241:(SENS) is an emerging research strategy that aims to repair "root causes" for age-related illness and degeneration, as well as develop medical procedures to periodically repair all such damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely. The SENS programme has identified seven types of aging-related damage, and feasible solutions have been outlined for each. Some critics argue that the SENS agenda is optimistic at best, and that the aging process is too complex and little-understood for SENS to be scientific or implementable in the foreseeable future. It has been proposed that age-related diseases are mediated by vicious cycles.
20:
281:(AMD) is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula. Degeneration can occur in one eye or both and can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic). Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula. The cause of dry AMD is less clear, but it is thought to be partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula. A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60.
321:, decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder. By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold. Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.
304:
is categorized as an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity. Over time, these processes can stiffen the vasculature. For these reasons, older age is listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Specifically, the
1434:
A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in
Chapter 5. If a human could live
406:
from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age. Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65. A person's risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases
292:
is classified as a "protein misfolding" disease. Aging causes mutations in protein folding, and as a result causes deposits of abnormal modified proteins to accumulate in specific areas of the brain. In
Alzheimer's, deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular
256:. DNA damage can initiate the development of cancer or other aging related diseases depending on several factors. These include the type, amount, and location of the DNA damage in the body, the type of cell experiencing the damage and its stage in the
316:
is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth. An enlarged prostate can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man's ability to urinate properly. Symptoms include
1920:
Trajanoska K, Schoufour JD, de Jonge EA, Kieboom BC, Mulder M, Stricker BH, et al. (September 2018). "Fracture incidence and secular trends between 1989 and 2013 in a population based cohort: The
Rotterdam Study".
1222:
402:
was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2 million deaths (~11% of the total). Stroke could occur at any age, including in childhood, the risk of stroke
128:
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.
156:, but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75(although
1301:
2326:
353:. Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.
2346:
2351:
293:
plaques and extracellular tangles. These deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.
2413:
2388:
1214:
681:
1612:
1251:
1818:
1272:
2453:
2418:
2278:
1190:
2458:
2288:
2283:
2463:
2423:
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2506:
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2383:
1435:
long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.
2403:
2398:
2239:
238:
2438:
2363:
2305:
2300:
223:
also increase mortality in other organ systems and that understanding the incidence of age-associated disease will advance knowledge of the
2443:
2428:
2393:
2336:
2331:
2273:
391:
also increases with age, and to a lesser degree, duration of the disease. Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life.
2501:
2491:
2433:
2341:
1826:
1651:
387:, anxiety. Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected. The prevalence of
341:, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer." Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to
2481:
2448:
2368:
2356:
2295:
2408:
2174:
1309:
689:
24:
1361:
2486:
2378:
2373:
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63:) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the
1541:
1028:
462:). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age reaching close to 50% of people over 60 years old in the USA. as
881:
1853:
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1423:
2541:
2268:
695:
558:
2043:
1429:
1604:
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2614:
2536:
1645:
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207:
determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species. Some age-related changes (like
1143:"Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence"
2675:
2186:
415:
Studies in animal models show that clearance of senescent cells improves multiple age related endocrine disorders.
245:
1447:
Anisimov VN, Sikora E, Pawelec G (August 2009). "Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach".
1280:
388:
380:
2619:
763:
1776:
2546:
313:
208:
476:
232:
2127:
1334:
64:
2196:
2169:
471:
384:
168:
75:
1777:"Epidemiology of stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996. Incidence and 30-day case-fatality rate"
578:
110:
1302:"Medical Student Curriculum: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) – American Urological Association"
1049:
Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio A, et al. (2018-03-12).
2036:
721:"The not-so-close relationship between biological aging and age-associated pathologies in humans"
508:
430:
defined as a bone density less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations lower than young adults.
305:
risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.
52:
780:
Warner H, Anderson J, Austad S, Bergamini E, Bredesen D, Butler R, et al. (November 2005).
2670:
2588:
2571:
2566:
2110:
1817:
573:
443:
372:
361:
333:
to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65, and the most significant
289:
118:
90:
1822:
1635:
19:
2639:
2093:
60:
2139:
2088:
637:
278:
172:
1351:
1182:
8:
2706:
2701:
2660:
2578:
2204:
2181:
2151:
1051:"The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates"
641:
2209:
2029:
1990:
1965:
1946:
1902:
1877:
Stokar J (May 2023). "Targeting senescent cells in ageing-related endocrine diseases".
