Ailanthus altissima

1447: 2038:...they sang spirituals while white people slowed and stopped in the leafed darkness that was almost summer, to listen to those who were sure to die and him who was already dead singing about heaven and being tired; or perhaps in the interval between songs a rich, sourceless voice coming out of the high darkness where the ragged shadow of the heaven-tree which snooded the street lamp at the corner fretted and mourned: "Fo days mo! Den dey ghy stroy de bes ba'yton singer in nawth Mississippi!" Upon the barred and slitted wall the splotched shadow of the heaven-tree shuddered and pulsed monstrously in scarce any wind; rich and sad, the singing fell behind. 1103: 1152: 38: 1348: 1637: 626: 512: 56: 600: 1265:

state's interstate highway system length or mileage. It sometimes enters undisturbed areas as well, and competes with native plants. In western North America, it is most common in mountainous areas around old dwellings and abandoned mining operations. It is classified as a noxious or invasive plant on National Forest System lands and in many states because its prolific seed production, high germination rate, and capacity to regrow from roots and root fragments enable

591: 2112:, who later became the museum curator. By 2008, the old tree was found to be dying and in danger of crashing into the building, which was about to undergo a major renovation. The museum hired the Detroit Tree of Heaven Woodshop, an artists' collective, to use the wood to create benches, sculptures and other amenities in and around the building. The tree's rings were counted, revealing its age to be 75, and museum officials hoped it would regenerate from a 618: 1286: 718:, since most morphological characteristics of samaras affect both dispersal modes in the same way – except for the width of the samaras, which in contrast affects both types of dispersal in opposing ways, allowing differentiation in the dispersal strategies of this tree. The females can produce huge numbers of seeds, normally around 30,000 per kg, and fecundity can be estimated nondestructively through measurements of diameter at chest height. 1714:

using the wood as lumber; because the trees exhibit rapid growth for the first few years, the trunk has uneven texture between the inner and outer wood, which can cause the wood to twist or crack during drying. Techniques have been developed for drying the wood so as to prevent this cracking, allowing it to be commercially harvested. Although the live tree tends to have very flexible wood, the wood is quite hard once properly dried.

553:, though they are completely visible in the dormant season at the sinuses of the leaf scars. The branches are light to dark gray in color, smooth, lustrous, and contain raised lenticels that become fissures with age. The ends of the branches become pendulous. All parts of the plant have a distinguishing strong odor that is often likened to peanuts, cashews, or rotting cashews. 657:, with male and female flowers being borne on different individuals. Male trees produce three to four times as many flowers as the females, making the male flowers more conspicuous. Furthermore, the male plants emit a foul-smelling odor while flowering to attract pollinating insects. Female flowers contain 10 (or rarely five through abortion) sterile 1301:, re-sprouting rapidly after being cut. It is considered a shade-intolerant tree and cannot compete in low-light situations, though it is sometimes found competing with hardwoods. Such competition indicates it was present at the time the stand was established. On the other hand, a study in an old-growth 2016:

As early as 1886, the City of Atlanta, Georgia adopted an ordinance against the Ailantus tree. The first Ordinance listed in The Code of the City of Atlanta Part II - Ordinance is titled Chapter 1, Ailantus Tree Section 252, "Requires removal of Ailantus tree". In it, the tree is declared a public

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in Switzerland has an eradication program for the tree. It can be very difficult to eradicate, however. Means of eradication can be physical, thermal, managerial, biological or chemical. A combination of several of these can be most effective, though they must of course be compatible. All have some

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The tree of heaven is a very rapidly growing tree, possibly the fastest-growing tree in North America. Growth of 1 to 2 metres (3 to 7 ft) per year for the first four years is considered normal. Shade considerably hampers growth rates. Older trees, while growing much slower, still do so faster

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with entire margins, somewhat asymmetric and occasionally not directly opposite to each other. Each leaflet is 5–18 cm (2–7 in) long and 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) wide. They have a long, tapering end, while the bases have two to four teeth, each containing one or more glands at the tip.

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compound on the stem. They range in size from 30 to 90 centimetres (1 to 3 ft) in length and contain 10–41 leaflets organised in pairs, with the largest leaves found on vigorous young sprouts. When they emerge in the spring, the leaves are bronze, then quickly turn from medium to dark green as

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There's a tree that grows in Brooklyn. Some people call it the Tree of Heaven. No matter where its seed falls, it makes a tree which struggles to reach the sky. It grows in boarded up lots and out of neglected rubbish heaps. It grows up out of cellar gratings. It is the only tree that grows out of

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in China and valued for its tolerance of difficult growing conditions. It was once very popular in cultivation in both Europe and North America, but this popularity dropped, especially in the United States, due to the disagreeable odor of its blossoms and the weediness of its habit. The problem of

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in cities offers a more suitable habitat than the surrounding rural areas; it is thought that the tree requires a mean annual temperature of 8 °C (46 °F) to grow well, which limits its spread in more northern and higher-altitude areas. For example, one study in Germany found the tree of

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found the tree of heaven was present on 1.7% of all highway and railroad edges in the state, and had been expanding its range at the rate of 4.76% counties per year. Similarly, another study conducted in southwestern Virginia determined that the tree of heaven is thriving along roughly 30% of the

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in eastern China is most famous for producing these steamers. The plant is also considered a good source of firewood across much of its range, as it is moderately hard and heavy, yet readily available. The wood is also used to make charcoal for culinary purposes. However, there are problems with

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levels and high salinity levels. The drought tolerance of the tree is strong due to its root system's effective water storage. It is frequently found in areas where few trees can survive. The roots are also aggressive enough to damage subterranean sewers and pipes. Along highways, it often forms

1766:. It is also rare in Ireland. In Germany the tree is commonly planted in gardens. The tree has furthermore become unpopular in cultivation in the west because it is short-lived and the trunk soon becomes hollow, making trees more than two feet (60 cm) in diameter unstable in high winds. 2107:

when in 1975 he bought the building which would become the museum and cleaned up its back lot. The tree was the only one he left in the yard, and the staff would eat lunch with Noguchi under it. "n a sense, the sculpture garden was designed around the tree", said a former aide to Noguchi,

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In Europe, however, the tree is still used in the garden to some degree as its habit is generally not as invasive as it is in America. In the United Kingdom it is especially common in London squares, streets, and parks, though it is also frequently found in gardens of southern England and

1443:. Resistance in various plant species has been shown to increase with exposure. Populations without prior exposure to the chemicals are most susceptible to them. Seeds produced from exposed plants have also been shown to be more resistant than their unexposed counterparts. 1078:-rich areas. The tree of heaven is found within a wide range of climatic conditions. In its native range, it is found at high altitudes in Taiwan and lower ones in mainland China. It is present virtually everywhere in the U.S., but especially in arid regions bordering the 1739:

value as there are too many trees of superior quality; for impossible conditions this tree has a place; selection could be made for good habit, strong wood and better foliage which would make the tree more satisfactory; I once talked with an architect who tried to buy

