Agenda-setting theory

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based around the selection of what attributes to present when covering certain issues or people. Balmas and Sheafer (2010) argued that the focus at the first level agenda-setting which emphasizes media's role in telling us "what to think about" is shifted to media's function of telling us "how to think about" at the second level agenda-setting. The second level of agenda-setting considers how the agenda of attributes affects public opinion (McCombs & Evatt, 1995). Furthermore, Ghanem(1997) demonstrated that the certain attributes agendas in the news with low psychological distance, drove compelling arguments for the salience of public agenda. For example, media coverage of a political candidate's experience would be included in the substantive dimension of second-level agenda-setting, whereas the attitude toward the candidate's experience (positive, negative, or neutral) would be included in the affective dimension.

230:, and it was Cohen's work that heavily influenced him, and later Donald Shaw. The concept of agenda setting was launched by McCombs and Shaw during the 1968 presidential election in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. They examined Lippmann's idea of construction of the pictures in our heads by comparing the issues on the media agenda with key issues on the undecided voters' agenda. They found evidence of agenda setting by identifying that salience of the news agenda is highly correlated to that of the voters' agenda. McCombs and Shaw were the first to provide the field of communication with empirical evidence that demonstrated the power of mass media and its influence on the public agenda. The empirical evidence also earned this theory its credibility amongst other social scientific theories. 794:

influence how the public relate these topics to one another. Based on that, Guo, Vu and McCombs (2012) bring up a new theoretical model called Network Agenda Setting Model, which they refer to as the third-level agenda-setting. This model shows that "the news media can bundle sets of objects or attributes and make these bundles of elements salient in the public's mind simultaneously". In other words, elements in people's mind are not linear as traditional approaches indicate. Instead, they are interconnected with each other to make a network-like structure in one's mind, and if the news media always mention two elements together, the audience will "perceive these two elements as interconnected".

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certain relationships between information sources and the agenda the news media has created, others have probed who sets the media agenda. Journalists have limited time and resources that can contribute to outside sources getting involved in the news media's gatekeeping process. Many sources can contribute to this agenda-building process in a variety of ways, but researchers are particularly interested in how well informational tools like press releases and media kits function within the news media agenda as a gauge of an organization's public relations success.

440:. As such, the authors suggest mass communication scholars pay more attention to how the media and public agendas might influence elite policy maker's agendas (i.e. scholars should ask where the President or members of the U.S. Congress get their news from and how this affects their policies). Writing in 2006, Walgrave and Van Aelst took up Rogers and Dearing's suggestions, creating a preliminary theory of political agenda setting, which examines factors that might influence elite policy makers' agendas. 635:

because of their different time orientation as powerful sources are at their best in routine situations and react more slowly when crisis or disaster occur. Consequently, policymakers who understand the rules of this culture the best will be most capable of setting their agendas and issue definitions. Simultaneously, media also influences policymakers when government officials and politicians value the amount of media attention given to an issue as an indirect indication of public interest in the issue.

592:, Wallsten found evidence that journalists discuss the issues that bloggers are blogging about. There are also anecdotal pieces of evidence suggesting bloggers exert an influence on the political agenda. For instance, in 2005 Eason Jordan, the chief news executive at CNN, abruptly resigned after being besieged by the online community after saying, according to various witnesses, that he believed the United States military had aimed at journalists in Iraq and killed 12 of them. Similarly, in 2002, 816:

first level of agenda-setting, such as a policy issue gaining public attention, corresponds to the "knowledge" component of the hierarchy of effects theory. The second level of agenda-setting, such as how the public views or feels about a policy issue, corresponds to the "attitude" component. Coleman and Wu's study is not so much focused on the order of these components, but instead on which component, knowledge (level one) and attitude (level two), has a greater effect on public behavior.

807:. They find that apart from the cognitive assessment, which is commonly studied before, emotion is another critical dimension of the second-level affects in agenda-setting. Three conclusions are presented: the media's emotional-affective agenda corresponds with the public's emotional impressions of candidates; negative emotions are more powerful than positive emotions; and agenda-setting effects are greater on the audiences' emotions than on their cognitive assessments of character traits. 768:: Although "both frame building and agenda building refer to macroscopic mechanisms that deal with message construction rather than media effects", frame building is more concerned with the news production process than agenda building. In other words, "how forces and groups in society try to shape public discourse about an issue by establishing predominant labels is of far greater interest from a framing perspective than from a traditional agenda-setting one." 1059:

completely ignoring it by never placing it on the agenda in the first place”. Agenda-cutting is mainly seen to occur to news issues that are significant and controversial. Agenda-cutting needs to be motivated by the deliberate intention to drop a news issue from the agenda; a case of news omission does not qualify for agenda-cutting but rather constitutes a result of news selection (which tries to differentiate between the relevant and the irrelevant).

208:“For the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeing for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we have to act in that environment, we have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it.” The media step in and essentially set the agenda, offering simpler models by which people can make sense of the world. 1013:

in electronic bulletin boards. Popular handles on social media sites such as Twitter can choose what they want their followers to see. Users can also choose which accounts they want to follow and news they want to see on any social media platform. While some theorize that the rise of social media will bring a downfall to journalists' ability to set the agenda, there is considerable scholarship to counterbalance this form of thinking.

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reliable and predictable information and their definition of newsworthiness. Government-affiliated news sources have higher success rates in becoming media agenda and have been found by a number of scholars to be the most frequently appearing of sources at the local, state, and national levels. News sources can also provide definitions of issues, thus determining the terms of future discussion and framing problems in particular ways

135: 205:", Lippmann argues that the mass media are the principal connection between events in the world and the images in the minds of the public. Without using the term "agenda-setting", Walter Lippmann was writing about what we today would call "agenda-setting". According to Lippmann, the public responds not to actual events in the environment but to the pseudo-environment, which is a term referring to “the pictures in our heads.” 94:

problem facing the country is, they answer with the most accessible news issue in memory, which is typically the issue the news media focused on the most. The agenda-setting effect does not stem from just one or a few messages but instead is due to the collective impact of a very large number of messages, each of which has a different content but all of which target with the same general issue.

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politicians used Twitter as a platform. The research found that Democrats and Republicans used Twitter in nearly equal amounts to communicate their agendas, but Democrats were not as aligned in the agendas they prioritized. A later study found that newspapers and Twitter have a reciprocal relationship when it comes to predicting national policy issues during elections.

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agenda-building, emphasizing the dominant role of either media or the public. "Setting" an agenda refers to the effect of the media agenda on society, or transfer of the media agenda to the public agenda, while "building" an agenda includes "some degree of reciprocity" between the mass media and society where both media and public agendas influence public policy.

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information they need, journalists instead strive to fill the publics' appetite for shocking and sensational headlines. Countries that tend to have more political power are more likely to receive media exposure. Financial resources, technologies, foreign trade and money spent on the military can be some of the main factors that explain coverage inequality.

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bulletin boards. 2) agenda diffusion in the Internet: online news or web-sites report the important agenda in the Internet that in turn leads to spreading the agenda to more online publics. 3) Internet-mediated reversed agenda-setting: traditional media report online agenda to the public so that the agenda spread to both offline and online publics.

