619:
37:
755:
is a rare species throughout most of its limited range. The lowland dry forests have been among the most severely impacted vegetation zones in
Mesoamerica, with four centuries of clearing for farming and ranchland leaving very little of the original vegetation intact. Efforts to locate the species in
606:, otherwise lower light stripe more or less straight or gently curved, running evenly and unbroken from the snout to the back of the mouth in other cantils). The bottom side of the head, chin and throat area, is orange or orange-brown and distinctly lighter than the
653:. It occurs on a relatively narrow strip of lowlands less than 400 km. north to south. The elevational range is from near sea level to no more than 600 m. In Costa Rica it has been reported from 20 to 285 m., and sea level to 300 m. elevation. The
275:
species, with females giving birth in the rainy season from May to August. No clinical reports on envenomation had been published (as of 1999), but laboratory texts and analysis indicate the venom is highly toxic and similar to its close relative
596:). It can be distinguish from the other cantils by several moderately subtle markings on the head. Among the more obvious are the lower light stripes which are noticeably angled below the pit (at the seam of the second and third
550:. Juveniles are more lightly colored, even to the point of being bright red. The head is clearly marked on either side with two longitudinal light lines: the upper one is narrow and broken or even absent posterior to the
865:
546:
The dorsal color pattern consists of light to medium reddish brown ground color overlaid with 10-14/13-17 broad brown or brownish crossbands in males/females. Large adult males tend to be
669:
in one
Nicaraguan publication. A study conducted early in the rainy season of 1994 in Costa Rica found some age related variation in the diet: neonates (<38 cm.) contained frogs (
1420:
1218:
443:). In the following 30 years, subsequent accounts supported recognition of the subspecies. In a 2013 taxonomic reevaluation, all three subspecies of
747:, was considered endangered (although this assessment had no political or legal standing), and using the Environmental Vulnerability Score (EVS) ,
252:
1389:
760:
area in
Honduras in the late 1990s were unsuccessful and it was concluded that population densities there were very low, or possibly even
1350:
1376:
1259:
1381:
1104:
511: in) in total length (including tail). According to Villa (1984), adults in Nicaragua almost never exceed 135 cm (
297:, my close friend, colleague, and expert on pit vipers, especially the rattlesnakes. Gloyd worked for decades on the genus
1448:
1315:
251:, and a number of other colloquial names. It is a rare species with a relatively small geographic distribution in the
1166:
1048:
975:
943:
848:
840:
804:
the names bil palka, dimuih palka, castellana de jáquima, charquera, and toboba have all been used for the species.
1394:
1123:
334:
being equally feared, or the snake and the conquistadores both being alert and ready to strike in a confrontation.
938:
Contributions in
Herpetology Number 6. Ithaca, New York: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).
657:
given is "0.8 km north
Mirador el Cañon del Tigre, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Provincia Guanacaste, Costa Rica".
1239:
618:
271:
is a stout, medium-sized snake with a maximum total length (including tail) of 96 cm (38 in). It is a
582:
1068:
828:
554:; while the lower one is wider and split into two parts which may or may not meet at the suture of the third
1181:
1127:
885:
432:
290:
157:
1214:
1005:
326:, translating to Castilian or Spaniard, but it is not entirely clear how this name came to be applied to
36:
1206:
997:
1001:
1036:
968:
The
Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas.
820:
1202:
993:
654:
592:
360:
190:
1277:
587:
576:
382:
370:
354:
311:
278:
586:), and two distinctive white or light stripes on each side of the face (absent in copperheads
602:
388:
365:
141:
1407:
1443:
1337:
1072:
824:
1043:
Ithaca, New York: Comstock
Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press.
8:
646:
376:
166:
31:
1402:
1324:
1210:
1162:
1161:. Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. 791 pp.
1100:
1044:
971:
939:
844:
836:
597:
555:
551:
525: in) in length. In both sexes, the tail length is 19% of the total body length.
1008:(2013). "A taxonomic reevaluation and conservation assessment of the common cantil,
330:. It has been speculated that it is something of an analogy, with the snake and the
1415:
1329:
540:
223:
768:
still reported to be observed with some regularly at the end of the 20th century.
1131:
931:
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638:
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234:
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331:
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Fish, frogs, lizards, birds, eggs, and rodents were identified in the diet of
1437:
963:
689:
532:
529:
1219:
A taxonomic reevaluation and conservation assessment of the common cantil,
571:
460:
349:
833:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
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1309:
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118:
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from the area. Only in a few remote, protected areas in Costa Rica was
761:
707:
695:
671:
650:
480:
305:
293:'s original description states: "This subspecies is named for the late
272:
264:
219:
1368:
801:
797:
732:
728:
634:
600:) appearing as a dip or small gap in the stripe (only rarely seen in
543:, roughly half of which are paired, especially towards the tail tip.
