Respirator - Knowledge

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than the periodic fit test that is performed by specially trained personnel using testing equipment. Filtering facepiece respirators are typically checked by cupping the hands over the facepiece while exhaling (positive pressure check) or inhaling (negative pressure check) and observing any air leakage around the facepiece. Elastomeric respirators are checked in a similar manner, except the wearer blocks the airways through the inlet valves (negative pressure check) or exhalation valves (positive pressure check) while observing the flexing of the respirator or air leakage. Manufacturers have different methods for performing seal checks and wearers should consult the specific instructions for the model of respirator they are wearing. Some models of respirators or filter cartridges have special buttons or other mechanisms built into them to facilitate seal checks.

1939: 2037: 1370: 1002: 457: 1106: 903: 610: 1816: 7613:: cdc.gov/niosh. Respirator manufacturer approvals for NIOSH-certified air-purifying respirator with CBRN Protections (CBRN APR). This link covers APR and Air-Purifying Escape Respirators (APER) certified by the NIOSH's National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL), Pittsburgh, PA, to CBRN protection NIOSH standards. CBRN APR are tight-fitting, full-face respirators with approved accessories and protect the user breathing zone by relying on user negative pressure, fit testing and user seal checks to filter less than 2054: 668: 761: 1877: 8318: 8342: 59: 2065: 1067:. The service life of the cartridge varies based, among other variables, on the carbon weight and molecular weight of the vapor and the cartridge media, the concentration of vapor in the atmosphere, the relative humidity of the atmosphere, and the breathing rate of the respirator wearer. When filter cartridges become saturated or particulate accumulation within them begins to restrict air flow, they must be changed. 8330: 1824: 6533: 1872: 906: 905: 910: 909: 904: 911: 1844: 908: 4308: 1882: 479:, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time. After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three. 260: 912: 1492:

Self-rescuers are intended for use in environments such as coal mines where there is a risk of fire or explosion, and in a location where no external rescue may be available for some time – the wearer must make their own way to safety, or to some pre-equipped underground refuge. The main hazard here

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with other standards bodies, is a set of guidelines emphasizing building in safety during design, as opposed to ad-hoc solutions like PPE, with multiple entities providing guidelines on how to implement safety during development outside of NIOSH-approved respirators. US Government entities currently

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Self-rescuers are small, lightweight belt or harness-worn devices, enclosed in a rugged metal case. They are designed to have a long service life of around 10 years (longer for shelf storage) and to be worn every day by each miner. Once used, they have a working life of a few hours and are discarded

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A wide range of industries use respirators including healthcare & pharmaceuticals, defense & public safety services (defense, firefighting & law enforcement), oil and gas industries, manufacturing (automotive, chemical, metal fabrication, food and beverage, wood working, paper and pulp),

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created a mask made of chemical-absorbing fabric which fitted over the entire head. A 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece. Macpherson presented his idea to the British War

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With regards to people complying with requirements to wear respirators, various papers note high respirator non-compliance across industries, with a survey noting non-compliance was due in large part due to discomfort from temperature increases along the face, and a large amount of respondents also

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These respirators do not purify the ambient air, but supply breathing gas from another source. The three types are the self contained breathing apparatus, in which a compressed air cylinder is worn by the wearer; the supplied air respirators, where a hose supplies air from a stationary source; and

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The CDC recommends farm workers wear PPE, including N95 or better respirators, when working with farm animals potentially infected with H5N1. However, outbreaks of H5N1 have continued among dairy workers, likely due to workers' fear of retaliation by their employers, and reluctance by employers and

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Under 42 CFR 84, chemical cartridges and gas mask canisters are defined separately. Use of the TC-14G canister schedule or the TC-23C chemical cartridge schedule for a given respirator depends on whether "acid gas" is a designated contaminant, which is designated for gas mask canisters only, or if

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Each time a wearer dons a respirator, they must perform a seal check to be sure that they have an airtight seal to the face so that air does not leak around the edges of the respirator. (PAPR respirators may not require this because they don't necessarily seal to the face.) This check is different

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Filtering facepiece respirators consist mainly of the mechanical filtration medium itself, and are discarded when they become unusable due to damage, dirt, or excessive breathing resistance. Filtering facepieces are typically simple, light, single-piece, half-face masks and employ the first three

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and cotton to filter the air. Gérald Mesny, a prominent French doctor who had come to replace Wu, refused to wear a mask and died days later of the plague. The mask was widely produced, with Wu overseeing the production and distribution of 60,000 masks in a later epidemic, and it featured in many

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NIOSH fit test panels (which included primarily military personnel) as being unrepresentative of the broader American populace. However, later fit test panels, based on a NIOSH facial survey conducted in 2003, were able to reach 95% representation of working US population surveyed. Despite these

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A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to the lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face. The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% to 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that

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30 CFR 11. On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including the N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period, ending on July 1, 1998. The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a

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Another disadvantage of respirators is that the onus is on the respirator user to determine if their respirator is counterfeit or has had its certification revoked. Customers and employers can inadvertently purchase non-OEM parts for a NIOSH-approved respirator which void the NIOSH approval and

932:, where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter, increasing the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the previous two mechanisms; and by using an 6606: 704:

This is achieved by tightly pressing the mask flush against the face (without gaps) to ensure an efficient seal on the mask perimeter. Because wearers cannot be protected if there are gaps, it is necessary to test the fit before entering into contaminated air. Multiple forms of the test

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A U.S. Department of Labor study showed that in almost 40 thousand American enterprises, the requirements for the correct use of respirators are not always met. Experts note that in practice it is difficult to achieve elimination of occupational morbidity with the help of respirators:

222: 793:. These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators". The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue. In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040. 625:

Respirators can have half-face forms that cover the bottom half of the face including the nose and mouth, and full-face forms that cover the entire face. Half-face respirators are only effective in environments where the contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or facial area.

475:(USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the 989:, the filtering media in respirators made according to the following standards are similar to U.S. N95 or European FFP2 respirators, however, the construction of the respirators themselves, such as providing a proper seal to the face, varies considerably. (For example, US 1864: 993:-approved respirators never include earloops because they don't provide enough support to establish a reliable, airtight seal.) Standards for respirator filtration the Chinese KN95, Australian / New Zealand P2, Korean 1st Class also referred to as KF94, and Japanese DS. 1854: 6719: 2212:

The choice and use of respirators in developed countries is regulated by national legislation. To ensure that employers choose respirators correctly, and perform high-quality respiratory protection programs, various guides and textbooks have been developed:

5804:, but filtering facepiese "AOSafety Pleats Plus" provided concentration up to 5.8%. According to the paper the model was discontinued from manufacturing and had its NIOSH approval withdrawn. (It is also no longer on the CEL, TC-84A-2630 and TC-84A-4320. 2145:

developments, 42 CFR 84, the US regulation NIOSH follows for respirator approval, allows for respirators that don't follow the NIOSH fit test panel provided that: more than one facepiece size is provided, and no chemical cartridges are made available.

1360:(SCBA), except that SCBA users carry their air with them in high pressure cylinders, while SAR users get it from a remote stationary air supply connected to them by a hose. They may be equipped with a backup air tank in case the air-line gets cut. 835:

Air-purifying respirators are respirators that draw in the surrounding air and purify it before it is breathed (unlike air-supplying respirators, which are sealed systems, with no air intake, like those used underwater). Air-purifying respirators

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A full facepiece covers the mouth, nose and eyes and if sealed, is sealed round the perimeter of the face. Unsealed versions may be used when air is supplied at a rate which prevents ambient gas from reaching the nose or mouth during inhalation.

1849: 3117: 6948:. Projet de recherche: 0098-0660 (in French) (1 ed.). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la sante et de la securite du travail du Quebec. p. 56. 2022:

It is well known how ineffective ... trying to compensate the harmful workplace conditions with ... the use of respirators by employees. Unfortunately, the only certain way of reducing the exceedance fraction to zero is to ensure that Co

907: 5412:"Use, failure, and non-compliance of respiratory personal protective equipment and risk of upper respiratory tract infections—A longitudinal repeated measurement study during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers in Denmark" 1009:

canister, type BKF (БКФ), for protection against acid gases. It has a transparent body and a special sorbent that changes color upon saturation. This color change may be used for timely replacement of respirators' filters (like an

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during the survey. For reasons like mishandling, ill-fitting respirators and lack of training, the Hierarchy of Controls dictates respirators be evaluated last while other controls exist and are working. Alternative controls like

6667: 6983:. DC 200-1635 2CORR (in French) (2 ed.). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec. p. 60. 282:, a Scottish chemist, who investigated the power of charcoal in its various forms, to capture and hold large volumes of gas. He built one of the first respirators able to remove toxic gases from the air, paving the way for 1974:(PEL) is exceeded, without work stoppages, breaking the hierarchy of engineering controls. Another concern was fraud related to the inability to scrutinize engineering controls, unlike NIOSH-approved respirators, like the 1298:(e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called industrial breathing sets. Some types are also referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) or simply breathing apparatus (BA). Unofficial names include 750:

A CDC study found that in public indoor settings, consistently wearing a respirator was linked to a 83% lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19, as compared to a 66% reduction when using surgical masks, and 56% for

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All respirators have some type of facepiece held to the wearer's head with straps, a cloth harness, or some other method. Facepieces come in many different styles and sizes to accommodate all types of face shapes.

434:, Bertram Lambert and John Sadd developed the Large Box Respirator. This canister gas mask had a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose and began to be issued in February 1916. A compact version, the 7447: 928:, when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity; by 4480: 7320: 7304: 7431: 5409:

Biering, Karin; Kinnerup, Martin; Cramer, Christine; Dalbøge, Annett; Toft Würtz, Else; Lund Würtz, Anne Mette; Kolstad, Henrik Albert; Schlünssen, Vivi; Meulengracht Flachs, Esben; Nielsen, Kent J. (2024).