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The advances in technology have made agenda-melding accessible for people to develop because there is a wide range of groups and individual agendas. The Internet makes it possible for people all around the globe to find others with similar agendas and collaborate with them. In the past agenda setting

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Agenda-melding focuses on how individuals join groups and blend their agendas with the agendas of the group. Groups and communities represent a "collected agenda of issues" and "one joins a group by adopting an agenda". Now with the ease of access to media, people form their own agendas and then find

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One example that helps illustrate the effects of framing involves president Nixon's involvement in the watergate scandal. According to a study conducted by Lang and Lang, the media coverage at first belittled the watergate scandal and the President's involvement. It was not until the story was framed

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According to Kim and Lee, agenda-building through the Internet take the following three steps: 1) Internet-mediated agenda-rippling: an anonymous netizen's opinion spreads to the important agenda in the Internet through online main rippling channels such as blogs, personal homepages, and the Internet

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Berkowitz has implemented an extensive analysis of agenda-setting and agenda-building theories by introducing the terms policy agenda-setting and policy agenda-building. He argues that the term of policy agenda-setting is still appropriate to use when scholars focus solely on the relationship between

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There are several negative statements that people have to say about the way this theory affects the media. One complaint is that “media users are not ideal.” This is because sometimes people do not focus on details. The second complain is that “the effect is weakened for people who have made up their

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The priorities model is a way of looking at the process that explicitly describes where our priorities lie. The issues the media prioritizes will likely be prioritized by the individuals as well. For example, if the media reports on Topic X, an individual will care about Topic X and its updates (even

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The awareness model proposes that an issue is on an individual’s agenda because they have seen it in the media. If the media does not report on an issue or topic, then it will most likely not be thought about by an individual. For example, if the media reports on Topic X, an individual is more likely

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An unknown scholar named G. Ray Funkhouser performed a study highly similar to McCombs and Shaw's around the same time the authors were formalizing the theory. McCombs, Shaw, and Funkhouser presented their findings at the same academic conference. Funkhouser's article was published later than McCombs

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Thomas, Ryan J (2017-02-12). "Book Review: Jeffrey C Alexander, Elizabeth Butler Breese and María Luengo (eds) The crisis of journalism reconsidered: Democratic culture, professional codes, digital futureAlexanderJeffrey CBreeseElizabeth ButlerLuengoMaría (eds) The crisis of journalism reconsidered:

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This idea of mass involvement has become more prominent with the rise of the Internet and its potential to make everyone a media content creator. Social media has changed the way people view and perceive things in today's world. Mass involvement within social media lets the general publics voices be

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The public agenda is what the media agenda wants the public to think about through the interaction of mass media. This type of agenda influences the public through personal experience and interpersonal communication. The indicators of real world events directly influence what the public thinks about

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The advent of the Internet and social networks give rise to a variety of opinions concerning agenda-setting effects online. Some have claimed that the power of traditional media has been weakened. Others think that the agenda-setting process and its role have continued on the Internet, specifically

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McCombs and Shaw originally established agenda-setting within the context of a presidential election and there have been numerous studies regarding agenda setting and politics. However, more recently scholars have been studying agenda setting in the context of brands. The theory can also be applied

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In an attempt to overcome mirror-image effects of agenda-setting that implied direct influence of media agenda on the audience, several scholars proposed that the model of agenda-setting should include individual/collective audience characteristics or real-world conditions that are likely to affect

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The agenda-building perspective emphasizes the interplay between mass media, policymakers, and social processes, recognizing ongoing mass involvement's influence on the policy-making process. Cobb and Elder assert that while the public can influence the media agenda, they do not significantly shape

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One concept in the context of agenda-setting theory is the concept of agenda-cutting. Colistra defines agenda-cutting as the attempt to direct attention away from relevant issues “(1) by placing an item low on the news agenda (burying it), (2) by removing it from agenda once it is there, or (3) by

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The most recent agenda-setting studies explore "the extent to which the news media can transfer the salience of relationships among a set of elements to the public". That is, researchers assume that the media can not only influence the salience of certain topics in public agenda, but they can also

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between the media and public agenda is whether an issue is "obtrusive" or "unobtrusive"; i.e., whether it has a high or low issue threshold. Obtrusive, or issues with low threshold, are generally the ones that affect nearly everyone and with which we can have some kind of personal experience (e.g.

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The salience model lies somewhere in between the awareness model and the priorities model. In this model, individuals’ agendas do not exactly reflect the media’s agendas. However, some issues or topics that are consistently presented in the media will appear at the top of individuals’ agendas. For

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As early as the 1960s, Cohen had expressed the idea that later led to formalization of agenda-setting theory by McCombs and Shaw. The stories with the strongest agenda setting influence tend to be those that involve conflict, terrorism, crime and drug issues within the United States. Those that do

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Agenda setting occurs through a cognitive process known as "accessibility". Accessibility implies that the frequency and prominence of news media coverage significantly influences the accessibility of specific issues within the audience's memory. When respondents are asked what the most important

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The theory has two core assumptions; the first is that it is the media that controls the reality. The media does not report the reality but instead filters and shapes it. The second assumption is quite akin to the description or definition of agenda-setting theory which states that it is the media

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towards specific issues. The theory suggests that the media can shape public opinion by determining what issues are given the most attention, and has been widely studied and applied to various forms of media. The way news stories and topics that impact public opinion are presented is influenced by

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screening practice and found that mass media is essential in "setting an agenda for proactive health behaviors". Women who were directly or indirectly exposed to news articles about breast cancer tended to conduct more frequent screenings than those had not read such articles. Additional research

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The agenda setting theory can be reflected in the awareness model, priorities model, and salience model. Media's agenda setting influences public agenda which in turn influences policy agenda building. There have been three theorized levels for agenda-setting theory that have developed over time;

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Carroll, C. E. (2004). How the Mass Media Influence Perceptions of Corporate Reputation: Exploring Agenda-setting Effects within Business News Coverage. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Carroll, C. E. (2011). Corporate reputation and the news

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Other studies shed light on the editorial processes in the newsroom which potentially lead to agenda-cutting. There are two non-profit media watchdog organizations whose mission is to draw attention to neglected and censored issues in the news: Project Censored in the US and INA (Initiative News

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Despite being first mentioned in the 1980s by Mallory Wober and Barrie Gunter, agenda-cutting has only been sporadically taken up in scholarly research. One reason for the academic neglect of this concept is seen in the fact that there have been only few empirical investigations on the one hand,

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Traditional media such as newspapers and broadcast television are "vertical media" in which authority, power and influence come from the "top" and flow "down" to the public. Nowadays vertical media is undergoing rapid decline with the growing of "horizontal media" – new media enables everyone to

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Coleman and Wu (2009) emphasized the similarities between the hierarchy of effects theory and agenda-setting theory, and how the latter can be used to analyze the former. The hierarchy of effects theory has three components: knowledge, attitude, and behavior, also known as "learn, feel, do." The

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Scheufele and Tewksbury argue that "framing differs significantly from these accessibility-based models . It is based on the assumption that how an issue is characterized in news reports can have an influence on how it is understood by audiences;" the difference between whether we think about an

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Over time, agenda-setting theory evolved to include additional dimensions outside of the initial object salience level (specific issues, public figures, etc.). A second-level is now included which focuses on how the news media influences public opinion on the attributes of those objects. This is

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The relationship of media and policymakers is symbiotic and is controlled by the shared culture of unofficial set of ground rules as journalists need access to official information and policymakers need media coverage; nevertheless the needs of journalists and policymakers are often incompatible

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Several studies provide evidence that the Internet-community, particularly bloggers, can push their own agenda into public agenda, then media agenda, and, eventually, into policy agenda. In the most comprehensive study to date, Wallsten tracked mainstream media coverage and blog discussion of 35

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Studies have shown that what the media decides to expose correlates with their views on things such as politics, economy and culture. Aside from bias, other critics of the news media claim that news in the United States has become a form of entertainment. Instead of providing the public with the

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in a study on the 1968 presidential election deemed "the Chapel Hill study". McCombs and Shaw demonstrated a strong correlation between one hundred Chapel Hill residents' thought on what was the most important election issue and what the local news media reported was the most important issue. By

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Agenda setting theory has been particularly useful in the analysis of politicians’ use of social media in the United States. A 2016 study of several thousand tweets from U.S. Governors used the first two levels of agenda-setting theory (issue level and framing) in order to better understand how

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According to the theory of affective intelligence, "emotions enhance citizen rationality". It argues that emotions, particularly negative ones, are crucial in having people pay attention to politics and help shape their political views. Based on that, Renita Coleman and H. Denis Wu (2010) study

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Based on these shared characteristics, McCombs and colleagues recently argued that framing effects should be seen as the extension of agenda setting. In other words, according to them, the premise that framing is about selecting "a restricted number of thematically related attributes" for media

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Some groups have a greater ease of access than others and are thus more likely to get their demands placed on agenda than others. For instance, policymakers have been found to be more influential than the overall group of news sources because they often better understand journalists' needs for

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According to Sun Young Lee and Daniel Riffe, the agenda-building theory speculates that the media does not operate within a vacuum. Instead, it is the result of the societal influences that certain powerful groups exert as a subtle form of control. While some scholars have attempted to uncover

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The media agenda refers to the most important consideration of discussed issues in negotiated sources. The result of this agenda directly influences the public agenda, which also influences the policy agenda. However, the power of the media agenda depends on certain factors to include media

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as one of the highest political scandals in US history that the public opinion changed. This event depicts how the media personnel have a great deal of power in persuading the public's opinions. It also suggests that framing is a form of gatekeeping, similar to the agenda setting theory.

