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single modality. To make a diagnosis, the distinction between apperceptive and associative agnosia must be made. This distinction can be made by having the individual complete copying and matching tasks. If the individual has a form of apperceptive agnosia they will not be able to match two stimuli that are identical in appearance. In contrast, if an individual has a form of associative agnosia, they will not be able to match different examples of a stimulus. For example, an individual who has been diagnosed with associative agnosia in the visual modality would not be able to match pictures of a laptop that is open with a laptop that is closed.
77:
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associates sound waves (phonemes) with morphological features to produce meaningful words. This association process is accomplished by lateral inhibition/excitement of certain words within an individual's lexicon (vocabulary). For instance, if an experimenter were to say DOG aloud, the utterance would activate and inhibit various words within the subjects lexical interface:
566:. It may also be trauma-induced by a head injury, brain infection, or hereditary. Additionally, some forms of agnosia may be the result of developmental disorders. Damage causing agnosia usually occurs in either the occipital or parietal lobes of the brain. Although one modality may be affected, cognitive abilities in other areas are preserved.
781:
the actual object representation. If the actual object representation was damaged, this would not allow the object to be stored in visual memory, and therefore the individual would not be able to recognize the object. During the time of
Wernicke, Kussmaul and Lissauer there was little known about the
646:
Individuals are usually shown pictures of human faces that may be familiar to them such as famous actors, singers, politicians or family members. The pictures shown to the patient are selected to be age and culture appropriate. The task involves the examiner asking the individual to name each face.
607:
The consistency of this model to agnosia is shown by evidence that bilateral lesions to the superior temporal sulcus produces 'pure word deafness' (Kussmaul, 1877), or as it is understood today, speech agnosia. Patients with pure word deafness demonstrate the inability to recognize and process speech
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In order to assess an individual for agnosia, it must be verified that the individual does not have a loss of sensation, and that both their language abilities and intelligence are intact. In order for an individual to be diagnosed with agnosia, they must only be experiencing a sensory deficit in a
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is consistent with several types of neurolinguistic deficiencies, and some contend that agnosia is one of them. The superior temporal sulcus is vital for speech comprehension because the region is highly involved with the lexical interface. According to the 1985 TRACE II Model, the lexical interface
513:
Individuals with apperceptive visual agnosia display the ability to see contours and outlines when shown an object, but they experience difficulty if asked to categorize objects. Apperceptive visual agnosia is associated with damage to one hemisphere, specifically damage to the posterior sections of
296:
It is the inability to locate a specific room or building that one is familiar with, as well as the inability to provide directions for how to arrive at a particular location. These individuals experience difficulty with learning routes. This form of agnosia is often associated with lesions to the
631:
Individuals with pure alexia usually have difficulty reading words as well as difficulty with identifying letters. In order to assess whether an individual has pure alexia, tests of copying and recognition must be performed. An individual with pure alexia should be able to copy a set of words, and
273:
A difficulty in perceiving colors in which the world may appear drab or in shades of gray. Cerebral achromatopsia is caused by neurological damage. There are two regions of the brain which specialize for color recognition, areas V4 and V8. If there is a unilateral lesion to area V4, a loss of color
218:
Also known as somatosensory agnosia, it is connected to tactile sense—that is, touch. Patient finds it difficult to recognize objects by touch based on its texture, size and weight. However, they may be able to describe it verbally or recognize same kind of objects from pictures or draw pictures of
780:
Heinrich
Lissauer shared his ideas about agnosia after Wernicke and Kussmaul. In 1890, he theorized that there were two ways in which object recognition impairment could occur. One way in which impairment could occur was if there was damage to early perceptual processing or if there was damage to
667:
Initially many individuals with a form of agnosia are unaware of the extent to which they have either a perceptual or recognition deficit. This may be caused by anosognosia which is the lack of awareness of a deficit. This lack of awareness usually leads to a form of denial and resistance to any
517:
In contrast, individuals with associative visual agnosia experience difficulty when asked to name objects. Associative agnosia is associated with damage to both the right and left hemispheres at the occipitotemporal border. A specific form of associative visual agnosia is known as prosopagnosia.