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is often used for two rather extreme metaphors, with a mature tree representing a father and a stump being a spoiled child. This manifests itself occasionally when expressing best wishes to a friend's father and mother in a letter, where one can write "wishing your

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that is 2.5 cm (1 in) long and 1 cm (0.4 in) broad, appearing July through August, but can persist on the tree until the next spring. The samara is large and twisted at the tips, making it spin as it falls, assisting wind dispersal, and aiding

1366:, which inhibits the growth of other plants. The inhibitors are strongest in the bark and roots, but are also present in the leaves, wood and seeds of the plant. One study showed that a crude extract of the root bark inhibited 50% of a sample of garden cress ( 1420:

Silver Queen). It proved able to kill nearly 100% of seedlings with the exception of velvetleaf, which showed some resistance. Another experiment showed that a water extract of the chemical was either lethal or highly damaging to 11 North American

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Festive Victorian-era homes in various stages of restoration battled for supremacy with boarded-up firetraps and overgrown lots landscaped with weeds, garbage, and "ghetto palms," a particularly hardy invasive species known more formally as

649:. The sepals are cup-shaped, lobed and united while the petals are valvate (i.e., they meet at the edges without overlapping), white and hairy towards the inside. They appear from mid-April in the south of its range to July in the north. 1144:. In both Europe and America, it quickly became a favoured ornamental, especially as a street tree, and by 1840, it was available in most nurseries. The Tree of Heaven was brought to California by Chinese immigrants who came during the 578:

The leaflets' upper sides are dark green in color with light green veins, while the undersides are a more whitish green. The petioles are 5–12 millimetres (0.2–0.5 in) long. The lobed bases and glands distinguish it from similar

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In China, the tree of heaven has a long and rich history. It was mentioned in the oldest extant Chinese dictionary and listed in many Chinese medical texts for its purported curative ability. The roots, leaves, and bark are used in

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highlands: It differs from the type in having yellowish bark, odd-pinnate leaves that are also shorter on average at 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) long with only 13–25 scythe-like leaflets. It is listed as endangered in the

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region, rather than the tree of heaven. D'Incarville attached a note indicating this, which caused much taxonomic confusion over the next few decades. In 1751, Jussieu planted a few seeds in France and sent others on to

860:. Records exist from the 1750s of disputes over the proper name between Philip Miller and John Ellis, curator of Webb's garden in Busbridge. Rather than the issue being resolved, more names soon appeared for the plant: 2030:, a "heaven-tree" stands outside the Jefferson jail, where Lee Goodwin and a "negro murderer" are incarcerated. The tree is associated with the black prisoner's despair in the face of his impending execution and the 3292: 2091:, or the tree of heaven, perhaps because only God can kill the things. Around the corner, business was brisk at a drug house where residents and customers alike weren't above casually taking a piss in the driveway. 2375:

Mais comme le fait remarquer Kowarik (2007), sa reproduction végétative le rend en quelque sorte très longévif, le premier individu introduit aux États-Unis en 1784 étant toujours présent grâce à ses drageons.

1260:. In the east of its range, it grows most extensively in disturbed areas of cities, where it was long ago present as a planted street tree. It also grows along roads and railways. For example, a 2003 study in 1475:, 25% of its suburbs and only 3% of areas outside the city altogether. In other areas of Europe this is not the case as climates are mild enough for the tree to flourish. It has colonised natural areas in 486:

The tree grows rapidly, and is capable of reaching heights of 15 metres (50 ft) in 25 years. While the species rarely lives more than 50 years, some specimens exceed 100 years of age. Its

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nuisance and allows for a fine of $ 50 for any person owning or occupying any lot with the Tree of Heaven. It also authorizes the Street Committee to destroy all such trees growing on City property.

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was capable of competing successfully with native trees in canopy gaps where only 2-15% of full sun was available. The same study characterised the tree as using a "gap-obligate" strategy to reach the

1313:, meaning it grows rapidly during a very short period rather than growing slowly over a long period. It is a short-lived tree in any location and rarely lives more than 50 years. Among tree species, 545:

and heart-shaped leaf scars (i.e., a scar left on the twig after a leaf falls) with many bundle scars (i.e., small marks where the veins of the leaf once connected to the tree) around the edges. The

2845: 2377:(But as it is mentioned by Kowarik (2007), vegetative reproduction makes very long-lived, in a way. The first individual planted in the United States in 1784 is still there thanks to its suckers.) 541:

is smooth and light grey, often becoming somewhat rougher with light tan fissures as the tree ages. The twigs are stout, smooth to lightly pubescent, and reddish or chestnut in color. They have

1125:. The tree may be native to these areas, but the tree is generally agreed to be a very early introduction. Within China, it has also been naturalised beyond its native range in areas such as 2004:

philosopher, who referred to a tree that had developed from a sprout at the stump and was thus unsuitable for carpentry due to its irregular shape. Later scholars associated this tree with

917:, referring to the glands on the leaves, persisted until as late as 1957, but it was ultimately made invalid as a later homonym at the species level. The current species name comes from 921:, who was employed by the United States Department of Plant Industry. He decided to transfer Miller's older specific name into the genus of Desfontaines, resulting in the accepted name 1912:

in 656 CE. Each work favoured a different character, however, and there is still some debate in the Chinese botanical community as to which character should be used. The current name,

3390: 1731:, a noted American horticulturalist and professor at the University of Georgia, reported meeting, in 1982, a grower who could not find any buyers. He further writes (his emphasis): 3363: 1619:

Due to the tree of heaven's weedy habit, landowners and other organisations often resort to various methods of control to keep its populations in check. For example, the city of

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are strong and happy", with ailanthus metaphorically referring to the father and daylily to the mother. Furthermore, one can scold a child by calling him a "good-for-nothing

1137: 3307: 2445: 1592:. Leaves infested by the mite begin to curl and become glossy, reducing their ability to function. Therefore, this species has been proposed as a possible biocontrol for 4104:"Assessing Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a potential carrier for Verticillium nonalfalfae (Phyllachorales) from infected Ailanthus altissima" 1624:

positive and negative aspects, but the most effective regimen is generally a mixture of chemical and physical control. It involves the application of foliar or basal

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The tree was first brought from China to Europe in the 1740s, and to the United States in 1784. It was one of the first trees brought to the West during a time when

1466:. This has been attributed to the tree's ability to colonise areas of rubble of destroyed buildings where most other plants would not grow. In addition, the warmer 3994: 2008:

and applied the metaphor to children who, like stump sprouts of the tree, will not develop into a worthwhile human being if they don't follow rules or traditions.