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Certain types of facial hair can reduce fit to a significant degree. For this reason, there are facial hair guidelines for respirator users. This is another example of potential respirator non-compliance.

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to wear respiratory protection, such as an N95 respirator. The CDC recommends the use of respirators with at least N95 certification to protect the wearer from inhalation of infectious particles including

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EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, while European standard EN 149 defines classes of "filtering half masks" or "filtering facepieces", usually called

1356:(SAR) or air-line respirator is a breathing apparatus used in places where the ambient air may not be safe to breathe. It uses an air hose to supply air from outside the danger zone. It is similar to a 3004: 5117: 4536: 1011: 562:

Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from the approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining).

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in London in 1874. Also in 1874, Samuel Barton patented a device that 'permitted respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases, or vapors, smoke, or other impurities.'

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, people in the United States, and in a lot of countries in the world, were urged to make their own cloth masks due to the widespread shortage of commercial masks.

150: 6347:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994" 2104:. We are not yet able to predict the level of protection accurately; it will vary from person to person, and it may also vary from one use to the next for the same individual. In contrast, 2089:, with a safety factor of 10 to offset lower fit during real world use. However, NIOSH notes the large amount of time required for fit testing has been a point of contention for employers. 3965: 497:, establishing NIOSH, as well as other regulations established around the time, reshuffled regulatory authority for respirators, but nonetheless continued the use of USBM-era regulations. 3980: 6661: 1122:

mechanical filter mechanisms in the list above to remove particulates from the air stream. The most common of these is the white, disposable standard N95 variety; another type is the

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may have no component that would normally be described as a mask, and may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip instead. Alternatively, an escape respirator could be a time-limited

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In the late 19th century, Miles Philips began using a "mundebinde" ("mouth bandage") of sterilized cloth which he refined by adapting a chloroform mask with two layers of cotton mull.

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mask. It is discarded after single use or some extended period depending on the contaminant. NIOSH recommends not reusing filtering facepieces in biosafety level 2 or 3 laboratories.

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According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, air-purifying respirators are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the relevant

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The following links are respirator selection logic and competitive bid research information pages for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defense responders:

6905:. NIOSH IA 85-06; EPA DW 75932235-01-1. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). p. 173. 5555:. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 273. 1187:

that retain particulate matter, or both. As particulate filters, they are comparable (or, due to the quality and error-tolerance of the elastomeric seal, possibly superior) to

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In the 1970s, the successor to the United States Bureau of Mines and NIOSH developed standards for single-use respirators, and the first single-use respirator was developed by

8373: 3122: 1543: 193:, in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contaminants. 6599: 7557: 7013: 2984: 1859: 7444: 5083: 2073:

violate OSHA laws, in addition to potentially compromising the fit of the respirator. This is another example of respirator mishandling under the Hierarchy of Controls.

867:. For substances hazardous to the eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. Air-purifying respirators are not effective during 698:

checks whether a respirator properly fits the face of someone who wears it. The fitting characteristic of a respirator is the ability of the mask to separate a worker's

7623:: cdc.gov/niosh. Respirator manufacturer approvals for NIOSH-certified powered air-purifying respirator with CBRN Protections (CBRN PAPR-loose fitting or tight fitting) 4469: 7386: 7317: 7181: 4717: 7617:

concentrations of hazardous respiratory compounds and particulates through NIOSH CBRN Cap 1, Cap 2 or Cap 3 canisters for CBRN APR- or CBRN 15- or CBRN 30-rated APER.

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Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally a specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the

7425: 4819: 6624:. OSHA 3767. Resources for Respirator Program Administrators. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 96. 4674: 4123: 6943: 6298: 4629: 1239:, actively removes (filters) a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face or mouth and nose. They have a higher 6864: 6804:

Cal/OSHA Consultation Service, Research and Education Unit, Division of Occupational Safety and Health, California Department of Industrial Relations (2017).

5253: 7543: 5819: 2921: 2510: 2293: 2273: 2253: 1596: 944: 84: 7408: 5310: 5109: 6737:. Publications: Guides 440-3654. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 32. 6695:. Publications: Guides 440-3330. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 44. 6583: 6001: 3782: 7857: 6353: 1652: 1023: 7369: 2857: 2092:

Other opinions concern the change in performance of respirators in use compared to when fit testing, and compared to engineering control alternatives:

1657: 494: 6785: 6496: 5327: 4505: 7173: 5285: 6526: 4177:"Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021" 7120: 7074: 6978: 6928: 6833: 6518: 6182: 5942: 5877: 4537:

The document describes the methods used previously and currently used to perform the timely replacement of cartridges in air purifying respirators.

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and breathing resistance (pressure drop) which can impact functioning and sometimes can exceed the PEL. This effect was significantly reduced with

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Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915; prototypes were developed soon after. The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the

298:, and charcoal, and in 1871 invented a 'fireman's respirator', a hood that filtered smoke and gas from air, which he exhibited at a meeting of the 271:

for his 'Haslett's Lung Protector,' which filtered dust from the air using one-way clapper valves and a filter made of moistened wool or a similar

7391:. Guia tecnica (in Spanish). Santiago (Chile): Departamento de salud occupational, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile. p. 40. Archived from 6272: 4048: 7869: 5038: 3953: 2189: 1565: 482: 5706: 5524: 1914: 1179:

Elastomeric respirators consist of a reusable mask that seals to the face, with exchangeable filters. Elastomeric respirators can be used with

1115: 317:"How a Man may Breathe Safely in a Poisonous Atmosphere", an apparatus providing oxygen while using caustic soda to absorb carbon dioxide, 1909 6738: 6696: 391:, Belgium on April 22, 1915. An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the 7677: 7575:

BS EN 149:2001: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking

2514: 2470: 2450: 2430: 2410: 2390: 2370: 2350: 2330: 1079: 796: 7761: 7253: 6841: 6625: 6320: 5703:"Transcript for the OSHA Training Video Entitled Counterfeit & Altered Respirators: The Importance of Checking for NIOSH Certification" 5556: 1571: 539: 486: 6666:. Industry Guide 44 (2 ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: Occupational Safety and Health Division, N.C. Department of Labor. p. 54. 5680: 5218: 8346: 7633: 7430:. Documentos tecnicos INSHT (in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT). p. 16. 3090: 799:(OSHA) requires healthcare workers who are expected to perform patient activities with those suspected or confirmed to be infected with 7353: 5494: 4444: 1575: 1442: 652:

mining, construction, agriculture and forestry, cement production, power generation, painting, shipbuilding, and the textile industry.

7021: 6125:"Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome – a descriptive study in Singapore" 5808: 1478: 6554: 5654: 313: 6906: 6863:. NUREG/CR-0041, Revision 1. Washington, DC: Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. p. 166. 2714: 2169:

rated to prevent respiratory infection, asbestos, or other dangerous occupational hazards. These respirators are sometimes known as

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Rhee, Michelle S. M.; Lindquist, Carin D.; Silvestrini, Matthew T.; Chan, Amanda C.; Ong, Jonathan J. Y.; Sharma, Vijay K. (2021).

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suggested that a finely woven cloth dipped in water could protect sailors from a toxic weapon made of powder that he had designed.

17: 7098: 7052: 7020:(in French). Quebec (Quebec, Canada): Commission des normes, de l'equite, de la sante et de la securite du travail. Archived from 6769: 4402: 4283: 6596: 5786: 4991: 1619: 1452: 1279: 860: 7649: 7554: 5016: 1585: 531: 5627:"A Probability Model for Assessing Exposure among Respirator Wearers: Part II - Overexposure to Chronic versus Acute Toxicants" 4070: 2974: 1240: 864: 7174:

Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) (2011).

4574:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-100. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 32. 7521: 7502: 7479: 7347: 7298: 7224: 7146: 6988: 6953: 6880: 6421:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2005-100. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 32. 5182: 5163: 5144: 4906: 4884: 4865: 4846: 3677: 3615: 3545: 2097: 1960: 1938: 1614: 1581: 1335:

A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into one of three categories: open-circuit, closed-circuit, or continuous-flow.

543: 490: 208:(PAPR), which use a pump or fan to constantly move air through a filter and supply purified air into a mask, helmet or hood. 92: 7392: 7152: 6641: 6458:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 99-143. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 120. 6384:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 87-116. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 305. 5447:"Health care workers' views about respirator use and features that should be included in the next generation of respirators" 5052: 4725: 330:

In the winter of 1910, Wu was given instructions from the Foreign Office of the Imperial Qing court in Peking, to travel to

8334: 6196: 3836:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84 RIN 0905–AB58 Respiratory Protective Devices" 1775: 1624: 1485:

source for providing breathable air when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gases, e.g.

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Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, come with hoods, are meant for escapes only, and are operated in continuous flow mode.

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An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500

240:–79) described using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust. In the 16th century, 88: 4257: 748:

80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12–25% leakage.

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in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases. More elaborate

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Ong, Jonathan J. Y.; Chan, Amanda C. Y.; Bharatendu, Chandra; Teoh, Hock Luen; Chan, Yee Cheun; Sharma, Vijay K. (2021).

