1420:) which required them to accept the Mu'tazilite doctrine that the Qur'an was a created object, which implicitly made it subject to interpretation by caliphs and scholars. Ibn Hanbal led traditionalist resistance to this policy, affirming under torture that the Quran was uncreated and hence coeternal with God. Although Mu'tazilism remained state doctrine until 851, the efforts to impose it only served to politicize and harden the theological controversy. This controversy persisted until
25:
983:(scholars of Logic). Zubayr's strict views on exegetical field of Qur'anic interpretation were recorded in his primary biographies preserved by contemporary Muslim scholars, such as the saying of az-Zubayr when he advised one of his children to never argue about the Qur'anic texts with logic. The interpretation of Qur'an, according to az-Zubayr, should be strictly bound with understanding the tradition of Hadith and
570:
152:
1191:), which, despite long disputes, share formal similarities. Hanafi and Maliki jurists gradually came to accept the primacy of the Quran and hadith advocated by the Ahl al-Hadith movement , restricting the use of other forms of legal reasoning to interpretation of these scriptures. This "traditionalizing" of legal reasoning is exemplified in the work of
1367:(literal; apparent) meaning of the Qur'an and the hadith have sole authority in matters of faith and that the use of rational disputation is forbidden even if it verifies the truth. They did not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, especially those related to the attributes of Allah, accepting them without asking "how" (
1774:, p. 168 In the wake of the tenth-century Ash'ari synthesis, some Muslim theologians still maintained the strict details of the early Sunni creed. This continuation of the original Sunni theological School is often referred to as the Salafi school of theology or as followers of 'Traditional (Athari)' or ahl al-hadith theology.}}
1086:
The Ahl al-Hadith movement emerged toward the end of the 8th century CE among scholars of hadith who held the Qur'an and authentic hadith to be the only acceptable sources of law and creed. At first these scholars formed minorities within existing religious study circles but by the early 9th century
2019:
ashab al-hadith were unreservedly critical of taqlid and the reliance on the individual opinion of preceding Imams. The ijtihad of ashab al-hadith, however, was based on the authority of the text ... since ashab al-hadith were not organized in a formal school, they showed a considerable degree of
1162:
and other theological currents, condemning many points of their doctrines as well as the rationalistic methods they used in defending them. Ahl al-Hadith were also characterized by their avoidance of all state patronage and by their social activism. They attempted to follow the injunction of
1455:
While Ash'arism and
Maturidism are generally called the Sunni "orthodoxy", the traditionalist school has thrived alongside it, laying rival claims to be the orthodox Sunni creed. In the modern era it has had a disproportionate impact on Islamic theology, having been advocated by
1254:
of the
Islamic Scriptures and the prophetic traditions, while also valuing reports of the opinions of earlier generations of believers over later jurists and judges, as the earlier Muslims were held to be professors of orthodoxy. Many of them, including
1250:. They condemned the synthesis of "philosophies" (that is, un-Islamic ideas) with the doctrines of the religion as taught by the Islamic prophet and elucidated by his companions, and thus they called for the subordination of all religious disputes to
2307:, p. 180): "The Ash‘ari school of theology is often called the Sunni ‘orthodoxy.’ But the original ahl al-hadith, early Sunni creed from which Ash‘arism evolved has continued to thrive alongside it as a rival Sunni ‘orthodoxy’ as well."
1267:'s reported greeting of Christians, when they were deemed to be clashing with orthodoxy. The attribution of orthodoxy and non-orthodoxy to figures, however, varies greatly between different religious polemics, especially with regard to the
1233:
The self-understanding of traditionalists is, that their basic views and doctrines can be traced back to the teachings of the
Islamic prophet before what they saw as the unacceptable blending of Islamic orthodoxy with the opinions of men
1468:(d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H), played the most influential role in formalising the creedal and doctrinal positions of Ahl al-Hadith through his numerous treatises. Ibn Taymiyya became the most important classical scholar for adherents of the
1723:
761:
and other theological currents, condemning many points of their doctrines as well as the excessive rationalistic methods Mu'tazilites used in defending and justifying themselves. The most prominent leader of the movement was
1203:
legal school. In turn, Hanbali jurists, who led the traditionalist movement and initially opposed the use of qiyas, gradually came to accept it as long as its application was strictly founded on scriptural sources.