4055:"Field-inoculated Ailanthus altissima stands reveal the biological control potential of Verticillium nonalfalfae in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States" 2705:"The systematic relationships of glucosinolate-producing plants and related families: a cladistic investigation based on morphological and molecular characters" 2463: 785:

vigorously when cut, making its eradication difficult and time-consuming. This has led to its being called "tree of hell" among gardeners and conservationists.

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was dominating European arts, and was initially hailed as a beautiful garden specimen. However, enthusiasm soon waned after gardeners became familiar with its

2464:"Invasive Species Spotlight: Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) | Brandywine Conservancy and Museum of Art" 3495:

Merriam, Robert W. (October–December 2003). "The Abundance, Distribution and Edge Associations of Six Non-Indigenous, Harmful Plants across North Carolina".

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dense thickets in which few other tree species are present, largely due to the toxins it produces to prevent competition. The roots are poisonous to people.

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The tree of heaven is an opportunistic plant that thrives in full sun and disturbed areas. It spreads aggressively both by seeds and vegetatively by

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has become a part of Western culture, as well, with the tree serving as the central metaphor and subject matter of the best-selling American novel

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cement. It grows lushly...survives without sun, water, and seemingly earth. It would be considered beautiful except that there are too many of it.

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Outside Europe and the United States, the plant has been spread to many other areas beyond its native range, and is regarded internationally as a

5087: 3469: 1023:. It was historically widely distributed, and the fossil record indicates clearly that it was present in North America as recently as the middle 641:

up to 50 cm (20 in) in length at the end of new shoots. The individual flowers are yellowish green to reddish in color, each with five

3035: 1090:, and throughout much of the California Central Valley, forming dense thickets that displace native plants. Prolonged cold and snow cover cause 2052:

uses the tree of heaven as its central metaphor, using it as an analogy for the ability to thrive in a difficult environment. Then and since,

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odor was previously avoided by only selling pistillate plants since only males produce the smell, but a higher seed production also results.

3398: 1435:) being the only plant not adversely affected. The chemical does not, however, affect the tree of heaven's own seedlings, indicating that 1209:

is widespread in both rural and urban areas, and while in the first it was introduced as an ornamental plant, it very soon invaded native

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in all areas where it was introduced, most extensively in the United States. It has naturalised across much of Europe, including Germany,

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has occurred and it has been shown to tolerate pH levels as low as 4.1 (approximately that of tomato juice). It can withstand very low

5283: 2310:"Seed Production, Viability, and Reproductive Limits of the Invasive Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-Heaven) within Invaded Environments" 4351: 685:. The male flowers are similar in appearance, but they lack a pistil and the stamens do function, each being topped with a globular 5455: 5012: 2095:

Until 26 March 2008, a 60-foot-tall (18 m) member of the species was a prominent "centerpiece" of the sculpture garden at the

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silk, although with inferior gloss and texture. It is also unable to take dye. This type of silk is known under various names: "

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values. It is drought-hardy, but not tolerant of flooding. It also does not tolerate deep shade. In China, it is often found in

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is one of the last trees to come out of dormancy, and as such its leaves coming out would indicate that winter was truly over.

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The first Western scientific descriptions of the tree of heaven were made shortly after it was introduced to Europe by French

5598: 5141: 4428: 4331: 4303: 4198: 3580: 3373: 3272: 3169: 3047: 2969: 2745: 5262: 1904:, written in the 3rd century BCE, the tree of heaven is mentioned second among a list of trees. It was mentioned again in a 5118: 3959: 2920:

Swingle, Walter T. (1916). "The early European history and the botanical name of the tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima".

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In addition to its use as an ornamental plant, the tree of heaven is also used for its wood and as a host plant to feed

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to out-compete native species. For this reason, control measures on public lands and private property are advised where

4940: 4901: 4731: 4570: 3636:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory 4019: 3450:

Shafiq, Muhammad; Nizami, M. I. (1986). "Growth behaviour of different plants under gullied area of Pothwar Plateau".

3779: 1321:, which it absorbs in its leaves. It can withstand cement dust and fumes from coal tar operations, as well as resist 1221:, Australia (where it is a declared weed in New South Wales and Victoria), New Zealand (where it is listed under the 392: 5180: 812:

in the 1740s. The seeds sent by d'Incarville were thought to be from the economically important and similar-looking

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habits and its foul odor. Despite this, it was used extensively as a street tree during much of the 19th century.

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the fruits ripen to a bright reddish-brown color in September. A fruit cluster may contain hundreds of seeds. The

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Knapp, Liza B.; Canham, Charles D. (October–December 2000). "Invasion of an old-growth forest in New York by

1943: 1867:. The plant may be mildly toxic. The noxious odours have been associated with nausea and headaches, and with 933:

for "tallest", and refers to the sizes the tree can reach. The plant is sometimes incorrectly cited with the

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Confusion in naming began when the tree was described by all three men with three different names. In Paris,

2394:(Mill.) Swingle) conflicting values: assessment of its ecosystem services and potential biological threat". 4994: 3654:'Tree-of-heaven's prolific seed production adds to its invasive potential', 2 August 2017, Penn State News 2521: 1837: 728: 4215: 4053:

Brooks, Rachel K.; Wickert, Kristen L.; Baudoin, Anton; Kasson, Matt T.; Salom, Scott (1 September 2020).

1229:. In South Africa, it is listed as an invasive species that must be controlled, or removed and destroyed. 880: 5429: 5309: 5100: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4819: 4703: 4493:. Modern Library of the World's Best Books. New York: The Modern Library (Random House). pp. 135–6. 1896:

for many centuries and has more recently attained a similar status in the west. Within the oldest extant

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Lawrence, Jeffrey G.; Alison Colwell; Owen Sexton (July 1991). "The ecological impact of allelopathy in

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Sladonja, Barbara; Sušek, Marta; Guillermic, Julia (October 2015). "Review on invasive tree of heaven (

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In 1784, not long after Jussieu had sent seeds to England, some were forwarded to the United States by

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Zheng, Hao; wu, Yun; Ding, Jianqing; Binion, Denise; Fu, Weidong; Reardon, Richard (September 2004).

2079: 1784:– The name is Chinese and means "red leaves". As the name implies it has attractive vivid red foliage 1612: 1225:

and is classed an "unwanted organism"), the Middle East, and in some countries in South Asia such as

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Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the United States and Their Natural Enemies, Volume 1

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The tree prefers moist and loamy soils but is adaptable to a very wide range of soil conditions and

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Heisy, Rod M. (May 1990). "Allelopathic and Herbicidal Effects of Extracts from Tree of Heaven".

