886:. He is quoted as saying: "One of the most just battles that must be fought, a battle that must be emphasized more and more, which I might call the fourth battle--the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. I repeat: the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. Of all the forms of racial discrimination the worst is the one that limits the colored Cuban's access to jobs. " Castro pointed to the distinction between social segregation and employment, while placing great emphasis on correcting the latter. In response to the large amount of racism that existed in the job market, Castro issued anti-discrimination laws. In addition, he attempted to close the class gap between wealthy white Cubans and Afro-Cubans with a massive literacy campaign among other egalitarian reforms in the early and mid-1960s. Two years after his 1959 speech at the Havana Labor Rally, Castro declared that the age of racism and discrimination was over. In a speech given at the
697:
2143:
779:. Despite official institutional support from the Castro's regime, Afro-Cuban music was treated mostly with ambivalence throughout the second half of the 20th century. Audiences looked down on traditional and religious Afro-Cuban music as primitive and anti-revolutionary, music educators continued pre-revolutionary indifference toward afro-Cuban folklore, and the religious nature of Afro-Cuban music led to criticisms of the government's whitening and de-Africanization of the music. Religious concerts declined, musical instruments related to
863:, who has written extensively on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, Afro-cubans in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead. The government is frightened to the extent to which it does not understand African Cubans today. You have a new generation of Afro-Cubans who are looking at politics in another way."
5902:
4537:
4547:
3316:
2129:
3520:
4557:
5912:
50:
588:
902:
triggered by the change in government focus." The government's announcement easily allowed the Cuban public to deny discrimination without first correcting the stereotypes that remained in the minds of those who grew up in a Cuba that was racially and economically divided. Many who argue that racism does not exist in Cuba base their claims on the idea of Latin
American
859:, describes race as a "social bomb" and says that "If the Cuban government were to permit Afro-Cubans to organize and raise their problems before ... totalitarianism would fall". Esteban Morales DomĂnguez, a professor at the University of Havana, says that "The absence of the debate on the racial problem already threatens ... the revolution's social project".
894:, Castro declared that the "just laws of the revolution ended unemployment, put an end to villages without hospitals and schools, enacted laws which ended discrimination, control by monopolies, humiliation, and the suffering of the people." Although inspiring, many would consider the claim to be premature."
652:
combined
European influences with sub-Saharan African elements. Cuban music evolved markedly away from the traditional European model towards improvisational African traditions. Afro-Cuban musicians have taken pre-existing genres such as trova, country and rap and added their own realities of life in
2432:
Beatriz
Marcheco-Teruel, Esteban J. Parra, Evelyn Fuentes-Smith, Antonio Salas, Henriette N. ButtenschĂžn, Ditte Demontis, MarĂa Torres-Español, Lilia C. MarĂn-PadrĂłn, Enrique J. GĂłmez-Cabezas, Vanesa Ălvarez-Iglesias, Ana Mosquera-Miguel, Antonio MartĂnez-Fuentes, Ăngel Carracedo, Anders D. BĂžrglum,
901:
and Mark Sawyer in 2003, suggests that social discrimination is still prevalent, despite the low levels of economic discrimination. After considering the issue solved, the Cuban government moved beyond the issue of racism. His message marked a shift in Cuban society's perception of racism that was
1031:
This empowerment became a catalyst for the second stage to be characterized by Afro-Cuban artists making art that truly reflected what it meant to be Afro-Cuban. Beginning in the 1930s this stage depicted a more serious view of black culture like
African religions and the struggles associated with
783:
were confiscated and destroyed, afro-Cuban celebrations were banned outright, and strict limits were placed on the quantity of religious music heard on the radio and television. These attitudes softened in the 1970s and 1980s as the afro-Cuban community began to fuse religious elements into their
348:
classification persists. That is, biracial persons are typically classified by others as belonging to the race or ethnicity with lower social status, even if their ancestry is majority
European. They found that persons with up to 69% European ancestry and the remainder African or African-American
774:
Before the revolution, authorities considered Afro-Cuban religious music a lesser culture; religious drummers were persecuted and instruments were confiscated. After the revolution, Afro-Cuban music could be practiced more openly, but authorities were suspicious due to its relation to Afro-Cuban
877:
In the years between the triumph of the revolution and the victory at Playa GirĂłn the Cuban government was one of the world's most proactive regimes in the fight against discrimination. It achieved significant gains in racial equality through a series of egalitarian reforms early in the 1960s.
657:
who included
African spirituals in his early repertory. Music in Cuba is encouraged both as a scholarly exercise and a popular enjoyment. To Cubans, music and study of it are integral parts of the revolution. Audiences are proud of mixed ethnicity that makes up the music from the Afro-Cuban
1027:
Poems and essays by Afro-Cuban writers began to be published in the 1930s in newspapers, magazines and books, where they discussed their own personal heritage. Afro-Cuban and Afro-Cuban heritage artists such as Nicolås Guillén, Alberto
Arredondo and Emilio Ballagas brought light to the
848:, racism is entrenched in Cuba. Afro-Cubans are systematically excluded from positions in tourism-related jobs, where they could earn tips in hard currencies. According to the EU study, Afro-Cubans are relegated to poor housing, and African Cubans are excluded from managerial positions.
979:
The movement evolved from an interest in the rediscovery of
African heritage. It developed in two very different and parallel stages. One stage stemmed from European artists and intellectuals who were interested in African art and musical folk forms. This stage paralleled the
928:
in the 1950s was working class and lived in restricted areas, ethnic enclaves in the vicinity of Tampa's hundreds of cigar factories. African Cubans were tolerated to an extent in the Latin quarter (where most neighborhoods and cigar factories were integrated).
750:
Afro-Cuban arts emerged in the early 1960s with musicians spearheading an amateur movement bringing
African-influenced drumming to the forefront of Cuban music. For example, Enrique Bonne's drumming ensembles took inspiration from Cuban folklore, traditional
574:
For years, many
Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify as such or speak Creole, which is based in French and African languages. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians suffered discrimination among the majority Spanish speakers.
571:(Spanish for "manual laborers") cutting cane in the fields and processing it during harvest. Their living and working conditions were not much better than under slavery. Although many workers had planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba.
742:
combines African instruments and playing styles with the meter and rhythm of Spanish poetic forms. While much of the music is performed in cut-time, artists typically use an array of time signatures like 6/8 for drumming beats. On the other hand,
1052:
art form that used aesthetics from both European and African culture. Although the actual movement of Afrocubanismo faded by the early 1940s, Afro-Cuban culture continues to play a vital role in the identity of Cuba. It has been the
382:
have been settling in Cuba. Most of them settle in the eastern part of the island, due to its proximity to their home countries, and further contributing to the already high percentage of ethnic blacks on that side of the island.
873:
noted "The danger starts with his example: after all, a young, Afro-cuban, progressive politician has no chance of reaching the highest office in Cuba, although a majority of the island's people are of mostly African descent"
784:
music. In the 1990s, Afro-Cuban music became a mainstay of Cuba's tourism economy. Members of religious groups earned their living by performing and teaching ritual drumming, song, and dance, to tourists visiting the country.
578:
In the 21st century, classes in Haitian Creole are offered in Guantanamo, Matanzas and the City of Havana, in an effort to preserve the traditional language of the Afro-Haitians. There is also a Creole-language radio program.
504:
has had more recent immigrant communities of Afro-Cubans, known as Amparos. They are descendants of Afro-Cuban soldiers who were transported to serve as military in the country in 1975 as a result of Cuban involvement in the
479:(by way of voluntary arrangement). When there were an insufficient number of volunteers, the colonial government arranged a June 20, 1861, deportation from Cuba. In Spanish Guinea, the indentured servants became part of the
914:. For many Cubans this translates into an argument of "racial harmony", often referred to as racial democracy. In the case of Cuba, ideas of Latin American Exceptionalism have delayed the progress of true racial harmony.
755:, dance music, and American Jazz. Pello de Afrokan created a new dance rhythm called Mozambique that increased in popularity after his predominantly afro-Cuban folklore troupe performed in 1964. Afro-Cuban artists
3269:
Henken, Ted. "Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature," Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook Global Studies :Latin America & The Caribbean. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363â385.
340:
system. In addition, in current society, classification may simply be made based on visible attributes; thus, a person who looks white is likely classified as white, especially if educated and middle class.