1424:(874-936) found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and Hanbalite literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by Mu'tazilites to defend most tenets of the Ahl al-Hadith doctrine.
1715:
899:'The verbose'), referring to the overabundance of narratives and traditions in their works and compilations. In theological polemics, they were often included under the label
1053:. Ibn 'Umar further condemned those Qadariyah and warned his disciples from their analogical methodology. According to contemporary scholars, the reason of Ibn Umar condemned the
880:'The people of traditions'), referring to their claim of representing orthodox (that is, entirely tradition-based) Sunni Islam, while they were known pejoratively as
1447:
synthesis were in the minority, their emotive, narrative-based approach to faith remained influential among the urban masses in some areas, particularly in
Abbasid Baghdad.
990:
Such anti-rationalist, traditionalist and hadith oriented views were also shared by many influential scholars throughout history, many of whom reached the rank of absolute
1439:, although they often resorted to rationalistic arguments themselves, even while claiming to rely on the literal text of scripture. Although the scholars who rejected the
774:(874-936) used rationalistic argumentation favored by Mu'tazilites to defend most of the same tenets of the Ahl al-Hadith doctrine, carrying on the legacy provided by
1924:
HR. Abu Daud no. 4691. Hadits ini dinilai hasan oleh Al-Albani (As-Shahihah no 2748, dan lihat juga penjelasan As-Safaarini di Lawami an-Anwaar 1/304-306).
1263:
school of law, nonetheless did not hesitate to reject and criticize the reported opinions and actions of the
Islamic prophet's contemporaries, such as
669:
doctrines which rejected rationalist approaches and advocated a strictly literalist reading of
Scriptures. Its adherents have also been referred to as
2519:
1784:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of
Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
918:'The anthropomorphists'), referring to how their depictions of the Islamic God were received by their ideological rivals, especially the
959:
scholars. Scholarship of jurisprudential history highlighted that Zubair's methodology of proto-textualism had greatly impacted the scholars of
1185:
The next two centuries witnessed a broad convergence of legal methodologies which gave rise to the classical theories of Sunni jurisprudence (
1167:" by preaching absolute asceticism and at times even launching vigilante attacks to break wine bottles, musical instruments, and chessboards.
808:
is sometimes used in a more general sense to denote a particularly enthusiastic commitment to hadith and to the views and way of life of the
3068:
2408:
1211:
school underwent a religious renewal and crystallisation through the polemics and scholarly treatises of the medieval
Hanbali polymath and
3075:
740:(adherence to scholarly traditions by asking for proofs from the Quran and Sunnah and taking only their literal meaning). In turn, the
2472:
1823:
1398:(faith) increases and decreases in correlation with the performance of prescribed rituals and duties, such as the five daily prayers.
3093:
2329:
G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of
Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework".
1500:
3167:
2977:
3082:
2512:
2485:
2451:
2429:
2338:
2159:
2110:
2081:
1890:
1863:
1836:
1793:
1699:
1674:
1538:
1513:
598:
89:
796:) and held on to the creed of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and especially Imam Zahiri. This theological school, which is also known as
61:
2846:
1187:
1164:
653:
that emerged during the 2nd and 3rd
Islamic centuries of the Islamic era (late 8th and 9th century CE) as a movement of
770:
gradually came to accept the reliance on the Quran and hadith advocated by the Ahl al-Hadith movement as valid, while
2041:
1940:
1028:
441:
108:
68:
2945:
2505:
1474:
movement and his theological treatises are the primary classical scholarly references taught in Salafi seminaries.
173:
3177:
3028:
1228:
956:
797:
666:
3162:
2465:. Vol. The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition).
