1493:. A turbojet is the simplest of all aircraft gas turbines. It consists of a compressor to draw air in and compress it, a combustion section where fuel is added and ignited, one or more turbines that extract power from the expanding exhaust gases to drive the compressor, and an exhaust nozzle that accelerates the exhaust gases out the back of the engine to create thrust. When turbojets were introduced, the top speed of fighter aircraft equipped with them was at least 100 miles per hour faster than competing piston-driven aircraft. In the years after the war, the drawbacks of the turbojet gradually became apparent. Below about Mach 2, turbojets are very fuel inefficient and create tremendous amounts of noise. Early designs also respond very slowly to power changes, a fact that killed many experienced pilots when they attempted the transition to jets. These drawbacks eventually led to the downfall of the pure turbojet, and only a handful of types are still in production. The last airliner that used turbojets was the
1545:—concentric shafts that are free to rotate at their own speed—to let the engine react more quickly to changing power requirements. Turbofans are coarsely split into low-bypass and high-bypass categories. Bypass air flows through the fan, but around the jet core, not mixing with fuel and burning. The ratio of this air to the amount of air flowing through the engine core is the bypass ratio. Low-bypass engines are preferred for military applications such as fighters due to high thrust-to-weight ratio, while high-bypass engines are preferred for civil use for good fuel efficiency and low noise. High-bypass turbofans are usually most efficient when the aircraft is traveling at 500 to 550 miles per hour (800 to 890 kilometres per hour), the cruise speed of most large airliners. Low-bypass turbofans can reach supersonic speeds, though normally only when fitted with
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911:. Due to the cylinder layout, reciprocating forces tend to cancel, resulting in a smooth running engine. Opposed-type engines have high power-to-weight ratios because they have a comparatively small, lightweight crankcase. In addition, the compact cylinder arrangement reduces the engine's frontal area and allows a streamlined installation that minimizes aerodynamic drag. These engines always have an even number of cylinders, since a cylinder on one side of the crankcase "opposes" a cylinder on the other side.
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974:. Because the cylinder arrangement exposes a large amount of the engine's heat-radiating surfaces to the air and tends to cancel reciprocating forces, radials tend to cool evenly and run smoothly. The lower cylinders, which are under the crankcase, may collect oil when the engine has been stopped for an extended period. If this oil is not cleared from the cylinders prior to starting the engine, serious damage due to
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combustion chamber, the fuel/air mixture ignites and burns, creating thrust as it leaves through the exhaust pipe. Induction and compression of the fuel/air mixture is done both by the pressure of propane as it is injected, along with the sound waves created by combustion acting on the intake stacks. It was intended as a power plant for personal helicopters and compact aircraft such as
Microlights.
38:
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1314:: in a turboshaft, the engine does not provide any direct physical support to the helicopter's rotors. The rotor is connected to a transmission which is bolted to the airframe, and the turboshaft engine drives the transmission. The distinction is seen by some as slim, as in some cases aircraft companies make both turboprop and turboshaft engines based on the same design.
1639:. Rocket engines are not used for most aircraft as the energy and propellant efficiency is very poor, but have been employed for short bursts of speed and takeoff. Where fuel/propellant efficiency is of lesser concern, rocket engines can be useful because they produce very large amounts of thrust and weigh very little.