3677:'Tree-of-Heaven an Exotic Invasive Plant Fact Sheet', May 15, 2014, Ecological Landscape Alliance 2938: 1841: 1645: 1603: 861: 193: 5360: 5288: 4359:. 49th Annual Southern Nursery Association Research Conference. pp. 607–609. Archived from 2680: 2082:, the tree is referenced in a description of the Carriage Town neighborhood in Flint, Michigan. 701:

borne on the female trees are 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter and each is encapsulated in a

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is a medium-sized tree that reaches heights between 17 and 27 m (60 and 90 ft) with a

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National Park Service, Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group: Tree of Heaven (

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In northern Europe the tree of heaven was not considered naturalised in cities until after the

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that he sings in chorus with other black people who keep a sort of vigil in the street below:

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exist, but they are not often sold outside of China and probably not at all in North America:

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in China where this silk is often produced. Its production is particularly well known in the

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to kill existing trees, while either hand pulling or mowing seedlings to prevent new growth.

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due to its ability both to colonise disturbed areas quickly and to suppress competition with

172: 3124: 1934:), means "stinking tree", and is a relatively new appellation. People living near the lower 1851:

of the root bark was thought useful by American herbalists in the 19th century. It contains

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has been used in cabinet work. It is flexible and well-suited to the manufacture of kitchen

714:. Primary wind dispersal and secondary water dispersal are usually positively correlated in 5229: 5066: 4914: 4115: 4066: 3697: 2804: 2403: 2282:

Nonnative invasive plants of southern forests: a field guide for identification and control

1384: 1145: 4681: 4587: 4538:(Press release). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 14 June 1999. Archived from 2793:"Gone with the wind and the stream: Dispersal in the invasive species Ailanthus altissima" 8: 5370: 5247: 4360: 2342: 1871:

reported in both humans and sheep, which developed weakness and paralysis. It contains a

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Snyder, A. L.; Salom, S. M.; Kok, L. T.; Griffin, G. J.; Davis, D. D. (9 August 2012).

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stump sprout", meaning the child is irresponsible. This derives from the literature of

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in the Americas. Research from September 2020 indicates a verticillium wilt, caused by

1541: 1431: 1336: 1257: 901: 865: 809: 736: 735:. The tree has been grown extensively both in China and abroad as a host plant for the 500: 201: 50: 4037: 3428: 2125: 1376:. The same study tested the extract as an herbicide on garden cress, redroot pigweed ( 5442: 5224: 4875: 4566: 4517: 4494: 4424: 4327: 4299: 4194: 4157: 4084: 4079: 4054: 3775: 3576: 3369: 3268: 3241: 3206: 3186: 3165: 3043: 2965: 2792: 2741: 2721: 2704: 2419: 2239: 2031: 1675: 1580: 1509: 1326: 993:

of threatened species due to loss of habitat for building and industrial plantations.

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for use along polluted highways but could not find an adequate supply [...]

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in Sweden, was influenced by the idea of the "ghetto palm" and installed a living

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region of that province. The moth has also been introduced in the United States.

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Heisy, Rod M. (February 1996). "Identification of an allelopathic compound from

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than other trees. Studies found that Californian trees grew faster than their

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In addition to the tree of heaven's various uses, it has also been a part of

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counterparts, and American trees in general grew faster than Chinese ones.

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ability allows this tree to clone itself indefinitely. It is considered a

5149: 5051: 4774: 3333:"PGR Forum Crop Wild Relative Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean" 2693:

A 2-volume modern facsimileis published by Eclectic Medical Publications.

2367: 2113: 2049: 1997: 1759: 1589: 1517: 1487: 1373: 1359: 1298: 1171: 1109:(at left and far right) on Chouteau Avenue in St. Louis, Missouri in 1866 782: 778: 763: 758: 750: 488: 5004: 4834: 2995: 1803:– A male cultivar with a tighter crown than usual and a less weedy habit 1762:. It becomes rare in the north, occurring only infrequently in southern 689:

and a glandular green disc. The fruits grow in clusters; similar to the

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Mergen, Francois (September 1959). "A toxic principle in the leaves of

3858: 3823: 3772:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region

3756: 3516: 2825: 1864: 1625: 1568: 1363: 1340: 1290: 1253: 1199: 1117:

to countries outside of its native range were to the southern areas of

883:

observed the samaras of the Paris specimens, which were still labelled

732: 711: 617: 590: 574: 129: 3989: 3688:

Grime, J. P. (9 October 1965). "Shade Tolerance in Flowering Plants".

3262: 2627:"The toxic Tree of Heaven threatens England's green and pleasant land" 1285: 856:, and in Busbridge, it was dubbed in the old classification system as 5056: 4963: 4927: 4727: 3709: 2326: 2309: 2165: 1218: 1210: 1075: 913:, meaning "heaven-tree" or "tree reaching for the sky". The specific 895:, placing it in the same genus as the tropical species then known as 834: 682: 479: 466: 149: 4736: 3936: 3850: 3815: 3748: 3508: 5507: 5404: 5322: 5188: 4759: 4565:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 1. 3889: 3202: 2308:

Wickert, K. L.; O'Neal, E. S.; Davis, D. D.; Kasson, M. T. (2017).

1848: 1770: 1763: 1710: 1694: 1679: 1671: 1663: 1653: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1226: 1187: 1130: 1060: 906: 707: 690: 549:

are finely pubescent, dome-shaped, and partially hidden behind the

542: 106: 5079: 4932: 4539: 3802:(Simaroubaceae) and characterization of its herbicidal activity". 1252:, and east to the north of Florida. In the west, it is found from 5486: 4888: 4682:

National Invasive Species Information Center: species profile of

3918: 3267:(in German). Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag. p. 42. 1989: 1876: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1476: 1241: 1203: 1191: 1167: 1126: 1056: 1052: 1024: 821: 805: 638: 561: 4919: 3187:"Phytogeography and fossil history of Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae)" 833:, and to Philip C. Webb, the owner of an exotic plant garden in 2100: 2001: 1959: 1925: 1702: 1683: 1667: 1472: 1183: 1044: 1016: 985: 801: 794: 686: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 634: 566: 557: 474: 456: 119: 3162:

Biologische Invasionen – Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa

1552:

for the completion of its life cycle and the pervasiveness of

1325:

exposure relatively well. Furthermore, high concentrations of

4298:(revised ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes. p. 80. 4222:. Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plant Products 2766:"Seed viability and dispersal of the wind-dispersed invasive 2702: 2132:

tree taken from Detroit for an international art show called

1620: 1322: 1302: 1249: 1122: 1118: 1064: 1048: 1036: 1020: 888: 674: 646: 642: 483:, it is found in temperate climates rather than the tropics. 67: 4714:

Cal-IPC/California Invasive Plant Council: plant profile of

4155: 2307: 1968:), meaning "spring tree". The name stems from the fact that 349: 4020:"Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?" 2791:

Planchuelo, Greg; Catalán, Pablo; Delgado, Juan A. (2016).