3272:
Moore, Robin D. "The Minorista vanguard: Moderism and Afrocubanismo" Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubansimo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920â1940.Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997:
1061:
of Cuban identity. The Revolution has funded many projects that restore the work of Afro-Cubans in an effort to accommodate an African-driven identity within the new anti-racist Cuban society.
661:
African music and Afro-Cuban music mutually exchanged rhythmic patterns, melodies, and cultural elements, creating a dynamic musical interchange. African artists, particularly those from the
1694:â songwriter, arranger, and pianist with Sonora Matancera; son of Pablo "BubĂș" VĂĄzquez GobĂn and brother of Elpidio VĂĄzquez, he succeeded Lino FrĂas on piano as a member of Sonora Matancera
992:, and coincided with stylistic European Vanguard (like Cubism and its representation of African masks). It was characterized by the participation of white intellectuals such as Cubans
5622:
767:, were influential figures in shaping the Afro-Cuban community and its music. BauzĂĄ, a trumpeter and composer, pioneered the fusion of Afro-Cuban rhythms with jazz, giving rise to the
3934:
3276:
RĂłdriguez-Mangual, Edna M. "Introduction" Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro Cuban Cultural Identity. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 1â167.
937:, were areas that bordered on other restricted sections-areas for U.S. blacks or whites only. In this Latin quarter, there existed racial discrimination despite its subtleness.
436:
says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution".
1057:
that opened up a space for extended research of African ethnic roots in Cuba. The rhetoric of the Revolution incorporates black history and its contribution as an important
546:
resulted in a wave of ethnic French settlers fleeing to Cuba, and often taking numerous African slaves with them. These refugees settled mainly in the east, and especially
3083:
997:
1028:
once-marginalized African race and culture. It became a symbol of empowerment and individuality for Afro-Cubans within the established Western culture of the Americas.
653:
a socialist country and as black persons. Genres like Nueva Trova are seen as live representations of the revolution and have been affected by Afro-Cuban musicians like
2285:
2217:
3266:"Literature of the Recolutionary Era", Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez 1st Vol. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345â346.
3279:"Afrocubanismo", Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Ed. Lenard S. Klein. 2nd ed. 4thvol. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 1989: 20â21.
1928:â professional boxer; he held the unified IBF and Ring magazine cruiserweight titles between 2011 and 2015, as well as the WBA interim cruiserweight title in 2011.
327:
estimated the proportion of people as having some black ancestry is more likely about 62%. They note that complex attitudes toward racial identification, and the
2969:
669:
fused Afro-Cuban musical influences with their traditions, crafting distinct sounds. The result was an array of genres popular in West and Central Africa namely
736:
is influenced by African rhythms. Cuban popular music, and much of the art music, combines influences from Spain and Africa in ways unique to Cuba. For example
906:. According to the argument of Latin American Exceptionality, a social history of intermarriage and mixing of the races is unique to Latina America. The large
323:
There has been much scholarly discussion about the demographic composition of the island. A study by the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the
791:. Cuban hip-hop focused on criticism of the Cuban state and the global economic order, including racism, colonialism, imperialism, and global capitalism.
3717:
3244:
Arnedo-GĂłmez, Miguel. "Introduction", Writing Rumba: The Afrocubanista Movement in Poetry. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2006: 1â170.
882:'s first public address on racism after his rise to power was on March 23, 1959, at a labor rally in Havana, less than three months after he defeated
398:
of the largely white (or ethnic European) Cuban professional class, who were subject to violence, takeovers and losing their businesses and property.
2812:
2340:
2500:
951:
During the 1920s and 1930s Cuba experienced a movement geared towards Afro-Cuban culture called Afrocubanismo. The movement had a large impact on
4488:
606:
Afro-Cubans are predominantly Roman Catholic, with minorities of Protestant. Afro-Cuban religion can be broken down into three main currents:
4001:
1024:. The African-inspired art tended to represent Afro-Cubans with cliché images such as a black man sitting beneath a palm tree with a cigar.
1751:; served as a member of the committee of consultations that drafted and amended the Constitution of 1901 and as a Representative and Senator
4044:
2855:
1904:- Boxer:two-time cruiserweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 2017 to 2018 and the IBF title from 2019 to September 2020.
538:
language and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of immigrants from Saint-Domingue at the start of the 19th century. This was a
5941:
4593:
2370:
2321:
2253:
959:
that focused on one particular theme: African culture. Specifically it highlighted the struggle for independence from Spain, African
5834:
5289:
2069:
1896:
2434:
305:, primarily a combination of African and European. Thus more than 40% of the population on the island affirm some African ancestry.
5956:
5734:
5098:
4054:
3304:
917:
In spite of all the promises and speeches by government leaders, racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans continues to be a major
775:
religions. The first revolutionary institution created for the performing "national folklore" (Afro-Cuban artistic traditions) was
2751:
Saunders, Tanya (2012). "Black Thoughts, Black Activism: Cuban Underground Hip-Hop and Afro-Latino Countercultures of Modernity".
799:
Other cultural elements considered to be Afro-Cuban can be found in language (including syntax, vocabulary, and style of speech).
5861:
5819:
3003:
2793:
289:
According to the 2002 national census that surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1 million or 11% of Cubans identified as Afro-Cuban or
5304:
3929:
334:
In Cuba, there are many terms to classify Afro-Cubans of varying portions of African descent, related to the historic Spanish
5403:
4794:
4089:
3557:
3226:
2508:
1249:
636:
Since the mid-19th century, innovations within Cuban music have been attributed to the Afro-Cuban community. Genres such as
554:
cultivation, and constructed sugar refineries. They also developed coffee plantations for another important commodity crop.
3837:
5073:
4049:
2296:
2228:
1320:â trumpeter and bandleader; when Arsenio RodrĂguez left Cuba never to return he handed over to him leadership of his group
5769:
4990:
4811:
4028:
3968:
2162:
433:
2435:"Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers"
5961:
4995:
3677:
3598:
3282:
2813:"A barrier for Cuba's black people â New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement"
921:
issue for the Cuban government, even resulting in riots in Central Havana, a mostly black neighborhood in the capital.
771:
movement which gained considerable popularity in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean in the mid 20th century.
2463:
1477:
5936:
5915:
5378:
5088:
4772:
3924:
2735:
1828:
887:
627:
565:, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province. Later, Afro-Haitians continued to emigrate to Cuba to work as
3444:
2655:
331:
racial hierarchy that has existed on the island, have influenced the lower figures of self-identification as black.
5739:
4923:
4644:
4617:
3986:
3641:
4500:
4442:
2943:
252:
1468:â bassist, composer, and bandleader, creator of the mambo and the first to record Cuban jam sessions (descargas)
1465:
498:
when their tenure was over, most settled in these countries, marrying into the local African indigenous tribes.
5951:
4586:
4560:
4126:
3951:
3570:
3434:
5480:
5443:
5343:
5274:
5260:
5004:
4938:
1790:
1675:
1374:
891:
658:
community, despite there being a boundary of distrust and uncertainty between Cubans and Afro-Cuban culture.
414:
444:
During the 17th century, ex-slaves from Cuba and Brazil were transported to Africa to work for colonists as
5373:
4329:
4314:
4216:
3774:
3697:
3297:
1778:
1594:â singer (DĂșo Los Compadres, Grupo de Compay Segundo, and Buena Vista Social Club), composer and bandleader
662:
1725:â First Vice President of Cuba, former trade union leader, Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Cuba
1691:
910:
populations that result from high levels of interracial union common to Latin America are often linked to
359:
Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, they comprise a higher proportion of the population in
5966:
5764:
5719:
5647:
5294:
4908:
4512:
4452:
4447:
4432:
4245:
3877:
3822:
3472:
3439:
3372:
2411:
1576:
1410:
696:
320:
society without racism. His government promised equal opportunities for education, health care and work.