2184:
75:
46:
42:
3130:
2630:
3172:
2903:
1999:"A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Asḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology"
1968:"A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Asḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology"
1609:"A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Asḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology"
1554:
1010:
57:
3035:
2726:
1279:'s son, Abdullah, ascribed to his father the condemnation of Abu Hanifa multiple times in his compendium
375:
1421:
1283:, a number of medieval and modern traditionalists consider the eponyms of the four major and one minor
480:
1435:, with the exception of most Hanbalite and some Shafi'i scholars, who persisted in their rejection of
3157:
2751:
2676:
1907:
1392:); since they held the Speech of God to be an Eternal Divine Attribute. Ahl al-Hadith also held that
947:
591:
203:
161:
3042:
3109:
2797:
2776:
2758:
2701:
2367:
2034:
Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
1212:
2804:
198:
35:
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1464:
currents and spread beyond the confines of the Hanbali school of law. The classical theologian
702:
opposed many of their contemporary jurists who based their legal reasoning on informed opinion
661:
and authentic hadith to be the only authority in matters of law and creed. They were known as "
628:
498:
183:
2938:
2931:
2853:
2421:
994:(scholars who allowed to open their own Madhhab due to their knowledge vastness) such as the
216:
2832:
2790:
2390:
Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism
1431:(d. c. 944), and one of these two schools of theology was accepted by members of all Sunni
1264:
1066:
584:
134:
82:
8:
2910:
2616:
952:
913:
894:
875:
856:
837:
640:
533:
193:
1882:
The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri
1569:
963:
who were characterized by their approach to hold a strictly textualist understanding of
955:
was one of the earliest traditionalist, and textualist scholar who influenced later era
3054:
2896:
2783:
2669:
2637:
2609:
2577:
2010:
1979:
1620:
1548:
178:
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2889:
2882:
2744:
2694:
2570:
2481:
2447:
2425:
2334:
2180:
2155:
2106:
2077:
2037:
1886:
1859:
1832:
1789:
1695:
1670:
1534:
1509:
1091:. In legal matters, these scholars criticized the use of personal scholarly opinion (
938:
475:
453:
313:
1427:
A rival compromise between rationalism and traditionalism emerged from the work of
995:
2952:
2825:
2818:
2623:
2584:
2556:
2417:
1276:
1256:
1088:
763:
448:
1047:(excommunication from Islam) on the Qadariyah group for their reasoning to reject
1027:
Another companion of the prophet who was known to hold this textualist stance was
3152:
3116:
2917:
2839:
2655:
2591:
2547:
1880:
1853:
1470:
1235:
904:
885:
866:
847:
828:
801:
711:
703:
682:
619:
549:
539:
458:
188:
1299:, Zahiri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal) to have all been adherents of "Ahl al-Hadith".
3123:
3058:
3021:
2811:
2662:
2439:
1411:
1394:
1317:
1292:
1196:
1192:
1159:
1058:
979:
923:
919:
758:
719:
681:). The traditionalists constituted the most authoritative and dominant bloc of
390:
318:
3146:
3014:
2924:
2708:
1465:
1363:
1216:
771:
333:
308:
303:
1296:
3007:
2970:
2563:
2036:. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 12.
1407:
927:
574:
554:
468:
382:
122:
2497:
2059:
I'tiqād al-A'immah al-Arba'ah – Abī Ḥanīfah wa-Mālik wash-Shāfi'ī wa-Aḥmad
2528:
1428:
1369:
1062:
650:
151:
142:
2014:
1983:
1624:
1580:(9–12): 143 – via The Central and Eastern European Online Library.
2360:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800
2152:
Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective
1998:
1967:
1608:
1440:
1373:), and asserted that their realities should be consigned to God alone (
1313:
1288:
1272:
1243:
1200:
1032:
998:
775:
386:
1099:
jurists of Iraq as well as the reliance on living local traditions by
2150:
Suzanne Kassab, Elizabeth (2010). "4: Critique in Islamic Theology".
1936:
1788:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 179.
1356:
1115:
1037:
515:
463:
340:
24:
2989:
2199:
Christopher Melchert, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Oneworld Publ., 2006, p 154
2102:
1444:
1100:
1006:
396:
263:
256:
1414:
theology on all religious scholars and instituted an inquisition (
1338:(Islamic monotheism) is to be understood strictly on the basis of
1457:
1432:
1260:
1180:
1151:
1141:
1002:
991:
783:
767:
746:
687:
292:
223:
2333:. Washington, DC, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 26.
1139:, which depended on the opinions of past Imams. They prescribed
810:
Muhammad's contemporaries and the early generations of believers
2531:
2331:
Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism
1461:
1375:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1268:
1247:
1135:
1125:
1113:(analogical deduction) and other methods of jurisprudence such
1104:
1096:
1087:
had coalesced into a separate movement under the leadership of
1071:
1043:
1018:
1014:
984:
942:
843:
787:
728:
654:
510:
485:
419:
361:
354:
347:
273:
168:
1531:
Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State
861:'The Traditionalists')) were often approvingly termed
2983:
1416:
1384:
1340:
1322:
1308:
1284:
1109:
1080:
1049:
973:
809:
792:
658:
646:
505:
427:
410:
233:
228:
1145:, which relied on the usage of hadiths. The scholars of the
1669:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 273–274.
