen to rival Kath, most likely due to its commercial success as a trading post between the
2251:
1569:
1670:
1415:), thus marking the end of the first Khwarazmshah line of the Afrighids, and the inauguration of the second Khwarazmshah line of the Ma'munids.
1361:). Regardless, the Islamization of the local population was much slower. In the early 10th-century, the Khwarazmshahs were made vassals of the
1654:
1584:
1574:
998:
1589:
363:
1579:
1132:
It has been suggested that 'Afrigh' is the Arabicized of 'Abriz' in Persian (آبریز where water flows, a reference to the geography of
1620:
1604:
1609:
1599:
1594:
991:
2034:
2201:
2134:
1245:) is not attested anywhere besides al-Biruni, which has led scholars to suggest that the name never existed. The Iranologist
1963:
40:
Map showing the territory ruled by the Afrighid dynasty (highlighted in green), abutting the southern shore of the (former)
1506:
More is known about the dynasty in the Islamic era after the beginning of the 8th century and their conversion to Islam.
2056:
1981:
1762:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.
1324:
2174:
2224:
2153:
2022:
1746:
2003:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In
692:
1451:
amongst the Khwarazmians. They commemorated the feast of Vakhsh on the tenth day of the last month of the year.
443:
463:
1216:(died 1050), whose reliability has been questioned. According to al-Biruni, the Afrighids were founded by
2105:
1140:, explains that this is a popular etymology. Azkai explains that Afrigh was originally Ap-Air-ig meaning
1115:
with a military expedition and conquered it for the second time, he swiftly killed whoever wrote in the
2014:
2217:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2039:
1686:
1405:
1200:
632:
623:
127:
1958:
1401:
1246:
1495:
names were incomprehensible for most non-natives. Al-Biruni himself utilizes the extra letters of
1400:. The Ma'munids and Afrighids eventually became rivals, with conflict soon ensuing. The Ma'munid
272:
1863:
1440:
473:
2212:
1305:. Khwarazm was one of the few Iranian states which survived through the early Islamic period.
1313:
1936:
1510:
1496:
1492:
1471:(550–330 BC) during their rule over Khwarazm. According to the 10th-century Arab traveller
1460:
1428:
1238:
1220:
in 305, succeeding the semi-legendary line of the Siyavushids, founded by the Iranian king
1116:
1092:
1031:
1023:
62:
8:
2245:
1636:
1108:
792:
393:
2164:
2276:
1378:
1274:
872:
852:
605:
262:
1136:
and its abundant water). However, Dr. Parviz Azkai, in his annotations on Al-Biruni's
2255:
2220:
2197:
2170:
2149:
2130:
2066:
2018:
2004:
1991:
1742:
1675:
1659:
1545:
1468:
1345:
1341:
1165:
1119:
and knew of the Khwarazmian heritage, history, and culture. He then killed all their
1062:
1058:
652:
642:
493:
433:
253:
2092:
2079:
1520:
1312:
Silver bowl from Khwarezm depicting a four-armed goddess seated on a lion, possibly
2185:
1472:
1464:
802:
752:
702:
585:
2189:
2122:
2008:
1939:, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing
1500:
1484:
1423:
The Khwarazmian population practiced a variant of Zoroastriansm mixed with local
1362:
1234:
1230:
1169:
1046:
1034:
912:
732:
682:
672:
575:
535:
483:
453:
2051:
2047:
1976:
1972:
1444:
1397:
1344:, who ruled in the early 9th-century, perhaps coinciding with the reign of the
1333:
1317:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1066:
962:
882:
842:
772:
712:
373:
305:
72:
2118:
1483:
Only consonants of the pre-Islamic names are known with long vowels, since in
2270:
2259:
2241:
2070:
2043:
1995:
1968:
1054:
942:
932:
922:
782:
742:
722:
525:
336:
285:
1540:
1750:
1642:
1385:
1351:
1225:
1097:
1073:
1050:
952:
892:
832:
555:
505:
240:
202:
167:
93:
1741:
Bosworth. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, 485 pages. (Vol. IV, Pt. I).
1630:
1436:
1431:
carved in rock or in arched burial chambers, while the Khwarazmians used
1370:
1278:
1270:
1221:
1120:
662:
565:
144:
77:
229:
1771:
Encyclopedia Iranica, "ĀL-E AFRĪḠ (Afrighid dynasty)" by C. E. Bosworth
1563:
1112:
1042:
972:
902:
812:
762:
516:
2010:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
2196:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 517–520.