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has argued the opposite. Scheufele argues that framing and agenda-setting possess distinct theoretical boundaries, operate via distinct cognitive processes (accessibility vs. attribution), and relate to different outcomes (perceptions of issue importance vs. interpretation of news issue).

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As more scholars published articles on agenda-setting theories it became evident that the process involves not only active role of media organizations, but also participation of the public as well as policymakers. Rogers and Dearing highlighted the distinction between agenda-setting and

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If people are unsure if they have enough information on a specific piece of media information regarding a topic, they will need more guidance from the medias present agenda. The variables interact with one another to explain deviations from the general principles of the Agenda Setting

698:). This type of issues the problem would be of general concern even without attention from the news media. In regard to unobtrusive issues, this means that the less direct experience people have with an issue, the greater is the news media's influence on public opinion on that issue. 774:: For framing and agenda-setting, different conditions seem to be needed in processing messages to produce respective effects. Framing effect is more concerned with audience attention to news messages, while agenda setting is more concerned with repeated exposure to messages. 306:

The research on the effect of agenda-setting compares the salience of issues in news content with the public perceptions of the most important issue. Then it analyses the extent of influence by guidance of the media. There are three models proposed by Max McCombs: the

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the media and policymakers. However, when the focus is placed not only on policymakers' personal agendas, but also on the broader salient issues where media represent only one indicator of public sentiment, Berkowitz suggests talking about policy agenda-building.

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comparing the salience of issues in news content with the public's perceptions, McCombs and Shaw determines the degree to which the media sways public opinion. The theory also suggests that media has a great influence to their audience by instilling what they

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Framing does seem to include a broader range of cognitive processes – moral evaluations, causal reasoning, appeals to principle, and recommendations for treatment of problems – than does second-level agenda-setting (the salience of attributes of an object).

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The policy agenda is directly related to both the media and public agenda, and is the last step in the agenda setting process. The agenda itself relates to policy and makes reference to the public agenda while it interacts with what policy makers believe.

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Kim and Lee noted that the agenda-setting research on the Internet differs from traditional agenda-setting research with respect that the Internet is in competition with traditional media and has enormous capacity for contents' and users' interactivity.

780:: Agenda-setting effects are determined by the ease with which people can retrieve from their memory issues recently covered by mass media, while framing is the extent to which media messages fit ideas or knowledge people have in their knowledge store. 50:

it receives (issue saliency). For instance, even if readers don't have strong feelings about immigration, they will believe that it is a pressing problem at the time if there is consistent journalistic coverage of it over the period of a few months.

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representation can be understood as the process of transferring the salience of issue attributes (i.e., second-level agenda setting). That is, according to McCombs and colleagues' arguments, framing falls under the umbrella of agenda setting.

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Three steps of the agenda setting theory influence how the media presents information to the public and how the media tells the public what to think about. Once the media tells the public what to think about, the more policy is enacted.

238:, there are two main reasons for this. First, Funkhouser did not formally name the theory. Second, Funkhouser did not pursue his research much past the initial article. Rogers also suggests that Funkhouser was geographically isolated at 1415:"The American Association for Public Opinion Research Presents the 2009 AAPOR BOOK AWARD to Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder For News That Matters: Television and American Opinion University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1987)" 39:

the media. It is predicated on the idea that most individuals only have access to one source of information on most issues: the news media. Since they establish the agenda, they may affect how important some things are seen to be.

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should be subsumed within agenda-setting as "second-level agenda-setting". McCombs, Shaw, Weaver and colleagues generally argue that framing is a part of agenda-setting that operates as a "second-level" or secondary effect.

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Public media has to deal with Political Communication as well. A fun fact is that “the agenda setting theory was formally developed by McCombs and Shaw (1972) when they studied the US Presidential Election of 1968.”

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Ogata Jones, Karyn; Denham, Bryan E.; Springston, Jeffrey K. (February 2006). "Effects of Mass and Interpersonal Communication on Breast Cancer Screening: Advancing Agenda-Setting Theory in Health Contexts".

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Research shows that the media agenda, audience agenda and policy agenda influence the agenda setting as described in the following section. Rogers and Dearing describe how following types of agenda setting

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in regards to agendas. One study found that even those who rely on interpersonal communication for their news still share the same agenda that is prolific in the news media due to peers disseminating that

855:: Corporate ranking systems have an agenda setting effect; when a business is highly ranked in these systems they are often displayed in the news media, which in turn keeps them in the minds of the public. 4391: 4078: 4424:

Partisan media and modern censorship: media influence on Czech political partisanship and the media's creation of limits to public opposition and control of exercising power in the Czech Republic in the

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The theory seemed to imply that the audience takes a passive position. However, the public is not as passive as the theory assumed. Theorist John Fiske has challenged the view of a passive audience.

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that gives importance or saliency to its topics as the more likely the media focuses on certain issues, the more likely the public perceive such issue as important and therefore demands action.

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to commercial advertising, business news and corporate reputation, business influence on federal policy, legal systems, trials, roles of social groups, audience control, public opinion, and

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Coleman, Renita; Wu, H. Denis (Summer 2010). "Proposing Emotion as a Dimension of Affective Agenda Setting: Separating Affect into Two Components and Comparing Their Second-Level Effects".

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In Europe, agenda-setting theory has been applied in a similar way to research in the United States. McCombs and Maxwell also investigated agenda-setting theory in the context of the

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while no sufficient theoretical basis has been established on the other. First steps towards conceptualizing and operationalizing agenda-cutting have been put forward by Buchmeier.

4466:“Agenda Setting Theory.” Agenda Setting Theory - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/agenda-setting-theory. Accessed 19 Oct. 2023. 110 219:. The world will look different to different people," Cohen continues, "depending on the map that is drawn for them by writers, editors, and publishers of the paper they read." 511:

If people believe what they have is a great deal of information on a specific piece of media information regarding a topic, their uncertainty is low and will not need guidance.

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observed (in 1963) that the press "may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think

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Ragas, Matthew; Marilyn Roberts (2009). "Agenda Setting and Agenda Melding in an Age of Horizontal and Vertical Media: A New Theoretical Lens for Virtual Brand Communities".

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Zhang, Guoliang; Shao, Guosong; Bowman, Nicholas David (October 2012). "What is most important for my country is not most important for me: agenda-setting effects in China".

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interacts with the audience's pre-existing sensitivities to produce changes in issue concerns. Thus, media effects are contingent on issue-specific audience characteristics.

3120:"Tracing the Impact of Media Relations and Television Coverage on U.S. Charitable Relief Fundraising: An Application of Agenda-Setting Theory across Three Natural Disasters" 4298: 2636:

McCombs, M. E., Shaw, D. L., & Weaver, D. H. (1997). Communication and democracy: Explorining the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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mind.” This is something that is also true. Lastly, the complain is that “media cannot create problems.” The problems occur through media but media is not the problem.

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A 2015 study found that social media is influential in the setting of the public agenda due to widespread dissemination and facilitation of the agendas of individuals.

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issue and how we think about it. Framing and agenda setting differ in their functions in the process of news production, information processing and media effects.

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Guo, Lei; Vu, Hong Tien; McCombs, Maxwell (December 2012). "An Expanded Perspective on Agenda-Setting Effects. Exploring the Third Level of Agenda Setting".

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Both are more concerned with how issues or other objects are depicted in the media than with which issues or objects are more or less prominently reported.

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is described as a motivation to seek orientation on an issue from the media due to the perception of personal importance that the issue holds for someone.

