436:
were required to pay the tenant farmers and sharecroppers on their land a portion of the money; but after
Southern Democrats in Congress complained, the Secretary of Agriculture surrendered and reinterpreted section 7 to no longer send checks to sharecroppers directly, hurting the tenants. The farm wage workers who worked directly for the landowner suffered the greatest unemployment as a result of the Act. There are few people gullible enough to believe that the acreage devoted to cotton can be reduced one-third without an accompanying decrease in the laborers engaged in its production. Researchers concluded that the statistics after the Act took effect "indicate a consistent and widespread tendency for cotton croppers and, to a considerable extent, tenants to decrease in numbers between 1930 and 1935. The decreases among Negroes were consistently greater than those among whites." Another consequence was that the historic high levels of mobility from year to year declined sharply, as tenants and croppers tended to stay longer with the same landowner.
361:
347:
452:
tenant group. If the cropper were to become self-directing and take over his own affairs, the system would necessarily crumble. Hence anything that disrupts dependence is demoralizing. In the second place, the landlords were influenced by the belief that when members of any group are given privileges to which they are unaccustomed, they are likely in their inexperience to abuse them for a time. There can be no question that a considerable number of the sharecroppers reacted in this fashion, when under the Civil Works
Administration, for example, they received more cash in a single week than they had been accustomed to receiving in an entire year. In their inexperience the money was spent foolishly and from this standpoint the outcome was demoralizing.
414:
387:(1) to secure voluntary reduction of the acreage in basic crops through agreements with producers and use of direct payments for participation in acreage control programs; (2) to regulate marketing through voluntary agreements with processors, associations or producers, and other handlers of agricultural commodities or products; (3) to license processors, association, and others handling agricultural commodities to eliminate unfair practices or charges; (4) to determine the necessity for and the rate or processing taxes; and (5) to use the proceeds of taxes and appropriate funds for the cost of adjustment operations, for the expansion of markets, and for the removal or agricultural surpluses."
34:
481:
399:
reduce crop production and to sell pregnant sows as well as young pigs. Oranges were being soaked with kerosene to prevent their consumption and corn was being burned as fuel because it was so cheap. There were many people, however, as well as livestock in different places starving to death. Farmers slaughtered livestock because feed prices were rising, and they could not afford to feed their own animals. Under the
Agricultural Adjustment Act, "plowing under" of pigs was also common to prevent them reaching a reproductive age, as well as donating pigs to the Red Cross.
375:
322:. The Roosevelt Administration was tasked with decreasing agricultural surpluses. Wheat, cotton, field corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and milk and its products were designated as basic commodities in the original legislation. Subsequent amendments in 1934 and 1935 expanded the list of basic commodities to include rye, flax, barley, grain sorghum, cattle, peanuts, sugar beets, sugar cane, and potatoes. The administration targeted these commodities for the following reasons:
440:
tenants and croppers use the land taken out of cotton production for their own personal use in growing food and feed crops, which further increased their standard of living. Another consequence was that the historic high levels of turnover from year to year declined sharply, as tenants and croppers tend to stay with the same landowner. These researchers concluded, "As a rule, planters seem to prefer
Negroes to whites as tenants and croppers."