1648:
1533:
1514:
1332:
The Afrighids and the local population were most likely adherents of
1308:
1213:
1205:
1180:
Khwarazm was a well-irrigated, rich agricultural region on the lower
1088:
862:
822:
423:
1208:
2 was built during the Afrighid period, in the 6th to 8th century CE
16:
Khwarezmian Iranian dynasty that ruled over Khwarezm from 305–995 CE
1895:
1424:
1374:
1366:
1290:
1266:
1262:
1189:
1133:
1038:
354:
345:
41:
2146:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1868:
1885:
1883:
1614:
1448:
1432:
1389:
1258:
1254:
1185:
1077:
383:
323:
314:
52:
2129:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 915.
1528:
1524:
Coin of Coin of Bravik, also named Fravik, 7th century, Khwarazm
1289:. The local shahs continued to ally with local Iranian princes,
1212:
Most of Afrighid history is recorded by the Khwarazmian scholar
1926:
1488:
1393:
1348:
1328:
Ossuary Lid, Tok-Kala Necropolis, Alabaster. 7th-8th century CE
595:
403:
1880:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1940:
1847:
1845:
1552:
1337:
1302:
1217:
413:
327:
112:
2127:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III: Ātaš–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn
1907:
1805:
1475:, the language sounded "like the chattering of starlings."
1181:
1157:
295:
1842:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1617:(r. during the time of the prophet Muhammad, around 600)
1384:
An uncertain part of Khwarazmian history is the rise of
1152:
is the same in 'afrashtan' (Persian: افراشتن) to raise;
1830:
1786:
1111:
under the command of Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf was sent to
1072:
They were ultimately deposed by a rival family, the
1447:spirit of the element of water—was a sign of early
1261:, who lived during the time of the Islamic prophet
2033:
1962:
1273:. In 712, however, the Arab governor of Khurasan,
2268:
1277:, capilizated on the civil war between the shah
2210:
2163:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2009).
1901:
1889:
2219:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 207–236.
2194:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V: Carpets–Coffee
1168:and cognate to '-ic' in English or '-ique' in
1037:dynasty who ruled over the ancient kingdom of
2162:
1957:
1874:
1851:
1459:The native language of Afrighid Khwarazm was
999:
2148:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
1463:, written an indigenous script derived from
2057:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1982:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1006:
992:
34:
2183:
2166:The Rise of Islam: The Idea of Iran Vol 4
2090:
2077:
1913:
1824:
1080:, who became the new rulers of Khwarazm.
2211:Nerazik, E. E.; Bulgakov, P. G. (1996).
2186:"Chorasmia iii. The Chorasmian Language"
2143:
2116:
2103:
2031:
2002:
1836:
1799:
1780:
1756:
1539:
1527:
1519:
1323:
1307:
1199:
1700:
1509:Name of the rulers given by the native
1336:. The first Khwarazmshah to convert to
2269:
2097:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7
2084:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7
1404:deposed and killed the Afrighid shah
1388:, who came to rule their hometown of
1160:, and Eran/Iran (land of Aryan); and
1156:is the root meaning Aryan as seen in
2240:
1713:
1689:(r. 967–995, the year he was killed)
2091:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984b).
2078:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984a).
1566:(r. 3rd quarter of the 4th century)
13:
2247:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
2234:
2117:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989).
2104:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986).
2032:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978).
1478:
228:
14:
2288:
1467:, which had been imported by the
1041:. Over time, they were under the
1662:(r. after 762/before 787 – 820s)
207:
1919:
1857:
1410:
1356:
1765:
1734:
1:
2215:. In Litvinsky, B. A. (ed.).
1961:& Crowe, Yolande (1965).
1693:
1369:family which ruled mainly in
1164:is the suffix of relation in
1138:Chronology of Ancient Nations
277:
80:(after the early 9th-century)
75:(until the early 9th-century)
1951:
1175:
1127:
7:
1902:Nerazik & Bulgakov 1996
1890:Nerazik & Bulgakov 1996
1633:(r. late 7th century — 712)
1454:
1418:
1117:Khwarazmian native language
10:
2293:
2015:Cambridge University Press
1195:
1083:
600:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
444:Ancient kingdom of Armenia
286:Proto-Elamite civilization
2252:The Royal Asiatic Society
2184:MacKenzie, D. N. (1992).