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shows that effectively using social media platforms encourages health promotion and intervention as opposed to the traditional communicative strategies.

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and the importance of an agenda issue or an event. This agenda interacts with what is considered important by policymakers to create the policy agenda.

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Colistra, Rita (2018). "Power Pressures and Pocketbook Concerns: Perceptions of Organizational Influences on News Content in the Television Industry".

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Yang, Xinxin; Chen, Bo-Chiuan; Maity, Mrinmoy; Ferrara, Emilio (2016). "Social Politics: Agenda Setting and Political Communication on Social Media".

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Studies tend to aggregate media content categories and public responses into very broad categories, resulting in inflated correlation coefficients.

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By comparing and developing the salience of issues in news content with the public's perceptions of the most important election issue, McCombs and

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McCombs, M. E.; Llamas, J. P.; Lopez-Escobar, E.; Rey, F. (1997). "Candidate's images in Spanish elections: Second-level agenda-setting effects".

861:: Ghorpade demonstrated media's agenda-setting can "go beyond the transfer of silence to the effect of intended behavior" and is thus relevant to 2426:

Balmas, M; Sheafer, T (June 2010). "Candidate Image in Election Campaigns: Attribute Agenda Setting, Affective Priming, and Voting Intentions".

896:: A study done in 2013 on the correlation between media coverage of natural disasters, the public’s attention to the disaster, and donations to 679: 145: 1740: 3522: 3424:

Wallsten, Kevin (2007). "Agenda setting and the blogosphere: An analysis of the relationship between mainstream media and political blogs".

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Kiousis, S.; McCombs, M. (2004). "Agenda-setting effects and attitude strength: Political figures during the 1996 Presidential elections".

2835:"Reassessing Twitter's Agenda-Building Power: An Analysis of Intermedia Agenda-Setting Effects During the 2016 Presidential Primary Season" 3906: 915: 4178: 4118: 3591:"Shaping and Cutting the Media Agenda: Television Reporters' Perceptions of Agenda- and Frame-Building and Agenda-Cutting Influences" 2742:"Advancing Agenda-Setting Theory: The Comparative Strength and New Contingent Conditions of the Two Levels of Agenda-Setting Effects" 2517:

Scheufele, D (2000). "Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication".

2480:"Advancing Agenda-Setting Theory: The Comparative Strength and New Contingent Conditions of the Two Levels of Agenda-Setting Effects" 2209:

Erbring, L; Goldenberg, E.N.; Miller, A.H. (1980). "Front-page news and real-world cues: A new look at agenda-setting by the media".

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Walgrave, S; Van Aelst, P (2006). "The contingency of the mass media's political agenda setting power: Toward a preliminary theory".

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Although Maxwell McCombs already had some interest in the field, he was exposed to Cohen's work while serving as a faculty member at

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Another study found that in modern China, internet public opinion has emerged as a rival agenda-setting power to traditional media.

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credibility, conflicting evidence, the extent of shared values between the people and the media, and the publics need for guidance.

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Democratic culture, professional codes, digital futureNew York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 298 pp. ISBN 9781107448513".

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issue importance. They discovered that certain individual and group characteristics are likely to act as contingent conditions of

26:, through their ability to identify and publicize issues, play a pivotal role in shaping the problems that attract attention from 2350:

McCombs, Maxwell E.; Shaw, Donald L.; Weaver, David H. (November 2014). "New Directions in Agenda-Setting Theory and Research".

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Princen, Sebastiaan (January 2007). "Agenda-setting in the European Union: a theoretical exploration and agenda for research".

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Advertising, in; relations, Public; Marketing; Behavior, Consumer; Communication, Mass; Communication, Political (2010-01-14).

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media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues.

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McCombs, M.E.; Shaw, D.L. (1993). "The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas".

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Scheufele, D. A.; Tewksbury, D. (2007). "Framing, agenda-setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models".

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Lang, G.E.; Lang, K. (1981). Wilhout, G.C.; de Bock, H. (eds.). "Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process".

2247:

Lang, G.E.; Lang, K. (1981). Wilhout, G.C.; de Bock, H. (eds.). "Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process".

242:, cut off from interested researchers, whereas McCombs and Shaw had got other people interested in agenda setting research. 234:

and Shaw's, and Funkhouser does not receive as much credit as McCombs and Shaw for discovering agenda setting. According to

153: 121:

think. That is, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important.

4040:

Hayes, D. (2008). "Does the Messenger Matter? Candidate-Media Agenda Convergence and Its Effects on Voter Issue Salience".

3720:"Towards a Conceptualization and Operationalization of Agenda-Cutting: A Research Agenda for a Neglected Media Phenomenon" 3638:"Towards a Conceptualization and Operationalization of Agenda-Cutting: A Research Agenda for a Neglected Media Phenomenon" 3270:"The Internet and Agenda Setting in China: The Influence of Online Public Opinion on Media Coverage and Government Policy" 346:

example, if the media reports on Topic X, an individual will care about Topic X to a lesser extent than the media cares.

4315: 3860:

McCombs, M.; Stroud, N. J. (2014). "Psychology of Agenda-Setting Effects. Mapping the Paths of Information Processing".

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become a source of information and influence, which means the media is "distributed horizontally instead of top-down".

1007: 4172: 4111:

More Than Meets the Eye: TV News, Priming, and Public Evaluations of the President. Public Communication and Behavior

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Think about it this way: Attribute agenda-setting function of the press and the public's evaluation of a local issue

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Meraz, Sharon (2011). "The fight for 'how to think': Traditional media, social networks, and issue interpretation".

2655:

Una Extensión de la Perspectiva de los Efectos de la Agenda Setting. Explorando el Tercer Nivel de la Agenda Setting

900:

for disaster relief showed a strong positive correlation between media coverage and public response to the disaster.

5442: 4484: 4193: 3233: 2024:"Agenda Setting and the Blogosphere: An Analysis of the Relationship between Mainstream Media and Political Blogs" 46:

on things such as politics, economy and culture, etc. Audiences consider an issue to be more significant the more

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Fiske, John. "Television: Polysemy and popularity." Critical Studies in Media Communication 3.4 (1986): 391-408.

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media: Agenda setting within business news in developed, emerging, and frontier markets. New York: Routledge. .

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Roberts, Marilyn; Wanta, Wayne; Dustin Dzwo, Tzong-Horng (2002). "Agenda setting and issue salience online".

4182: 5493: 3907:"Candidate image in election campaigns: attribute agenda setting, affective priming, and voting intentions" 1643:

Funkhouser, G (1973). "The issues of the sixties: An exploratory study in the dynamics of public opinion".

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Yang, Jin; Stone, Gerald (2003). "The powerful role of interpersonal communication in agenda setting".

31: 4011:

Groshek, J (2008). "Homogenous Agendas, Disparate Frames: CNN and CNN International Coverage online".

4006:

Edelman, Murray J. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

2921:"Agenda-setting Effects of Business News on the Public's Images and Opinions about Major Corporations" 2306:"The Dynamics of Public Attention: Agenda-Setting Theory Meets Big Data: Dynamics of Public Attention" 279: 5203: 4564: 3719: 3637: 964: 747:

Both focus on most salient or prominent aspects of themes or descriptions of the objects of interest.

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Guoliang, Shao and Bowman found that agenda-setting effects in China are not as strong as in the

737:

According to Weaver, framing and second-level agenda setting have the following characteristics:

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Rogers, E; Dearing, J (1988). "Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, where is it going?".

1504:

Dearing, J; Rogers, E (1988). "Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, where is it going?".

885:: Ogata Jones, Denham and Springston (2006) studied the mass and interpersonal communication on 223:

not include or involve the United States and politics associate negatively with public opinion.

5120: 4816: 1195: 1141: 1080: 1028: 897: 672: 4316:"The Agenda-Setting Function of the International Mass Media: The Case of Newsweek in Nigeria" 3975:

Druckman, J.; Jacobs, L.; Ostermeir (2004). "Candidate Strategies to Prime Issues and Image".