1734:
1709:
1690:
1515:
1472:
1356:
1077:
1050:
923:
855:
830:
806:
782:"Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?"
781:
658:
625:
591:
533:
403:
338:
318:
122:
2234:
2146:
2016:
1995:
1938:
1906:
1894:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1796:
1739:
1682:
1641:
1586:
1533:
1507:
1464:
1419:
1392:
1388:
1164:
1123:
1082:
1020:
1002:
961:
915:
860:
811:
742:
663:
595:
525:
447:
368:
365:
228:
176:
140:
have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans,
1950:
1694:
1476:
927:
878:
537:
2629:
2609:
2526:
2122:
1985:
1977:
1930:
1886:
1788:
1729:
1721:
1674:
1665:
Garcia-Ptacek S, Kramberger MG (September 2016). "Parkinson
Disease and Dementia".
1576:
1519:
1499:
1456:
1384:
1375:
Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A (August 2010). "Immunosenescence and cancer".
1154:
1113:
1072:
1062:
992:
953:
907:
850:
842:
801:
793:
732:
653:
645:
583:
517:
350:
342:
216:
79:
1757:
1159:
1142:
2253:
2134:
2073:
1725:
1118:
1101:
885:
767:
439:
301:
157:
86:
1966:"Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016"
1273:"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association"
2665:
2224:
2191:
2161:
2105:
1934:
1890:
1411:
997:
980:
737:
725:
The
Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
720:
649:
599:
554:
426:
declines with age. By the age of 85 years, ~70% of women and 30% of men have a
212:
203:
Aging (senescence) increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas
188:
184:
1792:
1460:
911:
626:"The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence"
521:
2690:
2624:
2583:
2531:
1678:
1102:"Amyloid-β and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis"
846:
797:
451:
180:
1863:
1710:"Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?"
1067:
2229:
2219:
2214:
1999:
1981:
1942:
1898:
1743:
1686:
1590:
1511:
1468:
1396:
1168:
1127:
1086:
1006:
965:
919:
864:
815:
746:
667:
587:
529:
459:
455:
427:
423:
376:
114:
106:
1800:
981:"Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration"
957:
438:
The metabolic syndrome is the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for
2558:
2117:
2100:
559:"Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations"
481:
334:
175:
experience osteoporosis, cataracts, and, cardiovascular disease, but not
67:
1333:
Coleman WB, Rubinas TC (2009). "4". In
Tsongalis GJ, Coleman WL (eds.).
2078:
1244:"What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? – Urology Care Foundation"
1021:"Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration | National Eye Institute"
831:"Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology"
486:
261:
257:
153:
48:
1581:
1564:
2655:
2634:
2052:
1490:
de Magalhães JP (May 2013). "How ageing processes influence cancer".
1183:"Atherosclerosis | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
898:
Belikov AV (January 2019). "Age-related diseases as vicious cycles".
506:
Belikov AV (January 2019). "Age-related diseases as vicious cycles".
102:
98:
1503:
204:
1919:
760:
47:
that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing
2068:
224:
220:
71:
44:
1219:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1048:
944:
Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer".
183:
have type 2 diabetes and
Alzheimer's disease, but not high
2060:
1819:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
1775:
Ellekjaer H, Holmen J, Indredavik B, Terent A (November 1997).
1774:
399:
330:
253:
249:
192:
161:
149:
145:
94:
56:
2604:
1215:"Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) | NIDDK"
879:
The biogerontology research community's evolving view of SENS
779:
337:
for developing cancer is age. According to cancer researcher
2021:
549:
547:
1750:
1374:
761:
The SENS Platform: An
Engineering Approach to Curing Aging
1336:
Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease
346:
171:
are vulnerable to different sets of diseases. Those with
141:
137:
544:
1664:
1839:
1446:
770:". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.
888:". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on July 1, 2008.
219:
believe that the same underlying changes that cause
1410:Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002).