1875:Bosworth & Crowe 1965
1864:British Museum Collection
1852:Curtis & Stewart 2009
182:
178:
164:
154:
150:
140:
136:
121:
106:
102:
92:
84:
68:
58:
48:
33:
28:
21:
1247:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
364:Bactria–Margiana Complex
2144:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
2065:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1990:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1517:, and modern scholars.
1499:which were not used in
1301:in order to resist the
1687:Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
1548:
1537:
1525:
1441:Veneration of the dead
1406:Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
1329:
1321:
1209:
1142:from the Aryan descent
1125:
893:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
474:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
233:
170:conquest of Khwarezm.
128:Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
2110:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1877:, pp. 1025–1027.
1722:. Columbia University
1543:
1531:
1523:
1327:
1311:
1224:. However, extensive
1203:
1105:
378:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
232:
59:Common languages
2035:"K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs"
1904:, pp. 223, 232.
1720:Encyclopædia Iranica
903:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans
693:Zaydis of Tabaristan
2099:. pp. 762–764.
2086:. pp. 743–745.
1916:, pp. 517–520.
1827:, pp. 743–745.
1678:(died 10th century)
1666:Mansur ibn Abdallah
1293:merchants and even
1233:. The start of the
1109:Qutaibah bin Moslem
793:Khwarazmian dynasty
566:Kabul Shahi kingdom
468:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
394:Neo-Assyrian Empire
273:Kura–Araxes culture
156:• Established
2106:"Anuštigin Ĝarčāī"
2017:. pp. 1–202.
2005:Boyle, John Andrew
1555:(died 4th century)
1549:
1538:
1526:
1330:
1322:
1275:Qutayba ibn Muslim
1210:
1103:Al-Biruni states:
1051:Hephthalite Empire
873:Jalairid Sultanate
853:Muzaffarid dynasty
633:Rashidun Caliphate
606:Kingdom of Georgia
556:Hephthalite Empire
234:
2203:978-0-939214-79-2
2136:978-0-71009-121-5
1783:, pp. 89–90.
1676:Muhammad ibn Eraq
1660:Azkajwar-Abdallah
1546:Azkajwar-Abdallah
1469:Achaemenid Empire
1342:Azkajwar-Abdallah
1166:Iranian languages
1063:Abbasid Caliphate
1059:Umayyad Caliphate
1055:Göktürk Khaganate
1016:
1015:
981:
980:
653:Abbasid Caliphate
643:Umayyad Caliphate
614:
613:
514:
513:
498:2nd century BCE –
494:Caucasian Albania
434:Achaemenid Empire
384:Kingdom of Mannai
296:Elamite dynasties
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
132:
117:
2284:
2263:
2230:
2207:
2190:Yarshater, Ehsan
2180:
2159:
2140:
2123:Yarshater, Ehsan
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2037:
2028:
1999:
1966:
1945:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1714:Bosworth, C. E.
1711:
1473:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
1414:
1412:
1360:
1358:
1204:The fortress of
1030:) were a native
1008:
1001:
994:
863:Chupanid dynasty
803:Sultanate of Rum
763:Ghaznavid Empire
753:Sallarid dynasty
703:Saffarid dynasty
629:
628:
586:Bagratid Armenia
546:Afrighid dynasty
522:
521:
464:Caucasian Iberia
448:331 BCE – 428 CE
424:Scythian Kingdom
388:10th–7th century
279:
258:
257:
225:
224:
211:
210:
199:
198:
184:
183:
130:
115:
38:
23:Afrighid dynasty
19:
18:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2237:
2235:Further reading
2227:
2204:
2177:
2169:. I.B. Tauris.
2156:
2137:
2052:Bosworth, C. E.
2025:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1839:, p. 1065.
1835:
1831:
1823:
1806:
1802:, p. 1066.
1798:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1696:
1682:Abu Sa'id Ahmad
1671:Eraq ibn Mansur
1481:
1479:Names of rulers
1461:Old Khwarazmian
1457:
1421:
1409:
1386:Ma'munid family
1363:Samanid dynasty
1355:
1235:Khwarazmian era
1231:Parthian Empire
1198:
1178:
1130:
1086:
1047:Sasanian Empire
1012:
983:
982:
733:Ziyarid dynasty
683:Dulafid dynasty
673:Tahirid dynasty
626:
616:
615:
576:Dabuyid dynasty
536:Sasanian Empire
520:
510:27 BCE – 330 CE
499:
484:Parthian Empire
454:Seleucid Empire
250:
208:
171:
157:
124:
123:• 967–995
109:
108:• 305–???