443:
Also known as topographical agnosia or topographagnosia, this is a form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot rely on visual cues to guide them directionally due to the inability to recognize objects. Nevertheless, they may still have an excellent capacity to describe the visual layout of the
417:
The inability to process visual input as a whole. The person instead processes faces, bodies, objects, rooms, places, pictures in a bit-by-bit fashion. When looking at a picture they can describe the parts of the picture but struggle to comprehend the picture as a whole. Simultagnosia occurs in
185:
but is caused by problems in the feedback mechanisms in the brain. It is caused by neurological damage and can occur in connection with a range of neurological impairments but is most commonly referred to in cases of paralysis following stroke. Those with anosognosia with multiple impairments may
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markers to symbolize a new room or to remember an area by. Prosopagnosics may use alternate visual cues such as a scar on an individual's face or crooked teeth, or cues from other senses, like the sound of an individual's voice, in order to recognize the individual. Hair color and length can be
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or recognition that they may have. A patient can be presented with a stimulus to the impaired modality only to help increase their awareness of their deficit. Alternatively, a task can be broken down into its component parts so that the individual can see each part of the problem caused by the
343:
Usually a patient has a form of associative agnosia or apperceptive agnosia. However, in the case of integrative agnosia a patient falls in between a form of associative and apperceptive agnosia. This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate
233:
Auditory agnosia has been recognized since 1877. With auditory agnosia, there is difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues including difficulty distinguishing speech from non-speech sounds even though hearing is usually normal. There are two types of auditory agnosia:
703:
Organizational strategies may be extremely helpful for an individual with visual agnosia. For example, organizing clothes according to different hangers provides tactile cues for the individual, making it easier to identify certain forms of clothing as opposed to relying solely on visual cues.
386:
Inability to recognize text. Patients with pure alexia often have damage to their corpus callosum, as well as damage to the left visual association areas. Pure alexia involves not being able to read printed material, but these individuals still have the ability to write. Individuals with pure
681:
Using verbal descriptions may be helpful for individuals with certain types of agnosia. Individuals such as prosopagnosics may find it useful to listen to a description of their friend or family member and recognize them based on this description more easily than through visual cues.
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deficit. Once the individual acknowledges their perceptual or recognition deficit, a form of treatment may be recommended. There are various forms of treatment such as compensatory strategies with alternate modalities, verbal strategies, alternate cues and organizational strategies.
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Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. They may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon. Patients with associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying.
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Sometimes referred to as expressive agnosia, this is a form of agnosia in which the person is unable to perceive facial expression, body language and intonation, rendering them unable to non-verbally perceive people's emotions and limiting that aspect of social interaction.
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Those with this form of agnosia are effectively 'object blind' until they use non-visual sensory systems to recognise the object. For example, feeling, tapping, smelling, rocking or flicking the object, may trigger realisation of its semantics (meaning).
43:
196:
Patients are unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli. Unlike patients with associative agnosia, those with apperceptive agnosia are unable to copy images.
535:, refers to "an inability to comprehend spoken words despite intact hearing, speech production and reading ability". Patients report that they hear sounds being produced, but that the sounds are fundamentally unrecognizable or untranslatable.
744:
in 1891: "For disturbances in the recognition of objects, which
Finkelnburg classes as asymbolia, I should like to propose the term 'agnosia'." Prior to Freud's introduction of the term, some of the first ideas about agnosia came from
769:, also known as word deafness, occurs. Contrary to Wernicke's explanations, Kussmaul believed auditory verbal agnosia was the result of major destruction to the first left temporal gyrus. Kussmaul also posited about the origins of
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For all practical purposes, there is no direct cure. Patients may improve if information is presented in other modalities than the damaged one. Different types of therapies can help to reverse the effects of agnosia. In some cases,
522:
is the inability to recognize faces. For example, these individuals have difficulty recognizing friends, family and coworkers. However, individuals with prosopagnosia can recognize all other types of visual stimuli.