1409:
152:do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or
121:. The incidence of all of these diseases increases
1841:
939:
937:
74:, only diseases of the elderly. They are also not
1562:
1339:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 66.
2688:
379:. The disease has many complications, including
934:
349:over a lifetime and age-related changes in the
308:
239:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
1565:"The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease"
1332:
59:process itself because all adult animals age (
2037:
1768:
1667:Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
211:) are said to be unrelated to an increase in
1833:
1489:
264:processes available to react to the damage.
1840:Senelick RC, Rossi PW, Dougherty K (1994).
1418:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
1352:"Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate"
1140:
943:
773:
753:
694:. National Cancer Institute. Archived from
2044:
2030:
1963:
1328:
1326:
682:"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003"
131:
85:Examples of aging-associated diseases are
1989:
1811:
1733:
1701:
1580:
1158:
1117:
1076:
1066:
996:
854:
805:
736:
690:Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results
657:
577:
1844:Living with Stroke: A Guide for Families
1343:
718:
18:
1807:from the original on February 28, 2008.
1707:
1633:
1627:
1597:
1377:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
1349:
1323:
897:
828:
623:
553:
505:
272:
252:and numerous other diseases related to
2689:
1876:
1654:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1640:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188.
1605:"Parkinson's Disease Information Page"
1556:
978:
566:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology
55:of senescence, distinguished from the
2025:
1432:from the original on 2 January 2016.
1209:
1207:
1099:
433:
410:
1563:Sveinbjornsdottir S (October 2016).
244:On the basis of extensive research,
1615:from the original on 4 January 2017
1544:from the original on 12 August 2020
946:The New England Journal of Medicine
227:of senescence just as knowledge of
191:, those affected most often die of
179:or Alzheimer's disease; those with
13:
1526:
1412:"The Preventable Causes of Cancer"
1364:from the original on 24 June 2017.
1204:
314:Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
296:
14:
2718:
2010:
1825:. National Institutes of Health.
2187:Biodemography of human longevity
1829:from the original on 2015-10-04.
1764:from the original on 2013-12-02.
1389:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.012
1141:Wang JC, Bennett M (July 2012).
187:, osteoporosis or cataracts. In
1964:Hirode G, Wong RJ (June 2020).
1957:
1913:
1870:
1848:. Contemporary Books, Chicago.
1823:"Stroke: Hope Through Research"
1658:
1483:
1440:
1403:
1368:
1294:
1265:
1254:from the original on 2019-08-06
1236:
1225:from the original on 2017-10-04
1193:from the original on 2017-10-05
1175:
1134:
1093:
1042:
1031:from the original on 2015-12-22
1013:
972:
891:
418:
248:has emerged a major culprit in
164:cancer continues to increase).
1350:Johnson G (28 December 2010).
871:
822:
712:
674:
617:
499:
364:, or simply Parkinson's, is a
356:
284:
1:
2051:
1879:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
1416:Molecular biology of the cell
1160:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388
624:Belikov AV (September 2017).
492:
148:get Alzheimer's disease, but
1758:"The top 10 causes of death"
1726:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66
1119:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847
829:de Grey AD (November 2005).
389:Parkinson's disease dementia
329:Although it is possible for
309:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
136:By age 3, about 30% of
7:
1534:"Understanding Parkinson's"
477:Alliance for Aging Research
465:
198:
10:
2723:
2128:research into centenarians
1935:10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.004
1891:10.1038/s41574-023-00848-x
998:10.1001/archopht.122.4.598
650:10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7
167:People with the so-called
76:accelerated aging diseases
27:incidence rates, 2003–2007
2697:Aging-associated diseases
2648:
2597:
2557:
2519:
2474:
2319:
2261:
2250:
2197:Longevity escape velocity
2160:
2084:aging-associated diseases
2059:
1793:10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2180
1569:Journal of Neurochemistry
1461:10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8
985:Archives of Ophthalmology
912:10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002
522:10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002
472:Accelerated aging disease
394:
324:
2676:Longest-living organisms
1708:Ahlskog JE (July 2011).
1679:10.1177/0891988716654985
979:Zarbin MA (April 2004).
847:10.1038/sj.embor.7400565
798:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555
738:10.1093/gerona/59.6.B547
719:Hayflick L (June 2004).