1533:. 50 Bedford Square, London, UK: I.B. Tauris. p. 224.
1176:
1076:
695:
423:
296:
268:
243:
238:
2399:
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Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World
2154:. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. p. 190.
1786:
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1753:
278:
2020:
variation in their outlook on Fiqh and the use of hadith
1312:(speculative theology) and its various schools such as
750:(scholarly legal reasoning) by adhering to Scriptures.
2220:
Herbert W. Mason, Humaniora Islamica, Volume 1, p 123.
2372:
The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology
1802:
1155:(legal school) and held diverse juristic approaches.
2097:
Cakmak, Cenap; Belhaj, Abdessamad (2017). "Tawhid".
1716:"Do the Ahl al-Hadith say a Form of Taqlid is Wajib"
736:
without asking for scriptural proofs) and advocated
633:
612:
2298:
1855:
Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation
1129:and was not based on literal reading of scripture.
1075:(Prophetic traditions) that stated "Qadariyah were
691:(legal schools) during the fourth Islamic century.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2471:
2407:
1822:
1499:
2074:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion
2057:Al-Khumayyis, Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdir-Raḥmān (1992).
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
842:'The adherents of the tradition') or the
3144:
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1943:[Explanation of the Tahaawiyyah creed].
1929:
1694:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
1497:
1149:did not standardise themselves into an official
718:), who were referred to, often derogatorily, as
2446:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition).
2401:. University of Chicago Press (Kindle edition).
2179:. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 678.
1783:
1692:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
1572:[Islamic Revivalism: Renewing trends].
1388:, including its Arabic letters, are uncreated (
1170:
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2362:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition).
2149:
2071:
2032:Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Chapter 1: Salafism".
1730:
1158:In matters of faith, they were pitted against
1119:(legal deductions) when it gave precedence to
790:schools; who rejected rationalistic theology (
2513:
800:, has been championed in recent times by the
592:
2478:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2096:
2056:
1996:
1965:
1829:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
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1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1606:
1401:
2527:
2366:
2276:
2261:
2245:
2229:
1935:
1759:
1594:
1570:"Revivalismul islamic. Tendinţe înnoitoare"
3083:Muqaddimah ibn al-Salah fi 'Ulum al-Hadith
3043:Mirqat al Mafatih Sharh Mishkat al-masabih
2520:
2506:
2174:
1567:
599:
585:
2461:Leaman, Oliver (2008). Tim Winter (ed.).
2387:
2383:. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition).
2292:
2291:, p. 2081–2091 (Kindle locations));
2208:
2137:
2125:
2076:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 28.
1910:[rejection of fate (volume 59)].
1851:
1664:
1631:
1242:) and the customs of peoples, leading to
121:For the modern South Asian Movement, see
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2328:
1765:
2438:
2414:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
2396:
2272:
2270:
2249:
2233:
1914:(in Indonesian). bekalislam.firanda.com
1905:
1899:
1878:
1747:
1667:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
1652:
1590:
1528:
782:came to refer to those scholars of the
778:. In the following centuries, the term
3145:
2469:
2460:
2422:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.014
2405:
2357:
2316:
2288:
2031:
1947:. Halakat Taimiyah Ibn Taimiyah mosque
1858:. Oxford University Press. p. 9.
1820:
1808:
1689:
1320:; accusing them of deviating from the
2501:
2378:
2304:
1771:
1690:Meijer, Roel (2013). "Introduction".
1493:
1491:
1382:They believed that every part of the
1271:school and its eponymous originator,
16:8th-century Islamic school of thought
2267:
1726:from the original on 6 January 2018.
1306:strongly condemned the doctrines of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2480:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2416:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2175:Agwan, A. R.; Singh, N. K. (2000).
1831:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1593:, p. 1589 (Kindle location));
1508:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1450:
1199:, which laid the foundation of the
1165:commanding good and forbidding evil
908:
889:
870:
851:
832:
623:
13:
2101:. Santa Barbara, California, USA:
1852:Stowasser, Barbara Freyer (1996).
1488:
645:'people of hadith') is an
14:
3189:
2392:. Springer (Google Play edition).
1906:Andirja, Firanda (9 April 2021).