5830:"Evaluation of N95 respirator use with a surgical mask cover: effects on breathing resistance and inhaled carbon dioxide" 4920: 4811: 4548: 3813: 2602:

Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) ()

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Breathe Right! Oregon OSHA's guide to developing a respiratory protection program for small-business owners and managers

5797: 4659: 4605: 3654: 7787: 7722: 7097:(in French). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). 7088: 7042: 6712: 2786: 2768: 1907: 1780: 1357: 1275: 1267: 1147: 1075: 6811: 6582:. OSHA 3384-09. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 124. 6430: 6294: 5920: 4763: 4637: 4583: 399:, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling. 8080: 7792: 7699: 7670: 5311:"RE: Lowering Miners' Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica and Improving Respiratory Protection (RIN 1219-AB36)" 5008: 4977: 3572: 2958: 1474: 1466: 815: 7620: 6467: 6393: 5958:"Carbon dioxide rebreathing in respiratory protective devices: influence of speech and work rate in full-face masks" 3860: 3021:

Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution, with Abstracts of the Discourses

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vapor respirator cartridge is a metal or plastic case containing from 25 to 40 grams of sorption media such as

8240: 8225: 7814: 5816: 5246: 2759: 2122: 1220: 1213: 849: 205: 6495:. Worker Protection Standard (WPS). California: Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC). p. 48. 3934: 3753: 2906: 1410:

held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and is used to breathe. Smoke hoods are a class of emergency

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Flohr, Carsten (1996). "The Plague Fighter: Wu Lien-teh and the beginning of the Chinese public health system".

1177:. They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes. 8049: 7976: 7799: 6577: 5957: 5603: 3778: 3515: 3414: 2141: 1966:

However, some HOC implementations, notably MSHA's, have been criticized for allowing mining operators to skirt

1188: 1184: 197: 7591: 7535: 6346: 476: 7864: 7644: 7366: 7141:. ED 6106 (in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS). p. 68. 4358:

2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings

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when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it;

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BS EN 143:2000: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking

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What's Special about Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Air-Purifying Respirators (APR)?

7051:. Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). 2100:

show that respirators may perform far less well under actual use conditions than is indicated by laboratory

8322: 7710: 7663: 6782: 2810: 2105: 1933: 1752: 895: 786: 402: 96: 5278: 4093:"Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection, User Seal Check (2018)" 3909: 1091:

the manufacturer is obligated to list all designated contaminants supported by a given chemical cartridge.

8235: 8220: 7892: 7852: 7180:(in German). Berlin: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Medienproduktion. p. 174. 6858: 6523: 4946:"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management" 4700:"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management" 2619: 2117:

Extended use of certain negative-pressure respirators can result in higher levels of carbon dioxide from

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specifies the use of air-supplied respirators except when intended solely for escape during emergencies.

948: 872: 856: 725: 593: 551: 196:

Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive, single-use, disposable face masks, known as

7091:"Un outil d'aide a la prise de decision pour choisir une protection respiratoire contre les bioaerosols" 4506:"Technical Bulletin: Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes" 4231: 3935:"CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REGS WILL PERMIT BETTER RESPIRATORS TO PROTECT AGAINST DUST AND DISEASE" 2036: 1991: 1724: 334:

to investigate an unknown disease that killed 99.9% of its victims. This was the beginning of the large

8205: 8131: 7610: 7089:

Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015).

7043:

Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015).

6994: 6268: 5730:"New NIOSH Study Supports the OSHA Annual Fit Testing Requirements for Filtering Facepiece Respirators" 2011: 1971: 1770: 1369: 1278:(SCBA) is a respirator worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is 1139: 806: 1855:

Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease

863:

level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient

379:

The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of

8267: 7962: 7423: 7175: 5890: 5702: 5520: 3835: 1942:

Placing an overemphasis on respirator usage can neglect other, more effective ways of remedying risk.

1040: 431: 275:

substance. Hutson Hurd patented a cup-shaped mask in 1879 which became widespread in industrial use.

229:

The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far as the first century, when

4745: 4331: 1402:

also called an Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Device (RPED), is a hood wherein a

7971: 7945: 6732: 6690: 5729: 5356: 1955:

and formerly involved in the regulation of respirators follow the Hierarchy of Controls, including

345: 7251: 5764: 1001: 966:

Other categories filter 99% or 99.97% of particles, or have varying degrees of resistance to oil.

8282: 8250: 8195: 8102: 8018: 7782: 7715: 4022: 2165:

Some jurisdictions allow for respirator filtration ratings lower than 95%, respirators which are

2118: 2007: 1353: 1346: 7549: 6838: 6810:(3 ed.). Santa Ana, California: California Department of Industrial Relations. p. 51. 6619: 6122: 5547: 2639:

The UK Nuclear Industry Good PracIndustry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (IRPCG) ()

7834: 5676: 5211: 2726: 1790: 1162: 1155: 1048: 388: 247: 201: 154: 7630: 7597: 3878:

Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). "42 CFR Part 84: It's time to change respirators... but how?".

1135: 577:

China normally makes 10 million masks per day, about half of the world production. During the

8112: 8090: 8075: 6792: 6176: 5936: 5871: 4966:(2023 ed.). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (published June 2023). 1 May 2023. 3738: 3082: 2977:, Lewis P. Haslett, "Lung Protector", published 1849-06-12, issued 1849-06-12 2951:

Fatal Airs: The Deadly History and Apocalyptic Future of Lethal Gases that Threaten Our World

1403: 1326: 778: 392: 349: 7468: 6899:

Gary P. Noonan, Herbert L. Linn, Laurence D. Reed; et al. (1986). Susan V. Vogt (ed.).

5805: 4425: 4092: 2108:, and we can monitor their performance with commercially available state-of-the-art devices. 8368: 8200: 8095: 4150: 3048: 3025: 2753: 2157:

In China, under GB2626-2019, which includes standards like KN95, there is no procedure for

1967: 933: 737: 518: 435: 7555:

TSI Application note ITI-041: Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters

7493:

Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I

6546: 5626: 5590:[Research Institute of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases of AMS USSR]. 4232:"A Comparison of Surgical Masks, Surgical N95 Respirators, and Industrial N95 Respirators" 1732: 323: 250:

introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia.

8: 8287: 8230: 7998: 7981: 7957: 7903: 7686: 6900: 4798:

Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use

3895:

NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84

3588: 2158: 2101: 2086: 1411: 823: 695: 687: 348:

woman who had died of the plague. Having ascertained via the autopsy that the plague was

165:

is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including

7194: 6688: 4746:"Understanding respiratory protection options in Healthcare: The Overlooked Elastomeric" 4332:"Understanding respiratory protection options in healthcare: the overlooked elastomeric" 3052: 2153:

Respirators designed to non-US standards may not be subject to as much or any scrutiny:

2048: 1374: 8245: 8085: 8060: 7821: 6922: 6827: 6807:

Respiratory Protection in the Workplace. A Practical Guide for Small-Business Employers

6761: 6512: 6159: 6124: 6100: 6051: 6024: 5993: 5471: 4971: 4384: 4201: 3715: 3698: 3385: 3352: 3325: 3300: 3238: 3205: 3156: 3139: 3064: 2946: 2197: 2003: 1785: 1180: 1060: 1032: 1019: 956: 819: 699: 456: 407: 396: 178: 7090: 7044: 6734:

Air you breathe: Oregon OSHA's respiratory protection guide for agricultural employers

5893:"Physiological Impact of the N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator on Healthcare Workers" 4176: 3629: 3115:, Samuel Barton, "Respirator", published 1874-03-24, issued 1874-03-24 841: 609: 189:, in which respirable air is obtained by filtering a contaminated atmosphere, and the 8299: 8294: 8277: 8070: 7991: 7775: 7517: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7343: 7294: 7220: 7142: 7114: 7068: 6984: 6949: 6490: 6249: 6164: 6146: 6141: 6105: 6056: 5985: 5977: 5912: 5904: 5859: 5851: 5756: 5646: 5595: 5476: 5427: 5391: 5032: 4896: 4894: 4718:"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations" 4436: 4206: 3720: 3568: 3561: 3497: 3489: 3390: 3372: 3330: 3278: 3270: 3225: 3161: 3056: 2954: 1815: 1247:. PAPRs are sometimes called positive-pressure masks, blower units, or just blowers. 974: 845: 630: 578: 461: 291: 241: 157:. This kind of respirator is reusable, with the filters being replaced periodically. 6025:"Carbon dioxide increases with face masks but remains below short-term NIOSH limits" 5997: 5955: 5370:

Fukakusa, J.; Rosenblat, J.; Jang, B.; Ribeiro, M.; Kudla, I.; Tarlo, S. M. (2011).

4062: 509:

process that it had developed decades prior and used in products such as ready-made

8023: 7572: 7566: 6459: 6455:

TB Respiratory Protection Program In Health Care Facilities - Administrator's Guide

6422: 6385: 6241: 6154: 6136: 6095: 6087: 6046: 6036: 5969: 5841: 5638: 5466: 5458: 5419: 5383: 4666: 4575: 4392: 4196: 4188: 3961: 3710: 3479: 3469: 3458:"Plague Masks: The Visual Emergence of Anti-Epidemic Personal Protection Equipment" 3380: 3364: 3320: 3312: 3262: 3233: 3217: 3151: 2831: 2185:, where 20% inward leakage is allowed, with a minimum filtration efficiency of 80%. 2053: 1978:, which can be fit tested by anyone, are subject to the scrutiny of NIOSH, and are 1415: 1174: 1056: 372: 335: 283: 268: 7136: 6877: 6489:

Kathleen Kincade, Garnet Cooke, Kaci Buhl; et al. (2017). Janet Fults (ed.).