256:
31:
2820:
2384:
2348:
1413:â songwriter; known for his lyrics "Ella y yo" and "La rosa roja;" cousin of Alberto Arredondo's mother
1005:
5794:
5698:
5658:
5333:
4933:
4918:
4701:
4407:
4267:
4131:
4006:
3424:
3057:
517:
to support a faction of society. As a result of this era, a small Spanish-speaking community formed in
130:
17:
2834:
1368:
5905:
5545:
5398:
5393:
4579:
4233:
3907:
3892:
3618:
3593:
3550:
3762:
2852:
1766:
1087:
5946:
5448:
5172:
4883:
4622:
4473:
3996:
3991:
3656:
3631:
2916:
1971:
3504:
1809:
5881:
5673:
5328:
4999:
4382:
4294:
3882:
3827:
3817:
3646:
3290:
1995:
1582:
1453:
708:
Afro-Cuban music can be divided into religious and profane. Religious music includes the chants,
344:
By contrast, in the contemporary United States, a 2010 Harvard study showed that the practice of
3754:
1925:
1744:
1722:
5799:
5594:
5353:
4829:
4777:
4767:
4755:
4495:
4483:
4119:
3963:
3958:
3832:
3807:
3802:
3758:
2266:
1772:
1431:â trumpeter with Sonora Matancera, second husband, manager after 1967, and eventual widower of
212:
3766:
2104:
2089:
2061:
649:
631:
406:
5851:
5776:
5683:
5599:
5584:
5538:
5533:
5408:
5048:
4975:
4970:
4841:
4684:
4631:
4507:
4478:
4457:
4284:
1959:
1317:
1001:
860:
370:
In the 21st century, many native African immigrants have been going to Cuba, especially from
4146:
2555:
Moore, Robin (2006). "Black Music in a Raceless Society: Afrocuban Folklore and Socialism".
5809:
5589:
5388:
5138:
4360:
4186:
4106:
4101:
3897:
3867:
3770:
3692:
3687:
3623:
3543:
2898:
2156:
1913:
1226:
1153:
1147:
1037:
918:
852:
542:
on the island of Hispaniola. The violence associated with the final years of the 1791â1804
284:
2043:
1919:
1907:
1697:
1603:
8:
5567:
5558:
5523:
5299:
4928:
4733:
4289:
4084:
4011:
3912:
3682:
3651:
1728:
1585:â "the king of mambo," composer, and the creator of the bachata rhythm, a variant of the
1347:
1231:
445:
324:
117:
105:
4716:
3312:
2114:
1937:
1627:
1416:
1404:
1159:
1013:
487:
401:
A small percentage of Afro-Cubans left Cuba, mostly for the United States (particularly
5841:
5724:
5490:
5453:
5413:
5348:
5063:
4387:
4272:
4262:
4228:
3941:
3902:
3872:
3743:
3377:
3336:
3166:
Henken, T. "Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature", in
2768:
2607:
2572:
2007:
1989:
981:
856:
543:
422:
240:
192:
4696:
2079:
1564:
1357:
963:, and building a purely Cuban national identity. Its goal was to incorporate African
811:
93:
5804:
5744:
5604:
5470:
5338:
5229:
4985:
4960:
4304:
4299:
4211:
4141:
4094:
3946:
3887:
3812:
3790:
3738:
3613:
3608:
3362:
3258:
Breaing the Chains Forging the Nation: The Afro-Cuban Fight for Freedom and Equality.
3222:
3091:
3011:
2977:
2883:
Speech given by Fidel Castro on April 8, 1961. Text provided by Havana FIEL Network.
2772:
2731:
2682:
2576:
2504:
2364:
2315:
2247:
2188:
1949:
1621:
1255:
883:
514:
461:
418:
353:
5009:
2709:
2013:
1882:
1846:
1812:â cosmonaut; first Latin American and first person of African descent in outer space
1483:
1422:
1099:
139:
5577:
5246:
5199:
5167:
5093:
5031:
5014:
4980:
4913:
4878:
4873:
4851:
4846:
4782:
4760:
4664:
4639:
4602:
4334:
4309:
4257:
4240:
3851:
3661:
3155:
Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1940
2760:
2678:
2641:
2637:
2599:
2564:
2037:
2031:
2025:
1754:
1392:
1301:
1285:
1261:
1165:
1054:
993:
989:
952:
911:
867:'s victory has raised disturbing questions about the institutional racism in Cuba.
819:
387:
360:
309:
224:
101:
89:
77:
5502:
3263:
GarcĂa, Cristina. "Introduction", Cubanismo! New York: Vintage Books, 2002: 1â364.
2902:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Evidence collected in 2003 over proved.
2669:
Guevara, Gema R. (2005). "Narratives of Racial Authority in Cuban Popular Music".
1943:
1888:
1864:
1681:
1528:
1471:
1353:
1297:
1213:
1195:
1123:
716:
used in rituals of the religious currents mentioned above. Profane music includes
654:
356:
of the population of Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American.
5528:
5460:
5383:
5265:
5241:
5209:
5204:
5155:
5128:
5118:
5024:
4903:
4723:
4706:
4669:
4659:
4550:
4437:
4427:
4402:
4206:
4162:
4136:
4072:
3702:
3636:
3603:
3578:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3216:
2859:
2193:
1901:
1876:
1858:
1834:
1748:
1654:
1570:
1522:
1437:
1093:
1021:
955:, poetry, painting, music, and sculpture. It was the first artistic campaign in
815:
768:
670:
615:
410:
208:
160:
147:
109:
1952:â boxer; former World Welterweight Champion; also known as "Mantequilla" NĂĄpoles
1734:
1597:
1510:
1048:
The lasting reputation of the Afrocubanismo movement was the establishment of a
5871:
5856:
5368:
5358:
5316:
5284:
5279:
5219:
5123:
5068:
5058:
5019:
4861:
4856:
4745:
4654:
4422:
4392:
4339:
4223:
4191:
3707:
3429:
3393:
2198:
2168:
2094:
2084:
2074:
1870:
1822:
1796:
1663:
1591:
1558:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1459:
1443:
1362:
1341:
1323:
1291:
1279:
1273:
1189:
1183:
1117:
925:
903:
845:
839:
802:
The Afro-Cuban religions all maintain some degree of use of African languages.
788:
744:
729:
535:
457:
421:. Relatively few Afro-Cubans resided in the nearby Spanish-speaking country of
113:
3058:"African-Americans: Blacks in Cuba 'treated with callous disregard' - CNN.com"
1977:
1669:
1267:
1237:
756:
5930:
5572:
5497:
5433:
5363:
5224:
5214:
5194:
5182:
5150:
4945:
4866:
4799:
4728:
4689:
4540:
4412:
4346:
4324:
4279:
4252:
4201:
3367:
3346:
3095:
3015:
2981:
2764:
2178:
2148:
2099:
2065:
1931:
1892:
1760:
1609:
1552:
1534:
1075:
1017:
1009:
946:
869:
733:
645:
641:
539:
530:
453:
200:
196:
176:
164:
1983:
1615:
1540:
1171:
1141:
547:
143:
5829:
5824:
5663:
5321:
5311:
5043:
4649:
3499:
2109:
2055:
1955:
1784:
1649:
1546:
1428:
1105:
898:
879:
864:
760:
510:
391:
313:
290:
272:
2568:
2524:
1449:
1335:
985:
721:
5846:
5688:
5512:
5475:
5465:
5438:
5053:
4965:
4196:
3919:
3524:
3467:
2173:
2134:
2019:
2001:
1852:
1840:
1738:
1658:
1489:
1312:
1207:
1177:
1129:
1033:
827:
738:
717:
481:
469:
465:
426:
395:
345:
188:
184:
97:
3144:. Ed. Lenard S Klein. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 2008: 20.
2970:"Opinion | Fidel Castro and communism's flawed record with black people"
1940:â most prolific home run hitter in the history of amateur Cuban baseball
803:
780:
607:
591:
151:
5814:
5485:
5425:
5143:
4750:
4738:
4319:
4111:
3722:
3712:
3328:
2477:
2049:
1965:
1639:
1493:
1432:
1329:
1135:
1111:
1081:
934:
637:
611:
599:
551:
302:
2628:
Garland, Phyl (1977). "Cuban Music: An Instrument of the Revolution".