1133:strongly opposed the practice of
1057:was because they were similar to
951:(Companion of the Prophet) named
732:(following scholarly opinions or
2397:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (2009).
2358:Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003).
1885:. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.
1107:. They also rejected the use of
568:
150:
23:
3029:Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim
2322:
2310:
2282:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2214:
2202:
2193:
2177:Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur'an
2168:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2099:Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
2090:
2065:
2050:
2025:
1990:
1959:
1872:
1845:
1814:
1777:
1259:, the eponymous founder of the
1229:Traditionalist theology (Islam)
1041:sect, Ibn 'Umar responded with
1031:. When asked by a group of his
34:needs additional citations for
2444:A History of Islamic Societies
1708:
1683:
1658:
1600:
1584:
1561:
1522:
1506:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1498:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014).
1361:. Ahl al-Hadith held that the
971:, while mostly rejecting the
815:
766:. Subsequently, other Islamic
1:
3168:Islamic philosophical schools
2631:Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain
2476:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
2463:The developed kalām tradition
2412:. In Sabine Schmidtke (ed.).
2388:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
2379:Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2009).
1908:"Mengingkari Takdir (BAB-59)"
1827:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
1477:
1354:and affirming the Scriptures
1207:During the 14th century, the
2663:Sunan al-Kubra lil an-Nasa'i
2072:Richard Netton, Ian (2008).
2009:(2). Brill Publishers: 236.
1978:(2). Brill Publishers: 236.
1619:(2). Brill Publishers: 235.
1482:
1171:Convergence of legal schools
1011:Bukhari independent Madhhab
922:, who asserted the absolute
677:(from "traditions", namely,
657:scholars who considered the
7:
2727:Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih
1937:Ahmad al-Tahawi, Abu Ja'far
1568:Vlad Ghiță, Adrian (2019).
1035:regarding his views on the
710:) or living local practice
634:
613:
10:
3194:
3131:Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal
2677:Sunan al-Kubra lil Bayhaqi
2350:
1997:M. Naf'i, Basheer (2006).
1966:M. Naf'i, Basheer (2006).
1665:Schmidtke, Sabine (2016).
1607:M. Naf'i, Basheer (2006).
1252:the literal interpretation
1226:
1174:
1123:(individual opinion) over
933:
726:condemned the practice of
685:prior to the emergence of
667:traditionalist theological
120:
3110:Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir
3092:
3069:Tawil Mukhtalif al-Hadith
3052:
2999:
2962:
2874:
2768:
2736:
2718:
2686:
2647:
2601:
2578:Sunan an-Nasa'i al-Sughra
2546:
2539:
1720:Salafi Research Institute
1402:Theological controversies
1013:, and also scholars from
376:Sunni schools of theology
2798:Musnad Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh
2759:Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah
1553:: CS1 maint: location (
1466:Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya
1287:schools of Islamic law (
1222:
757:were pitted against the
3094:Biographical evaluation
2805:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
2470:Leaman, Oliver (2009).
2003:Islamic Law and Society
1972:Islamic Law and Society
1879:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
1821:Leaman, Oliver (2009).
1613:Islamic Law and Society
1529:Azoulay, Rivka (2020).
1422:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
798:traditionalist theology
174:Prophets and Messengers
3178:Sunni Islamic branches
2752:Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq
1941:"شرح العقيدة الطحاوية"
1359:, "without asking how"
442:Contemporary movements
257:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
184:Succession to Muhammad
3163:Islamic jurisprudence
2932:At-Targhib wat-Tarhib
2875:Secondary collections
2702:Shama'il Muhammadiyah
1332:. They believed that
1175:Further information:
1069:, which aligned with
753:In matters of faith,
2777:Musnad Imam ul A’zam
2406:Hoover, Jon (2014).
2248:, pp. 49, 51);
1265:Abu Umamah al Bahili
977:(analogy) method of
224:Declaration of Faith
43:improve this article
3173:Islamic terminology
2984:Maudhu (fabricated)
2861:Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir
2617:Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah
2540:Primary collections
2368:Blankinship, Khalid
2017:– via JSTOR.
1217:Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah
1095:) common among the
953:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
3103:al-Tarikh al-Kabir
2939:Al-Jami' as-Saghir
2897:Mishkat al-Masabih
2854:Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat
2847:Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir
2784:Musnad al-Tayalisi
2670:Sunan al-Daraqutni
2409:"Ḥanbalī Theology"
1986:– via JSTOR.