543:
per ounce. "Roosevelt's most dramatic use of the Thomas amendment" came on 31 January 1934, when he decreased the gold content of the dollar to 15 5/21 grains (0.98741 grams) .900 fine gold, or 59.06 per cent of the previous fixed content (25 8/10 grains, or 1.6718 grams). "However, wholesale prices
451:
Tenant demoralization from relief had either one or both of two meanings to the landlord. In the first place, it might have been a fear that the tenant would escape from under his influence. It is probably not too much to say that the cropper system can only be maintained by the subordination of the
435:
To accomplish its goal of parity (raising crop prices to where they were in the golden years of 1909–1914), the Act reduced crop production. The Act accomplished this by offering landowners acreage reduction contracts, by which they agreed not to grow cotton on a portion of their land. By law, they
398:
The juxtaposition of huge agricultural surpluses and the many deaths due to insufficient food shocked many, as well as some of the administrative decisions that happened under the
Agricultural Adjustment Act. For example, in an effort to reduce agricultural surpluses, the government paid farmers to
61:
An Act to relieve the existing national economic emergency by increasing agricultural purchasing power, to raise revenue for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason of such emergency, to provide emergency relief with respect to agricultural indebtedness, to provide for the orderly liquidation of
439:
According to researchers Frey and Smith, "To the extent that the AAA control-program has been responsible for the increased price , we conclude that it has increased the amount of goods and services consumed by the cotton tenants and croppers area." Furthermore, the landowners typically let the
383:"The goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, restoring farm purchasing power of agricultural commodities or the fair exchange value of a commodity based upon price relative to the prewar 1909–14 level, was to be accomplished through a number of methods. These included the authorization by the
394:
declared its intent, at the same time, to protect the consumers interest. This was to be done by readjusting farm production at a level that would not increase the percentage of consumers' retail expenditures above the percentage returned to the farmer in the prewar base period."
466:
Although the Act stimulated
American agriculture, it was not without its faults. For example, it disproportionately benefited large farmers and food processors, with lesser benefits to small farmers and sharecroppers. In his criticisms of the Act, Henry Wallace's assistant
366:
The AAA photographed one-third of the land surface of the U.S. and created a huge map to determine compliance in the agricultural conservation program, plan soil conservation and Public Works projects, lay out roads, forests and public parks, and improve national defense
577:
for levying this tax on the processors only to have it paid back to the farmers. Regulation of agriculture was deemed a state power. As such, the federal government could not force states to adopt the
Agricultural Adjustment Act due to lack of jurisdiction. However, the
283:, which established the Federal Farm Board in 1929, was seen as an important precursor to this act. The AAA, along with other New Deal programs, represented the federal government's first substantial effort to address economic welfare in the United States.
360:
991:
Rasmussen, Wayne D., Gladys L. Baker, and James S. Ward, "A Short
History of Agricultural Adjustment, 1933-75." Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 391 (March 1976), pg.
471:
described it as "an organization whose function had to do with the more successful farmers by and large." With the spread of cotton-picking machinery after 1945, there was an exodus of small farmers and croppers to the city.
2134:
530:
The Thomas
Amendment was used sparingly. The treasury received limited amounts of silver in payment for war debts from World War I. On 21 December 1933, Roosevelt ratified the London Agreement on Silver (adopted at the
378:
A Roosevelt County, New Mexico, farmer and a County
Agricultural Conservation Committee representative review the provisions of the AAA farm program to determine how it can best be applied on that particular acreage in
443:
However, according to researcher Harold C. Hoffsommer, many landlords were concerned that aid given directly to tenant farmers would have a "demoralizing effect." An article appearing in the
428:
characterized the cotton and tobacco production in the post-Civil War South. As the agricultural economy plummeted in the early 1930s, all farmers were badly hurt but the tenant farmers and
2139:
539:
on 20 July 1933). At the same time, Roosevelt issued Proclamation 2067, ordering the United States mints to buy the entire domestic production of newly mined silver at 64.5
271:
not to plant on part of their land. The money for these subsidies was generated through an exclusive tax on companies that processed farm products. The Act created a new
484:
Senator Elmer Thomas (left) with Claude M. Hurst and John Collier, members of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, and unassociated (directly) with the Thomas Amendment.
523:, reduce the gold content of the dollar by as much as 50 percent, or accept 100 million dollars in silver at a price not to exceed fifty cents per ounce in payment of
2054:
1430:
2180:
1919:
1914:
1262:
1063:
1044:
2124:
1849:
500:
easy-money views with the theories of the New Economics. Thomas wanted a stabilized "honest dollar," one that would be fair to debtor and creditor alike.
2079:
1879:
544:
still continued to climb. Possibly the most significant expansion brought on by the Thomas Amendment may have been the growth of governmental power over
1101:
2084:
1158:
1894:
1291:
Aerial Photography at the Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Acreage Controls, Conservation Benefits, and Overhead Surveillance in the 1930s
1924:
2104:
1844:
651:
2044:
1964:
402:
In 1935, the income generated by farms was 50 percent higher than it was in 1932, which was partly due to farm programs such as the AAA.