6230:"New Respirator Fit Test Panels Representing the Current U.S. Civilian Work Force" 4891: 4660:"Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection" 3474: 3457: 3019: 2125:. Certain respirator designs, especially those with head straps, can also lead to 1024:

NIOSH air filtration rating § Chemical cartridge and canister classifications

7637: 7561: 7451: 7412: 7373: 7324: 7201: 6898: 6884: 6845: 6789: 6716: 6645: 6638: 6603: 6530: 5973: 5823: 5812: 5801: 5197: 4555: 3893: 3126: 3000: 2988: 2880: 2534:

Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) ()

2098:

very limited field tests of air-purifying respirator performance in the workplace

1486: 939:

There are many different filtration standards that vary by jurisdiction. In the

811: 556: 384: 253: 230: 7530: 5545: 4793: 3353:"Dr. Wu Lien Teh, plague fighter and father of the Chinese public health system" 3039:

Tyndall, John (1873). "On Some Recent Experiments with a Fireman's Respirator".

2881:"Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern" 2568:

Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ()

2551:

Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ()

1878:

Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001

8145: 7952: 7923: 7804: 7598:

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) Respirator Selection

6229: 6091: 6041: 5462: 4945: 4699: 4426:"NIOSH Fact Sheet: NIOSH Approval Labels - Key Information to Protect Yourself" 2058: 1998: 1975: 1642: 1423: 1195: 1170: 970: 952: 769: 641: 279: 64: 7214: 6492:

Respiratory Protection Guide. Requirements for Employers of Pesticide Handlers

6245: 5891:

R.J. Roberge, A. Coca, W.J. Williams, J.B. Powell & A.J. Palmiero (2010).

5642: 5445:

Baig, Aliya S.; Knapp, Caprice; Eagan, Aaron E.; Radonovich, Lewis J. (2010).

5247:"MAJOR REQUIREMENTS OF OSHA'S RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD 29 CFR 1910.134" 4612: 3981:"CDC Now Recommends Americans Consider Wearing Cloth Face Coverings In Public" 3910:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84" 3805: 3697:

Spelce, David; Rehak, Timothy R; Meltzer, Richard W; Johnson, James S (2019).

3368: 3266: 3179: 8362: 8185: 8155: 8065: 7986: 7427:

Guia orientativa para la seleccion y utilizacion de protectores respiratorios

7342:(8 ed.). Wellington (New Zealand): NZ Department of Labour. p. 51. 6544: 6426: 6150: 6075: 5981: 5908: 5855: 5790: 5760: 5599: 5446: 5423: 5151: 4670: 4579: 4440: 4397: 3662: 3493: 3376: 3274: 3229: 3221: 3060: 2798: 2182: 1330: 1295: 1105: 1052: 940: 790: 760: 733: 721: 555:

filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer 200 milligram test load of

353: 299: 39: 6709: 5846: 5829: 5387: 5189: 4364:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2019. pp. 55–56 2707:

Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT) ()

2085:

be used, under 29 CFR 1910.134, OSHA requires respirator users to conduct a

2040:

Beards can significantly affect the integrity of the respirator's face seal.

740:, and other liquid-borne particles from the mouth and nose that may contain 267:

In 1848, the first US patent for an air-purifying respirator was granted to

8255: 8107: 8028: 7918: 7424:

Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSSBT).

7252:

The UK Nuclear Industry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (2016).

6805: 6463: 6416: 6389: 6253: 6168: 6109: 6060: 5989: 5916: 5892: 5863: 5480: 5431: 5395: 5132: 4569: 4210: 4192: 3724: 3501: 3394: 3334: 3316: 3282: 3165: 2777: – Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards (PPE) 2201: 1685: 1315: 1287: 1283: 1224: 1123: 868: 506: 427: 338:

epidemic of Manchuria and Mongolia, which ultimately claimed 60,000 lives.

287: 149: 118: 7585: 5650: 4921:"Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators" 4812:"Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators" 3864: 2762: – used to measure an air filter's ability to capture small particles 259: 8272: 8215: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7928: 7908: 6488: 6453: 6379: 6123:

Chris C.I. Foo, Anthony T.J. Goon, Yung-Hian Leow, Chee-Leok Goh (2006).

5411: 4309:"N95 Respirators, Surgical Masks, Face Masks, and Barrier Face Coverings" 4258:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: Ancillary Respirator Information" 4049:"Just One Human Is Infected by Bird Flu in the US. More Cases Are Likely" 3699:"History of U.S. Respirator Approval (Continued) Particulate Respirators" 3299:

Lee, Kam Hing; Wong, Danny Tze-ken; Ho, Tak Ming; Ng, Kwan Hoong (2014).

2780: 2741: 655:

Respirators require user training in order to provide proper protection.

517:

cups; its use in a wide array of products had been pioneered by designer

7643:

Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Respiratory Protection

7550:

NIOSH-Approved Disposable Particulate Respirators (Filtering Facepieces)

7045:"A support tool for choosing respiratory protection against bioaerosols" 5587:Институт гигиены труда и профессиональных заболеваний в составе АМН СССР 5371: 4598: 3938: 3678:"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER" 2795: – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency 1165:, also called reusable air-purifying respirators, seal to the face with 8262: 7935: 7829: 6197:"Determination of Sample Size and Passing Criteria for Fit Test Panels" 5279:"Summary of Key MSHA Requirements for a Respiratory Protection Program" 5170: 3484: 2839: 2804: 2792: 2130: 1680: 1407: 1399: 1392: 1044: 471:

Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the

423: 341: 286:

to become the most widely used filter for respirators. Irish physicist

114: 31: 7655: 7335: 6860:

Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Material

4792:

Liverman CT, Yost OC, Rogers BM, et al., eds. (6 December 2018).

4606:"STANDARD APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF RESPIRATORS" 3068: 139: 8210: 8150: 7940: 7809: 7540: 6902:

A guide to respiratory protection for the asbestos abatement industry

6579:

Small Entity Compliance Guide for the Respiratory Protection Standard

5495:"The Hierarchy of Controls, Part Four: Personal Protective Equipment" 3301:"Dr Wu Lien-teh: Modernising post-1911 China's public health service" 2735: 2178: 2170: 2049:

Counterfeiting, modification, and revocation of regulated respirators

1979: 1970:

noncompliance by requiring miners to wear respirators instead if the

1675: 1494: 1319: 1232: 1227:

air. PAPRs consist of a headgear-and-fan assembly that takes ambient

1166: 741: 465: 415: 110: 106: 6377: 5827: 5585: 5372:"Factors influencing respirator use at work in respiratory patients" 5084:"10-year-old Julio is teaching his family about Black History Month" 3002:, "Improvement in inhaler and respirator", issued 1879-08-26 2750: – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases 1455:

situations, regardless of type, are usually limited to 3-10 minutes.

1257:

combination supplied-air respirators, with a emergency backup tank.

290:

took Stenhouse's mask, added a filter of cotton wool saturated with

7770: 7586:

Mine Safety Appliance Company (MSA) Respirator Classification Guide

5212:"The State of the National Initiative on Prevention through Design" 3741:. US Department of Labor, US Mine Safety and Health Administration. 3438: 2747: 2729: – Container that cleans pollution from air inhaled through it 2126: 1695: 1501:. In some industries, the hazard may be from anoxic asphyxia, or a 1498: 1419: 1378: 1244: 1236: 1199: 1036: 1027: 1006: 979: 800: 538:

Historically, respirators in the US had generally been approved by

419: 295: 272: 130: 6730: 5521:"Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Protect the Worker with PPE" 5328:"MSHA's proposed rule on silica has 'shortcomings,' lawmakers say" 4710: 2219:

Textbooks and guidelines for the selection and use of respirators

2064: 1377:

escape respirator. This model has no hood, and instead comes with

6689:

Patricia Young, Phillip Fehrenbacher & Mark Peterson (2014).

5728:

Zhuang, Ziqing; Bergman, Michael; Krah, Jaclyn (5 January 2016).

4913: 4739: 4737: 4735: 2173:

for their almost exclusive approval only against dust nuisances:

1223:(PAPR) is a type of respirator used to safeguard workers against 1109:

Filtering facepiece half mask with exhalation valve (class: FFP3)

947:

defines the categories of particulate filters according to their

920:

Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in several ways:

844:

respirators driven by the wearer's inhalation and exhalation, or

532:

N95 respirator § Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11

411: 182: 58: 7384: 7125:

N° de publication : UT-024; Projet de recherche: 0099-9230.

5903:(5). American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC): 569–577. 5108:

Brewer, Mary Jane; Clevel, Special to; .com (12 February 2020).

3954:"World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?" 2807: – Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs 2738: – Pad held over the nose and mouth to protect against dust 2200:, 'Dust/Mist' rated respirators could not prevent the spread of 1116:

Mechanical filter (respirator) § Filtering facepiece respirators

581:, 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily. 414:

compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (

7286: 7212: 6228:

Zhuang, Ziqing; Bradtmiller, Bruce; Shaffer, Ronald E. (2007).

5749:

Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection

5357:"Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH Approval" 5053:"Fire Preparedness - Smoke Masks and Fire Hoods Can Save Lives" 4938: 4001:"Key Public Health Prevention Recommendations for HPAI A(H5N1)" 3533: 2830: 1823: 1482: 510: 331: 221: 126: 122: 7138:

Les appareils de protection respiratoire. Choix et utilisation

4732: 4692: 3603: 2783: – Device used to safely deliver first aid rescue breaths 2771: – Measurement scale for the effectiveness of air filters 2025:(note: Co - concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone) 1477:, SCSR, self-contained self-rescuer, or air pack is a type of 5956:

Carmen L. Smith, Jane L. Whitelaw & Brian Davies (2013).

4787: 4785: 2744: – Device used to protect the wearer's face from hazards 1951: 1083: 1064: 990: 547: 357: 174: 170: 7245: 6022: 5408: 5369: 600:

state officials to allow CDC investigators into dairy farms.