2691:(18th ed., 3rd rev. ed.). Henriette's Herbal Homepage. 2124:

Ingo Vetter, a German artist and professor of fine arts at

2103:

in New York City. The tree had been spared by the sculptor

1901: 1706: 1585: 1245: 698: 579: 515:

Botanical drawing of the leaves, flowers, and samaras from

384: 352: 334: 4588:"A Tree That Survived a Sculptor's Chisel Is Chopped Down" 4052: 4397:. Utah State University Cooperative Extension. p. 19 4163:. Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group 4039:

Native and Indigenous Biocontrols for Ailanthus altissima

3263:

Schmeil, Otto; Fitschen, Jost; Seybold, Siegmund (2006).

3234:

Checklist of United States Trees (Native and Naturalized)

2703:

Ronse De Craene, Louis P.; Elspeth Haston (August 2006).

1528:

and originally used other members of the mostly tropical

1401: 546: 378: 372: 360: 343: 3470:"City urges residents to report invasive Tree of heaven" 2790: 1662:, which produces silk that is stronger and cheaper than 1213:

with disastrous results and became an invasive species.

3730: 3038:. In Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (ed.). 2389: 1532:

as its hosts. In the US, it has been found to host the

1508:). In North America the tree is the host plant for the 1071: 3388: 3125:"Element Stewardship Abstract for Ailanthus altissima" 3040:

Flora of Taiwan, Volume 3: Hamamelidaceae-Umbelliferea

2964:. Vol. 43. Beijing: Science Press. pp. 1–5. 2763: 1194:

south to the Balkan ranges) and most countries of the

887:, and came to the conclusion that the plant was not a 19:"Tree of heaven" redirects here. For the TV show, see 4674:

U.S. Forest Service Fire Effects Information System:

4418: 4193:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 36–40. 4101: 3472:. City of Cape Town. 15 February 2016. Archived from 3291:

Stešević, Danijela; Petrović, Danka (December 2010).

2764:

Kaproth, Matthew A.; James B. McGraw (October 2008).

673:(i.e., they are not fused), each containing a single 393: 375: 355: 346: 4536:"Penn State Scientists: Tree of Heaven Really Isn't" 3571:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3240:. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. p. 375. 2678: 2641: 2506:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). 1471:

heaven growing in 92% of densely populated areas of

1182:

region (i.e. southeastern Central Europe around the

369: 363: 340: 4423:. Ames: Iowa State University Press. p. 1242. 3449: 1689:The pale yellow, close-grained, and satiny wood of 1317:is among the most tolerant of pollution, including 852:. In London, the specimens were named by Miller as 569:is light to reddish-green with a swollen base. The 525:

Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada

473:. It is native to northeast and central China, and 381: 366: 337: 4349: 4017: 3735:: sapling growth and recruitment in canopy gaps". 3564: 3293:"Preliminary list of plant invaders in Montenegro" 2493: 2156:For a more thorough discussion, see the entry for 2056:has thrived in neglected urban areas. She writes: 1329:have been found built up in tissues of the plant. 4243:"The Great Charcoal Debate: Briquettes Or Lumps?" 3562: 3185:Corbett, Sarah L.; Manchester, Steven R. (2004). 3184: 2759: 2757: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 5540: 3290: 1875:irritant, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, as well as 4419:Burrows, George Edward; Ronald J. Tyrl (2001). 4389: 4156:Swearingen, Jil M.; Phillip D. Pannill (2009). 3563:Munz, Philip Alexander; David D. Keck (1973) . 3623: 3621: 3619: 3602:The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 3382: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2754: 2679:Felter, Harvey Wickes; John Uri Lloyd (1898). 2470: 2256:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. 1094:, although the trees resprout from the roots. 3964:University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum Notes 3532:"A tree grows in Virginia [abstract]" 3286: 3284: 3130:. Arlington, Virginia: The Nature Conservancy 2951: 2949: 2947: 2922:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 971:, which is the type variety and is native to 4326:. London: Harper Collins. pp. 310–311. 3298:. 10th SFSES 17–20 June 2010, Vlasina lake. 3164:(in German). Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 945:), which is incorrect since botanical, like 45:Large specimen growing in a park in Germany 4690:United States National Agricultural Library 4579: 3616: 3523: 3413: 2978: 2340: 1823:– Leaves are much longer and hang elegantly 1007: 4353:Potential New Ornamental Plants from China 4287: 4149: 3793: 3791: 3281: 3258: 3256: 3231: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 2944: 2735: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2385: 2383: 2138:Kunst-Werke Institute for Contemporary Art 1567:is associated with at least 32 species of 1289:A female bearing a heavy load of seeds in 875:Light was shed on the taxonomic status of 36: 16:Deciduous tree in the family Simaroubaceae 4607: 4414: 4412: 4350:Dirr, Michael A.; Zhang, Donglin (2004). 4191:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them 4180: 4178: 4078: 3427:. Biosecurity New Zealand. Archived from 3397:. National Weeds Strategy. Archived from 3122: 3099: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2824: 2720: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2366: 2325: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2099:in the Astoria section in the borough of 1494:as food, including the Indian moon moth ( 1335:has been used to re-vegetate areas where 1015:is native to northern and central China, 4511: 4488: 4437: 4392:"Selecting and Planting Landscape Trees" 4385: 4383: 4381: 4318: 4312: 3982: 3966:. University of Arkansas. Archived from 3912: 3086:2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2932: 2709:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 1735:For most landscaping conditions, it has 1635: 1445: 1351:Female tree growing in Chicago, Illinois 1346: 1305:–hardwood forest in New York found that 1284: 1150: 1101: 1003:, which differs in having red branchlets 681:are united and slender with star-shaped 624: 616: 510: 4613: 4585: 4345: 4343: 4240: 4018:Western Farm Press (10 November 2014). 3830: 3788: 3737:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 3497:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 3494: 3488: 3253: 3191:International Journal of Plant Sciences 3178: 3159: 3142: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2919: 2913: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2526:United States Department of Agriculture 2380: 2208: 2206: 2204: 1827: 5541: 4639: 4633: 4409: 4324:Trees of Britain & Northern Europe 4184: 4175: 4095: 3957: 3951: 3871: 3865: 3769: 3634:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) 3627: 3595: 3589: 3529: 3443: 3391:"Weed Identification – Tree-of-heaven" 3225: 3027: 2868: 2624: 2540: 2536:– via Southern Research Station. 2497: 2275: 2260: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1844:that it has an effect on any disease. 949:, treats most tree names as feminine. 820:), which he had observed in the lower 739:, a moth involved in silk production. 4741: 4740: 4614:Collins, Lisa M. (10 December 2003). 4560: 4390:Kuhns, Mike; Larry Rupp (July 2001). 4378: 3836: 3797: 3687: 3681: 3395:Weed Identification & Information 3368:(in Albanian). U.F.O. Press, Tirana. 3007:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 2955: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2696: 2284:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 1097: 5351:e8d57582-9998-4cdf-94fe-f529b972c69c 5204:37f34a80-7c3c-46b5-8d86-419831958a88 4563:Teardown: Memoir of a Vanishing City 4528: 4340: 4293: 4266: 4260: 4213: 4207: 3724: 3556: 3361: 3068: 2881: 2667: 2649:"Tree-of-Heaven Ailanthus altissima" 2341:Collin, Pascal; Dumas, Yann (2009). 2143: 2076:Teardown: Memoir of a Vanishing City 1678:", the last name being derived from 710:for long-distance dispersal through 477:. Unlike other members of the genus 4652:from the original on 3 January 2010 4011: 3079: 2962:Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 2181: 1439:has a defence mechanism to prevent 1082:, very wet regions in the southern 537:of about 1 m (3 ft). The 13: 5594:Introduced plants of South America 4732:University of California, Berkeley 4640:Wasacz, Walter (30 January 2007). 4443: 4275:. Woodworker's Website Association 3958:Barnes, Jeffrey K. (2 June 2005). 3265:Flora von Deutschland, 93. Auflage 3082:"Ailanthus altissima var. tanakai" 3033: 2833: 2579: 2246: 1027:. In Taiwan it is present as var. 14: 5610: 4667: 4108:Biocontrol Science and Technology 3567:A California Flora and Supplement 2625:Davies, Rob (17 September 2006). 1560:invasive spread outside of China. 1031:. In China it is native to every 848:, while it was known commonly as 5302:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813521-1 4642:"Big Ideas for Shrinking Cities" 4296:Manual of Woody Landscape Plants 4187:"Simaroubàceae—Ailanthus family" 4080:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104298 3774:. New York: Knopf. p. 540. 3604:. University of California Press 2939:Dictionary of Botanical Epithets 2722:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00580.x 2011: 1751:Manual of Woody Landscape Plants 1574:In North America, the leaves of 1256:west to California and north to 905:). The name is derived from the 598: 589: 330: 54: 5500:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71660-1 4586:Collins, Glen (27 March 2008). 4554: 4505: 4482: 4234: 4046: 4030: 3763: 3670: 3659: 3648: 3462: 3355: 3325: 2784: 2736:Fitter, Alastair; More (2012). 2729: 2618: 2343:"Que savons-nous de l'ailante ( 2150: 1813:– The fruits are a striking red 1556:is seen as a driving factor in 984:, which is endemic to northern 661:(stamenoids) with heart-shaped 629:Resprouting after herbicide use 621:Immature seeds on a female tree 4241:Barclay, Eliza (24 May 2013). 3306:: 35–42 (p.38). Archived from 3232:Little Jr., Elbert L. (1979). 2960:Desf.". In Shukun Chen (ed.). 2941:. Last accessed 15 April 2008. 2852:. 3 March 2021. Archived from 2456: 2438: 2334: 2301: 2232: 1964: 1955: 1947: 1930: 1842:high-quality clinical evidence 1717: 1240:in the east, west to southern 1113:The earliest introductions of 773:. In many countries, it is an 637:are small and appear in large 506: 461: 1: 4710:—introduced invasive species. 4421:Toxic Plants of North America 2450:Pennsylvania State University 2276:Miller, James Howard (2003). 2254:The Oxford English Dictionary 2175: 1548:relies on the metabolites of 5599:Naturalized trees of Alabama 4444:Hu, Shiu-ying (March 1979). 4158:"Fact Sheet: Tree-of-heaven" 4128:10.1080/09583157.2012.707639 4026:. Penton Agriculture Market. 3666:'Tree-of-Heaven', USDA (PDF) 3452:Pakistan Journal of Forestry 3389:Australian Weeds Committee. 2882:Shah, Behula (Summer 1997). 