76:
63:Old Khwarazmian
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2242:Gibb, H. A. R.
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2181:
2176:978-1845116910
2175:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2040:van Donzel, E.
2029:
2023:
2000:
1959:Bosworth, C.E.
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1914:MacKenzie 1992
1906:
1894:
1892:, p. 231.
1879:
1867:
1856:
1841:
1829:
1825:Bosworth 1984a
1804:
1785:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1733:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1480:
1477:
1456:
1453:
1420:
1417:
1413: 967–995
1359: 813–833
1334:Zoroastrianism
1318:British Museum
1287:Zoroastrianism
1197:
1194:
1177:
1174:
1129:
1126:
1085:
1082:
1067:Samanid Empire
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
985:
984:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
963:Durrani Empire
959:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
919:
918:
915:
913:Safavid Empire
909:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
889:
888:
885:
883:Timurid Empire
879:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
859:
858:
855:
849:
848:
845:
843:Ottoman Empire
839:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
809:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
777:pre-879 – 1215
775:
773:Ghurid dynasty
769:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
713:Samanid Empire
709:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
552:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
500:8th century CE
496:
490:
489:
488:248 BCE–224 CE
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
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420:
419:
416:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
376:
374:Avestan period
370:
369:
366:
360:
359:
357:
351:
350:
348:
342:
341:
339:
333:
332:
330:
320:
319:
317:
311:
310:
308:
306:Jiroft culture
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
280:3400 – c. 2000
275:
269:
268:
266:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
236:
235:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
196:
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
141:Historical era
138:
137:
134:
133:
125:
122:
119:
118:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
73:Zoroastrianism
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2226:92-3-103211-9
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2155:0-231-10714-5
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:"Āl-e Maʾmūn"
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2024:0-521-06936-X
2020:
2016:
2013:. Cambridge:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 16.
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:Bosworth 1978
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:Bosworth 1978
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1781:Bosworth 1996
1777:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1747:81-208-1595-5
1744:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:(8th century)
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1316:. Dated 658,
1315:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:, the native
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
989:
987:
986:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
943:Afsharid Iran
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:Hotak dynasty
931:
930:
926:
924:
923:Mughal Empire
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
783:Seljuk Empire
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:Buyid dynasty
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:Sajid dynasty
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
625:
620:
619:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:Kushan Empire
524:
523:
519:
518:
509:
507:
504:
503:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:Median Empire
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
276:
274:
271:
270:
267:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
231:
227:
226:
206:
204:
201:
200:
197:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
163:
159:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
129:
126:
120:
114:
111:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
20:
2246:
2216:
2193:
2165:
2145:
2126:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2080:"Āl-e Afrīḡ"
2062:
2055:
2009:
1987:
1980:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1870:
1859:
1832:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1716:"ĀL-E AFRĪḠ"
1643:Askajamuk II
1508:
1505:
1482:
1458:
1422:
1383:
1331:
1284:
1252:
1242:
1211:
1179:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1071:
1027:
1019:
1017:
953:Zand dynasty
833:Kart dynasty
545:
515:
506:Roman Empire
261:
252:
241:Greater Iran
190:Succeeded by
189:
94:Khwarazmshah
2048:Pellat, Ch.
1977:Schacht, J.
1973:Pellat, Ch.
1937:Khwarezmian
1753:of Gurganj"
1655:Torkasbatha
1631:Azkajwar II
1585:Askajamuk I
1575:Biwarsar II
1511:Khwarezmian
1497:Khwarezmian
1493:Khwarezmian
1439:ossuaries.
1437:Toprak-Kala
1398:Kievan Rus'
1371:Transoxania
1279:Azkajwar II
1271:Transoxiana
1239:Khwarazmian
1222:Kay Khosrow
1121:Zoroastrian
1093:Khwarezmian
1032:Khwarezmian
1024:Khwarazmian
663:Shirvanshah
590:880s – 1045
249:Pre-Islamic
239:History of
145:Middle Ages
78:Sunni Islam
2250:. London:
2213:"Khwarizm"
2119:"Altuntaš"
2061:Volume IV:
1986:Volume II:
1964:"Sāmānids"
1726:17 January
1694:References
1645:(r. 712–?)
1590:Azkajwar I
1564:Biwarsar I
1503:writings.
1113:Khwarazmia
1096:family of
1043:suzerainty
973:Qajar Iran
813:Salghurids
727:889/90–929
263:Prehistory
85:Government
2277:Afrighids
2260:499987512
2071:758278456
2044:Lewis, B.