7614: 7388:

Guia para la seleccion y control de proteccion respiratoria

7216:

Respiratory protective equipment at work. A practical guide

7011: 6976: 6941: 4023:"Protect Yourself From H5N1 When Working With Farm Animals" 3563:

The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War

3206:"Obituary: WU LIEN-TEH, M.D., Sc.D., Litt.D., LL.D., M.P.H" 2134: 1956: 1591: 1294:

means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of

1071: 559:. Standards and specifications are also subject to change. 166: 6378:

Nancy J. Bollinger, Robert H. Schutz; et al. (1987).

6076:"Headache Related to PPE Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic" 4782: 4768:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4634:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4389:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4262:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2196:

In the US, NIOSH noted that under standards predating the

1873:

SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents

1406:

airtight bag seals around the head of the wearer while an

27:

Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants

7514:

Handbook of Industrial Toxicology and Hazardous Materials

4756: 3985: 3696: 3692: 3690: 2014:

are less likely to fail due to user discomfort or error.

1318:. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a 1228: 960: 936:

that attracts and holds particles on the filter surface.

840:

particulates, gases, and vapors from the air, and may be

672:

Multiple people doing positive pressure user seal checks.

613:

Types of respirators by physical form. Click to enlarge.

514: 418:), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as 6227: 5444: 4047:

Nix, Jessica; Griffin, Riley; Gale, Jason (8 May 2024).

2585:

Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) ()

2313:

Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC) ()

2106:

we can predict the effectiveness of engineering controls

1414:

intended to protect victims of fire from the effects of

30:

For the mechanical device used to assist breathing, see

7261:. Good Practice Guide. London (UK): IRPCG. p. 29. 6321:"Protection levels: FFP1 masks, FFP2 masks, FFP3 masks" 5744: 5624: 4764:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?" 4630:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?" 3828: 3591:. The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL) 2801: – Mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols 2789: – Breathing gas supply system carried by the user 2731:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1430: 986: 876: 765: 645: 634: 502: 6545:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1998).

5546:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

5110:"Curator speaks about Medina's Little Wiz Fire Museum" 4561: 4224: 4149:

Brosseau, Lisa; Ann, Roland Berry (October 14, 2009).

3687: 3024:. W. Nicol, Printer to the Royal Institution. p. 2854:"Women in the US Military – History of Gas Masks" 2813: – Testing of respirators in real life conditions 1927: 1381:

to ensure the wearer breathes only through the filter.

1146:-standard particulate filters in the aftermath of the 8374:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7698: 7079:

Publication no.: UT-024; Research Project: 0099-9230.

6797: 6073: 4530: 4174: 3614:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFMayer-MaguireBaker2015 (

2713:

For standard filter classes used in respirators, see

1505:

of oxygen, rather than poisoning by something toxic.

1260: 945:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

896:

Mechanical filter respirator (and regulatory ratings)

875:, or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a 736:

is a loosely-placed, unsealed barrier, meant to stop

256:

first used the word "respirator" as a mask in 1836.

200:, reusable models with replaceable cartridges called 85:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7740: 7329: 7082: 7036: 6269:"PART 84—APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES" 5817:

while other discontinued models are still on the CEL

4872: 4853: 4284:"Surgical N95 vs. Standard N95 – Which to Consider?" 4118: 4116: 3902: 3630:"Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)" 2764:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1860:

NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions

1443:

Self-contained breathing apparatus § Continuous-flow

1206: 185:. There are two main categories of respirators: the 7465: 6611: 5677:"To Beard or not to Beard? That's a good Question!" 3871: 3754:"Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act" 3647: 3544:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFWetherellMathers2007 (

2715:

Mechanical filter (respirator)#Filtration standards

1251: 216: 8048: 7490: 7467: 6856: 6762:"Section VIII / Chapter 2: Respiratory Protection" 5198:"NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection" 4925:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4816:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4791: 4323: 3886: 3609: 3560: 1737: 1086:also discourages their use under such conditions. 7466:Savage, Robert C. Woosnam; Hall, Anthony (2002). 6768:. Rules. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA. p. 38. 6724: 6234:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 5727: 4301: 4142: 4124:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)" 4113: 3552: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3346: 3344: 3294: 3292: 2914:Proceedings of the History of Anaesthesia Society 2856:. Chnm.gmu.edu. 11 September 2001. Archived from 2673:Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSHS) () 2148: 1322:(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). 1142:officer wearing a 3M elastomeric respirator with 996: 401:Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, 344:(usually not accepted in China at the time) on a 8360: 6451: 6381:NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection 5107: 4311:. US Food and Drug Administration. 10 March 2023 3539: 2973: 2112: 1946:The Hierarchy of Controls, noted as part of the 604: 387:for the first time against Allied troops at the 7891: 7615:Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) 7336:Occupational Safety and Health Service (1999). 6659: 6621:Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit 6482: 6414: 5745:"Respirators: How well do they really protect?" 5631:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 5181:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 ( 5162:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 ( 5143:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 ( 4905:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 ( 4845:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 ( 4722:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4423: 3558: 2690:Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile (ISPCH) () 1493:is from large quantities of carbon monoxide or 1043:(VOCs), and other vapors from breathing air by 772:, with a non-surgical 3M 8210 in the background 8130: 7293:. HSA0362. Dublin (Ireland): HSA. p. 19. 7280: 7177:BGR/GUV-R 190. Benutzung von Atemschutzgeräten 6977:Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (26 August 2013). 6575: 5742: 5705:. US Department of Labor, OSHA. January 2012. 5549:Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001 5351: 5349: 4046: 3581: 3439:Wu Lien-te; World Health Organization (1926). 3401: 3341: 3289: 3198: 2756: – Hardware from the open-design movement 1997:noting the social unacceptability of provided 1992:N95 respirator § History During Pandemics 1883:Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs 1742: 709: 450:N95 respirator § Early US respirator standards 438:, was made a universal issue from August 1916. 7671: 7511: 7128: 6753: 6653: 6445: 6408: 6371: 5884: 5828:E.J. Sinkule, J.B. Powell, F.L. Goss (2013). 5785:Mean values for several models. For example, 5592:Occupational medicine and industrial ecology 5574: 5101: 4511:. 3M Personal Safety Division. January 2020. 4470:"A Guide to Respiratory Protective Equipment" 3803: 3111: 1908: 1243:than filtering facepiece respirators such as 1080:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 797:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 181:such as dusts and airborne pathogens such as 7119:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7073:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6935: 6927:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6832:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6682: 6517:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6181:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5941:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5580: 3622: 3018:Britain, Royal Institution of Great (1858). 2945: 2907:"Julius Jeffreys: Pioneer of humidification" 2188:South Korea allows 20% filter leakage under 1985: 1814: 1451:Escape only SCBAs, designed for escape from 1422:. The first modern smoke hood design was by 1095: 916:A video describing N95 certification testing 7290:A Guide to Respiratory Protective Equipment 6759: 6731:Patricia Young & Mark Peterson (2016). 6538: 5736: 5618: 5346: 5252:. United States Department of Labor, OSHA. 5037:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4181:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4148: 3877: 3781:. Fast Company and Mansueto Ventures, LLC. 3683:. American Society of Safety Professionals. 3298: 356:into more substantial masks with layers of 8341: 7678: 7664: 7378: 6569: 6553:(in English and Spanish). Washington, DC. 5539: 5241: 5239: 4417: 4175:Andrejko, Kristin L.; et al. (2022). 3861:"42 CFR 84 Respiratory Protective Devices" 3739:"Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act of 1969" 3589:"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222" 3041:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 2904: 2076: 1915: 1901: 1339: 495:Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 7385:Christian Albornoz, Hugo Cataldo (2009). 7219:. HSG53 (4 ed.). Crown. p. 59. 7206: 7167: 6980:Guide pratique de protection respiratoire 6945:Guide pratique de protection respiratoire 6892: 6850: 6158: 6140: 6116: 6099: 6050: 6040: 5845: 5470: 5195: 5176: 5157: 5138: 4900: 4840: 4567: 4396: 4382: 4200: 3779:"The untold origin story of the N95 mask" 3714: 3483: 3473: 3415:"The untold origin story of the N95 mask" 3384: 3324: 3237: 3155: 2656:The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) () 1070:If the concentration of harmful gases is 720:An infographic on the difference between 644:, atmosphere-supplying respirators, like 7645:Training Video on respiratory protection 7287:The Health and Safety Authority (2010). 7213:The Health and Safety Executive (2013). 7134: 6857:K. Paul Steinmeyer; et al. (2001). 4883:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIFSTA2008 ( 4864:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIFSTA2008 ( 4541: 3455: 3180:"The Chinese Doctor Who Beat the Plague" 2898: 2878: 2063: 2052: 2035: 1937: 1795: 1368: 1134: 1104: 1000: 901: 759: 715: 667: 608: 455: 312: 258: 220: 148: 34:. For the mask worn during surgery, see 7685: 7488: 5840:(3). Oxford University Press: 384–398. 5236: 3863:. NIOSH. 25 August 1995. Archived from 3038: 3017: 1865:Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84 1418:. A smoke hood is a predecessor to the 1280:immediately dangerous to life or health 1072:immediately dangerous to life or health 861:immediately dangerous to life or health 830: 483:Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act 14: 8361: 7417: 7014:"Appareils de protection respiratoire" 6452:Linda Rosenstock; et al. (1999). 5063:from the original on 18 September 2018 5006: 4568:Bollinger, Nancy; et al. (2004). 3915:. US Federal Register. pp. 26850-26893 3804:Rees, Paula; Eisenbach, Larry (2020). 3751: 3412: 3140:"Some Landmarks in Surgical Technique" 2140:Complaints have been leveled at early 1231:contaminated with one or more type of 1100: 882: 8174: 8129: 8047: 7890: 7739: 7697: 7659: 7631:OSHA videos on respiratory protection 6415:Nancy Bollinger; et al. (2004). 6396:from the original on 23 November 2017 6135:(5). John Wiley & Sons: 291–294. 5949: 5451:American Journal of Infection Control 5120:from the original on 21 February 2020 4878: 4859: 4611:. NIOSH. January 2001. Archived from 4433:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-179 3978: 3675: 3456:Lynteris, Christos (18 August 2018). 3252: 3137: 3093:from the original on 27 February 2021 2620:The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) 1465:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 1459: 1441:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 1364: 1345:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 1266:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 777:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 686:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 371:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 322:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 93:American National Standards Institute 8329: 7012:Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (2016). 6942:Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (2002). 6617: 6576:Hilda L. Solis; et al. (2011). 6004:from the original on 1 November 2020 5968:(5). Taylor & Francis: 781–790. 5923:from the original on 31 October 2020 5767:from the original on 22 October 2016 5606:from the original on 23 January 2019 5562:from the original on 1 November 2017 5259:from the original on 27 January 2024 4743: 4329: 4151:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks" 4073:from the original on 17 October 2020 3937:. NIOSH. 2 June 1995. Archived from 3350: 2927:from the original on 4 November 2021 2236:Institution (hyperlink to document) 1982:and protected under US federal law. 1888: 1827:Related media at Wikimedia Commons: 1762:Related topics involving respirators 1497:, often produced by an explosion of 951:. The most common of these are the 887: 383:. The German army successfully used 155:elastomeric air-purifying respirator 89:National Fire Protection Association 8191:Breathing performance of regulators 7914:Continuous positive airway pressure 5416:Annals of Work Exposures and Health 4383:Bollinger, Nancy (1 October 2004). 3968:from the original on 21 March 2020. 3951: 1928:Hierarchy of Controls point of view 1520:This article is part of a series on 1012:end-of-service-life indicator, ESLI 24: 7788:Self-contained breathing apparatus 7723:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 7459: 7434:from the original on 24 April 2019 7233:from the original on 9 August 2015 6909:from the original on 22 March 2021 6867:from the original on 22 March 2021 6814:from the original on 22 March 2021 6772:from the original on 22 March 2021 6741:from the original on 22 March 2021 6699:from the original on 22 March 2021 6670:from the original on 22 March 2021 6628:from the original on 22 March 2021 6586:from the original on 22 March 2021 6557:from the original on 22 March 2021 6499:from the original on 22 March 2021 6275:from the original on 15 March 2024 6209:from the original on 8 August 2023 5683:from the original on 18 March 2020 5009:"Government Procurement April/May" 4822:from the original on 17 April 2020 4804: 4724:. 11 February 2020. Archived from 4518:from the original on 14 April 2020 4385:"NIOSH respirator selection logic" 4376: 3841:. US Federal Register. 8 June 1995 3816:from the original on July 20, 2020 3351:Ma, Zhongliang; Li, Yanli (2016). 3216:(5170): 429–430. 6 February 1960. 2833:Naturalis_Historia/Liber_XXXIII#XL 2787:Self-contained breathing apparatus 2769:Minimum efficiency reporting value 1781:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1435: 1431:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1391:This paragraph is an excerpt from 1358:self-contained breathing apparatus 1276:self-contained breathing apparatus 1268:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1261:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1148:2007 New York City steam explosion 1114:This paragraph is an excerpt from 1076:Occupational Safety and Health Act 877:self-contained breathing apparatus 663: 635:self-contained breathing apparatus 460:A memorial for the workers of the 25: 8385: 8081:Surface-supplied diving equipment 7793:Self-contained self-rescue device 7700:High altitude breathing apparatus 7579: 7339:A guide to respiratory protection 6962:from the original on 12 June 2018 6663:A Guide to Respiratory Protection 6470:from the original on 2 April 2020 6433:from the original on 23 June 2017 6080:Current Pain and Headache Reports 5657:from the original on 7 April 2023 5291:from the original on 16 June 2024 5081: 4680:from the original on 9 April 2023 4636:. 29 January 2018. Archived from 4586:from the original on 23 June 2017 4486:from the original on 30 June 2024 4450:from the original on 20 July 2018 4405:from the original on 15 July 2020 4128:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 4003:. United States CDC. 10 June 2024 2177:In Europe, regulation allows for 2123:powered air purifying respirators 1667:Diseases mitigated by respirators 1475:self-contained self-rescue device 1467:Self-contained self-rescue device 1207:Powered air-purifying respirators 850:powered air-purifying respirators 816:severe acute respiratory syndrome 789:as a medical device similar to a 640:For hazardous environments, like 381:extensive use of chemical weapons 206:Powered air-purifying respirators 35: 8340: 8328: 8317: 8316: 8241:Respiratory protective equipment 8226:Open circuit breathing apparatus 7815:Powered air-purifying respirator 7741:Occupational breathing apparatus 7512:Cheremisinoff, Nicholas (1999). 7497:. University of Nebraska Press. 