2611:
787:
Rap was adopted in 1999 and solidified with the rise of hip-hop group
475:
In the 19th century, the former slaves were taken to Africa under the
363:
in Eastern Cuba than in other parts of the island. As the major city,
5083:
4181:
3194:
Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity
2835:"Fifty years of the Castro regime â Time for a (long overdue) change"
1398:
1377:â pianist (Conjunto de Arsenio RodrĂguez and Buena Vista Social Club)
1308:
1243:
1201:
1049:
930:
614:
and include individuals of all origins. SanterĂa is syncretized with
386:
The percentage of Afro-Cubans on the island increased after the 1959
317:
4417:
3449:
3036:
1974:â professional heavyweight boxer and former WBA Heavyweight Champion
1799:â far-right activist and leader of the far right Proud Boys movement
1666:â gĂŒiro player with the groundbreaking band of Israel "Cachao" LĂłpez
807:
135:
5234:
5187:
5133:
4950:
4834:
4804:
4787:
4571:
3183:. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345.
2603:
1934:â boxer; former World Featherweight and Junior Lightweight Champion
1633:
1586:
1380:
964:
725:
701:
690:
567:
506:
268:
264:
260:
204:
4679:
3477:
3341:
562:
180:
5876:
5866:
4397:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3153:
Moore, R. "The Minorista Vanguard: Modernism and Afrocubanismo."
2497:
Unbecoming Blackness: The Diaspora Cultures of Afro-Cuban America
1703:
1685:
1645:
1543:â singer and bandleader; cousin of Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros
1386:
1058:
960:
907:
823:
764:
686:
674:
558:
494:
Although the indentured workers were nominally free to return to
449:
402:
375:
298:
294:
3535:
3196:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 17.
709:
704:
while incorporating preserved African cultural practices. (1850)
5160:
5078:
5036:
4711:
4372:
3320:
3250:
Solventando las diferencias: la ideologĂa del mestizaje en Cuba
1480:â bassist (Buena Vista Social Club); nephew of Cachao and Macho
968:
713:
678:
666:
595:
518:
501:
371:
367:
has the largest population of Afro-Cubans of any city in Cuba.
364:
236:
5553:
5177:
3253:. Madrid, Iberoamericana â Frankfurt am Main, Vervuert, 2003.
1425:â violinist, composer, and inventor of the cha-cha-chĂĄ rhythm
810:
both have large parts of their liturgy in African languages (
752:
682:
379:
336:
49:
1757:â part of the Cuban Independence War; Antonio Maceo's mother
405:). They and their U.S.-born children are known variously as
255:
and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as
251:
associated with this community, and the combining of native
3566:
3315:
2913:
Racial Democracy in the Americas: A Latin and US Comparison
2590:
Benmayor, Rina (1981). "La "Nueva Trova": New Cuban Song".
2183:
1709:
1446:â trumpeter, songwriter, and arranger with Sonora Matancera
956:
587:
495:
248:
3131:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006: 1.
2944:"The Cuban Revolution and the Myth of Racial Inclusivity"
2730:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 199.
1579:â Afro-Cuban/jazz percussionist, composer, and bandleader
513:, deployed thousands of troops to the country during the
3260:
Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2019.
2268:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3157:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997:200.
2851:
Speech at Havana Labor Rally . Transcript available on
2728:
Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba
851:
Enrique Patterson, an Afro-Cuban journalist and former
485:. In the area of present-day Nigeria, they were called
2464:"Cuba's Other Internationalism: Angola 25 Years Later"
3004:"Afro-Cuban Activists Fight Racism Between Two Fires"
247:
can also refer to historical or cultural elements in
3142:
Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century
2529:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
2124:
1747:â 1890s revolutionary leader, close collaborator of
1270:â musician and songwriter; brother-in-law of Machito
521:of Afro-Cubans; they number about 100,000 persons.
448:or workers. They were taken largely to present-day
439:
3118:. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press, 130. Print.
2656:"The African Roots of Cuban Music - the Elephant"
2448:
2446:
1371:â musical director of the Buena Vista Social Club
5928:
2891:
2889:
1252:â trumpeter and bandleader; cousin of Benny MorĂ©
2853:The University of Texas at Austin - Web Central
1737:â Cuban revolutionary and second-in-command to
844:According to anthropologists dispatched by the
728:(carnival music) and lesser styles such as the
3181:Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2488:
2443:
2389:A Rising Voice: Afro-Latin Americans (5 Parts)
557:By 1804, some 30,000 Frenchmen were living in
4587:
3586:
3551:
3298:
3248:
2911:Pena, Y., Jim Sidanis and Mark Sawyer. 2003.
2886:
2461:
4045:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
3221:. California/International Arts Foundation.
2271:, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.
1338:â percussionist and former member of Irakere
747:uses a polymetric 7/8 + 5/8 time signature.
2930:Racial Politics in Post- Revolutionary Cuba
2779:
2531:. Minority Rights Group International. 2008
1843:â Olympic wrestler and mixed martial artist
1474:â pianist and songwriter; brother of Cachao
4594:
4580:
3558:
3544:
3305:
3291:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:"'Obama Effect' Highlights Racism in Cuba"
2377:
2022:â boxer; former WBA Featherweight Champion
1910:â boxer; former WBC Cruiserweight Champion
1258:â percussionist with Israel "Cachao" LĂłpez
1043:
974:
48:
3205:RodrĂguez-Mangual, E. "Introduction", 18.
3084:"Cuba Begins to Answer Its Race Question"
3001:
1849:â Olympic Judoka and mixed martial artist
1657:- record producer and rapper, founder of
1387:Francisco RaĂșl "Machito" GutiĂ©rrez Grillo
1069:
349:were still being classified as 'black'.
4055:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
3256:Finch, Aisha and Fannie Rushing (eds.),
3081:
2750:
2589:
1634:RamĂłn "Monguito el Ănico" Sardiñas QuiĂĄn
695:
586:
3179:"Literature of the Revolutionary Era",
2941:
2800:
2775:– via WorldCat Discovery Service.
2685:– via WorldCat Discovery Service.
2668:
2644:– via WorldCat Discovery Service.
2627:
2614:– via WorldCat Discovery Service.
2579:– via WorldCat Discovery Service.
2335:
2333:
2331:
1958:â only bodybuilder to have ever beaten
1600:â percussionist, singer, and bandleader
1311:" â percussionist and former member of
897:Research conducted by Yesilernis Peña,
833:
14:
5929:
4174:
3218:Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century
3214:
3192:RodrĂguez-Mangual, E. "Introduction",
2796:. New America Media. 15 December 2008.
2369:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2320:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2252:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1630:â musician, songwriter, and bandleader
1606:â musician, bandleader, and songwriter
1282:â singer, composer and record producer
1064:
1036:during this stage of the movement was
4575:
3539:
3286:
3170:. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363.
3082:Robinson, Eugene (12 November 2000).
2725:
2721:
2719:
2623:
2621:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2494:
2409:
1492:â singer, humanitarian, and widow of
632:Music of Cuba § African heritage
594:icons at an open place of worship in
5911:
4601:
2403:
2385:"Part 4 A Barrier for Cuba's Blacks"
2328:
1704:Lupe Victoria "La Lupe" YolĂ Raymond
1567:â musician, bandleader, and composer
1507:â composer; cousin of Cheo Marquetti
1238:Federico A. "Tata GĂŒines" Soto Alejo
550:. There the French later introduced
72:Regions with significant populations
4029:National Revolutionary Police Force
3987:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
3930:National Assembly of People's Power
2942:Mirabal, Nancy (10 November 2017).
2872:Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution
2462:Kevin Edmonds (27 September 2013).
1592:Francisco "Compay Segundo" Repilado
434:Minority Rights Group International
24:
3678:United States embargo against Cuba
3238:
3002:Fernandes, Sujatha (24 May 2016).
2716:
2618:
2543:
2273:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
2040:â world record holder in high jump
1968:â MLB, three time batting champion
1573:â singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
1389:â singer, musician, and bandleader
1365:â singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
477:Royal Orders of September 13, 1845
352:A DNA study in 2014 estimated the
25:
5978:
5942:African diaspora in the Caribbean
4050:DirecciĂłn General de Inteligencia
3565:
3127:Arnedo-GĂłmez, M. "Introduction."
2967:
1873:â boxer; WBC Lightweight Champion
1829:Javier Arenas (American football)
1787:â writer and political journalist
628:Music of African heritage in Cuba
524:
5910:
5901:
5900:
4783:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4555:
4545:
4536:
4535:
3518:
3314:
2683:10.1111/j.1524-2226.2005.00045.x
2671:Journal of Popular Music Studies
2410:Bradt, Steve (9 December 2010).