2039:
1929:
1345:
551:
The impact of this amendment was to reduce the amount of silver that was being held by private citizens (presumably as a hedge against
488:
Attached as Title III to the Act, the Thomas Amendment became the 'third horse' in the New Deal's farm relief bill. Drafted by Senator
346:
1372:
1818:
1367:
516:
318:
into session to address the crumbling economy. From this Congress came the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to replace the
2144:
2069:
1974:
1662:
1566:
661:
1809:
1328:
456:
2024:
1969:
1571:
1561:
1400:
1425:
2170:
2109:
1676:
1652:
545:
2129:
2094:
1939:
1854:
656:
579:
20:
1405:
959:
2014:
1457:
1320:
942:
901:
667:
229:
1215:"White House Statement on Presidential Proclamation No. 2072: Fixing the Weight of the Gold Dollar - January 31, 1934"
1410:
1357:
150:
137:
463:
were organized in the 1930s principally as a response to the hardships imposed on sharecroppers and tenant farmers.
2099:
1904:
1899:
1884:
1591:
1581:
831:
803:
Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 175.
2114:
1697:
1692:
1500:
1058:
Fred C. Frey and T. Lynn Smith, "The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
1039:
Fred C. Frey and T. Lynn Smith, "The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
744:
118:
110:
2089:
2064:
2029:
1672:
1576:
1415:
292:
276:
2175:
2165:
2119:
1642:
1596:
1098:
504:
460:
326:
Changes in the prices of these commodities had a strong effect on the prices of other important commodities.
1657:
1586:
677:
672:
413:
1390:
1989:
1606:
1601:
1531:
1315:
1120:
Agricultural Adjustment Act: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
564:
71:
19:
This article is about the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. For the act by the same name in 1938, see
1984:
1802:
1647:
1626:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1333:
1155:
731:
532:
503:
The Amendment said that whenever the President desired currency expansion, he must first authorize the
94:
1337:
1076:
306:. "Farmers faced the most severe economic situation and lowest agricultural prices since the 1890s." "
2059:
1994:
1909:
1776:
1682:
280:
256:
1934:
1889:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1702:
1290:
813:
627:
384:
1195:
1176:
480:
2074:
2019:
2009:
1826:
1687:
1616:
1495:
1379:
1233:
1214:
569:
238:
1787:
1368:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080409194401/http://newdeal.feri.org/texts/browse.cfm?MainCatID=34
2034:
1621:
1450:
447:
in 1935, quoted Hoffsommer's survey conducted for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
418:
391:
934:
927:
275:, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, also called "AAA" (1933–1942), an agency of the
1834:
1795:
1718:
1611:
1516:
1234:"Presidential Proclamation No. 2072: Fixing the Weight of the Gold Dollar - January 31, 1934"
512:
315:
295:
218:
332:
These items each required some amount of processing before they could be consumed by humans.
33:
1738:
1546:
1353:
1150:
David Webb, "The Thomas Amendment: A Rural Oklahoma Response to the Great Depression," in
374:
310:
and a shrinking international market had driven down agricultural prices." Soon after his
8:
1420:
1177:"Statement and Proclamation Ratifying the London Agreement on Silver - December 21, 1933"
1999:
1979:
1485:
1324:
1311:
1307:
595:
520:
319:
263:
era designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. The government bought
154:
144:
2135:
Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994
1380:""New Means to Rescue Agriculture" — The Agricultural Adjustment Act - March 16, 1933"
705:
555:
or collapse of the financial system) and increase the amount of circulating currency.
2004:
1959:
1771:
1443:
1007:
938:
907:
897:
574:
352:
Agricultural Adjustment Administration representative in his New Mexico office (1941)
272:
405:
The Agricultural Adjustment Act affected around 99% of farmers in this time period.