7255:Respiratory Protective Equipment 6418:NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 6359:from the original on 8 June 2024 6339: 6327:from the original on 2 June 2024 6313: 6301:from the original on 3 June 2024 6287: 6260: 6221: 6189: 6142:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00953.x 6067: 6016: 5779: 5721: 5709:from the original on 3 June 2024 5695: 5669: 5625:M. Nicas & R. Spear (1992). 5527:from the original on 3 June 2024 5501:from the original on 3 June 2024 5334:from the original on 5 June 2024 5224:from the original on 3 June 2024 4571:NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 4424:Metzler, R; Szalajda, J (2011). 4236:Occupational Health & Safety 4067:U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics 3785:from the original on 19 May 2020 3520:National WWI Museum and Memorial 2879:Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). 2760:Microparticle performance rating 2010:, and engineering controls like 1822: 1512: 1252:Atmosphere-supplying respirators 1221:powered air-purifying respirator 1214:Powered air-purifying respirator 1212:This section is an excerpt from 1154:This section is an excerpt from 955:, which filters at least 95% of 530:This section is an excerpt from 505:and approved in 1972. 3M used a 448:This section is an excerpt from 442: 217:Earliest records to 19th century 57: 7611:Air-Purifying Respirators (APR) 7592:CDC Protective Masks Fact Sheet 7307:from the original on 7 May 2021 7268:from the original on 7 May 2021 7184:from the original on 7 May 2021 7155:from the original on 7 May 2021 7101:from the original on 7 May 2021 7055:from the original on 7 May 2021 5513: 5487: 5438: 5402: 5363: 5320: 5303: 5271: 5204: 5075: 5045: 5019:from the original on 1 May 2011 5000: 4984: 4956: 4834: 4652: 4622: 4498: 4462: 4349: 4276: 4250: 4168: 4085: 4055: 4040: 4015: 3993: 3972: 3945: 3927: 3853: 3806:"Ask Why: Sara Little Turnbull" 3797: 3771: 3752:US EPA, OP (22 February 2013). 3745: 3731: 3669: 3567:. The Chemical Foundation Inc. 3508: 3449: 3432: 3246: 3172: 3131: 3105: 3075: 1189:filtering facepiece respirators 1074:, in workplaces covered by the 755: 567: 308: 198:filtering facepiece respirators 8050:Underwater breathing apparatus 7977:Respiratory gas humidification 7751: 6547:"Respiratory Protection eTool" 5834:Annals of Occupational Hygiene 4330:Bach, Michael (July 6, 2017). 4063:"Respirator use and practices" 3610:Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015 3442:A Treatise on Pneumonic Plague 3413:Wilson, Mark (24 March 2020). 3032: 3011: 2993: 2967: 2939: 2872: 2846: 2823: 2149:Issues with lack of regulation 1889:Image on left: User seal check 1130: 997:Canister or chemical cartridge 779:N95 respirator § In healthcare 680: 365: 324:Wu Lien-teh § Pneumonic plague 67:filtering facepiece respirator 36:Respirator § Surgical N95 13: 1: 7650:The Invention of the Gas Mask 4976:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4744:Bach, Michael (6 July 2017). 3979:Dwyer, Colin (3 April 2020). 3475:10.1080/01459740.2017.1423072 3083:"Gas Mask Development (1926)" 2817: 2775:Personal protective equipment 2207: 2113:Issues with respirator design 1385: 1286:. They are typically used in 1005:Combined gas and particulate 605:Summary of modern respirators 430:. In summer and autumn 1915, 278:Inventors in Europe included 234: 7711:Aviation breathing apparatus 7470:Brassey's Book of Body Armor 6766:Oregon OSHA Technical Manual 5974:10.1080/00140139.2013.777128 5196:Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987). 3540:Wetherell & Mathers 2007 2811:Workplace respirator testing 2027:never exceeds the PEL value. 1934:Hierarchy of hazard controls 1753:Hierarchy of hazard controls 787:Food and Drug Administration 97:Food and Drug Administration 7: 8236:Positive pressure breathing 8221:Negative pressure breathing 8175: 7893:Medical breathing apparatus 7536:NIOSH respirator fact sheet 7531:NIOSH respirators main page 4800:. National Academies Press. 3952:Xie, John (19 March 2020). 3516:"First Usage of Poison Gas" 2720: 2068:Compared to the official 3M 1747: 1183:filters that remove gases, 949:NIOSH air filtration rating 873:oxygen-deficient atmosphere 857:occupational exposure limit 710:Contrast with surgical mask 263:Woodcut of Stenhouse's mask 10: 8390: 8206:Escape breathing apparatus 8132:User respiratory interface 7870:GB2626 (China), and others 6618:OSHA; et al. (2015). 6092:10.1007/s11916-021-00968-x 6042:10.1186/s12879-021-06056-0 5806:Former approval by the FDA 5679:. NIOSH. 2 November 2017. 5463:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.09.005 3144:The Ulster Medical Journal 2059:N95 respirator with no TC# 1989: 1972:permissible exposure limit 1931: 1771:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster 1464: 1440: 1390: 1344: 1265: 1241:assigned protection factor 1211: 1153: 1140:New York Police Department 1113: 1041:volatile organic compounds 1017: 865:assigned protection factor 807:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 795:In the United States, the 776: 685: 591: 529: 477:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster 447: 373:Gas mask § First World War 370: 321: 211: 29: 8312: 8268:Closed circuit rebreather 8181: 8170: 8138: 8125: 8056: 8043: 7963:Built-in breathing system 7899: 7886: 7865:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 7853:42 CFR 84 (United States) 7845: 7759: 7750: 7746: 7735: 7706: 7693: 6246:10.1080/15459620701497538 5643:10.1080/15298669291359889 4794:"Elastomeric Respirators" 4554:24 September 2014 at the 3369:10.1007/s13238-015-0238-1 3305:Singapore Medical Journal 3267:10.1080/00033799608560822 2218: 2031: 1986:Respirator non-compliance 1948:Prevention Through Design 1169:material, which may be a 1096:Air-purifying respirators 340:Wu was able to conduct a 136: 102: 80: 72: 56: 49: 7972:Positive airway pressure 7946:Non-invasive ventilation 7489:Palazzo, Albert (2000). 7450:22 December 2018 at the 6844:19 December 2017 at the 6660:J. Edgar Geddie (2012). 6427:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 6295:"国家标准|Gb 2626-2019" 5811:17 February 2017 at the 5586: 5013:American City and County 4671:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128 4580:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 4558:"Respiratory Protection" 4398:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 4289:. 3M Company. March 2020 3810:Design Museum Foundation 3634:livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk 3559:Victor Lefebure (1923). 3222:10.1136/bmj.1.5170.429-f 1725:N95 use during pandemics 1039:canisters remove gases, 959:but is not resistant to 879:is recommended instead. 524: 187:air-purifying respirator 18:Air-purifying respirator 8283:Carbon dioxide scrubber 8251:Constant flow regulator 8103:Atmospheric diving suit 8019:Partial rebreather mask 7783:Supplied-air respirator 7716:Emergency oxygen system 7636:4 February 2012 at the 7372:29 January 2018 at the 6352:. US Federal Register. 6029:BMC Infectious Diseases 5743:Edwin C. Hyatt (1984). 5594:(in Russian) (9): 1–7. 2838:(in Latin) – via 2077:Issues with fit testing 2008:administrative controls 1837:Category:30 CFR Part 11 1832:Category:42 CFR Part 84 1733:Counterfeit respirators 1354:supplied-air respirator 1347:Supplied-air respirator 1340:Supplied air respirator 1329:(15,280 to 37,920 1314:, terms used mostly in 1290:and industry. The term 1163:Elastomeric respirators 594:2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak 587: 572: 202:elastomeric respirators 191:air-supplied respirator 7835:Elastomeric respirator 7800:Particulate respirator 7560:29 August 2017 at the 7200:10 August 2015 at the 6464:10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143 6390:10.26616/NIOSHPUB87116 6266:§135, §198, and §205. 5424:10.1093/annweh/wxae008 4996:. 24–31 December 1987. 4193:10.15585/mmwr.mm7106e1 3317:10.11622/smedj.2014025 2727:Cartridge (respirator) 2110: 2069: 2061: 2041: 2029: 1950:initiative started by 1943: 1819: 1382: 1156:Elastomeric respirator 1150: 1110: 1015: 917: 773: 729: 673: 658: 614: 468: 389:Second Battle of Ypres 318: 264: 248:Alexander von Humboldt 226: 158: 63:White, disposable cup 8113:Helium reclaim system 8091:Helicopter escape set 8076:Full-face diving mask 7018:www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca 6644:28 April 2018 at the 6602:28 April 2018 at the 5847:10.1093/annhyg/mes068 5800:20 April 2018 at the 5523:. NIOSH. 5 May 2023. 5497:. Simplified Safety. 5388:10.1093/occmed/kqr132 5376:Occupational Medicine 5359:. NIOSH. 23 May 2024. 5330:. 21 September 2023. 3703:J Int Soc Respir Prot 3659:The Gas Mask Database 3138:Lowry, H. C. (1947). 3113:US patent 148868A 2321:English & Spanish 2094: 2067: 2056: 2039: 2020: 1941: 1932:Further information: 1818: 1634:Respirator regulation 1606:Non-government bodies 1426:and patented in 1912. 1372: 1138: 1108: 1004: 915: 763: 719: 671: 612: 459: 393:Black Veil Respirator 316: 262: 224: 152: 8201:Emergency gas supply 8096:Submarine escape set 7323:19 June 2018 at the 6883:12 June 2018 at the 6760:Oregon OSHA (2014). 6715:13 July 2019 at the 5822:14 July 2016 at the 5418:. pp. 376–386. 5316:. 11 September 2023. 5088:The Arizona Republic 4728:on 11 February 2023. 3941:on 31 December 1996. 3867:on 30 December 1996. 3676:Howard W., Spencer. 3462:Medical Anthropology 3125:8 March 2021 at the 2987:8 March 2021 at the 2754:Open-source hardware 2230:Year of publication 934:electrostatic charge 831:Respirator selection 519:Sara Little Turnbull 436:Small Box Respirator 8288:Semi-closed circuit 8231:Oxygen concentrator 7999:Non-rebreather mask 7982:Supplemental oxygen 7958:Hyperbaric medicine 7904:Anaesthetic machine 7687:Breathing apparatus 7411:28 May 2016 at the 6529:8 June 2018 at the 5217:. NIOSH. May 2014. 4028:. United States CDC 3053:1873RSPS...22R.359T 2975:US patent 6529A 2947:Christianson, Scott 2905:David Zuck (1990). 2087:respirator fit test 1968:engineering control 1479:closed-circuit SCBA 1412:breathing apparatus 1101:Filtering facepiece 1033:Chemical cartridges 883:Types of Filtration 696:respirator fit test 688:Respirator fit test 8246:Pressure regulator 8061:Open-circuit scuba 7822:Chemical cartridge 6788:8 May 2018 at the 6129:Contact Dermatitis 5057:Every Life Secure! 5007:April 2014, 10th. 4750:NIOSH Science Blog 4336:NIOSH Science Blog 4264:. January 26, 2018 4155:NIOSH Science Blog 3445:. Berger-Levrault. 3357:Protein & Cell 3186:. 20 December 2018 2070: 2062: 2042: 2004:hazard elimination 1944: 1820: 1786:Chemical cartridge 1460:Self-rescue device 1383: 1365:Escape respirators 1185:mechanical filters 1181:chemical cartridge 1151: 1111: 1061:activated charcoal 1020:Chemical cartridge 1016: 957:airborne particles 918: 859:but less than the 820:pandemic influenza 774: 730: 702:from ambient air. 700:respiratory system 674: 648:, should be used. 615: 552:federal regulation 473:US Bureau of Mines 469: 408:British Smoke Hood 397:John Scott Haldane 319: 284:activated charcoal 265: 227: 179:particulate matter 159: 8356: 8355: 8308: 8307: 8300:Escape respirator 8295:Work of breathing 8278:Oxygen rebreather 8166: 8165: 8121: 8120: 8071:Diving rebreather 8039: 8038: 7992:Reservoir cannula 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7731: 7730: 7523:978-0-8247-1935-7 7516:. Marcel Dekker. 7504:978-0-8032-8774-7 7481:978-1-57488-465-4 7395:on 22 August 2019 7349:978-0-477-03625-2 7300:978-1-84496-144-3 7226:978-0-71766-454-2 7148:978-2-7389-2303-5 7135:M. Gumon (2017). 6997:on 22 August 2019 6990:978-2-550-40403-3 6955:978-2-550-37465-7 6323:. Moldex Europe. 4770:. 29 January 2018 4618:on 19 March 2003. 3882:. pp. 14–23. 