2141:
2127:
1763:â author and community organizer
1700:â guitarist, singer and composer
940:
924:Most of the Latin population of
814:and Ăañigo, respectively) while
440:Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa
293:. Some 3 million identified as "
5957:Cuban people of African descent
4546:
3208:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3168:Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3109:
3075:
3050:
3029:
2995:
2961:
2935:
2922:
2905:
2877:
2864:
2845:
2827:
2744:
2702:
2689:
2662:
2648:
2583:
2517:
2470:
1916:â MLB, half-brother of El Duque
1383:â singer; stepsister of Machito
971:into traditional modes of art.
278:
2697:Yoruba Sacred Music from Ekiti
2642:10.1080/00064246.1977.11413920
2455:
2426:
2278:
2260:
2210:
1861:â MLB, cousin of JosĂ© Cardenal
1300:â tres player and singer with
1250:Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros
1240:â percussionist and bandleader
888:Confederation of Cuban Workers
396:mass migration from the island
163:, Islam, Muslim minorities of
65:(9.3% of the Cuban Population)
13:
1:
2478:"Race & Identity in Cuba"
1537:â singer, pianist and actress
602:practiced by many Afro-Cubans
3698:Cuban intervention in Angola
2391:. Miami Herald. 20 June 2007
2204:
1962:in a Mr. Olympia competition
1920:Orlando "El Duque" HernĂĄndez
1775:â 1890s revolutionary leader
1356:â flute player, a member of
1288:â singer-songwriter, actress
1132:- actress, singer and dancer
777:Conjunto FolklĂłrico Nacional
663:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
3116:Black Cuban, Black American
2753:Latin American Perspectives
2592:Latin American Music Review
2120:
1716:
1678:â conga player and composer
1513:- American dance music icon
1393:Marcelino "Rapindey" Guerra
794:
582:
32:Afro-Cuban (disambiguation)
10:
5983:
5795:African diaspora religions
4919:Indigenous Black Canadians
4007:Territorial Troops Militia
3215:Veigas, José, ed. (2002).
3037:"CUBA â Race and Equality"
2699:. Ibadan University Press.
2412:"'One-drop rule' persists"
2275:, Random House, Inc. 2006.
1803:
1793:â Cuban Communist guerilla
1399:Orlando "Cascarita" Guerra
1326:â percussionist and singer
1220:
944:
837:
625:
528:
425:and the U.S. territory of
282:
29:
5962:People of African descent
5896:
5785:
5770:African Hebrew Israelites
5755:
5709:
5646:
5635:
5615:
5546:Afro-Asians in South Asia
5511:
5424:
5259:
5109:
4894:
4820:
4630:
4616:
4609:
4531:
4466:
4368:
4359:
4170:
4161:
4080:
4071:
4037:
4021:
3979:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3798:
3789:
3731:
3718:Fidel's transfer of power
3670:
3619:Cuban War of Independence
3577:
3513:
3460:
3417:
3386:
3355:
3327:
2968:Starr, Terrell Jermaine.
2874:, New York. 2006, p. 326.
2695:King, Anthony (1961:14).
1816:
1731:â politician and composer
509:. Cuba's Prime Minister,
175:
170:
128:
123:
88:
83:
76:
71:
61:
56:
47:
5937:African diaspora in Cuba
4812:Turks and Caicos Islands
2917:University of California
2765:10.1177/0094582X11428062
2710:"Frank "Machito" Grillo"
1684:â pianist and leader of
1628:RamĂłn "Mongo" SantamarĂa
1478:Orlando "CachaĂto" LĂłpez
700:Afro-Cubans celebrating
621:
374:. Also, immigrants from
2495:Lopez, Antonio (2012).
1781:â human rights activist
1779:Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez
1648:â rapper and member of
1598:Orlando "Puntilla" RĂos
1501:â singer and bandleader
1486:â singer and bandleader
1454:Buena Vista Social Club
1417:Generoso "Tojo" Jiménez
1369:Juan de Marcos GonzĂĄlez
1264:â singer and bandleader
1120:- singer, dancer, actor
1044:Results of the movement
975:History of the movement
27:Ethnic minority in Cuba
5800:Anti-African sentiment
4127:International rankings
3964:Prime Minister of Cuba
3959:Vice President of Cuba
3249:
2163:Black Latino Americans
1791:Harry "Pombo" Villegas
1767:Esteban Lazo HernĂĄndez
1676:Carlos "Patato" Valdes
1395:â singer and composer
1304:; son of ValentĂn CanĂ©
1088:Pastor ArgudĂn Pedroso
1070:Arts and entertainment
705:
603:
228:
5952:Ethnic groups in Cuba
5852:Civil rights movement
5740:Afro-Caribbean people
5049:Chestnut Ridge people
4971:African-American Jews
4773:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3247:Duno-Gottberg, Luis,
2858:21 March 2009 at the
2726:Moore, Robin (2006).
2569:10.1353/cub.2007.0009
2499:. NYU Press. p.
2414:. The Harvard Gazette
2070:Baseball Hall of Fame
1960:Arnold Schwarzenegger
1897:Baseball Hall of Fame
1810:Arnaldo Tamayo MĂ©ndez
1739:Ernesto "Che" Guevara
1472:Orestes "Macho" LĂłpez
1466:Israel "Cachao" LĂłpez
1452:â singer-songwriter (
1216:- artist and comedian
1204:- actor and filmmaker
1002:Fortunato Vizcarrondo
933:and its counterpart,
699:
590:
171:Related ethnic groups
5810:Atlantic slave trade
5498:United Arab Emirates
4330:Association Football
4315:Scouting and Guiding
4107:Dual economy of Cuba
3878:Council of Ministers
3838:World Heritage Sites
3693:Cuban Missile Crisis
3688:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3632:SpanishâAmerican War
2899:Communist Revolution
2897:Afro-Cubans and the
2525:"Cuba â Afro-Cubans"
2157:Afro-Latin Americans
1926:Yoan Pablo HernĂĄndez
1745:Juan Gualberto GĂłmez
1723:Salvador Valdés Mesa
1688:, son of Bebo Valdés
1577:Luciano "Chano" Pozo
1555:â singer and pianist
1227:Afro-Cuban All Stars
1148:Herizen F. Guardiola
853:University of Havana
834:Racial consciousness
407:Afro-Cuban Americans
394:, because there was
285:Demographics of Cuba
131:Afro-Cuban religions
30:For other uses, see
5699:Sierra Leone Creole
5550:India and Pakistan
4795:Trinidad and Tobago
4645:Antigua and Barbuda
3683:Escambray rebellion
2841:. 30 December 2008.
2345:www.miamiherald.com
2165:â the United States
2105:Julio CĂ©sar La Cruz
2090:Aricheell HernĂĄndez
2062:CristĂłbal Torriente
2058:â volleyball player
1729:Juan Almeida Bosque
1232:Francisco Aguabella
1065:Notable Afro-Cubans
1032:slavery. The main
446:indentured servants
325:University of Miami
243:ancestry. The term
241:sub-Saharan African
239:of full or partial
118:Cuban Sign Language
44:
5967:Cuban entertainers
5842:Black Lives Matter
5449:Ethiopian Israelis
5099:African immigrants
5074:Louisiana Redbones
5010:Chickasaw freedmen
4939:African immigrants
4707:Dominican Republic
4132:Telecommunications
3997:Revolutionary Navy
3992:Revolutionary Army
3873:Corruption in Cuba
3599:Colonial governors
3505:Indigenous peoples
2008:Ana Fidelia Quirot
1992:â amateur wrestler
1990:Anthony Echemendia
1986:â MLB Hall of Fame
1855:â Olympic wrestler
1583:DĂĄmaso PĂ©rez Prado
998:Rómulo Lachatañeré
982:Harlem Renaissance
857:Marxist philosophy
818:uses a mixture of
706:
604:
544:Haitian Revolution
452:, the home of the
423:Dominican Republic
415:Hispanic Americans
213:AfroâPuerto Ricans
193:Cape Verdean Cuban
42:
5924:
5923:
5892:
5891:
5805:Anti-Black racism
5745:British Jamaicans
5735:African Americans
5720:African Americans
5674:Americo-Liberians
5659:African Americans
5631:
5630:
5454:Sudanese refugees
5255:
5254:
5025:Seminole freedmen
5005:Cherokee freedmen
4986:Black Southerners
4961:African Americans
4909:African Americans
4569:
4568:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4355:
4354:
4157:
4156:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
3947:President of Cuba
3925:Political parties
3908:Human trafficking
3893:Foreign relations
3846:
3845:
3785:
3784:
3739:History of Havana
3533:
3532:
3228:978-0-917571-11-4
3140:"Afrocubanismo",
2630:The Black Scholar
2510:978-0-8147-6547-0
2437:, July 24, 2014.