375:that mainly affects the
345:, errors accumulated in
267:
33:aging-associated disease
1637:International Neurology
1100:Bloom GS (April 2014).
1068:10.3389/fmed.2018.00061
900:Ageing Research Reviews
509:Ageing Research Reviews
404:increases exponentially
132:Patterns of differences
51:. They are essentially
2671:Transhumanist politics
2589:Immortality in fiction
2567:Biological immortality
2111:cognitive epidemiology
1982:10.1001/jama.2020.4501
1538:Parkinson's Foundation
1492:Nature Reviews. Cancer
588:10.2202/1941-6008.1011
444:cardiovascular disease
373:central nervous system
231:advanced knowledge of
91:cardiovascular disease
28:
2475:regions by continents
2094:negligible senescence
2089:degenerative diseases
1248:www.urologyhealth.org
1055:Frontiers in Medicine
958:10.1056/NEJMra0804615
369:degenerative disorder
22:
2320:regions of countries
2140:LGBT life expectancy
1575:(Suppl 1): 318–324.
1147:Circulation Research
279:macular degeneration
273:Macular degeneration
111:type 2 diabetes
61:with rare exceptions
2661:Longevity insurance
2579:Digital immortality
2205:calorie restriction
2192:Indefinite lifespan
2182:Anti-aging movement
2152:Biomarkers of aging
1634:Carroll WM (2016).
642:2017NatSR...712170B
605:on October 13, 2016
362:Parkinson's disease
290:Alzheimer's disease
260:, and the specific
169:segmental progerias
119:Alzheimer's disease
78:, all of which are
37:age-related disease
2311:World macroregions
2210:Diet and longevity
2017:Segmental Progeria
1357:The New York Times
884:2008-10-20 at the
877:de Grey, Aubrey. "
766:2008-08-31 at the
630:Scientific Reports
434:Metabolic syndrome
411:Endocrine diseases
339:Robert A. Weinberg
319:overactive bladder
229:childhood diseases
65:childhood diseases
29:
2684:
2683:
2515:
2514:
2235:stem-cell therapy
2147:Maximum life span
1976:(24): 2526–2528.
1855:978-0-8092-2607-8
1787:(11): 2180–2184.
1582:10.1111/jnc.13691
1425:978-0-8153-4072-0
1187:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
952:(15): 1475–1485.
792:(11): 1006–1008.
448:abdominal obesity
233:human development
217:biogerontologists
177:neurodegeneration
173:Werner's syndrome
80:genetic disorders
35:(commonly termed
2714:
2527:Longevity claims
2259:
2258:
2123:supercentenarian
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:. 30 June 2016.
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
976:
970:
969:
941:
932:
931:
895:
889:
875:
869:
868:
858:
826:
820:
819:
809:
777:
771:
757:
751:
750:
740:
731:(6): B547–B550.
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
700:
686:
678:
672:
671:
661:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
604:
598:. Archived from
581:
572:(1, Article 5).
563:
551:
542:
541:
503:
351:endocrine system
343:immunosenescence
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2644:
2598:Longevity genes
2593:
2553:
2511:
2470:
2315:
2254:life expectancy
2252:
2246:
2156:
2135:Life expectancy
2074:Longevity myths
2055:
2050:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1918:
1914:
1875:
1871:
1856:
1838:
1834:
1816:
1812:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1706:
1702:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1504:10.1038/nrc3497
1488:
1484:
1445:
1441:
1426:
1408:
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886:Wayback Machine
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768:Wayback Machine
758:
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679:
675:
622:
618:
608:
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561:
552:
545:
504:
500:
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468:
440:type 2 diabetes
436:
421:
413:
397:
359:
327:
311:
302:Atherosclerosis
299:
297:Atherosclerosis
287:
275:
270:
201:
134:
87:atherosclerosis
17:
16:Type of disease
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Longevity risk
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
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2617:
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2396:
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2349:
2344:
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2321:
2317:
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2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:organ printing
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2162:Life extension
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:biogerontology
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:External links
2009:
2006:
2005:
1956:
1912:
1869:
1854:
1832:
1810:
1767:
1749:
1720:(3): 288–294.