2689:King's American Dispensatory 2580:Hu, Shiu-ying (March 1979). 2522:United States Forest Service 1838:Chinese traditional medicine 1722:Tree of heaven is a popular 1217:has also been introduced to 829:, the superintendent at the 798:Pierre Nicholas d'Incarville 729:traditional Chinese medicine 7: 4708:(Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus) 4185:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). 3539:Virginia Journal of Science 3123:Hoshovsky, Marc C. (1988). 2817:10.1016/j.actao.2016.02.006 2655:. Ohio Division of Forestry 2349:[What do we know about 788: 213:(Ehrh.) Schinz & Thell. 10: 5615: 4512:Faulkner, William (1932). 4489:Faulkner, William (1932). 4463:(2): 29–50. Archived from 4294:Dirr, Michael A. (1998) . 3925:American Journal of Botany 3839:American Journal of Botany 3804:American Journal of Botany 3770:Little, Elbert L. (1980). 2599:(2): 29–50. Archived from 2355:Revue Forestière Française 1882: 1578:are sometimes attacked by 1534:brown marmorated stink bug 1280: 1223:National Pest Plant Accord 1186:River basin from Austria, 1086:, cold areas of the lower 1063:. It is also not found in 818:Toxicodendron vernicifluum 800:, who had sent seeds from 721: 21:Tree of Heaven (TV series) 18: 5394: 4749: 3628:Howard, Janet L. (2010). 2884:"The Checkered Career of 2498:Miller, James H. (1990). 2416:10.1007/s00267-015-0546-5 2119: 1921: 1697:, which are important in 1613:Eucryptorrhynchus brandti 1571:and 13 species of fungi. 881:René Louiche Desfontaines 858:Rhus Sinese foliis alatis 781:chemicals. The tree also 535:diameter at breast height 450: 301:Choerospondias auriculata 207: 200: 178: 171: 51:Scientific classification 49: 44: 35: 30: 5396:Toxicodendron altissimum 4220:Handbook of Energy Crops 3960:"Ailanthus webworm moth" 3545:(2): 105. Archived from 3365:Arkitektura e peisazheve 3341:University of Birmingham 3236:. Agriculture Handbooks 2956:Huang, Chenjiu (1997). " 2770:in aqueous environments" 2514:Silvics of North America 2396:Environmental Management 2067:A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 2045:A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 1887: 1836:has had various uses in 1646:Texas A&M University 1599:Verticillium nonalfalfae 1411:Sugar Snap), and maize ( 1388:), yellow bristlegrass ( 1008:Distribution and habitat 844:gave the plant the name 746:A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 669:is made up of five free 560:are large, odd- or even- 313:Toxicodendron altissimum 4214:Duke, James A. (1983). 4042:(Thesis). 11 July 2008. 3596:McClintock, Elizabeth. 2298:Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-062 2220:. CABI. 6 November 2018 2162:Wikimanual of Gardening 1840:, although there is no 1631: 1538:Asiatic shot-hole borer 864:observed a specimen in 862:Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart 854:Toxicodendron altissima 808:to his botanist friend 4561:Young, Gordon (2013). 4267:Gill, Barbara (2004). 3160:Kowarik, Ingo (2003). 2093: 2072: 2040: 1755: 1649: 1481:Aggtelek National Park 1451: 1429:, with the white ash ( 1379:Amaranthus retroflexus 1352: 1294: 1159: 1110: 630: 622: 527: 289:Ailanthus vilmoriniana 279:Dum.Cours. nom. illeg. 235:Ailanthus guangxiensis 217:Ailanthus erythrocarpa 5584:Garden plants of Asia 4216:"Ailanthus altissima" 3630:"Ailanthus altissima" 3598:"Ailanthus altissima" 3530:Stipes, R.J. (1995). 2998:"Ailanthus altissima" 2084: 2058: 2036: 1832:Nearly every part of 1733: 1639: 1616:serving as a vector. 1449: 1397:Echinochloa crusgalli 1360:allelopathic chemical 1350: 1288: 1158:growing in Australia. 1154: 1105: 868:in 1782 and named it 850:grand vernis du Japon 831:Chelsea Physic Garden 628: 620: 514: 405:), commonly known as 283:Ailanthus sutchuensis 255:(Buc'hoz) F.A.Barkley 211:Ailanthus cacodendron 3425:Pests & Diseases 3362:Jani, Vasil (2009). 3034:Li, Hui-lin (1993). 3014:on 28 September 2006 2653:Division of Forestry 1938:know it by the name 1908:compiled during the 1828:Traditional medicine 1602:, may function as a 1563:In its native range 1558:L. delicatula's 1546:L. delicatula), 1385:Abutilon theophrasti 1146:California Gold Rush 893:Ailanthus glandulosa 814:Chinese varnish tree 695:Fraxinus excelsior), 608:Bark and flowers of 271:Ailanthus rhodoptera 229:Ailanthus glandulosa 5253:Ailanthus altissima 5240:Ailanthus_altissima 5194:Ailanthus~altissima 4982:Ailanthus altissima 4907:Ailanthus_altissima 4868:ailanthus-altissima 4781:Ailanthus altissima 4751:Ailanthus altissima 4723:Ailanthus altissima 4716:Ailanthus altissima 4706:Ailanthus altissima 4704:Calflora Database: 4697:Ailanthus altissima 4684:Ailanthus altissima 4676:Ailanthus altissima 4620:Metro Times Detroit 4542:on 22 February 2012 4448:Ailanthus altissima 4120:2012BioST..22.1005S 4071:2020BiolC.14804298B 3999:. 30 September 2016 3921:Ailanthus altissima 3800:Ailanthus altissima 3733:Ailanthus altissima 3702:1965Natur.208..161G 3476:on 22 February 2016 2886:Ailanthus altissima 2809:2016AcO....73...31P 2768:Ailanthus altissima 2584:Ailanthus altissima 2502:Ailanthus altissima 2408:2015EnMan..56.1009S 2392:Ailanthus altissima 2347:(Miller) Swingle)?" 2345:Ailanthus altissima 2216:Ailanthus altissima 2158:Ailanthus altissima 2140:in Berlin in 2004. 2089:Ailanthus altissima 1952:traditional Chinese 1502:common grass yellow 1486:Several species of 1394:), barnyard grass ( 1196:Mediterranean Basin 1164:escaped cultivation 1156:Ailanthus altissima 1107:Ailanthus altissima 1013:Ailanthus altissima 997:Ailanthus altissima 978:Ailanthus altissima 965:Ailanthus altissima 923:Ailanthus altissima 531:Ailanthus altissima 469:tree in the family 439:, or in Chinese as 325:Ailanthus altissima 259:Ailanthus pongelion 253:Ailanthus peregrina 182:Ailanthus altissima 4593:The New York Times 4059:Biological Control 4024:Western Farm Press 3923:(Simaroubaceae)". 3080:Pan, F.J. (1998). 2368:10.4267/2042/28895 1977:Chinese literature 1944:simplified Chinese 1898:Chinese dictionary 1869:contact dermatitis 1650: 1642:ailanthus silkmoth 1610:, with the weevil 1604:biological control 1542:spotted lanternfly 1490:use the leaves of 1452: 1432:Fraxinus americana 1353: 1337:acid mine drainage 1295: 1232:In North America, 1160: 1111: 1098:As an exotic plant 937:in the masculine ( 810:Bernard de Jussieu 737:ailanthus silkmoth 731:, primarily as an 631: 623: 528: 501:spotted lanternfly 277:Ailanthus sinensis 247:Ailanthus japonica 241:Ailanthus japonica 223:Ailanthus giraldii 5536: 5535: 5225:Open Tree of Life 4743:Taxon identifiers 4430:978-0-8138-2266-2 4333:978-0-00-219213-2 4305:978-0-87563-795-2 4200:978-0-87338-838-2 3878:Botanical Gazette 3696:(5006): 161–163. 3582:978-0-520-02405-2 3375:978-99956-19-37-4 3300:Biologica Nyssana 3274:978-3-494-01413-5 3171:978-3-8001-3924-8 3049:978-957-9019-41-5 2971:978-7-03-005367-1 2747:978-0-00-718306-7 2452:. 28 August 2018. 2144:Explanatory notes 2074:In the 2013 book 1749:Michael A. Dirr, 1648:insect collection 1581:Aculops ailanthii 1510:ailanthus webworm 919:Walter T. Swingle 321: 320: 295:Albonia peregrina 265:Ailanthus procera 164:A. altissima 5606: 5589:Ornamental trees 5579:Flora of Guangxi 5574:Dioecious plants 5529: 5528: 5516: 5515: 5503: 5502: 5490: 5489: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5450: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5318: 5317: 5305: 5304: 5292: 5291: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5184: 5183: 5171: 5170: 5168:NHMSYS0000455700 5158: 5157: 5145: 5144: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5109: 5108: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5082: 5070: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5047: 5046: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5020: 5008: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4896: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4815: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4738: 4737: 4730:photo database, 4686:(Tree of Heaven) 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4114:(9): 1005–1019. 4099: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3710:10.1038/208161a0 3685: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3552:on 16 July 2011. 