2049:
1758:
1753:
1480:
1341:
303:
740:
208:
190:
103:
1728:
1723:
1667:
1196:"Proclamation No. 2067: Accompanying the Preceding Statement - December 21, 1933"
1162:
1105:
891:
763:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Statement on Signing the Farm Relief Bill" May 12, 1933"
631:
508:
468:
180:
1263:"The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
1748:
639:
307:
1362:
762:
2159:
1733:
967:
635:
429:
425:
299:
911:
1395:
611:
489:
311:
1279:
929:
FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression
1521:
1490:
623:
619:
603:
524:
515:
prove insufficient, the President had several options. He could have the
1256:
Plowed Under: Food Policy Protests and Performance in New Deal America.
1011:
712:. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture: 2
615:
591:
893:
Breadlines Knee Deep in Wheat: Food Assistance in the Great Depression
748:
122:
1743:
1348:
1273:
Planning Democracy: Agrarian Intellectuals and the Intended New Deal.
552:
264:
704:
Rasmussen, Wayne D.; Baker, Gladys L.; Ward, James S. (March 1976).
590:
The following employees of the AAA were also alleged members of the
1466:
896:. Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–306.
607:
497:
493:
260:
2140:
Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998
1817:
1202:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 535–539.
1183:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 534–535.
268:
869:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
851:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
792:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
582:
remedied these technical issues and the farm program continued.
1386:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 74–79.
1240:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 67–76.
1221:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 64–66.
536:
1122:. s.v. "Sharecroppers". Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA.
511:
to purchase up to $ 3 billion of federal obligations. Should
329:
These commodities were already running a surplus at the time.
1435:
599:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
760:
540:
2055:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1054:
1052:
874:
1920:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
1915:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
818:
The Depression Begins: President Hoover Takes Command
706:"A Short History of Agricultural Adjustment, 1933-75"
2125:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1850:
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936
1049:
634:(husband Howard Bachrach was also an AAA employee),
279:, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. The
2080:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
1135:
1297:Vol. 68, No.12, December 2002, pp. 1257–1261.
926:
732:
703:
95:
1001:
2157:
2085:Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974
1295:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
1258:Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015.
987:
985:
1895:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
786:
784:
699:
697:
695:
693:
62:joint-stock land banks, and for other purposes.
1925:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
863:
861:
859:
2181:United States federal agriculture legislation
2105:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
1845:Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935
1819:United States federal agriculture legislation
1803:
1451:
1280:The Multiplant Origins of the National Market
1004:The New Deal. The Depression Years, 1933–1940
982:
652:Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935
16:United States federal law of the New Deal era
2045:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937
1965:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
1562:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
1194:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (December 21, 1933).
1175:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (December 21, 1933).
845:
843:
781:
690:
336:
1363:http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1639.html
1275:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
1232:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 31, 1934).
1213:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 31, 1934).
889:
856:
1930:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1810:
1796:
1458:
1444:
1024:
769:. University of California – Santa Barbara
197:Reported by the joint conference committee
1668:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
1378:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (March 16, 1933).
1377:
1373:A Message from FDR to Congress on the AAA
1231:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1006:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 147–89.
957:
840:
710:Agriculture Information Bulletin, No. 391
558:
203:on May 10, 1933 (passed) and by the
2025:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934)
836:Federalism in American: An Encyclopedia.
479:
412:
373:
2145:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
2070:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967
1975:Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922
1567:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1284:Journal of Historical Political Economy
662:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
2158:
1154:, ed. Donald E. Green (Oklahoma City:
1074:
960:"The Hog Reduction Program of the AAA"
924:
533:World Economic and Monetary Conference
457:Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms
2110:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
2040:Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (1937)
1970:Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1905
1791:
1439:
1099:"Cooperative Farming in Mississippi."
1002:Badger, Anthony J (January 1, 1989).
2130:National Wool Act Amendments of 1993
1688:Rural Electrification Administration
1653:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1431:Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
1117:
1062:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505 at pp. 501–3
2095:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1940:Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
1855:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
1643:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
871:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 68.
853:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 67.
832:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
794:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 69.
657:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
580:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
475:
47:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
21:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
13:
1840:Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
1411:Texas State Historical Association
1321:As codified in 7 U.S.C. chapter 26
1308:As codified in 7 U.S.C. chapter 26
1261:Frey, Fred C. and Smith, T. Lynn.
1248:
1075:Childs, Marquis W. (22 Nov 1935).
933:. New York: Crown Forum. pp.
761:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
737:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
668:Federal Surplus Relief Corporation
100:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
2192:
2015:Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
1602:Public Works Administration (PWA)
1572:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
1532:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
1301:
1029:. Simon and Schuster. p. 62.
408:
27:Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
2100:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
1995:Wheat Price Guarantee Act (1919)
1905:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1900:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1885:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
1627:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
1592:National Recovery Administration
1582:National Industrial Recovery Act
1043:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505 at p 489
958:Fleetwood, Jonathan (May 1993).
527:debts owed by European nations.
359:
345:
32:
2115:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
1698:United States Housing Authority
1349:Statute Compilations collection
1225:
1206:
1187:
1168:
1126:
1111:
1108:Mississippi Historical Society.
1091:
1068:
1033:
1018:
995:
951:
918:
767:The American Presidency Project
598:during subpoenaed testimony to
298:took office in March 1933, the
267:for slaughter and paid farmers
2090:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
2065:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1673:National Labor Relations Board
1663:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
1406:North Carolina History Project
824:
806:
797:
754:
724:
277:U.S. Department of Agriculture
173:in the House as H.R. 3835
1:
2120:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
2035:Commodity Exchange Act (1936)
1597:National Youth Administration
820:. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
730:Agricultural Adjustment Act,
585:
505:Federal Open Market Committee
461:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
432:experienced the worst of it.
286:
1835:Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
1658:Farm Security Administration
1465:
1268:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505.
683:
673:Commodity Credit Corporation
7:
2171:73rd United States Congress
1607:Public Works of Art Project
1527:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1354:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1334:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1329:US House of Representatives
1156:Oklahoma Historical Society
1025:Folsom Jr., Burton (2008).
890:Poppendieck, Janet (1986).
814:"The New Deal Farm Program"
645:
519:issue up to $ 3 billion in
249:Agricultural Adjustment Act
230:United States Supreme Court
72:73rd United States Congress
10:
2197:
2030:Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
2010:Capper–Volstead Act (1922)
1990:Grain Standards Act (1916)
1648:Federal Project Number One
1557:Farm Credit Administration
1552:Homeowners Refinancing Act
1537:Civil Works Administration
1161:November 19, 2012, at the
18:
2060:National Wool Act of 1954
2000:Future Trading Act (1921)
1985:Cotton Futures Act (1916)
1980:Cotton Futures Act (1914)
1948:
1910:Food Security Act of 1985
1825:
1767:
1711:
1683:Rural Electrification Act
1635:
1509:
1473:
417:Barn on tenant's farm in
337:Goals and implementations
281:Agriculture Marketing Act
257:United States federal law
236:
228:
166:
161:
143:
133:
128:
109:
90:
85:
77:
66:
57:
40:
31:
2050:Federal Seed Act of 1939
2005:Grain Futures Act (1922)
1935:Agricultural Act of 2014
1890:Agricultural Act of 1970
1880:Agricultural Act of 1961
1875:Agricultural Act of 1956
1870:Agricultural Act of 1954
1865:Agricultural Act of 1949
1860:Agricultural Act of 1948
1703:Fair Labor Standards Act
1416:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
1401:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1278:Robert Gulotty (2024), "
1077:"The St. Louis Dispatch"
678:Jones–Costigan amendment
563:On January 6, 1936, the
496:, the amendment blended
385:Secretary of Agriculture
302:was in the midst of the
189:on April 28, 1933 (
179:on March 22, 1933 (
2075:Farm Credit Act of 1971
2020:Farm Credit Act of 1933
1617:Railroad Retirement Act
1496:American Liberty League
1391:Encyclopedia Britannica
1097:Smith, Fred C. (2004).