1700:
1673:(5): 261–270.
1657:
1647:978-1118777367
1646:
1626:
1596:
1555:
1525:
1498:(5): 357–365.
1482:
1455:(4): 323–338.
1449:Biogerontology
1439:
1424:
1402:
1383:(2): 165–172.
1367:
1342:
1322:
1306:www.auanet.org
1293:
1277:www.auanet.org
1264:
1235:
1203:
1174:
1153:(2): 245–259.
1133:
1112:(4): 505–508.
1106:JAMA Neurology
1092:
1041:
1012:
991:(4): 598–614.
971:
933:
890:
870:
821:
772:
752:
711:
673:
616:
579:10.1.1.395.745
543:
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200:
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189:Bloom syndrome
185:blood pressure
154:kidney disease
133:
130:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
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2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Eternal youth
2582:
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2573:
2570:
2569:
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2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2545:
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2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:Oldest people
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2507:South America
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:North America
2495:
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2287:
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2284:North America
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2198:
2195:
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2190:
2188:
2185:
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2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:Topic outline
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
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2080:
2077:
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2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
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1820:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1786:
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1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
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1736:
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1672:
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1610:
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1592:
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1478:
1474:
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1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1312:on 2019-05-15
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1283:on 2021-04-20
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
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1220:
1216:
1210:
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1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1170:
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1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
887:
883:
880:
874:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
769:
765:
762:
756:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
701:on 2006-09-25
697:
693:
691:
683:
677:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
575:
571:
567:
560:
556:
550:
548:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
502:
498:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:hyperglycemia
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
416:
408:
405:
401:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
315:
306:
303:
294:
291:
282:
280:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:Down syndrome
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
129:
126:
124:
123:exponentially
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:complications
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
23:Age-specific
21:
2572:Regeneration
2424:South Africa
2230:rejuvenation
2220:nanomedicine
2215:gene therapy
2083:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1843:
1835:
1813:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1752:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1636:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1415:
1405:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1305:
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1276:
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1247:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1195:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
988:
984:
974:
949:
945:
903:
899:
893:
873:
841:(11): 1000.
838:
835:EMBO Reports
834:
824:
789:
786:EMBO Reports
785:
775:
755:
728:
724:
714:
703:. Retrieved
696:the original
688:
676:
636:(1): 12170.
633:
629:
619:
607:. Retrieved
600:the original
569:
565:
513:
507:
501:
460:hypertension
456:dyslipidemia
437:
428:osteoporosis
424:Bone density
422:
419:Osteoporosis
414:
398:
377:motor system
360:
328:
312:
300:
288:
277:Age-related
276:
243:
237:
221:graying hair
209:graying hair
202:
166:
135:
127:
115:hypertension
107:osteoporosis
84:
40:
36:
32:
30:
2559:Immortality
2118:Centenarian
2101:Gerontology
1929:: 116–124.
1025:nei.nih.gov
482:Gerontology
357:Parkinson's
335:risk factor
285:Alzheimer's
215:. But some
68:chicken pox
2707:Senescence
2702:Geriatrics
2691:Categories
2542:by country
2439:Tajikistan
2404:Kazakhstan
2262:by country
2079:Senescence
1885:(7): 382.
1316:2019-08-06
1287:2019-08-06
1258:2019-08-06
1229:2019-08-06
1197:2019-08-05
1035:2019-08-06
705:2006-11-20
493:References
487:Senescence
407:with age.
385:depression
262:DNA repair
258:cell cycle
246:DNA damage
125:with age.
49:senescence
2656:Blue zone
2414:Palestine
2332:Australia
2327:Argentina
2053:Longevity
1907:258663551
1714:Neurology
1548:12 August
906:: 11–26.
609:August 7,
596:201101995
574:CiteSeerX
555:de Grey A
516:: 11–26.
366:long-term
213:mortality
103:cataracts
99:arthritis
2537:verified
2459:shortest
2279:Americas
2251:Lists of
2201:Methods
2000:32573660
1951:47016339
1943:29885926
1899:37173439
1864:40856888
1827:Archived
1821:(1999).