2351:on 21 August 2013
2189:Angolan Civil War
2044:TeĂłfilo Stevenson
1908:Juan Carlos GĂłmez
1698:MarĂa Teresa Vera
1622:Gonzalo Rubalcaba
1604:Arsenio RodrĂguez
1256:Guillermo Barreto
1108:- television host
890:in observance of
884:Fulgencio Batista
616:Roman Catholicism
515:Angolan Civil War
462:Equatorial Guinea
419:African Americans
354:genetic admixture
316:, who promised a
312:brought to power
218:
217:
156:Popular religions
16:(Redirected from
5974:
5914:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5644:
5643:
5032:Creoles of color
5015:Choctaw freedmen
4981:Black Mennonites
4914:Black Mennonites
4761:Jamaican Maroons
4717:SamanĂĄ Americans
4628:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4603:African diaspora
4596:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4489:Baseball players
4366:
4365:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4120:Convertible peso
4115:
4078:
4077:
3883:Council of State
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3796:
3795:
3775:Santiago de Cuba
3584:
3583:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3252:
3233:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2895:Moore, C. 1995.
2893:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2870:Perez, Louis A.
2868:
2862:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2819:. Archived from
2809:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2658:. 23 April 2021.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2347:. Archived from
2337:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2295:. Archived from
2290:
2282:
2276:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2227:. Archived from
2222:
2214:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2115:Marcel HernĂĄndez
2038:Javier Sotomayor
2026:Alexis Rubalcaba
1938:Orestes KindelĂĄn
1755:Mariana Grajales
1712:â female bassist
1405:Amaury Gutiérrez
1348:Addys D'Mercedes
1318:FĂ©lix ChappottĂn
1302:Sonora Matancera
1286:Christina Milian
1262:Abelardo Barroso
1166:Georgina Herrera
1160:Nestor HernĂĄndez
1055:Cuban Revolution
1014:Luis Palés Matos
994:Alejo Carpentier
990:French Caribbean
953:Cuban literature
912:racial democracy
732:. Virtually all
598:. SanterĂa is a
388:Cuban revolution
361:Oriente Province
310:Cuban Revolution
66:
57:Total population
52:
45:
41:
21:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5947:Society of Cuba
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5888:
5862:Genetic history
5787:
5781:
5757:
5751:
5731:United Kingdom
5705:
5684:Afro-Brazilians
5639:
5637:
5627:
5611:
5516:
5507:
5420:
5263:
5251:
5111:
5105:
4976:Alabama Creoles
4896:
4890:
4822:
4816:
4621:
4605:
4600:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4519:
4462:
4351:
4295:Public holidays
4285:Musical theater
4153:
4113:
4090:Agrarian reform
4059:
4033:
4022:Law enforcement
4017:
3975:
3842:
3781:
3727:
3703:Mariel boatlift
3671:Post-Revolution
3666:
3637:Platt Amendment
3624:Sinking of USS
3573:
3564:
3534:
3529:
3525:Cuba portal
3519:
3517:
3509:
3456:
3413:
3382:
3351:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3241:
3239:Further reading
3236:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3088:Washington Post
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2974:Washington Post
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2860:Wayback Machine
2850:
2846:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:on 1 July 2009.
2811:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2636:(8â10): 16â24.
2626:
2619:
2588:
2584:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2489:
2482:afrocubaweb.com
2476:
2475:
2471:
2460:
2456:
2452:OECD Data Sheet
2451:
2444:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2341:"Archived copy"
2339:
2338:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2286:"Archived copy"
2284:
2283:
2279:
2265:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2218:"Archived copy"
2216:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2194:Afro-Cuban jazz
2159:â Latin America
2147:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2080:Yordany Ălvarez
2046:â amateur boxer
2034:â amateur boxer
2028:â amateur boxer
1914:LivĂĄn HernĂĄndez
1902:Yuniel Dorticos
1877:Aroldis Chapman
1859:Bert Campaneris
1835:Randy Arozarena
1819:
1806:
1719:
1655:SpaceGhostPurrp
1571:Omara Portuondo
1565:Ignacio Piñeiro
1561:â percussionist
1549:â jazz musician
1523:Celeste Mendoza
1438:Xiomara Laugart
1411:Ăscar HernĂĄndez
1358:Orquesta AragĂłn
1294:â percussionist
1276:â percussionist
1234:â percussionist
1223:
1154:Nicolås Guillén
1094:Renny Arozarena
1072:
1067:
1046:
1038:Nicolås Guillén
1022:Roger de Lauria
1012:, Puerto Rican
977:
949:
943:
842:
836:
797:
769:Afro-Cuban jazz
671:Congolese rumba
634:
626:Main articles:
624:
585:
533:
527:
442:
411:Cuban Americans
287:
281:
209:Afro-Dominicans
158:
154:
134:
64:
63:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5980:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5872:Pan-Africanism
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Creole peoples
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5652:
5650:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5573:Black Dutchmen
5565:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5389:United Kingdom
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5020:Creek freedmen
5017:
5012:
5007:
4993:
4991:Black Hispanic
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4957:United States
4955:
4954:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4862:Miskito people
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4670:Cayman Islands
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Municipalities
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Special Period
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:1932 hurricane
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Ten Years' War
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3587:Pre-Revolution
3581:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3207:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3108:
3074:
3049:
3028:
2994:
2960:
2934:
2921:
2919:, Los Angeles.
2904:
2885:
2876:
2863:
2844:
2826:
2799:
2778:
2743:
2736:
2715:
2701:
2688:
2677:(3): 255â274.
2661:
2647:
2617:
2604:10.2307/780148
2582:
2542:
2516:
2509:
2487:
2469:
2454:
2442:
2439:PLOS Genetics.
2425:
2402:
2376:
2327:
2302:on 3 June 2014
2277:
2259:
2234:on 3 June 2014
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2199:Racism in Cuba
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Cabildo (Cuba)
2166:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Pedro Pichardo
2092:
2087:
2085:Alexis Copello
2082:
2077:
2075:Odisnel Cooper
2072:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2014:Alexei RamĂrez
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1883:José Contreras
1880:
1874:
1871:Joel Casamayor
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1847:HĂ©ctor Lombard
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1823:Gilbert Arenas
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:Enrique Tarrio
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1692:Javier VĂĄzquez
1689:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1664:Gustavo Tamayo
1661:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1624:â jazz pianist
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:Armando Peraza
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1517:Mellow Man Ace
1514:
1508:
1505:Luis Marquetti
1502:
1499:Cheo Marquetti
1496:
1487:
1484:Antonio MachĂn
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1460:Olivia Longott
1457:
1447:
1444:Calixto Leicea
1441:
1435:
1426:
1423:Enrique JorrĂn
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1375:Rubén Gonzålez
1372:
1366:
1363:Ibrahim Ferrer
1360:
1351:
1345:
1342:Barbarito Diez
1339:
1333:
1327:
1324:Julito Collazo
1321:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1292:CĂĄndido Camero
1289:
1283:
1280:Descemer Bueno
1277:
1274:Ignacio Berroa
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:Mellow Man Ace
1187:
1184:Otmara Marrero
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:- photographer
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1118:Sammy Davis Jr
1115:
1109:
1103:
1100:GastĂłn Baquero
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1045:
1042:
1016:and Spaniards
1006:Fernando Ortiz
976:
973:
945:Main article:
942:
939:
904:Exceptionalism
846:European Union
840:Racism in Cuba
838:Main article:
835:
832:
796:
793:
730:tumba francesa
623:
620:
584:
581:
536:Haitian Creole
529:Main article:
526:
525:Haitian-Cubans
523:
464:) home of the
458:Spanish Guinea
456:cultures, and
441:
438:
301:", meaning of
283:Main article:
280:
277:
216:
215:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:Roman Catholic
159:Predominantly
140:ArarĂĄ religion
126:
125:
121:
120:
114:Haitian Creole
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
59:
58:
54:
53:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5979:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5917:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5754:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:Sierra Leone
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:Afro-American
5634:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:French Guiana
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Somali Bantus
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:Black Indians
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Affrilachians
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:New Brunswick
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:Miskito Sambu
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Dougla people
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4690:Ganga-Longoba
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Latin America
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4562:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:By occupation
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:National Army
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:Other cities
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3347:Ganga-Longoba
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3129:Writing Rumba
3124:
3117:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2928:Mark Sawyer.