1996:495469475
1969:Lewis, B.
1751:Ma'munids
1649:Sawashfan
1534:Sawashfan
1515:Al-Biruni
1433:ossuaries
1352:al-Ma'mun
1214:al-Biruni
1206:Ayaz Kala
1176:Geography
1128:Etymology
1098:Ma'munids
1089:Al-Biruni
1074:Ma'munids
1020:Afrighids
977:1794–1925
967:1794–1826
957:1750–1794
947:1736–1750
937:1722–1729
927:1526–1857
917:1501–1722
907:1378–1508
897:1407–1468
887:1370–1507
877:1339–1432
867:1337–1357
857:1314–1393
847:1299–1923
837:1231–1389
827:1256–1353
823:Ilkhanate
817:1148–1282
807:1077–1307
797:1077–1231
787:1037–1194
610:1008–1490
368:2200–1700
290:3200–2800
203:Ma'munids
69:Religion
2271:Category
2244:(1923).
2063:Iran–Kha
2054:(eds.).
1979:(eds.).
1639:(r. 712)
1580:Sahhasak
1544:Coin of
1532:Coin of
1513:speaker
1455:Language
1445:tutelary
1425:paganism
1419:Religion
1402:Ma'mun I
1396:and the
1375:Khurasan
1291:Soghdian
1267:Khurasan
1263:Muhammad
1190:Hazarasp
1134:Khwarazm
1065:and the
1039:Khwarazm
767:975–1187
757:941–1062
747:934–1055
737:928–1043
707:861–1003
667:799–1607
657:750–1258
355:Corduene
300:2800–550
254:BCE / BC
168:Ma'munid
88:Monarchy
42:Aral Sea
2192:(ed.).
2125:(ed.).
2007:(ed.).
1952:Sources
1637:Khusrau
1621:Sahr II
1615:Arsamuh
1605:Hamgari
1465:Aramaic
1449:animism
1390:Gurganj
1367:Persian
1346:Abbasid
1299:Chinese
1259:Arsamuh
1196:Kingdom
1186:Gurganj
1084:Sources
1078:Gurganj
1045:of the
1035:Iranian
717:819–999
697:864–928
687:840–897
677:821–873
647:661–750
637:637–651
624:Islamic
580:642–760
570:565–879
560:425–557
550:305–995
540:224–651
517:CE / AD
478:250–125
458:330–150
438:550–330
428:652–625
418:728–550
408:860–590
398:911–609
346:Cyrtian
337:Gutians
324:Lullubi
315:Mannaea
166:•
116:(first)
49:Capital
29:305–995
2258:
2223:
2200:
2173:
2152:
2133:
2069:
2050:&
2021:
1994:
1975:&
1934:native
1929:says:
1927:Biruni
1745:
1610:Buzgar
1600:Shaush
1595:Sahr I
1559:Baghra
1501:Arabic
1489:Arabic
1485:Arabic
1429:niches
1394:steppe
1349:caliph
1226:Soviet
1170:French
1057:, the
1053:, the
1049:, the
596:Alania
530:30–275
404:Urartu
131:(last)
98:
2188:. In
2121:. In
2038:. In
1967:. In
1941:Kaaba
1626:Sabri
1553:Afrig
1338:Islam
1303:Arabs
1295:Turks
1243:ʾfryḡ
1218:Afrig
1107:When
1028:ʾfryḡ
328:Zamua
113:Afrig
2256:OCLC
2221:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2067:OCLC
2019:ISBN
1992:OCLC
1743:ISBN
1728:2013
1570:Kawi
1379:Nasa
1373:and
1365:, a
1340:was
1314:Nana
1297:and
1269:and
1255:Kath
1188:and
1182:Oxus
1158:Iraj
1018:The
53:Kath
1988:C–G
1162:-ig
1154:air
1148:or
1076:of
174:995
160:305
2273::
2254:.
2108:.
2095:.
2082:.
2059:.
2046:;
2042:;
1984:.
1971:;
1882:^
1844:^
1807:^
1788:^
1718:.
1702:^
1411:r.
1381:.
1357:r.
1241::
1192:.
1172:.
1150:af
1146:ap
1144::
1069:.
1061:,
1026::
278:c.
2262:.
2229:.
2206:.
2179:.
2158:.
2139:.
2112:.
2073:.
2027:.
1998:.
1943:.
1730:.
1536:.
1408:(
1354:(
1320:.
1022:(
1007:e
1000:t
993:v
326:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