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in 1874. He noted that individuals with receptive aphasia did not possess the ability to understand speech or repeat words. He believed that receptive aphasia was due to lesions of the posterior third of the left
234:
semantic associative and discriminative agnosia. Semantic associative agnosia is associated with lesions to the left hemisphere, whereas discriminative agnosia is associated with lesions to the right hemisphere.
1882:
1859:
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alexia usually read words letter by letter. However, individuals with pure alexia show a frequency effect. They are able to read high frequency words better and faster than they can read low frequency words.
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but may also occur in brain injury. This condition can also be described by only seeing one object at a time. An example is having two cups in your visual field and only being able to see one at a time.
244:
Also known as pure word deafness (PWD). This presents as a form of meaning "deafness" in which hearing is intact but there is significant difficulty recognising spoken words as semantically meaningful.
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Also known as faceblindness and facial agnosia: Patients cannot consciously recognize familiar faces, sometimes even including their own. This is often misperceived as an inability to remember names.
546:
Despite an inability to process what the speaker is saying, some patients have been reported to recognize certain characteristic information about the speaker's voice (such as being a man or woman).
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Alternate cues may be particularly useful to an individual with environmental agnosia or prosopagnosia. Alternate cues for an individual with environmental agnosia may include color cues or
171:
Patients cannot point at external targets located outside their own body, whether other persons' body parts or objects, but they perfectly point at their own body parts.
1392:
Magnié MN, Ferreira CT, Giusiano B, Poncet M (January 1999). "Category specificity in object agnosia: preservation of sensorimotor experiences related to objects".
502:
is a broad category that refers to a deficiency in the ability to recognize visual objects. Visual agnosia can be further subdivided into two different subtypes:
713:
159:
Also known as cerebral akinetopsia, this is associated with the inability to see visual motion. One cause of cerebral akinetopsia is lesions outside the
454:
This is a loss of the sense of "whereness" in the relation of oneself to one's environment and in the relation of objects to each other. It may include
647:
If the individual cannot name whose face appears in the picture, the examiner may ask a question that would help to recognize the face in the picture.
278:, which involves having difficulty recognizing colors, while still being able to perceive them as measured by a color matching or categorizing task.
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805:
758:. Due to these lesions, Wernicke believed that individuals with receptive aphasia had a limited deafness for certain sounds and frequencies in
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Reed CL, Caselli RJ, Farah MJ (June 1996). "Tactile agnosia. Underlying impairment and implications for normal tactile object recognition".
1916:
1950:
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Woodward, T. S; M. J Dixon; K. T Mullen; K. M Christensen; D. N. Bub (1999). "Analysis of errors in color agnosia: A single case study".
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form of help or treatment. There are various methods that can be used which can help the individual recognize the impairment in
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Picture of the ventral and dorsal streams. The ventral stream is depicted in purple and the dorsal stream is depicted in green.
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same place. Patients with topographical agnosia have the ability to read maps, but become lost in familiar environments.
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Vecera, P. S; Gilds, S. K (1998). "What processing is impaired in appreceptive agnosia? Evidence from normal subjects".
191:
131:, such as vision or hearing. More recently, a top-down interruption is considered to cause the disturbance of handling
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bilateral or right hemisphere posterior regions. It is also associated with prosopagnosia and
Parkinson's disease.
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also known as word blindness. He believed that word blindness was the result of lesions to the left angular and
274:
perception in only half of the visual field may result known as hemiachromatopsia. Similar, but distinct, is
50:
Agnosia causes loss of the ability to recognize or comprehend the meaning of objects even with intact senses.
1945:
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PATIENT: Breakfast, breakfast, it sounds familiar but it doesn't speak to me. (Obler & Gjerlow 1999:45)
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438:
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356:, this is the difficulty perceiving and processing pain; thought to underpin some forms of self injury.
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Is the inability to recognize familiar voices, even though the hearer can understand the words used.