2479: 5387: 5339: 5319: 5238: 5228: 4896: 3891: 1993: 1286: 956: 197: 23: 3920: 3301:"Transnational Migrant Advocacy From Japan: Tipping the Scales in the Policy-making Process" 2305: 1981: 1741:"The press is making the same mistakes as 2016 — and time is running out to fix the problem" 5354: 5145: 5095: 4831: 4826: 4796: 4659: 4230: 4143: 3874: 3590: 2966:

Ghorpade, Shailendra (1986). "Agenda setting: A test of advertising's neglected function".

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Wanta, W.; Wu, Y.C. (1995). "Interpersonal communication and the agenda-setting process".

3785: 3332:"Agenda Setting for Health Promotion: Exploring an Adapted Model for the Social Media Era" 3069:"Agenda Setting for Health Promotion: Exploring an Adapted Model for the Social Media Era" 2455:

Communication and democracy: exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory

2095:"The Politics of Agenda-Building: An Alternative Perspective for Modern Democratic Theory" 1050:

was limited to general topics and it was geographically bound because travel was limited.

8: 5498: 5314: 5304: 5261: 5032: 4859: 4821: 4717: 3977: 2833:

Conway-Silva, Bethany A.; Filer, Christine R.; Kenski, Kate; Tsetsi, Eric (August 2018).

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Private Issues and Public Policy: Locating the Corporate Agenda in Agenda-Setting Theory

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chris.drew.98031506. “Agenda Setting Theory (Definition, Examples, & Criticisms).”

4411: 4348: 4290: 4277: 4210: 4139: 4098: 4065: 4028: 3994: 3963: 3747: 3665: 3618: 3571: 3523:"As Digital Media Gets 'Horizontal,' It Acts More Like Local Businesses | Street Fight" 3504: 3468: 3406: 3366: 3331: 3250: 3213: 3147: 3095: 3068: 3049: 3005: 2948: 2862: 2815: 2787: 2761: 2715: 2616: 2534: 2499: 2405: 2367: 2226: 2177: 2149: 2130: 2122: 1855: 1816: 1781: 1629: 1550: 1158: 1110: 1098: 819: 803:

whether the TV portrayals of candidates impacts people's political judgment during the

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due to his inappropriate racist remarks that were widely discussed in the blogosphere.

84: 80: 4222: 4163:

The media priming effect: news media and considerations affecting political judgements

2023: 1580: 1398: 5334: 5271: 5047: 5017: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4874: 4854: 4712: 4697: 4649: 4594: 4428: 4415: 4382: 4352: 4304: 4250: 4214: 4168: 4102: 4069: 4057: 4032: 3998: 3990: 3967: 3932: 3879: 3751: 3739: 3700: 3690: 3669: 3657: 3622: 3610: 3575: 3563: 3508: 3437: 3410: 3371: 3353: 3281: 3217: 3151: 3139: 3100: 3053: 3041: 2952: 2940: 2866: 2854: 2805: 2765: 2719: 2673: 2612: 2585: 2503: 2458: 2409: 2371: 2181: 2169: 2134: 2114: 2043: 2039: 1997: 1952: 1892: 1820: 1812: 1689: 1536: 1532: 1473: 1434: 1377: 1238: 1184: 726: 682:

and proposed a model of "audience effects". According to the audience-effects model,

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Lang & Lang (1981). "Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process".

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Mass communication research, Rogers and Dearing argue, has focused a great deal on

399: 360: 72: 68: 3959: 3735: 3653: 2304:

Russell Neuman, W.; Guggenheim, Lauren; Mo Jang, S.; Bae, Soo Young (April 2014).

1678: 1336: 264:, more than 400 studies have been published on the agenda-setting function of the 5462: 5447: 5392: 5213: 4989: 4836: 4811: 4776: 4619: 3135: 2936: 2897: 2801: 2363: 1040: 960: 950: 661: 406: 192: 105: 3464: 2530: 1836:"Front-Page News and Real-World Cues: A New Look at Agenda-Setting by the Media" 572:

it; instead, journalists anticipate audience needs when generating story ideas.

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A contingency condition of the Agenda Setting Theory consists of two variables:

5344: 5208: 5193: 5155: 5135: 5072: 4911: 4886: 4791: 4674: 4654: 4609: 4587: 4407: 4344: 4094: 3559: 3001: 2920: 2757: 2711: 2495: 2401: 1179: 1123: 968: 683: 625: 621: 562: 558: 431: 380: 255: 235: 88: 35: 4456:, 2 Nov. 2018, masscommtheory.com/theory-overviews/agenda-setting-theory/. 108 4024: 3348: 3209: 3180: 3085: 3037: 1936: 1876: 1777: 999: 5487: 5452: 5409: 5218: 5198: 5037: 4781: 4629: 4534: 4254: 4206: 4061: 4053: 3943: 3883: 3743: 3661: 3614: 3606: 3567: 3500: 3402: 3357: 3285: 3246: 3143: 3045: 2944: 2858: 2850: 2173: 2118: 2047: 1948: 1888: 1477: 1438: 1205: 1032: 927: 886: 191:

The history of study of agenda-setting can be traced to the first chapter of

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Impact of media on audience and quantum of impact on individuals in audience

5457: 5377: 5372: 5256: 5100: 5042: 5022: 4529: 3786:"Discarded news. On news enlightenment, agenda cutting, and news ignorance" 3375: 3104: 2439: 871:: Those who rely on mass media for news influence those who mostly rely on 788: 519: 508:

is described as how much information people think they have about an issue.

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Weaver, D. H. (2007). "Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming".

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Rösler, Patrick (2017). "Agenda-Setting: History and Research Tradition".

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McCombs, M (2005). "A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future".

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the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it;

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Peters, B. Guy (June 1994). "Agenda-setting in the European community".

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Both are concerned with ways of thinking rather than objects of thinking

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Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in Mass Communication

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Ability of the mass media to influence the public agenda of a society

4392:"The media agenda-setting effect of concrete versus abstract issues" 2222: 2110: 1851: 820:

Application of agenda-setting theory for the study of various topics

5281: 5057: 4881: 4864: 4801: 4664: 4582: 4574: 4246: 3807: 2792: 2208: 2165: 1656: 1126:, range of policies politically acceptable to mainstream population 953: 239: 2303: 1107:, cognitive though pattern which categorizes and links information 982: 5397: 5382: 5266: 5183: 4901: 4669: 4599: 2285:

Zucker, H (1978). "The variable nature of news media influence".

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in Advertising, Public relations. “Agenda Setting Theory.”

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Revkin, A., Carter, S., Ellis, J., and McClean, A. (2008, Nov.)

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Three types of agenda-setting: Policy-makers, media and audience

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were able to determine the degree to which the media determines

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Marcus, George E.; Neuman, W. Russel; MacKuen, Michael (2000).

2453:

Weaver, Maxwell; McCombs, Donald L.; Shaw, David, eds. (1997).

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Erbring, Lutz; Goldenberg, Edie N.; Miller, Arthur H. (1980).

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Additional factors to be considered in agenda-setting research

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Rogers, E (1993). "The anatomy of agenda-setting research".

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Most research on agenda-setting are based on the following:

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Introducing Communication Theory - Analysis and Application

1000:

Empowerment-of-masses and decentralizing impact of Internet

650:

Various critiques have been made of agenda-setting theory:

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if Topic Y is more pressing, it is not being reported on).

227: 1877:"Watergate: An Exploration of the Agenda-Building Process" 1233:

Blanton, Shannon Lindsey; Kegley, Charles William (2017).

715: 319:. Most investigations are centered on these three models. 2457:(. ed.). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1089:, cognitive bias created by how options have been phrased 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 789:

Third-level agenda-setting: network agenda setting model

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Comparison of agenda-setting with policy agenda-building

4119:"Problems and Opportunities in Agenda-Setting Research" 3974: 3450: 2552: 2550: 2548: 1833: 1046:

groups that have similar agendas that they agree with.

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making process concerning temporary labor migration to

268:, and the theory continues to be regarded as relevant. 245: 1871: 1869: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1187:, profit-driven ethicsless eye-catching news reporting 4313: 4228: 4177:

Kim, S., Scheufele, D.A., & Shanahan, J. (2002).