476:
260:
226:
216:
48:
1271:
1236:, new status, p. 60). (in English with an abstract in Spanish).
835:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1294:
1138:: historical ecology, species status and conservation of cantils".
719:
683:
677:
642:
547:
256:
230:
88:
68:
1041:
The
Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere (Vol. I & II).
1342:
1159:
Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, taxonomy, and natural history
208:
78:
781:
713:
701:
58:
1244:
Contributions in
Biology and Geology, Milwaukee Public Museum
1031:
1029:
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1025:
970:
Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. xx + 934 pp.
108:
98:
1099:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
927:
925:
788:. Likewise, vibora castellana is another name used for both
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
396:). Both molecular and morphological evidence indicate that
315:
would eventually be described from lower Central America."
1022:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
859:
857:
1242:(1984). "The venomous snakes of Nicaragua: a synopsis".
1095:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
936:
Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review.
902:
423:, and after examining virtually all museum specimens of
1053:
989:
987:
985:
983:
854:
374:) basal to the four cantil species, Taylor's cantil (
368:(ancestral) lineage of the genus, the cottonmouths (
1190:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1153:
1151:
1119:
1117:
980:
894:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
564:can be distinguish from other members of the genus
463:, and consideration of previous DNA-based studies.
1075:(1999). "Venom composition and diet of the cantil
610:which abruptly turn darker on the neck and body.
419:In 1984, while preparing a monograph on the genus
1435:
1148:
1114:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
881:
879:
877:
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751:was rated 17, a species of high vulnerability.
705:); adults (>50 cm.) contained lizards (
687:); juveniles (38–50 cm.) contained frogs (
1134:(2000). "Phylogeography of the pitviper clade
771:
322:is the feminine form of the Spanish adjective
1188:(Reptilia: Viperidae) from Central America".
1012:(Squamata: Viperidae): a race against time".
892:(Reptilia: Viperidae) from Central America".
497: in) and the largest female 82 cm (
337:
948:
872:
1184:(1984). "A new subspecies of the pit viper
1071:; Romero, Marjorie; Gutierrez, José Maria;
888:(1984). "A new subspecies of the pit viper
386:), which is basal to the Yucatecan cantil (
342:The molecular evidence indicates the genus
309:), and he had predicted that a new race of
1223:(Squamata: Viperidae): a race against time
475:available to Gloyd and Conant (1990) from
617:
404:are more closely related to each other (
1436:
439:as a subspecies of the common cantil (
1276:
1275:
622:Distribution of the Southern Cantil (
1227:Amphibian & Reptile Conservation
1014:Amphibian & Reptile Conservation
814:
626:), the black dot represents the type
1197:Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi
1109:Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi
1077:Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi
743:In a 2013 conservation assessment,
483:, the largest male was 96 cm (
437:Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi
176:Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi
13:
1175:
776:The name cantil is applied to all
243:, but it has also been called the
14:
1460:
1253:
1097:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
633:is found on the Pacific coast of
35:
738:
613:
447:were elevated to full species (
1089:
528:Scalation includes 23 rows of
466:
380:) basal to the common cantil (
352:group, with the copperheads, (
1:
1266:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1157:Solórzano, Alejandro (2004).
807:
237:. It is most commonly called
285:
7:
772:Colloquialisms and folklore
10:
1465:
1449:Reptiles described in 1984
780:on the Pacific coast from
641:area in extreme southwest
338:Taxonomy and Phylogenetics
282:, and potentially lethal.
1284:
1079:(Serpentes: Viperidae)".
637:, ranging north into the
172:
165:
147:
140:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1316:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
1286:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
1268:. Accessed 31 July 2008.
1261:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
1234:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
866:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
796:on the Pacific coast of
753:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
749:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
631:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
624:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
574:(absent in cottonmouths
562:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
471:Of the ten specimens of
457:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
398:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
263:, and extreme northwest
255:on the Pacific coast of
204:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
185:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
151:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
25:Agkistrodon howardgloydi
1081:Southwestern Naturalist
660:
459:) based on morphology,
392:) and the castellaana (
1221:Agkistrodon bilineatus
1186:Agkistrodon bilineatus
1010:Agkistrodon bilineatus
890:Agkistrodon bilineatus
869:(accessed 1 July 2021)
790:Agkistrodon bilineatus
731:prey in juveniles, to
627:
449:Agkistrodon bilineatus
445:Agkistrodon bilineatus
441:Agkistrodon bilineatus
410:Agkistrodon bilineatus
279:Agkistrodon bilineatus
934:; Conant, R. (1990).
649:of extreme northwest
645:, and south into the
621:
570:by the presence of a
453:Agkistrodon russeolus
402:Agkistrodon russeolus
215:, a pit viper in the
1215:Reiserer, Randall S.