830:Gates, Staci L. 2006. "
751:, enacted May 12, 1933.
570:United States v. Butler
459:in Mississippi and the
314:, Roosevelt called the
239:United States v. Butler
1132:Daniel, 1985; Page 105
559:Ruled unconstitutional
513:open market operations
485:
454:
422:
419:Walker County, Alabama
380:
207:on May 10, 1933 (
201:agreed to by the House
1719:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1612:Reciprocal Tariff Act
1517:Emergency Banking Act
1027:New Deal or Raw Deal?
483:
449:
416:
377:
316:Hundred Days Congress
296:Franklin D. Roosevelt
219:Franklin D. Roosevelt
138:7 U.S.C.: Agriculture
2176:New Deal legislation
2166:1933 in American law
1739:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
1587:National Housing Act
1547:Executive Order 6102
1356:as enacted from the
925:Powell, Jim (2003).
602:on August 3, 1948:
50:The Farm Relief Bill
1426:The Living New Deal
162:Legislative history
28:
1577:Glass–Steagall Act
1542:Communications Act
1486:New Deal Coalition
1325:United States Code
1312:United States Code
1104:2012-02-15 at the
867:Hurt, R. Douglas,
849:Hurt, R. Douglas,
790:Hurt, R. Douglas,
596:Whittaker Chambers
486:
445:St. Louis Dispatch
423:
381:
320:Federal Farm Board
41:Other short titles
26:
2153:
2152:
1960:Hatch Act of 1887
1785:
1784:
1474:Causes and legacy
1396:National Archives
1289:Monmonier, Mark.
1118:Hamilton, David.
573:that the act was
245:
244:
199:on May 10, 1933;
187:Passed the Senate
112:Statutes at Large
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1754:Francis Townsend
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1951:agricultural
1839:
1526:
1383:
1336:as amended (
1294:
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1255:
1254:Folino, Ann
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1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1079:. p. 16
1070:
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972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
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850:
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771:. Retrieved
766:
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714:. Retrieved
709:
612:Lee Pressman
589:
568:
562:
550:
529:
502:
490:Elmer Thomas
487:
469:Paul Appleby
465:
455:
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312:inauguration
290:
252:
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214:
204:
200:
196:
186:
176:
170:
129:Codification
81:May 13, 1933
1953:legislation
1712:Individuals
1522:Economy Act
1491:Brain Trust
624:Nathan Witt
620:Donald Hiss
604:Harold Ware
594:, named by
567:decided in
525:World War I
2160:Categories
1827:Farm bills
1012:B00B8TO1SY
974:5 December
743:, 48
664:, May 1933
616:Alger Hiss
592:Ware Group
586:Ware Group
521:greenbacks
287:Background
171:Introduced
91:Public law
58:Long title
1744:Huey Long
1501:Criticism
1344:) in the
1327:from the
684:Footnotes
553:inflation
293:President
269:subsidies
265:livestock
86:Citations
78:Effective
1772:Category
1510:New Deal
1467:New Deal
1165:, 1977).
1159:Archived
1102:Archived
912:12132710
646:See also
608:John Abt
498:populist
494:Oklahoma
392:Congress
261:New Deal
255:) was a
151:7 U.S.C.
117:48
1777:Commons
1342:details
1323:of the
1310:of the
773:July 4,
733:Pub. L.
507:of the
367:(1937).
259:of the
96:Pub. L.
1064:online
1045:online
1010:
941:
910:
900:
747:
739:
716:15 May
638:, and
537:London
421:, 1937
273:agency
205:Senate
181:315-98
155:ch. 26
145:U.S.C.
121:
102:
1949:Other
1314:from
1083:6 Jan
745:Stat.
741:73–10
379:1934.
291:When
232:cases
209:53-28
191:64-20
153:
119:Stat.
104:73–10
1085:2022
1008:ASIN
976:2014
939:ISBN
908:OCLC
898:ISBN
775:2013
718:2023
600:HUAC
247:The
70:the
1677:Act
1346:GPO
1338:PDF
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