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Is the inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand. It is present in lesions of the dominant
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This is the inability to gain feedback about one's own condition and can be confused with lack of
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1343:"Varieties of alexia from fusiform, posterior inferior temporal and posterior occipital gyrus"
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and temporal lobes. Many types of visual agnosia involve the inability to recognize objects.
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Patients cannot point at another person's body parts, but can point at their own body parts.
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sounds with normal auditory processing for non-speech sounds below the level of the cortex.
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Refers to people who do not perceive any auditory information but whose hearing is intact.
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1148:"Pupillary responses to coloured and contourless displays in total cerebral achromatopsia"
8:
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Mendez, Mario F; Cherrier, Monique M (2003). "Agnosia for scenes in topographagnosia".
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Is associated with the inability to orient parts of the body, and is often caused by a
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even be aware of some of their impairments but completely unable to perceive others.
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Goldstein, Marvin N. (1974). "Auditory agnosia for speech ("pure word-deafness")".
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1788:"Freud 1891">Freud, Sigmund, Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, Vienna, 1891, p. 80
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Coslett HB, Saffran E (August 1991). "Simultanagnosia. To see but not two see".
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There are clinical trials being done to further research for treatments. At the
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mentally blind, or agnosic—able to see but not to decipher what he was seeing.
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techniques, we have been able to expand our knowledge on agnosia greatly.
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like agnosia. Some organizations that are recruiting for trials are using
941:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from
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while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant
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1851:
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1251:"Phonagnosia: a dissociation between familiar and unfamiliar voices"
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After
Wernicke, came Kussmaul in 1877 who attempted to explain why
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Zeki, S (1991). "Cerebral akinetopsia (visual motion blindness)".
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Impaired ability to recognize or identify objects by touch alone.
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Van
Lancker DR, Cummings JL, Kreiman J, Dobkin BH (June 1988).
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these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.
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Patients perceive only parts of details, not the whole object.
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Cognitive science : an introduction to the study of mind
1599:"Apraxia, agnosias, and higher visual function abnormalities"
924:
740:), "ignorance", "absence of knowledge". It was introduced by
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1922:
Total Recall: Memory
Requires More than the Sum of Its Parts
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Cowey A, Alexander I, Heywood C, Kentridge R (August 2008).
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Cognitive psychology : in and out of the laboratory
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Cherney LR (2004). "Aphasia, alexia, and oral reading".
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Riddoch MJ, Humphreys GW (May 2003). "Visual agnosia".
714:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Zeki S (1990). "A century of cerebral achromatopsia".
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them. Thought to be connected to lesions or damage in
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1678:Silverman, Gordon; Friedenberg, Jay (2011-07-14).
1472:"Psychoanatomical substrates of Bálint's syndrome"
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1682:(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
830:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (3 March 2003).
664:can improve agnosia, depending on its cause.
1742:"The New Yorker: From the Archives: Content"
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592:DOG activates 2, and inhibits 1 letters in F
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599:DOG activates 1, and inhibits 2 letters in
585:DOG activates 3, and inhibits 0 letters in
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1103:Vignolo, L. A (1982). "Auditory Agnosia".
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1657:(1st Canadian ed.). Canada: Nelson.
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573:experience significant to total agnosia.
539:EXAMINER: What did you eat for breakfast?
91:characterized by an inability to process
75:
16:Inability to process sensory information
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724:and give status updates on the trials.
1933:
462:, optic ataxia, ocular motor apraxia,
95:. Often there is a loss of ability to
879:
833:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
632:should be able to recognize letters.
263:of the posterior thalmic radiations.
1470:Rizzo M, Vecera SP (February 2002).
1213:
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119:, particularly after damage to the
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1951:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system
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732:The term "agnosia" comes from the
716:(NINDS) they support research for
14:
1962:
1837:
1800:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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569:Patients who experience dramatic
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494:
127:. Agnosia only affects a single
1603:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1476:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
939:"NINDS Agnosia Information Page"
882:"Clinical management of agnosia"
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111:. It is usually associated with
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1712:"The superior temporal sulcus"
1653:Galotti], Kathleen M. (2010).