2925:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2839:The Economist
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2737:9781423789666
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:Cuban Studies
2551:
2549:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2413:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Haitian Cuban
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:Africa portal
2139:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Havana Solaun
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:Negro leagues
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:Minnie Miñoso
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:Kid Chocolate
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:Negro leagues
1890:
1889:MartĂn Dihigo
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:José Cardenal
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:Antonio Maceo
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:Evelio Grillo
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:Chucho Valdés
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:Yotuel Romero
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:Bola de Nieve
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:Rita Montaner
1533:
1530:
1529:Pablo Milanés
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:Richard EgĂŒes
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:Humberto Cané
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1214:Alexis Valdés
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:Nancy MorejĂłn
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:Ăngel Escobar
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:Carlos Acosta
1074:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:Pablo Picasso
1015:
1011:
1010:Lydia Cabrera
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:in New York,
983:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
948:
947:Afrocubanismo
941:Afrocubanismo
938:
936:
932:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
872:
871:
870:The Economist
866:
862:
858:
855:professor of
854:
849:
847:
841:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
792:
790:
785:
782:
778:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
746:
741:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
703:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
655:Pablo Milanes
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
580:
576:
572:
570:
569:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:French colony
537:
532:
531:Haitian Cuban
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
497:
492:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
460:(present-day
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
338:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Haitian Cuban
198:
197:Ganga-Longoba
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Yoruba people
174:
169:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
70:
60:
55:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
5623:Saint Helena
5559:in Karnataka
5476:Saudi Arabia
5044:Brass Ankles
4685:Cape Verdean
4674:
4388:Cape Verdean
4377:
4361:Demographics
4217:Universities
4187:Architecture
4102:Central bank
4095:Cooperatives
4038:Intelligence
3898:Human rights
3868:Constitution
3657:World War II
3625:
3500:Guanahatabey
3337:Cape Verdean
3257:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2973:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2912:
2907:
2896:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2821:the original
2817:Miami Herald
2816:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2727:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2650:
2633:
2629:
2598:(1): 11â44.
2595:
2591:
2585:
2560:
2556:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2457:
2438:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2344:
2304:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2292:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2236:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2224:
2212:
2110:Maikel Reyes
2056:Regla Torres
1996:Juan Pizarro
1956:Sergio Oliva
1950:José Nåpoles
1785:Rafael Serra
1769:â politician
1741:in the Congo
1735:VĂctor Dreke
1650:Cypress Hill
1547:Fats Navarro
1511:Ray MartĂnez
1429:Pedro Knight
1419:â trombonist
1106:Karamo Brown
1047:
1030:
1026:
978:
950:
923:
919:Human Rights
916:
899:Jim Sidanius
896:
880:Fidel Castro
876:
868:
865:Barack Obama
861:Carlos Moore
850:
843:
801:
798:
786:
776:
773:
761:Frank Grillo
749:
737:
707:
660:
635:
605:
577:
573:
566:
556:
534:
511:Fidel Castro
500:
493:
486:
480:
476:
474:
443:
431:
400:
392:Fidel Castro
385:
369:
358:
351:
343:
335:
333:
328:
322:
314:Fidel Castro
307:
288:
279:Demographics
244:
233:Black Cubans
232:
220:
219:
155:
129:
78:Eastern Cuba
43:Black Cubans
39:Ethnic group
36:
5882:Reparations
5847:Black power
5595:New Zealand
5426:Middle East
5379:Switzerland
5339:Netherlands
5054:Dominickers
4929:Nova Scotia
4847:El Salvador
4778:Saint Lucia
4768:Puerto Rico
4085:Agriculture
3823:Earthquakes
3753:Timelines:
3647:World War I
3062:www.cnn.com
2535:29 December
2418:2 September
2355:1 September
2174:Emancipados
2135:Cuba portal
2032:FĂ©lix SavĂłn
2020:Sugar Ramos
2002:Yasiel Puig
1978:Brayan Peña
1853:Alexis Vila
1841:Yoel Romero
1670:Bebo Valdés
1659:Raider Klan
1490:Rita Marley
1313:Los Van Van
1268:Mario BauzĂĄ
1208:Gina Torres
1178:Faizon Love
1144:- filmmaker
1130:Lola Falana
1034:protagonist
828:Habla Congo
826:, known as
763:, known as
757:Mario BauzĂĄ
734:Cuban music
714:instruments
482:Emancipados
427:Puerto Rico
346:hypodescent
221:Afro-Cubans
189:Bubi people
185:Fang people
98:Habla Congo
5931:Categories
5815:Coromantee
5230:Paramaccan
5144:Quilombola
5084:Melungeons
4842:Costa Rica
4751:Coromantee
4474:Architects
4378:Afro-Cuban
4320:Sociolismo
4268:Newspapers
4258:Literature
4246:Censorship
4229:Healthcare
4114:(currency)
3942:Propaganda
3903:Censorship
3828:Hurricanes
3763:GuantĂĄnamo
3759:Cienfuegos
3723:Cuban thaw
3713:Maleconazo
3662:Revolution
3614:Little War
3101:20 October
3067:20 October
3042:20 October
3021:20 October
3008:The Nation
2987:20 October
2953:20 October
2433:Ole Mors,
2306:11 January
2293:www.one.cu
2238:11 January
2225:www.one.cu
2050:Luis Tiant
1984:Tony PĂ©rez
1972:Luis Ortiz
1966:Tony Oliva
1749:JosĂ© MartĂ
1640:Jon Secada
1616:LĂĄzaro Ros
1541:Benny Moré
1494:Bob Marley
1433:Celia Cruz
1330:Celia Cruz
1172:Coco LĂłpez
1142:Sara GĂłmez
1136:Rome Flynn
1112:Celia Cruz
1082:Laz Alonso
935:West Tampa
612:Palo Monte
600:syncretism
552:sugar cane
548:GuantĂĄnamo
472:cultures.
303:mixed race
245:Afro-Cuban
229:Afrocubano
165:Protestant
144:Cuban VodĂș
106:Portuguese
18:Afro-Cuban
5636:Secondary
5600:Sri Lanka
5578:Mardijker
5568:Indonesia
5539:Hong Kong
5534:Guangzhou
5524:Australia
5471:Palestine
5399:Liverpool
5394:Cambridge
5247:Venezuela
5119:Argentina
4874:Nicaragua
4852:Guatemala
4632:Caribbean
4610:Geography
4305:Rationing
4290:Festivals
4234:Hospitals
4212:Education
4142:Transport
4014:(defunct)
4002:Air Force
3935:President
3888:Elections
3813:Provinces
3791:Geography
3445:Galicians
3378:Uruguayan
3096:0190-8286
3016:0027-8378
2982:0190-8286
2773:146195152
2759:: 42â60.
2577:144443322
2205:Footnotes
2010:â athlete
1672:â pianist
1450:PĂo Leyva
1336:Anga DĂaz
1309:Changuito
1244:X Alfonso
1210:- actress
1202:Luis Moro
1186:- actress
1150:- actress
1090:- painter
1050:New World
986:NĂ©gritude
931:Ybor City
722:guaguancĂł
650:chachachĂĄ
318:communist
275:culture.
263:, music,
84:Languages
62:1,034,044
5906:Category
5756:Asia and
5725:Haitians
5680:Nigeria
5670:Liberia
5640:diaspora
5616:Atlantic
5590:Malaysia
5491:Africans
5409:Scotland
5354:Portugal
5275:Abkhazia
5235:Saramaka
5210:Suriname
5200:Paraguay
5188:Saramaka
5156:Colombia
5134:Kalungas
5064:Garifuna
5000:Freedmen
4951:Mascogos
4884:CimarrĂłn
4857:Honduras
4835:Garifuna
4805:Merikins
4788:Garifuna
4702:Dominica
4660:Barbados
4640:Anguilla
4618:Americas
4541:Category
4501:abstract
4496:Painters
4484:Athletes
4443:Lebanese
4428:Japanese
4403:Filipino
4383:American
4335:Baseball
4310:Religion
4253:Language
4241:Internet
3980:Military
3852:Politics
3771:Matanzas
3755:CamagĂŒey
3744:Timeline
3642:Republic
3594:Timeline
3571:articles
3404:Japanese
3399:Filipino
3363:American
3356:Americas
3273:195â200.