1805:Archived
1762:Archived
1744:21768599
1695:21279235
1687:27502301
1652:Archived
1613:Archived
1591:27401947
1542:Archived
1512:23612461
1477:17412298
1469:19156531
1430:Archived
1397:20656212
1362:Archived
1252:Archived
1223:Archived
1191:Archived
1169:22773427
1128:24493463
1087:29662881
1029:Archived
1007:15078679
966:19812404
928:53567141
920:30458244
882:Archived
865:16264420
816:16264422
764:Archived
747:15215261
668:28939880
557:(2007).
538:53567141
530:30458244
466:See also
381:Dementia
205:genetics
199:Research
2649:Related
2520:Records
2502:Oceania
2464:longest
2374:Germany
2369:Finland
2337:Belgium
2306:Oceania
2069:Old age
1991:7312413
1801:9368561
1760:. WHO.
1735:3136051
1619:18 July
1520:5726826
1078:5890129
856:1371043
807:1371037
659:5610194
638:Bibcode
371:of the
225:biology
150:rodents
146:rabbits
72:measles
45:disease
43:) is a
2630:Klotho
2547:living
2492:Europe
2482:Africa
2444:Turkey
2434:Sweden
2419:Russia
2409:Mexico
2389:Israel
2379:Greece
2364:France
2357:Cities
2347:Canada
2342:Brazil
2301:Europe
2274:Africa
2061:Ageing
1998:
1988:
1949:
1941:
1905:
1897:
1862:
1852:
1799:
1781:Stroke
1742:
1732:
1693:
1685:
1644:
1589:
1518:
1510:
1475:
1467:
1422:
1395:
1167:
1126:
1085:
1075:
1061:: 61.
1005:
964:
926:
918:
863:
853:
814:
804:
745:
692:(SEER)
666:
656:
594:
576:
536:
528:
458:, and
400:Stroke
395:Stroke
331:cancer
325:Cancer
254:ageing
250:cancer
193:cancer
162:rectal
95:cancer
2635:SIRT1
2605:FOXO3
2429:Spain
2399:Japan
2394:Italy
2384:India
2352:China
2269:World
2175:index
1947:S2CID
1903:S2CID
1691:S2CID
1609:NINDS
1516:S2CID
1473:S2CID
924:S2CID
699:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
592:S2CID
562:(PDF)
534:S2CID
268:Types
158:colon
57:aging
2615:CETP
2610:APOE
2487:Asia
2296:Asia
2240:SENS
1996:PMID
1970:JAMA
1939:PMID
1923:Bone
1895:PMID
1860:OCLC
1850:ISBN
1797:PMID
1740:PMID
1683:PMID
1642:ISBN
1621:2016
1587:PMID
1550:2020
1508:PMID
1465:PMID
1420:ISBN
1393:PMID
1165:PMID
1124:PMID
1083:PMID
1003:PMID
962:PMID
916:PMID
861:PMID
812:PMID
743:PMID
664:PMID
611:2011
526:PMID
442:and
144:and
142:dogs
138:rats
117:and
89:and
70:and
25:SEER
2640:TNF
2625:IL6
2620:ACE
2454:USA
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1974:323
1931:doi
1927:114
1887:doi
1789:doi
1730:PMC
1722:doi
1675:doi
1577:doi
1573:139
1500:doi
1457:doi
1385:doi
1155:doi
1151:111
1114:doi
1073:PMC
1063:doi
993:doi
989:122
954:doi
950:361
908:doi
851:PMC
843:doi
802:PMC
794:doi
733:doi
654:PMC
646:doi
584:doi
518:doi
347:DNA
41:ARD
31:An
2693::
2449:UK
1994:.
1984:.
1972:.
1968:.
1945:.
1937:.
1925:.
1901:.
1893:.
1883:19
1881:.
1858:.
1803:.
1795:.
1785:28
1783:.
1779:.
1738:.
1728:.
1718:77
1716:.
1712:.
1689:.
1681:.
1671:29
1669:.
1650:.
1607:.
1585:.
1571:.
1567:.
1540:.
1536:.
1514:.
1506:.
1496:13
1494:.
1471:.
1463:.
1453:10
1451:.
1428:.
1414:.
1391:.
1381:75
1379:.
1360:.
1354:.
1325:^
1304:.
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