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1:
1568:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00041-1
1406:10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00045-1
1268:10.1016/s0010-9452(88)80029-7
1040:10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00095-6
792:
749:, who created theories about
1082:10.1016/0093-934X(74)90034-0
650:
611:
576:The effect of damage to the
460:topographical disorientation
439:Topographical disorientation
7:
1597:Greene JD (December 2005).
1312:10.1310/VUPX-WDX7-J1EU-00TB
898:10.1310/N13K-YKYQ-3XX1-NFAV
504:apperceptive visual agnosia
192:Apperceptive visual agnosia
10:
1967:
771:alexia (acquired dyslexia)
727:
639:
624:
508:associative visual agnosia
203:Associative visual agnosia
23:. For the moth genus, see
19:For the Spanish film, see
18:
1845:
699:Organizational strategies
549:
54:
49:
40:
35:
1615:10.1136/jnnp.2005.081885
1449:10.1093/brain/114.4.1523
1228:10.1093/brain/113.6.1721
578:superior temporal sulcus
554:Agnosia can result from
402:Social-emotional agnosia
311:, and is a component of
138:
1927:(accessdate 2007-06-05)
1812:10.1162/089892998562979
1533:10.1093/brain/119.3.875
1005:10.1093/brain/114.2.811
767:auditory verbal agnosia
756:superior temporal gyrus
571:recovery from blindness
533:auditory verbal agnosia
240:Auditory verbal agnosia
123:, which is part of the
121:occipitotemporal border
1125:10.1098/rstb.1982.0071
695:helpful cues as well.
564:neurological disorders
514:the right hemisphere.
456:constructional apraxia
450:Visuospatial dysgnosia
269:Cerebral achromatopsia
81:
1917:Types and brain areas
1488:10.1136/jnnp.72.2.162
1347:Behavioural Neurology
1201:10.1093/neucas/5.2.95
293:Environmental agnosia
89:neurological disorder
79:
1776:"ClinicalTrials.gov"
1165:10.1093/brain/awn110
836:. Worth Publishers.
658:occupational therapy
468:right-left confusion
354:congenital analgesia
352:Also referred to as
221:somatosensory cortex
117:neurological illness
1946:Medical terminology
1925:Scientific American
1722:on 22 December 2015
1609:(Suppl 5): v25–34.
1360:10.1155/2004/305194
1341:Sakurai, Y (2004).
1117:1982RSPTB.298...49V
1105:Biological Sciences
785:. Today, with new
531:Speech agnosia, or
480:Is associated with
339:Integrative agnosia
93:sensory information
1716:Brain and Language
1300:Top Stroke Rehabil
1070:Brain and Language
886:Top Stroke Rehabil
880:Burns, MS (2004).
775:supramarginal gyri
313:Gerstmann syndrome
99:objects, persons,
82:
1912:
1911:
1689:978-1-4129-7761-6
1664:978-0-17-644065-7
1562:(10): 1387–1395.
1222:(Pt 6): 1721–77.
1158:(Pt 8): 2153–60.
843:978-0-7167-5300-1
751:receptive aphasia
722:clincaltrials.gov
677:Verbal strategies
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284:Cortical deafness
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30:Medical condition
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708:Current research
464:dressing apraxia
392:Semantic agnosia
329:Heterotopagnosia
229:Auditory agnosia
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1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1931:
1930:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1854:
1840:
1835:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1710:Howard, Harry.
1708:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1640:
1595:
1591:
1552:
1548:
1517:
1513:
1468:
1464:
1433:
1429:
1390:
1386:
1339:
1335:
1296:
1292:
1247:
1243:
1212:
1208:
1185:
1181:
1144:
1140:
1111:(1089): 49–57.
1101:
1097:
1066:
1055:
1024:
1020:
989:
985:
976:
974:
965:
964:
957:
948:
946:
937:
936:
925:
878:
851:
844:
828:
824:
814:
812:
804:
803:
799:
795:
783:cerebral cortex
730:
710:
701:
688:
679:
653:
644:
638:
629:
623:
614:
552:
529:
497:
429:Tactile agnosia
420:Bálint syndrome
141:
69:Neuropsychology
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1879:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:Classification
1839:
1838:External links
1836:
1834:
1833:
1806:(5): 568–580.