3880:Engineer's Digest 3255:Annals of Science 2711: 2710: 1925: 1924: 1869:For firefighters: 1810: 1546:agencies involved 1535: 1530: 975:European standard 913: 888:Mechanical filter 846:positive-pressure 842:negative-pressure 631:escape respirator 579:COVID-19 pandemic 462:Hawks Nest Tunnel 242:Leonardo da Vinci 147: 146: 16:(Redirected from 8381: 8344: 8343: 8332: 8331: 8320: 8319: 8172: 8171: 8127: 8126: 8045: 8044: 8024:Simple face mask 7888: 7887: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7736: 7695: 7694: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7573:British Standard 7567:British Standard 7527: 7508: 7496: 7485: 7473: 7454: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7421: 7415: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7382: 7376: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7352:. Archived from 7333: 7327: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7210: 7204: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024:on 22 March 2021 7006: 7004: 7002: 6993:. Archived from 6971: 6969: 6967: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6896: 6890: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6854: 6848: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6801: 6795: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6728: 6722: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6657: 6651: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6615: 6609: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6542: 6536: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6172: 6162: 6144: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5897:Respiratory Care 5888: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5849: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5179:, pp. 59–64 5174: 5168: 5167: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4950:www.remm.nlm.gov 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4741: 4730: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4704:www.remm.nlm.gov 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4640:on 28 March 2020 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4565: 4559: 4545: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130:. March 11, 2020 4120: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3962:Voice of America 3949: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3661:. Archived from 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3566: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3487: 3477: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3159: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2765: 2732: 2216: 2215: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1826: 1808: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1481:with a portable 1416:smoke inhalation 1175:synthetic rubber 914: 403:Cluny MacPherson 350:spreading by air 336:pneumonic plague 269:Lewis P. Haslett 239: 236: 140:edit on Wikidata 61: 52: 47: 46: 21: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8304: 8177: 8162: 8142:Breathing mask 8134: 8117: 8052: 8035: 7895: 7874: 7858:ANSI K13.1-1973 7841: 7755: 7742: 7727: 7702: 7689: 7684: 7638:Wayback Machine 7582: 7562:Wayback Machine 7524: 7505: 7482: 7462: 7460:Further reading 7457: 7452:Wayback Machine 7437: 7435: 7422: 7418: 7413:Wayback Machine 7398: 7396: 7383: 7379: 7374:Wayback Machine 7359: 7357: 7356:on 12 June 2018 7350: 7334: 7330: 7325:Wayback Machine 7310: 7308: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7202:Wayback Machine 7187: 7185: 7172: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7112: 7111: 7104: 7102: 7095:www.irsst.qc.ca 7087: 7083: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7056: 7049:www.irsst.qc.ca 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7009:online version: 7000: 6998: 6991: 6965: 6963: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6897: 6893: 6885:Wayback Machine 6870: 6868: 6855: 6851: 6846:Wayback Machine 6825: 6824: 6817: 6815: 6802: 6798: 6790:Wayback Machine 6775: 6773: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6729: 6725: 6717:Wayback Machine 6702: 6700: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6658: 6654: 6646:Wayback Machine 6631: 6629: 6616: 6612: 6604:Wayback Machine 6589: 6587: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6531:Wayback Machine 6510: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6174: 6173: 6121: 6117: 6072: 6068: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5954: 5950: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5924: 5889: 5885: 5869: 5868: 5824:Wayback Machine 5813:Wayback Machine 5802:Wayback Machine 5794: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5588: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5443: 5439: 5407: 5403: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5082:Bland, Karina. 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5020: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4790: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4742: 4733: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4665:. NIOSH. 2018. 4662: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4566: 4562: 4556:Wayback Machine 4549:29 CFR 1910.134 4546: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3977: 3973: 3958:www.voanews.com 3950: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3665:on 9 July 2008. 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3411: 3402: 3349: 3342: 3297: 3290: 3251: 3247: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3136: 3132: 3127:Wayback Machine 3118: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3037: 3033: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2989:Wayback Machine 2980: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2763: 2730: 2723: 2210: 2151: 2115: 2081:If respirators 2079: 2051: 2034: 1999:N95 respirators 1994: 1988: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1850:42 CFR 84 guide 1812: 1811: 1809:Interwiki links 1800: 1757: 1712: 1662: 1653:ANSI K13.1-1973 1629: 1601: 1562:Bureau of Mines 1536: 1532: 1527: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1487:carbon monoxide 1470: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1438: 1436:Continuous-flow 1433: 1428: 1427: 1396: 1388: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1350: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1308:oxygen cylinder 1271: 1263: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1196:N95 respirators 1159: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1030: 1018:Main articles: 999: 902: 890: 885: 833: 828: 827: 812:avian influenza 782: 758: 753: 752: 712: 707: 706: 691: 683: 666: 664:User seal check 661: 642:confined spaces 607: 602: 601: 596: 590: 575: 570: 565: 564: 557:sodium chloride 535: 527: 499: 498: 453: 445: 440: 439: 432:Edward Harrison 376: 368: 363: 362: 352:, Wu developed 327: 311: 254:Julius Jeffreys 237: 231:Pliny the Elder 219: 214: 143: 119:21 CFR 878.4040 115:ANSI Z88.7-2001 68: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8387: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:Full facepiece 8139: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7953:Oxygen therapy 7950: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7924:Bag valve mask 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:N95 respirator 7797: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7767: 7765: 7757: 7756: 7744: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7618: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7581: 7580:External links 7578: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7552: 7547: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7509: 7503: 7486: 7480: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7416: 7377: 7348: 7328: 7299: 7279: 7244: 7225: 7205: 7166: 7147: 7127: 7081: 7035: 6989: 6954: 6934: 6891: 6849: 6796: 6752: 6723: 6681: 6652: 6610: 6568: 6537: 6481: 6444: 6407: 6370: 6338: 6312: 6286: 6259: 6240:(9): 647–659. 6220: 6188: 6115: 6066: 6015: 5948: 5883: 5792: 5778: 5735: 5720: 5694: 5668: 5637:(7): 419–426. 5617: 5573: 5538: 5512: 5486: 5437: 5401: 5382:(8): 576–582. 5362: 5345: 5319: 5302: 5270: 5235: 5203: 5188: 5177:Bollinger 1987 5169: 5158:Bollinger 1987 5150: 5139:Bollinger 1987 5131: 5100: 5074: 5044: 4999: 4983: 4955: 4937: 4912: 4903:, pp. 7–8 4901:Bollinger 1987 4890: 4881:, p. 191. 4871: 4862:, p. 190. 4852: 4841:Bollinger 1987 4833: 4803: 4781: 4755: 4731: 4709: 4691: 4651: 4621: 4597: 4560: 4547:OSHA standard 4540: 4529: 4497: 4461: 4416: 4375: 4348: 4322: 4300: 4275: 4249: 4223: 4187:(6): 212–216. 4167: 4141: 4112: 4084: 4054: 4039: 4014: 3992: 3971: 3944: 3926: 3901: 3885: 3870: 3852: 3827: 3796: 3770: 3744: 3730: 3686: 3668: 3646: 3621: 3602: 3580: 3573: 3551: 3542:, p. 157. 3532: 3507: 3468:(6): 442–457. 3448: 3431: 3400: 3363:(3): 157–158. 3340: 3288: 3261:(4): 361–380. 3245: 3197: 3171: 3150:(2): 102–113. 3130: 3104: 3087:67.225.133.110 3074: 3031: 3010: 2992: 2966: 2959: 2938: 2897: 2871: 2860:on 12 May 2011 2845: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2722: 2719: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2209: 2206: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2163: 2162: 2150: 2147: 2114: 2111: 2078: 2075: 2057:A counterfeit 2050: 2047: 2033: 2030: 1987: 1984: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1845:NIOSH TB guide 1842: 1841:On Wikisource: 1839: 1834: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1776:Source control 1773: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1743:Failure to use 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1579: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1539: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1508:after opening. 1471: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1424:Garrett Morgan 1397: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1366: 1363: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1292:self-contained 1272: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1160: 1152: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1112: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1088: 998: 995: 971:European Union 953:N95 respirator 900: 899: 894:Main Article: 889: 886: 884: 881: 848:units such as 832: 829: 783: 775: 768:1860 surgical 757: 754: 722:surgical masks 714: 713: 711: 708: 692: 684: 682: 679: 665: 662: 660: 657: 606: 603: 598: 597: 589: 586: 574: 571: 569: 566: 536: 528: 526: 523: 454: 446: 444: 441: 395:, invented by 377: 369: 367: 364: 354:surgical masks 328: 320: 310: 307: 280:John Stenhouse 218: 215: 213: 210: 145: 144: 137: 134: 133: 104: 100: 99: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8386: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8349: 8348: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8186:Breathing gas 8184: 8183: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8157: 8156:orinasal mask 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8066:Diving helmet 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7987:Nasal cannula 7985: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7760:Regulated by 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7652:brinkster.com 7651: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7594:cdc.gov/niosh 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7519: 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Brassey's. 7472: 7471: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7283: 7264: 7257: 7256: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7170: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7122: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7076: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6975: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5558: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5154: 5146: 5141:, p. 207 5140: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4993:New Scientist 4987: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4856: 4848: 4843:, p. 184 4842: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4304: 4285: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4238:. May 1, 2014 4237: 4233: 4227: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4024: 4018: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3837: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3590: 3584: 3576: 3574:0-585-23269-5 3570: 3565: 3564: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311:(2): 99–102. 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3185: 3184:China Channel 3181: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3108: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2960:9780313385520 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2799:Surgical mask 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2046: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1935: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701:Mental health 1699: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1648:NIOSH ratings 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537:United States 1531: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513:Disadvantages 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:breathing gas 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1258: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191:such as most 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1125: 1117: 1107: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055:. A typical 1054: 1053:chemisorption 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1008: 1003: 994: 992: 988: 985:According to 983: 981: 976: 972: 967: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:United States 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 898: 897: 892: 891: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 802: 798: 794: 792: 791:surgical mask 788: 780: 771: 767: 762: 749: 745: 743: 739: 735: 734:surgical mask 727: 723: 718: 703: 701: 697: 689: 678: 670: 656: 653: 649: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 627: 623: 619: 611: 595: 585: 582: 580: 563: 560: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 533: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 492: 488: 485:establishing 484: 480: 478: 474: 467: 463: 458: 451: 443:United States 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 374: 361:press images. 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 337: 333: 325: 315: 306: 303: 301: 300:Royal Society 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 261: 257: 255: 251: 249: 245: 243: 232: 225:Plague doctor 223: 209: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 156: 151: 141: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 73:Other name(s) 71: 66: 60: 55: 48: 45: 41: 40:Surgical mask 37: 33: 19: 8345: 8333: 8321: 8256:Demand valve 8108:Gas extender 8029:Venturi mask 7919:Resuscitator 7752: 7513: 7492: 7469: 7436:. 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