3551: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421:"Tree of heaven" 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3313:on 9 August 2016 3312: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3077: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3056:on 11 March 2007 3052:. Archived from 3042:(2nd ed.). 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2993: 2976: 2975: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2842: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2676: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2577: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518:Washington, D.C. 2495: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2402:(4): 1009–1034. 2387: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327:10.3390/f8070226 2305: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278:"Tree-of-Heaven" 2273: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240:"The Plant List" 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2210: 2169: 2154: 2134:Shrinking Cities 2070: 2022:William Faulkner 1966: 1957: 1949: 1932: 1923: 1822: 1812: 1802: 1793: 1789:Thousand Leaders 1783: 1753: 1705:, pastries, and 1464:Second World War 1450:Leaves in autumn 1369:Lepidium sativum 1236:is present from 1140:, a gardener in 1138:William Hamilton 935:specific epithet 870:Rhus cacodendron 775:invasive species 602: 593: 575:ovate-lanceolate 497:invasive species 463: 454: 401: 397: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 307:Rhus cacodendron 184: 59: 58: 40: 28: 27: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5564:Trees of Taiwan 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5344: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5126:MichiganFlora: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5091: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5016: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4900: 4892: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4854: 4846: 4841: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4745: 4670: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4510: 4506: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4470:on 19 July 2011 4467: 4452: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4366:on 25 June 2010 4363: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4183: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4100: 4096: 4051: 4047: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3970:on 18 June 2010 3956: 3952: 3937:10.2307/2445173 3917: 3913: 3870: 3866: 3851:10.2307/2444812 3835: 3831: 3816:10.2307/2445938 3796: 3789: 3782: 3768: 3764: 3749:10.2307/3088649 3729: 3725: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3509:10.2307/3557546 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3261: 3254: 3230: 3226: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3050: 3036:"Simaroubaceae" 3032: 3028: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2979: 2972: 2954: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2890: 2880: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2856:on 3 March 2021 2844: 2843: 2834: 2797:Acta Oecologica 2789: 2785: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2734: 2730: 2701: 2697: 2677: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2606:on 19 July 2011 2603: 2588: 2578: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2516:. Vol. 2. 2496: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2388: 2381: 2339: 2335: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2289: 2274: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2126:Umeå University 2122: 2071: 2065: 2042:The 1943 novel 2024:'s 1931 novel, 2014: 1894:Chinese culture 1890: 1885: 1830: 1820: 1810: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1754: 1748: 1724:ornamental tree 1720: 1699:Chinese cuisine 1634: 1516:), though this 1382:), velvetleaf ( 1283: 1244:, southwest to 1129:, Ningxia, and 1100: 1088:Rocky Mountains 1010: 947:Classical Latin 897:A. integrifolia 885:Rhus succedanea 846:Rhus succedanea 791: 724: 615: 614: 613: 612: 605: 604: 603: 595: 594: 565:they grow. The 509: 399: 395: 359: 333: 329: 196: 186: 180: 167: 53: 31:Tree of heaven 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5612: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:Trees of Korea 5556: 5554:Trees of China 5551: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526:wfo-0000409245 5517: 5504: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5439: 5426: 5416: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5384:wfo-0000524599 5375: 5365: 5355: 5342: 5332: 5319: 5306: 5293: 5280: 5267: 5257: 5244: 5234: 5221: 5208: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5159: 5146: 5133: 5123: 5110: 5097: 5084: 5071: 5061: 5048: 5035: 5022: 5009: 4999: 4986: 4973: 4960: 4950: 4937: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4885: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4839: 4829: 4816: 4806: 4796: 4786: 4771: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4719: 4711: 4701: 4692: 4679: 4669: 4668:External links 4666: 4664: 4663: 4632: 4606: 4578: 4572:978-0520270527 4571: 4553: 4527: 4504: 4481: 4436: 4429: 4408: 4377: 4339: 4332: 4320:Mitchell, Alan 4311: 4304: 4286: 4259: 4233: 4206: 4199: 4174: 4148: 4094: 4045: 4029: 4010: 3981: 3950: 3931:(7): 948–958. 3911: 3890:10.1086/336038 3864: 3845:(5): 662–670. 3829: 3810:(2): 192–200. 3787: 3780: 3762: 3743:(4): 307–315. 3723: 3680: 3669: 3658: 3647: 3615: 3588: 3581: 3555: 3522: 3503:(4): 283–291. 3487: 3461: 3442: 3431:on 21 May 2010 3412: 3401:on 6 July 2009 3381: 3374: 3354: 3324: 3280: 3273: 3252: 3224: 3203:10.1086/386378 3197:(4): 671–690. 3177: 3170: 3141: 3098: 3067: 3048: 3026: 2977: 2970: 2943: 2931: 2928:(14): 490–498. 2912: 2867: 2832: 2783: 2774:Forest Science 2753: 2746: 2728: 2715:(4): 453–494. 2695: 2666: 2640: 2629:. The Observer 2617: 2539: 2469: 2455: 2437: 2379: 2361:(2): 117–130. 2333: 2300: 2288:on 22 May 2007 2259: 2245: 2231: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2121: 2118: 2110:Bonnie Rychlak 2097:Noguchi Museum 2069:, Introduction 2063: 2013: 2010: 1906:materia medica 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1853:phytochemicals 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1785: 1746: 1719: 1716: 1633: 1630: 1588:in the family 1391:Setaria pumila 1319:sulfur dioxide 1282: 1279: 1262:North Carolina 1176:Czech Republic 1162:Ailanthus has 1148:of the 1850s. 1099: 1096: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 994: 975: 973:mainland China 899:(white siris, 790: 787: 723: 720: 607: 606: 597: 596: 588: 587: 586: 585: 584: 508: 505: 429:stinking sumac 407:tree of heaven 319: 318: 317: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 238: 232: 226: 220: 214: 205: 204: 198: 197: 187: 176: 175: 169: 168: 161: 159: 155: 154: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 110: 109: 104: 97: 96: 91: 84: 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4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4621: 4617: 4616:"Ghetto Palm" 4610: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4362: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4159: 4152: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 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3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3024:FHTET-2004-05 3010: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2780:(5): 490–496. 2779: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2685:.—Ailanthus." 2684: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2628: 2621: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 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1638: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Simaroubaceae 1527: 1526:South America 1523: 1520:is native to 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:Eurema hecabe 1503: 1499: 1498: 1497:Actias selene 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1406:Pisum sativum 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372:) seeds from 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:forest canopy 1308: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Massachusetts 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1093: 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