1790:
1781:
1767:
1747:The New Yorker
1733:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1663:
1638:
1589:
1546:
1511:
1462:
1443:(4): 1523–45.
1427:
1384:
1353:(1–2): 35–50.
1333:
1290:
1261:(2): 195–209.
1241:
1206:
1179:
1138:
1095:
1076:(2): 195–204.
1053:
1018:
999:(2): 811–824.
983:
955:
923:
920:on 2013-01-28.
849:
842:
822:
810:BrainFacts.org
796:
794:
791:
729:
726:
709:
706:
700:
697:
687:
686:Alternate cues
684:
678:
675:
662:speech therapy
652:
649:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
613:
610:
605:
604:
597:
590:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
528:
527:Speech agnosia
525:
500:Visual agnosia
496:
495:Visual agnosia
493:
490:
489:
486:occipital lobe
478:
476:Visual agnosia
472:
471:
452:
446:
445:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
415:
409:
408:
404:
398:
397:
393:
389:
388:
384:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
350:
346:
345:
341:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
305:
303:Finger agnosia
299:
298:
294:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
271:
265:
264:
253:
251:Autotopagnosia
247:
246:
242:
236:
235:
231:
225:
224:
216:
210:
209:
205:
199:
198:
194:
188:
187:
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:Allotopagnosia
165:
164:
161:striate cortex
157:
151:
150:
147:
140:
137:
125:ventral stream
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
25:Agnosia (moth)
21:Agnosia (film)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1963:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1754:on 2006-08-31
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:(3): 875–88.
1526:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:(2): 162–78.
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1195:(2): 95–108.
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:(2): 501–20.
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
973:on 2017-05-26
972:
968:
962:
960:
945:on 2013-01-27
944:
940:
934:
932:
930:
928:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
845:
839:
835:
834:
826:
811:
807:
801:
797:
790:
788:
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
747:Carl Wernicke
743:
742:Sigmund Freud
739:
735:
734:Ancient Greek
725:
723:
719:
718:rare diseases
715:
705:
696:
693:
683:
674:
671:
665:
663:
659:
648:
643:
642:Prosopagnosia
636:Prosopagnosia
633:
628:
618:
609:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
583:
582:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
547:
541:
538:
537:
536:
534:
524:
521:
520:Prosopagnosia
515:
511:
509:
505:
501:
487:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
448:
447:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:
413:Simultagnosia
411:
410:
405:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
390:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:Prosopagnosia
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
351:
348:
347:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
310:
309:parietal lobe
306:
304:
301:
300:
295:
292:
291:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
276:color agnosia
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:parietal part
258:
254:
252:
249:
248:
243:
241:
238:
237:
232:
230:
227:
226:
222:
217:
215:
214:Astereognosis
212:
211:
206:
204:
201:
200:
195:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
162:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
136:
135:information.
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:, shapes, or
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
70:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
26:
22:
1921:
1896:
1881:
1858:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1770:
1762:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1679:
1673:
1654:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1400:(1): 67–74.
1397:
1393:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1306:(1): 22–36.
1303:
1299:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1073:
1069:
1031:
1027:
1021:
996:
992:
986:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
918:the original
889:
885:
832:
825:
813:. Retrieved
809:
800:
787:neuroimaging
779:
764:
737:
731:
711:
702:
689:
680:
666:
654:
645:
630:
615:
606:
600:
593:
586:
575:
568:
553:
545:
530:
516:
512:
498:
484:of the left
349:Pain agnosia
320:Form agnosia
149:Description
113:brain injury
84:
83:
1028:Neurol Clin
627:Pure alexia
621:Pure alexia
562:, or other
382:Pure alexia
362:Phonagnosia
177:Anosognosia
155:Akinetopsia
109:memory loss
1935:Categories
1758:2010-05-05
1726:6 December
977:2016-12-16
949:2012-03-28
892:(1): 1–9.