2856:Archived
2563:: 1â32.
2365:cite web
2316:cite web
2248:cite web
2121:See also
1717:Politics
1706:â singer
1642:â singer
1636:â singer
1618:â singer
1612:â singer
1587:guaracha
1531:â singer
1525:â singer
1519:â rapper
1462:â singer
1440:â singer
1407:â singer
1401:â singer
1381:Graciela
1350:â singer
1344:â singer
1332:â singer
1246:â singer
1192:- rapper
1174:- artist
1114:- singer
1078:- dancer
965:folklore
804:SanterĂa
795:Language
781:SanterĂa
726:comparsa
702:Carnival
691:highlife
608:SanterĂa
592:SanterĂa
583:Religion
568:braceros
507:Cold War
329:de facto
269:the arts
265:language
261:religion
205:Africans
152:SanterĂa
124:Religion
5916:Commons
5877:Slavery
5867:Maroons
5786:Related
5758:Oceania
5716:France
5605:Kaffirs
5517:Oceania
5384:Ukraine
5359:Romania
5329:Ireland
5312:Germany
5295:Finland
5290:Denmark
5285:Belgium
5280:Austria
5242:Uruguay
5220:Matawai
5168:Ecuador
5139:Macombo
5124:Bolivia
5112:America
4934:Ontario
4897:America
4823:America
4821:Central
4746:Jamaica
4734:Marabou
4724:Grenada
4697:Curaçao
4665:Bermuda
4655:Bahamas
4551:Outline
4508:Writers
4479:Artists
4453:Spanish
4448:Mexican
4423:Italian
4418:Isleños
4413:Haitian
4398:Ciboney
4393:Chinese
4202:Cuisine
4175:Society
4163:Culture
4147:airline
4137:Tourism
4073:Economy
3818:Islands
3767:HolguĂn
3604:Slavery
3579:History
3495:Mulatto
3490:Mestizo
3483:Ciboney
3440:Spanish
3435:Russian
3430:Italian
3394:Chinese
3373:Mexican
3368:Haitian
2395:2 March
1804:Science
1686:Irakere
1646:Sen Dog
1180:- actor
1138:- actor
1096:- actor
1084:- actor
1059:stratum
988:in the
961:slavery
908:mestizo
892:May Day
824:Kikongo
820:Spanish
789:Orishas
765:Machito
710:rhythms
687:kizomba
675:soukous
559:Baracoa
450:Nigeria
403:Florida
390:led by
376:Jamaica
299:mestizo
295:mulatto
253:African
225:Spanish
102:English
90:Spanish
5835:Yoruba
5788:topics
5765:Israel
5710:Europe
5655:Ghana
5648:Africa
5486:Turkey
5461:Jordan
5444:Israel
5404:London
5374:Sweden
5364:Russia
5349:Poland
5344:Norway
5322:Blacks
5317:Greece
5300:France
5266:Blacks
5261:Europe
5225:Ndyuka
5215:Kwinti
5195:Guyana
5183:Ndyuka
5161:Raizal
5129:Brazil
5094:Yoruba
5079:Lumbee
5059:Fulani
5037:Gullah
4946:Mexico
4904:Canada
4879:Panama
4830:Belize
4739:Marron
4712:Cocolo
4438:Korean
4433:Jewish
4408:French
4373:Cubans
4340:Boxing
4224:Health
4197:Cigars
4192:Cinema
3833:Rivers
3803:Cities
3732:Cities
3569:
3473:Jewish
3461:Others
3450:Isleño
3425:French
3418:Europe
3409:Korean
3329:Africa
3321:Cubans
3225:
3094:
3014:
2980:
2771:
2734:
2612:780148
2610:
2575:
2507:
1817:Sports
1198:- poet
1168:- poet
1156:- poet
1126:- poet
1102:- poet
969:rhythm
812:LucumĂ
808:AbakuĂĄ
689:, and
679:mbalax
667:Angola
596:Havana
519:Angola
502:Angola
488:Amaros
454:Yoruba
417:, and
372:Angola
365:Havana
297:" or "
237:Cubans
136:AbakuĂĄ
110:French
94:LucumĂ
67:(2012)
5830:Tikar
5825:Kongo
5777:Japan
5664:Tabom
5585:Japan
5554:Siddi
5529:China
5503:Yemen
5481:Syria
5414:Wales
5369:Spain
5334:Italy
5305:Paris
5178:Aluku
5151:Chile
5110:South
5069:Igbos
4895:North
4756:Igbos
4729:Haiti
4680:ArarĂĄ
4650:Aruba
4561:Index
4513:women
4458:White
4347:Women
4325:Sport
4300:Radio
4280:Music
4263:Media
4207:Dance
4112:Peso
3626:Maine
3478:TaĂno
3342:ArarĂĄ
2948:AAIHS
2769:S2CID
2608:JSTOR
2573:S2CID
2300:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2232:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2052:â MLB
2016:â MLB
2004:â MLB
1998:â MLB
1980:â MLB
1946:â MLB
1922:â MLB
1885:â MLB
1879:â MLB
1867:â MLB
1837:â MLB
1831:â NFL
1825:â NBA
1221:Music
926:Tampa
753:trova
745:clave
718:rumba
683:semba
646:mambo
642:conga
622:Music
563:MaisĂ
380:Haiti
337:casta
291:Black
273:class
231:) or
181:ArarĂĄ
5820:Igbo
5689:Saro
5513:Asia
5466:Oman
5439:Iraq
5434:Iran
5205:Peru
4675:Cuba
3969:list
3952:list
3913:LGBT
3567:Cuba
3468:Arab
3387:Asia
3223:ISBN
3103:2020
3092:ISSN
3069:2020
3044:2020
3023:2020
3012:ISSN
2989:2020
2978:ISSN
2955:2020
2732:ISBN
2537:2013
2505:ISBN
2420:2023
2397:2024
2371:link
2357:2022
2322:link
2308:2022
2254:link
2240:2022
2184:MPLA
1710:Yusa
1020:and
1008:and
967:and
957:Cuba
822:and
816:Palo
806:and
759:and
712:and
665:and
648:and
630:and
561:and
496:Cuba
470:Bubi
468:and
466:Fang
432:The
378:and
308:The
271:and
257:race
249:Cuba
235:are
148:Palo
5515:and
4182:Art
3920:Law
2761:doi
2679:doi
2638:doi
2600:doi
2565:doi
739:son
693:.
638:son
491:.
5933::
4273:TV
3773:,
3769:,
3765:,
3761:,
3757:,
3090:.
3086:.
3060:.
3010:.
3006:.
2976:.
2972:.
2946:.
2915:.
2888:^
2837:.
2815:.
2802:^
2781:^
2767:.
2757:39
2755:.
2718:^
2675:17
2673:.
2632:.
2620:^
2606:.
2594:.
2571:.
2561:37
2559:.
2545:^
2527:.
2503:.
2480:.
2445:^
2387:.
2367:}}
2363:{{
2343:.
2330:^
2318:}}
2314:{{
2291:.
2250:}}
2246:{{
2223:.
2068:,
2064:â
1895:,
1891:â
1040:.
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
830:.
724:,
720:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
673:,
644:,
640:,
618:.
610:,
429:.
413:,
409:,
267:,
259:,
227::
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
5268:)
5264:(
4998:/
4620:/
4595:e
4588:t
4581:v
3559:e
3552:t
3545:v
3306:e
3299:t
3292:v
3231:.
3105:.
3071:.
3046:.
3025:.
2991:.
2957:.
2932:.
2763::
2740:.
2712:.
2681::
2640::
2634:8
2602::
2596:2
2567::
2539:.
2513:.
2501:4
2484:.
2466:.
2422:.
2399:.
2373:)
2359:.
2324:)
2310:.
2256:)
2242:.
1456:)
1307:"
223:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.