2592: 2383: 2381: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1910: 1484: 967:, which had a limiting effect on the impact of other 707:

Second-level agenda-setting: attribute agenda setting

3545: 2781: 2545: 2242: 2240: 1798: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1171:, criteria for deciding which and how to report news 1150:, public relation propaganda e.g. political bullshit 1132:, influencing public policy by making press releases 588:

issues during the 2004 presidential campaign. Using

2667: 1866: 1702: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 904: 4362:"Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming" 2740:Coleman, Renita; Wu, Denis H. (December 1, 2009). 2598: 2478:Coleman, Renita; Wu, Denis H. (December 1, 2009). 2378: 2197: 1975: 1973: 292:Three models describe the agenda-setting process: 63:Process of agenda-setting (known as accessibility) 2919:Carroll, Craig E; McCombs, Maxwell (2003-04-01). 2452: 2349: 2237: 1604: 959:influence public opinion through agenda setting, 271: 5485: 3912:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 3329: 3292: 3066: 2428:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 2425: 1719: 1679:"Agenda-Setting Research; A Bibliographic Essay" 1574: 1572: 1503: 1458:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 1346: 1337:"Agenda-Setting Research; A Bibliographic Essay" 1256: 1254: 104:Agenda-setting theory was formally developed by 3330:Albalawi, Yousef; Sixsmith, Jane (2015-11-25). 3230: 3067:Albalawi, Yousef; Sixsmith, Jane (2015-11-25). 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2556: 2345: 2343: 2341: 1970: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1525:The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects 983:Future research topics (presently understudied) 203:The World Outside And The Pictures In Our Heads 4190: 3948:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 2918: 2148:Hilgartner, Stephen; Bosk, Charles L. (1988). 2147: 1144:, corrupt nexus of policy builders and setters 916:1995 regional and municipal elections in Spain 810: 394:in research) are influenced by other factors: 4485: 4184:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 4083:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 3931:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3896:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3859: 3832:"Die Initiative Nachrichtenaufklärung e.V. -" 3548:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 2777: 2775: 2746:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 2700:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 2670:Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment 2484:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 2390:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1986:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication 1569: 1390: 1251: 1232: 869:Agenda-setting in interpersonal communication 702:Theory development in agenda-setting research 689:Another factor that causes variations in the 42:The agenda-setting by media is driven by the 4389: 4229:McCombs, Maxwell E.; Donald L. Shaw (1972). 4013:Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 3489:Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 2983: 2981: 2726: 2686: 2652: 2338: 2265: 2246: 1757: 1694:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1663: 1371: 838: 59:first-level, second-level, and third-level. 4261: 4231:"The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media" 4165:. In D. Pfau (Ed.), The persuasion handbook 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 1883:, Routledge, pp. 287–300, 2016-07-22, 894:Agenda setting and non-profit organizations 797: 482: 4492: 4478: 3944:"Maxwell McCombs: Agenda-Setting Explorer" 3941: 3783: 2772: 2632: 2630: 2446: 2093:Cobb, Roger W.; Elder, Charles D. (1971). 1979: 1642: 1589: 830:Use of Twitter in political agenda setting 646:Review of studies on agenda-setting theory 639:Academic research on agenda-setting theory 3904: 3873: 3717: 3635: 3595:Journalism & Communication Monographs 3541: 3539: 3365: 3347: 3094: 3084: 3026:Journal of Applied Communication Research 2987: 2978: 2791: 2739: 2697: 2516: 2477: 2329: 2092: 1943:, Routledge, pp. 81–84, 2016-07-22, 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 3764: 3588: 3423: 3261: 2965: 2672:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2639: 2021: 1578: 1396: 1235:World Politics: Trend and Transformation 1077:Cognitive and research related concepts 853:Agenda-setting in business communication 280:Mass communication § Field of study 159:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4330: 4116: 4076: 4010: 3298: 3193: 2627: 1763: 1676: 1451: 1334: 824: 716:Second-level agenda-setting vs. framing 5486: 4499: 4359: 4314:Tanjong, Enoh; Gaddy, Gary D. (1994). 4297:Severin W., & Tankard, J. (2001). 3875:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.003 3767:International Journal of Communication 3536: 3485: 3274:International Journal of Communication 3164: 3117: 2571: 2284: 1994:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.777 1738: 1615: 1522: 4473: 4039: 3682: 3388: 2211:American Journal of Political Science 1840:American Journal of Political Science 1595: 328:to be aware of Topic X over Topic Y. 3124:Journal of Public Relations Research 2259: 1980:Valenzuela, Sebastián (2019-06-25), 1937:"The News Business, Crime, and Fear" 246:Development of agenda-setting theory 128: 3942:Davie, W. R.; Maher, T. M. 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(1986) 3197:Journal of European Public Policy 3168:Journal of European Public Policy 2022:Wallsten, Kevin (December 2007). 1138:, corrupt nexus which manipulates 1136:Military–industrial–media complex 1053: 1020: 603: 340: 124: 4383:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00333.x 3991:10.1111/j.0022-3816.2004.00295.x 3862:Review of Communication Research 3718:Buchmeier, Yosuke (2020-10-25). 3636:Buchmeier, Yosuke (2020-10-25). 3438:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2007.00300.x 2613:10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x 2586:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00333.x 2519:Mass Communication & Society 2352:Mass Communication & Society 2040:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2007.00300.x 1813:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00005.x 1533:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0030 905:Study of topics outside the U.S. 473: 460: 436:, which is studied primarily by 412:"Public/Audience agenda-setting" 211:Following Lippmann's 1922 book, 133: 5136:Party platforms (or manifestos) 4445:Chenkhinwee. “Agenda Setting.” 3824: 3800: 3777: 3758: 3711: 3676: 3629: 3582: 3515: 3479: 3444: 3417: 3382: 3323: 3224: 3187: 3158: 3111: 3060: 3016: 2968:Journal of Advertising Research 2959: 2912: 2903: 2883: 2873: 2826: 2661: 2565: 2510: 2471: 2419: 2297: 2278: 2188: 2141: 2086: 2054: 2015: 1982:"Agenda Setting and Journalism" 1827: 1792: 1732: 1636: 1516: 974: 805:2004 U.S. presidential Election 720:There is a debate over whether 694:citywide crime or increases in 447: 2990:Mass Communication and Society 2839:Social Science Computer Review 1445: 1407: 1328: 1303: 1278: 1226: 272:Three models of agenda-setting 1: 4303:(5th ed.). New York: Longman. 4286:On the Issues: Climate Change 3960:10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_13 3736:10.1080/1461670X.2020.1809493 3686:Television and social control 3654:10.1080/1461670X.2020.1809493 2154:American Journal of Sociology 1677:McCombs, Maxwell, E. (1976). 1219: 859:Agenda-setting in advertising 5224:Rally 'round the flag effect 4042:Political Research Quarterly 3929:The Press and Foreign Policy 3589:Colistra, Rita (June 2012). 3136:10.1080/1062726X.2013.806870 2937:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540188 2802:10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_20 2364:10.1080/15205436.2014.964871 1598:The press and foreign policy 1311:"2.3: Agenda Setting Theory" 1175:Racial bias in criminal news 398:"Policy agenda-setting" or " 7: 4113:, Vol.1 New York: Academic. 3784:Haarkötter, Hektor (2022). 