1750:, p. 130-131)
1627:– via JSTOR.
1406:In 833 the caliph
1067:dualism philosophy
665:" for championing
481:Neo-traditionalism
3140:
3139:
3076:Mawdu'at al-Kubra
2946:Al-Jami' al-Kabir
2890:Musnad al-Firdous
2883:Masabih al-Sunnah
2870:
2869:
2791:Musnad al-Shafi'i
2745:Kitaab-ul-Aathaar
2695:Al-Adab al-Mufrad
2638:Sahih Abi Awaanah
2624:Sahih Ibn Hibbaan
2571:Sahih al-Tirmidhi
2487:978-0-19-530513-5
2453:978-0-521-51430-9
2431:978-0-19-969670-3
2340:978-1-62616-116-0
2277:Blankinship (2008
2262:Blankinship (2008
2246:Blankinship (2008
2230:Blankinship (2008
2161:978-0-231-14488-9
2112:978-1-61069-216-8
2083:978-0-7007-1588-6
2061:. Dār al-‘Āṣimah.
1892:978-1-4384-5371-2
1865:978-0-19-976183-8
1838:978-0-19-530513-5
1795:978-0-367-41782-6
1701:978-0-19-933343-1
1676:978-0-19-969670-3
1595:Blankinship (2008
1574:Theology and Life
1540:978-1-8386-0505-6
1515:978-0-19-512558-0
1033:Tabi'in disciples
1029:Abdullah ibn Umar
945:theorized that a
939:Muslim historians
917:
898:
879:
860:
841:
833:أَصْحَاب الحَدِيث
764:ʼAḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal
644:
632:
609:
608:
454:Deobandi movement
119:
118:
111:
93:
3185:
3158:Islamic theology
2953:Al-Jami al-Kamil
2911:Majma al-Zawa'id
2904:Riyad as-Salihin
2833:Musnad Abu Ya'la
2826:Musnad al-Bazzar
2819:Tahdhib al-Athar
2585:Sunan Abu Dawood
2557:Sahih al-Bukhari
2544:
2543:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2435:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2363:
2345:
2344:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2140:, p. 36-37)
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2105:. p. 1554.
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1945:Halakat Taimiyah
1933:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1760:Blankinship 2008
1757:
1751:
1745:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1629:
1628:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1495:
1451:Contemporary Era
1410:tried to impose
1302:Scholars of the
1277:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1257:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1089:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
912:
910:
893:
891:
874:
872:
855:
853:
836:
834:
639:
637:
627:
625:
616:
601:
594:
587:
575:Islam portal
573:
572:
571:
449:Barelvi movement
415:
414:
328:
327:
154:
145:
139:
138:
128:
127:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3117:Mizan al-Itidal
3088:
3061:
3048:
2995:
2958:
2918:Bulugh al-Maram
2866:
2840:Musnad al-Siraj
2764:
2732:
2714:
2682:
2656:Sunan al-Darimi
2643:
2597:
2592:Sunan ibn Majah
2548:Kutub al-Sittah
2535:
2526:
2496:
2488:
2473:"Ahl al-Ḥadīth"
2454:
2440:Lapidus, Ira M.
2432:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2293:Halverson (2010
2287:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2232:, p. 49);
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2209:Halverson (2010
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2148:
2144:
2138:Halverson (2010
2136:
2132:
2126:Halverson (2010
2124:
2120:
2113:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1991:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1824:"Ahl al-Ḥadīth"
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1731:
1722:. 4 June 2017.
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1632:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1501:"Ahl al-Hadith"
1496:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1453:
1404:
1281:Kitāb al-Sunnah
1231:
1225:
1183:
1173:
1005:Ibn Taymiyyah,
936:
871:أَهْل السُّنَّة
825:Așḥāb al-Ḥadiṯh
818:
802:Salafi movement
724:traditionalists
683:Sunni orthodoxy
671:traditionalists
605:
569:
567:
562:
561:
540:Kutub al-Sittah
529:
521:
520:
501:
491:
490:
444:
434:
433:
408:
407:
378:
368:
367:
325:
324:
299:
284:
283:
259:
249:
248:
219:
209:
208:
164:
141:
140:
132:
131:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Ahl al-Hadith"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:Lisan al-Mizan
3120:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3036:Sharah Arbaeen
3032:
3025:
3022:Irshad al-Sari
3018:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2812:Musnad Humaidi
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2321:
2319:, p. 625)
2309:
2297:
2281:
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 130)
2238:
2236:, p. 130)
2222:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2167:
2160:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2111:
2089:
2082:
2064:
2049:
2042:
2024:
1989:
1958:
1928:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1813:
1811:, p. 625.