1069:Solórzano, Alejandro
535:at midbody; 128-135
431:known at that time,
133:A. howardgloydi
1207:Wilson, Larry David
727:shift in diet from
647:Guanacaste Province
414:Agkistrodon taylori
253:tropical dry forest
1211:Schuett, Gordon W.
1199:, new subspecies).
863:Reptile Database,
800:to Costa Rica. In
735:prey in adults. .
628:
1431:
1430:
1403:Open Tree of Life
1278:Taxon identifiers
1140:Molecular Ecology
1105:978-1-4214-0135-5
723:), suggesting an
556:supralabial scale
552:supraocular scale
229:. The species is
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1111:, pp. 102, 126).
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318:The common name
249:Gloyd's moccasin
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16:Species of snake
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1176:Further reading
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794:A. howardgloydi
774:
766:A. howardgloydi
758:Gulf of Fonseca
745:A. howardgloydi
741:
675:) and lizards (
667:A. howardgloydi
663:
639:Gulf of Fonseca
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512:
507:
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493:
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473:A. howardgloydi
469:
429:Central America
394:A. howardgloydi
340:
328:A. howardgloydi
295:Howard K. Gloyd
288:
269:A. howardgloydi
245:southern cantil
235:Central America
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593:A. laticinctus
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577:A. piscivorus
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1195:: 135–141. (
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614:Distribution
603:A. russeolus
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598:supralabials
591:
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572:loreal scale
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268:
248:
244:
239:
238:
203:
202:
201:
193:et al., 2013
184:
180:Conant, 1984
175:
150:
148:
132:
131:
119:
24:
18:
1444:Agkistrodon
1364:iNaturalist
1310:Wikispecies
1136:Agkistrodon
1037:Lamar, W.W.
1019:(1): 48–73.
932:Gloyd, H.K.
825:Campbell JA
778:Agkistrodon
725:ontogenetic
567:Agkistrodon
467:Description
425:Agkistrodon
421:Agkistrodon
406:sister taxa
364:) the most
345:Agkistrodon
300:Agkistrodon
120:Agkistrodon
1438:Categories
1145:: 411-420.
899:: 135-141.
886:Conant, R.
843:(series).
808:References
786:Costa Rica
762:extirpated
708:Ctenosaura
696:Ctenosaura
672:Hypopachus
651:Costa Rica
583:A. conanti
548:melanistic
481:Costa Rica
435:described
377:A. taylori
324:castellano
320:castellana
306:sensu lato
273:viviparous
265:Costa Rica
240:castellana
220:Crotalinae
95:Suborder:
1217:(2013). "
851:(volume).
802:Nicaragua
798:Guatemala
733:endotherm
729:ectotherm
711:), mice (
635:Nicaragua
477:Nicaragua
286:Etymology
261:Nicaragua
227:Viperidae
217:subfamily
127:Species:
109:Viperidae
99:Serpentes
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1343:51507618
1301:Q4692714
1295:Wikidata
1240:Villa JD
1182:Conant R
1039:(2004).
966:(2002).
831:(1999).
829:Touré TA
720:Sigmodon
684:Holcosus
678:Marisora
643:Honduras
257:Honduras
167:Synonyms
105:Family:
89:Squamata
79:Reptilia
69:Chordata
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
1382:1058542
1356:9241783
1264:at the
1249:: 1–41.
520:⁄
506:⁄
492:⁄
408:) than
231:endemic
222:of the
209:species
115:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1408:125358
1395:109979
1369:497678
1165:
1103:
1047:
974:
942:
847:
839:
782:Mexico
714:Liomys
702:Liomys
530:keeled
455:, and
224:family
191:Porras
160:, 1984
158:Conant
1330:5TRLG
590:and
427:from
366:basal
348:is a
207:is a
1390:NCBI
1377:ITIS
1351:GBIF
1163:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1045:ISBN
972:ISBN
940:ISBN
845:ISBN
837:ISBN
792:and
756:the
661:Diet
580:and
479:and
400:and
358:and
1338:EoL
1325:CoL
1225:".
1107:. (
784:to
412:or
233:to
211:of
1440::
1418::
1416:RD
1405::
1392::
1379::
1366::
1353::
1340::
1327::
1312::
1297::
1247:59
1213:;
1209:;
1205:;
1193:97
1150:^
1130:;
1126:;
1116:^
1084:44
1055:^
1024:^
1004:;
1000:;
996:;
982:^
950:^
904:^
897:97
874:^
856:^
827:,
823:,
681:,
558:.
513:53
499:32
485:37
451:,
416:.
267:.
259:,
247:,
189:—
1230:7
1143:9
1017:7
522:4
518:1
515:+
508:4
504:1
501:+
494:4
490:3
487:+
303:(
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