3465:10.1177/0093650202029004004 3268:Luo, Yunjuan (2014-04-30). 3118:Waters, Richard D. (2013). 2925:Corporate Reputation Review 2531:10.1207/s15327825mcs0323_07 1988:, Oxford University Press, 1070: 1067:Enlightenment) in Germany. 949:, researchers observed how 873:interpersonal communication 811:Hierarchy of effects theory 405:"Media agenda-setting" or " 32:international organizations 10: 5525: 4408:10.1177/107769909006700102 4345:10.1177/107769909206900405 4095:10.1177/107769909907600106 3560:10.1177/107769900908600104 3002:10.1207/s15327825mcs0601_5 2909:Ramsey & McGuire, 2000 2758:10.1177/107769900908600404 2712:10.1177/107769901008700206 2496:10.1177/107769900908600404 2402:10.1177/107769909707400404 1026: 1005: 988: 665: 607: 540: 428:, but has largely ignored 366: 277: 97: 66: 5504:Framing (social sciences) 5418: 5363: 5295: 5237: 5169: 5086: 5003: 4955: 4845: 4756: 4683: 4573: 4565:Manipulation (psychology) 4507: 4454:Mass Communication Theory 4452:“Agenda Setting Theory.” 4025:10.1080/08838150701820809 3426:Review of Policy Research 3349:10.2196/publichealth.5014 3210:10.1080/13501760601071539 3181:10.1080/13501769408406945 3086:10.2196/publichealth.5014 3038:10.1080/00909880500420242 2028:Review of Policy Research 1778:10.1080/14616700500250438 1335:McCombs, Maxwell (1976). 1113:, long-term effects of TV 909: 839:Non-political application 4743:Criticism of advertising 4370:Journal of Communication 4265:Journal of Communication 4235:Public Opinion Quarterly 4207:10.1177/0093650203260205 4127:Journal of Communication 4054:10.1177/1065912907306472 3905:Balmas, M.; Sheafer, T. 3607:10.1177/1522637912444106 3501:10.1177/1464884917692894 3403:10.1177/1464884910385193 3299:Kremers, Daniel (2014). 3247:10.1177/0093650211420996 2851:10.1177/0894439317715430 2601:Journal of Communication 2574:Journal of Communication 2310:Journal of Communication 1949:10.4324/9781315538389-14 1889:10.4324/9781315538389-37 1801:Journal of Communication 1645:Public Opinion Quarterly 1618:Journal of Communication 1452:Iyengar, Shanto (1990). 1419:Public Opinion Quarterly 936: 921: 898:non-profit organizations 798:The dimension of emotion 483:Guidance and orientation 261:Public Opinion Quarterly 5405:Promotional merchandise 5116:Character assassination 5053:Narcotizing dysfunction 4927:Photograph manipulation 4640:Guerrilla communication 4117:Kosicki, G. M. (1993). 3878:(inactive 2024-04-13). 2099:The Journal of Politics 1287:"Agenda Setting Theory" 1130:Policy by press release 1093:Hypodermic needle model 610:Influence of mass media 422:"public agenda setting" 284:Influence of mass media 5509:Management cybernetics 5388:Product demonstrations 4817:Historical negationism 4225:. New York: Macmillan. 4194:Communication Research 3453:Communication Research 3234:Communication Research 2287:Communication Yearbook 1722:Communication Yearbook 1506:Communication Yearbook 1425:(3): 609. 2009-08-28. 1196:Business communication 1142:Politico-media complex 1081:Availability heuristic 941:In an analysis of the 598:Senate majority leader 426:"media agenda setting" 5320:Reputation management 5239:Psychological warfare 5088:Political campaigning 4897:Firehose of falsehood 4360:Weaver, D.H. (2007). 4221:Lippmann, W. (1922). 3836:www.derblindefleck.de 3683:Wober, J. M. (1988). 1600:. New York: Harcourt. 1585:. New York: Harcourt. 1403:. New York: Harcourt. 1315:Social Sci LibreTexts 1155:Media related topics 432:policy agenda setting 146:synthesis of material 20:Agenda-setting theory 5355:Corporate propaganda 4440:Communication Theory 4396:Journalism Quarterly 4333:Journalism Quarterly 4160:Kosicki, G. (2002). 2440:10.1093/ijpor/edq009 1579:Lippmann, W (1922). 1397:Lippmann, W (1922). 1291:Communication Theory 882:health communication 825:In the United States 590:time-series analysis 438:political scientists 201:. In that chapter, " 24:communications media 5494:Mass media theories 5443:Media concentration 5315:Non-apology apology 5305:Cult of personality 5033:Emotive conjugation 4787:Burying of scholars 4320:Africa Media Review 4077:Huckins, K (1999). 3978:Journal of Politics 3919:: 2. Archived from 3790:Journalism Research 2066:ICPSR Data Holdings 1470:10.1093/ijpor/2.1.1 1037:Conflict resolution 288:Schema (psychology) 5426:Influence-for-hire 5219:National mythology 5189:Crowd manipulation 5078:Tabloid journalism 4947:Video manipulation 4892:Fictitious entries 4615:Civil disobedience 4501:Media manipulation 4291:The New York Times 3927:Cohen, B. (1963). 3808:"Project Censored" 3724:Journalism Studies 3642:Journalism Studies 3317:10.5509/2014874715 2896:2011-07-16 at the 2889:Berger B. (2001). 2784:Social Informatics 2322:10.1111/jcom.12088 2074:10.3886/icpsr04317 1766:Journalism Studies 1431:10.1093/poq/nfp055 1159:Digital journalism 1111:Cultivation theory 1099:Intertrial priming 880:Agenda-setting in 668:Contingency theory 618:Media manipulation 614:Media transparency 392:dependent variable 313:"priorities model" 299:"Priorities model" 156:to the main topic. 150:verifiably mention 144:possibly contains 85:Media manipulation 81:Media transparency 22:suggests that the 5481: 5480: 5247:Airborne leaflets 5126:Election promises 4980:Product placement 4855:Alternative facts 4595:Alternative media 4461:Helpful Professor 4447:Media Studies 101 4433:978-80-263-1174-4 4309:978-0-8013-3335-4 3937:978-0-87772-346-2 3730:(14): 2007–2024. 2811:978-3-319-47879-1 2679:978-0-226-50469-8 2464:978-0-8058-2555-8 2003:978-0-19-022861-3 1958:978-1-315-53838-9 1898:978-1-315-53838-9 1596:Cohen, B (1963). 1527:. pp. 1–14. 1383:978-0-07-353428-2 1244:978-1-305-50487-5 1185:Yellow journalism 740:Similarities are 727:Dietram Scheufele 596:had to resign as 567:Spin (propaganda) 551:Political warfare 385:Spin (propaganda) 377:Yellow journalism 369:Political warfare 309:"awareness model" 296:"Awareness model" 189: 188: 181: 110:Donald Lewis Shaw 5516: 5473:Media proprietor 5297:Public relations 5277:Public diplomacy 5262:Information (IT) 5141:Name recognition 4766:Media regulation 4748:Annoyance factor 4605:Call-out culture 4520:Crowd psychology 4494: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4422:Silber, Radomír. 4419: 4386: 4366: 4356: 4327: 4281: 4258: 4218: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4142:. Archived from 4123: 4106: 4073: 4036: 4002: 3985:(4): 1180–1202. 3971: 3924: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3877: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3812:Project Censored 3804: 3798: 3797: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525:. 4 October 2013 3519: 3513: 3512: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3351: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3088: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2637: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2206: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1933: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1745:mediamatters.org 1736: 1730: 1729: 1717: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1661: 1660: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1613: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1546: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1501: 1482: 1481: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1369: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1262:"Agenda Setting" 1258: 1249: 1248: 1230: 1119:Political agenda 846:public relations 754:Differences are 547:Political ethics 543:Political agenda 400:Political agenda 332:Priorities model 317:"salience model" 302:"Salience model" 184: 177: 173: 170: 164: 137: 136: 129: 73:Political ethics 69:Political agenda 5524: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5468:Media influence 5463:Media franchise 5448:Media democracy 5414: 5359: 5291: 5233: 5214:Loaded language 5165: 5082: 4999: 4951: 4841: 4770: 4752: 4679: 4620:Culture jamming 4569: 4503: 4498: 4364: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4121: 3889: 3888: 3856: 3854:Further reading 3851: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3782: 3778: 3763: 3759: 3716: 3712: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3634: 3630: 3587: 3583: 