1801:
1794:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1729:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1675:
1657:
1655:, p. 130)
1630:
1599:
1583:
1560:
1539:
1521:
1514:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1452:
1449:
1403:
1400:
1293:Malik ibn Anas
1227:Main article:
1224:
1221:
1213:proto-Salafist
1172:
1169:
1059:Zoroastrianism
935:
932:
924:incorporeality
817:
814:
673:and sometimes
624:أَهْل الحَدِيث
607:
606:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
578:
577:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
546:
545:
544:
543:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
508:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
472:
471:
466:
456:
451:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
405:
404:
394:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
220:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
199:Predestination
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
160:
159:
156:
155:
147:
146:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:Umdat al-Qari
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:Kanz al-Ummal
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:Shuab ul Iman
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2295:, p. 35)
2294:
2290:
2285:
2279:, p. 53)
2278:
2273:
2271:
2264:, p. 49)
2263:
2258:
2251:
2250:Lapidus (2014
2247:
2242:
2235:
2234:Lapidus (2014
2231:
2226:
2217:
2211:, p. 20)
2210:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2128:, p. 36)
2127:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2043:9780190948955
2039:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 53.
1761:
1756:
1749:
1748:Lapidus (2014
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1653:Lapidus (2014
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1597:, p. 51)
1596:
1592:
1591:Hodgson (2009
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:ghayr makhluq
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:Ahl al-Hadith
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Ahl al-Hadith
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:Ahl al-Hadith
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:Ahl al-Hadith
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1065:due to their
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
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41:Please help
36:verification
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3055:Terminology
2648:Other Sunan
2602:Other Sahih
2305:Brown (2009
1912:Firanda.com
1809:Hoover 2014
1429:al-Maturidi
1412:Mu'tazilite
1370:bi-la kaifa
1350:, shunning
1318:Mu'tazilism
1275:. Although
1215:theologian
1195:'s student
1103:jurists of
1063:Manichaeism
980:Ahl al-Ra'y
852:أَثَرِيُّون
816:Terminology
804:. The term
720:Ahl ar-Ra'y
651:Sunni Islam
555:Persecution
391:Ahl al-Ra'y
143:Sunni Islam
3147:Categories
2610:Al-Muwatta
2534:literature
2186:8187746009
1951:8 December
1918:8 December
1772:Brown 2009
1478:References
1460:and other
1357:Bila Kayfa
1297:Al-Shafiʽi
1289:Abu Hanifa
1273:Abu Hanifa
1244:heterodoxy
1197:Al-Shafi‘i
999:Ibn Kathir
844:ʼAṯariyyūn
776:Ibn Kullab
772:al-Ash'ari
649:school of
534:Literature
499:Holy sites
387:Maturidism
244:Pilgrimage
179:Holy books
69:newspapers
1549:cite book
1483:Citations
1471:Salafiyya
1408:al-Ma'mun
1314:Ash'arism
1055:Qadariyya
1038:Qadariyah
1003:Hanbalite
629:romanized
516:Jerusalem
476:Modernism
464:Wahhabism
424:al-Wijdan
383:Ash'arism
99:July 2022
2990:Musannaf
2737:Musannaf
2442:(2014).
2103:ABC-Clio
2015:40377907
1984:40377907
1724:Archived
1625:40377907
1445:Maturidi
1433:madhhabs
1101:Malikite
1079:of this
1022:Maddhabs
1007:Ibn Hazm
996:Shafiite
992:Mujtahid
688:mad'habs
459:Salafism
428:al-Kashf
397:Atharism
264:Abu Bakr
135:a series
133:Part of
2719:Sahifah
2687:Topical
2351:Sources
1458:Wahhabi
1441:Ash'ari
1261:Hanbali
1201:Shafi'i
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744:upheld
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631::
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1019:Zahiri
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1015:Jariri
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969:Hadith
957:Athari
948:Sahabi
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341:Awza'i
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274:Uthman
229:Prayer
204:Sahaba
189:Angels
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3059:study
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1309:Kalam
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965:Quran
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