793:References
670:perception
133:perceptual
61:Psychiatry
1328:218644618
1189:Neurocase
1090:0093-934X
967:"Agnosia"
815:15 August
806:"Agnosia"
736:ἀγνωσία (
651:Treatment
612:Diagnosis
97:recognize
65:Neurology
56:Specialty
1828:21568462
1633:16291919
1576:12757910
1506:11796765
1379:15201492
1320:14872397
1285:28617313
1174:18550620
1048:12916489
906:14872395
603:AN. – +1
560:dementia
129:modality
1941:Agnosia
1903:D000377
1820:9802990
1624:1765708
1584:9021982
1541:8673499
1497:1737727
1457:1884165
1422:1550842
1414:9920472
1370:5488613
1277:3416603
1236:2276043
1133:6125975
1113:Bibcode
1013:2043951
914:5758683
738:agnosia
728:History
692:tactile
556:strokes
482:lesions
259:in the
183:insight
85:Agnosia
36:Agnosia
1892:784.69
1826:
1818:
1686:
1661:
1631:
1621:
1582:
1574:
1539:
1504:
1494:
1455:
1420:
1412:
1377:
1367:
1326:
1318:
1283:
1275:
1255:Cortex
1234:
1172:
1131:
1088:
1046:
1011:
912:
904:
840:
760:speech
596:. – +2
589:. – +3
550:Causes
466:, and
257:lesion
105:smells
101:sounds
1877:R48.1
1869:F80.2
1824:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1521:Brain
1437:Brain
1418:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1216:Brain
1152:Brain
993:Brain
910:S2CID
139:Types
87:is a
1898:MeSH
1887:9-CM
1816:PMID
1728:2015
1684:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1629:PMID
1572:PMID
1537:PMID
1502:PMID
1453:PMID
1410:PMID
1375:PMID
1316:PMID
1273:PMID
1232:PMID
1170:PMID
1129:PMID
1086:ISSN
1044:PMID
1009:PMID
902:PMID
838:ISBN
817:2023
506:and
146:Name
1883:ICD
1873:F88
1860:ICD
1808:doi
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1564:doi
1529:doi
1525:119
1492:PMC
1484:doi
1445:doi
1441:114
1402:doi
1365:PMC
1355:doi
1308:doi
1263:doi
1224:doi
1220:113
1197:doi
1160:doi
1156:131
1121:doi
1109:298
1078:doi
1036:doi
1001:doi
997:114
894:doi
660:or
587:DOG
115:or
1937::
1901::
1890::
1875:,
1871:,
1867::
1864:10
1822:.
1814:.
1804:10
1802:.
1761:.
1744:.
1714:.
1698:^
1641:^
1627:.
1617:.
1607:76
1605:.
1601:.
1578:.
1570:.
1560:41
1558:.
1535:.
1523:.
1500:.
1490:.
1480:72
1478:.
1474:.
1451:.
1439:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:37
1396:.
1373:.
1363:.
1351:15
1349:.
1345:.
1322:.
1314:.
1304:11
1302:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:24
1257:.
1253:.
1230:.
1218:.
1191:.
1168:.
1154:.
1150:.
1127:.
1119:.
1107:.
1084:.
1072:.
1056:^
1042:.
1032:21
1030:.
1007:.
995:.
958:^
926:^
908:.
900:.
890:11
888:.
884:.
852:^
808:.
777:.
762:.
594:OG
558:,
510:.
470:.
458:,
315:.
223:.
163:.
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63:,
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1852:D
1830:.
1810::
1778:.
1730:.
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1635:.
1613::
1586:.
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1531::
1508:.
1486::
1459:.
1447::
1424:.
1404::
1381:.
1357::
1330:.
1310::
1287:.
1265::
1238:.
1226::
1203:.
1199::
1193:5
1176:.
1162::
1135:.
1123::
1115::
1092:.
1080::
1074:1
1050:.
1038::
1015:.
1003::
980:.
952:.
896::
846:.
819:.
601:D
27:.
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