3544: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3484: 3480: 3449: 3445: 3422: 3418: 3387: 3383: 3328: 3324: 3305:Pacific Affairs 3297: 3293: 3266: 3262: 3229: 3225: 3192: 3188: 3163: 3159: 3116: 3112: 3065: 3061: 3021: 3017: 2986: 2979: 2964: 2960: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2898:Wayback Machine 2888: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2831: 2827: 2812: 2780: 2773: 2738: 2727: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2597: 2593: 2570: 2566: 2555: 2546: 2515: 2511: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2451: 2447: 2424: 2420: 2386: 2379: 2348: 2339: 2302: 2298: 2283: 2279: 2264: 2260: 2245: 2238: 2223:10.2307/2110923 2207: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2146: 2142: 2111:10.2307/2128415 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1935: 1934: 1911: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1852:10.2307/2110923 1832: 1828: 1797: 1793: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1718: 1703: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1664: 1641: 1637: 1614: 1605: 1594: 1590: 1577: 1570: 1558: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1521: 1517: 1502: 1485: 1450: 1446: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1370: 1347: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1192:Generic topics 1073: 1056: 1043: 1041:Agenda building 1029:Cultural values 1023: 1010: 1002: 997: 985: 977: 969:interest groups 939: 924: 912: 907: 841: 832: 827: 822: 813: 800: 791: 778:Locus of effect 772:News processing 766:News production 760: 718: 709: 704: 696:gasoline prices 675: 670: 664: 648: 641: 628: 606: 569: 539: 537:Agenda-building 522: 485: 476: 463: 450: 407:Agenda building 387: 363: 343: 334: 325: 323:Awareness model 290: 274: 248: 193:Walter Lippmann 185: 174: 168: 165: 158: 148:which does not 138: 134: 127: 106:Maxwell McCombs 100: 91: 65: 48:media attention 17: 12: 11: 5: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Understatement 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5209:Indoctrination 5206: 5201: 5196: 5194:Disinformation 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5156:Smear campaign 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5073:Sensationalism 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5013:Agenda-setting 5009: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4887:False document 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4792:Catch and kill 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:Demonstrations 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610:Cancel culture 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4387: 4377:(1): 142–147. 4357: 4339:(4): 847–855. 4328: 4311: 4295: 4282: 4259: 4247:10.1086/267990 4226: 4223:Public Opinion 4219: 4188: 4175: 4158: 4134:(2): 100–127. 4114: 4107: 4074: 4048:(1): 134–146. 4037: 4004: 4003: 3972: 3954:(2): 358–364. 3939: 3925: 3923:on 2012-02-29. 3902: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3823: 3799: 3776: 3757: 3710: 3695: 3675: 3628: 3581: 3535: 3514: 3495:(7): 927–929. 3478: 3459:(4): 452–465. 3443: 3432:(6): 567–587. 3416: 3397:(1): 107–127. 3381: 3322: 3291: 3260: 3241:(5): 662–678. 3223: 3186: 3157: 3130:(4): 329–346. 3110: 3059: 3015: 2977: 2958: 2911: 2902: 2882: 2872: 2845:(4): 469–483. 2825: 2810: 2771: 2725: 2706:(2): 315–327. 2685: 2678: 2660: 2638: 2626: 2591: 2580:(1): 142–147. 2564: 2544: 2525:(2): 297–316. 2509: 2470: 2463: 2445: 2434:(2): 204–229. 2418: 2396:(4): 703–717. 2377: 2358:(6): 781–802. 2337: 2331:2027.42/106877 2316:(2): 193–214. 2296: 2277: 2258: 2236: 2196: 2187: 2166:10.1086/228951 2140: 2105:(4): 892–915. 2085: 2068:. 2006-03-06. 2053: 2034:(6): 567–587. 2014: 2002: 1969: 1957: 1941:Agenda Setting 1909: 1897: 1881:Agenda Setting 1865: 1826: 1791: 1772:(4): 543–557. 1756: 1731: 1701: 1662: 1657:10.1086/268060 1635: 1603: 1588: 1582:Public opinion 1568: 1559:|journal= 1541: 1515: 1483: 1444: 1406: 1400:Public opinion 1389: 1382: 1345: 1327: 1302: 1277: 1250: 1243: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1180:Sensationalism 1177: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1124:Overton window 1116: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1087:Framing effect 1084: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1055: 1054:Agenda-cutting 1052: 1022: 1021:Agenda-melding 1019: 1001: 998: 991:Framing effect 984: 981: 976: 973: 938: 935: 923: 920: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 901: 891: 877: 866: 856: 840: 837: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 812: 809: 799: 796: 790: 787: 782: 781: 775: 769: 763: 752: 751: 748: 745: 722:framing theory 717: 714: 708: 705: 703: 700: 684:media coverage 674: 671: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 647: 644: 640: 637: 626:Sensationalism 622:Indoctrination 605: 604:Agenda-setting 602: 563:Sensationalism 559:Indoctrination 538: 535: 521: 518: 517: 516: 512: 509: 503: 484: 481: 475: 472: 462: 459: 449: 446: 414: 413: 410: 403: 381:Sensationalism 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 342: 341:Salience model 339: 333: 330: 324: 321: 304: 303: 300: 297: 273: 270: 256:public opinion 247: 244: 236:Everett Rogers 198:Public Opinion 195:'s 1922 book, 187: 186: 141: 139: 132: 126: 125:Early research 123: 99: 96: 89:Indoctrination 64: 61: 36:public opinion 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5521: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Media ecology 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5436:United States 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5410:Telemarketing 5408: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Fearmongering 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:False balance 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4995:Word of mouth 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Broadcast law 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:Deplatforming 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4572: 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5488:Categories 5431:Media bias 5287:Subversion 5252:False flag 5229:Techniques 5171:Propaganda 5131:Lawn signs 5111:Canvassing 5005:News media 4761:Censorship 4693:Billboards 4645:Hacktivism 4635:Grassroots 4560:Persuasion 4326:(2): 1–14. 4241:(2): 176. 4153:2010-12-02 3842:2022-08-09 3817:2022-08-09 3601:(2): 100. 3529:2015-11-05 3391:Journalism 3342:(2): e21. 3311:(4): 716. 3032:: 94–113. 2793:1607.06819 2752:(4): 775. 2490:(4): 775. 2293:: 225–246. 2274:: 447–468. 2255:: 447–468. 2079:2023-11-17 2009:2023-11-17 1964:2023-11-17 1904:2023-11-17 1807:: 88–109. 1750:2020-09-14 1728:: 555–594. 1512:: 555–594. 1321:2023-10-31 1296:2023-10-31 1271:2023-10-31 1220:References 1164:Media bias 1027:See also: 1006:See also: 989:See also: 666:See also: 608:See also: 594:Trent Lott 541:See also: 373:Media bias 367:See also: 278:See also: 266:mass media 169:March 2024 67:See also: 5393:Promotion 5272:Political 5179:Bandwagon 5106:Attack ad 4985:Publicity 4957:Marketing 4870:Fake news 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5146:Negative 5058:Newspeak 5048:Managing 4990:Research 4965:Branding 4917:Literary 4882:Fakelore 4875:websites 4865:Deepfake 4822:Internet 4713:Modeling 4670:Protests 4650:Internet 4583:Advocacy 4575:Activism 4402:: 3–10. 3705:16406708 3473:16457943 3376:27227139 3105:27227139 3010:59422932 2894:Archived 2657:: 51–68. 2621:11227652 2539:59128739 1786:16806434 1690:cite web 1071:See also 954:advocacy 402:setting" 315:and the 240:Stanford 119:actually 5419:Related 5398:Spaving 5383:Pricing 5325:Slogans 5267:Lawfare 5204:Framing 5184:Big lie 4975:Product 4970:Loyalty 4902:Forgery 4847:Hoaxing 4728:Slogans 4708:Mobiles 4600:Boycott 4508:Context 3367:4869225 3255:1787353 3096:4869225 2820:2647723 2231:2110923 2127:2128415 1860:2110923 965:framing 961:priming 951:migrant 876:agenda. 576:heard. 515:Theory. 98:History 5023:Circus 4932:Racial 4431: 4414: 4351: 4307: 4253: 4213: 4171: 4101: 4068: 4060: 4031: 3997: 3966: 3935: 3882: 3750: 3742: 3703: 3693: 3668: 3660: 3621: 3613: 3574: 3566: 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