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Rotary engines have the cylinders in a circle around the crankcase, as in a radial engine, (see above), but the crankshaft is fixed to the airframe and the propeller is fixed to the engine case, so that the crankcase and cylinders rotate. The advantage of this arrangement is that a satisfactory flow
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Cylinders in this engine are arranged in two in-line banks, typically tilted 60–90 degrees apart from each other and driving a common crankshaft. The vast majority of V engines are water-cooled. The V design provides a higher power-to-weight ratio than an inline engine, while still providing a small
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For very high supersonic/low hypersonic flight speeds, inserting a cooling system into the air duct of a hydrogen jet engine permits greater fuel injection at high speed and obviates the need for the duct to be made of refractory or actively cooled materials. This greatly improves the thrust/weight
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Many big companies, such as
Siemens, are developing high performance electric engines for aircraft use, also, SAE shows new developments in elements as pure Copper core electric motors with a better efficiency. A hybrid system as emergency back-up and for added power in take-off is offered for sale
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of diesel engines, so they generally had poor power-to-weight ratios and were uncommon for that reason, although the
Clerget 14F Diesel radial engine (1939) has the same power to weight ratio as a gasoline radial. Improvements in Diesel technology in automobiles (leading to much better power-weight
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A straight engine typically has an even number of cylinders, but there are instances of three- and five-cylinder engines. The greatest advantage of an inline engine is that it allows the aircraft to be designed with a low frontal area to minimize drag. If the engine crankshaft is located above the
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The
Gluhareff Pressure Jet (or tip jet) is a type of jet engine that, like a valveless pulsejet, has no moving parts. Having no moving parts, the engine works by having a coiled pipe in the combustion chamber that superheats the fuel (propane) before being injected into the air-fuel inlet. In the
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of equal power output, and much lower in complexity. In an aircraft application, the power-to-weight ratio is very important, making the Wankel engine a good choice. Because the engine is typically constructed with an aluminium housing and a steel rotor, and aluminium expands more than steel when
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refers to the modern generation of jet engines. The principle is that a turbine engine will function more efficiently if the various sets of turbines can revolve at their individual optimum speeds, instead of at the same speed. The true advanced technology engine has a triple spool, meaning that
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Pulsejets are mechanically simple devices that—in a repeating cycle—draw air through a no-return valve at the front of the engine into a combustion chamber and ignite it. The combustion forces the exhaust gases out the back of the engine. It produces power as a series of pulses rather than as a
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to lower the speed of the shaft so that the propeller tips don't reach supersonic speeds. Often the turbines that drive the propeller are separate from the rest of the rotating components so that they can rotate at their own best speed (referred to as a free-turbine engine). A turboprop is very
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was used for lubrication, since it is not soluble in petrol, and the resultant fumes were nauseating to the pilots. Engine designers had always been aware of the many limitations of the rotary engine so when the static style engines became more reliable and gave better specific weights and fuel
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A horizontally opposed engine, also called a flat or boxer engine, has two banks of cylinders on opposite sides of a centrally located crankcase. The engine is either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but air-cooled versions predominate. Opposed engines are mounted with the crankshaft horizontal in
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In military aircraft designs, the large frontal area of the engine acted as an extra layer of armor for the pilot. Also air-cooled engines, without vulnerable radiators, are slightly less prone to battle damage, and on occasion would continue running even with one or more cylinders shot away.
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Aircraft
Engines converted Mercedes Diesel automotive engines, certified them for aircraft use, and became an OEM provider to Diamond Aviation for their light twin. Financial problems have plagued Thielert, so Diamond's affiliate — Austro Engine — developed the new
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Most radial engines have the cylinders arranged evenly around the crankshaft, although some early engines, sometimes called semi-radials or fan configuration engines, had an uneven arrangement. The best known engine of this type is the Anzani engine, which was fitted to the
1839:(TEL) to achieve these high octane ratings, a practice that governments no longer permit for gasoline intended for road vehicles. The shrinking supply of TEL and the possibility of environmental legislation banning its use have made a search for replacement fuels for
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most speed records were gained using Gnome-engined aircraft, and in the early years of the war rotary engines were dominant in aircraft types for which speed and agility were paramount. To increase power, engines with two rows of cylinders were built.
813:, because the crankcase and crankshaft are long and thus heavy. An in-line engine may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but liquid-cooling is more common because it is difficult to get enough air-flow to cool the rear cylinders directly.
1199:. Mazda units with outputs ranging from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to 300 horsepower (220 kW) can be a fraction of the cost of traditional engines. Such conversions first took place in the early 1970s; and as of 10 December 2006 the
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of the heavy rotating engine produced handling problems in aircraft and the engines also consumed large amounts of oil since they used total loss lubrication, the oil being mixed with the fuel and ejected with the exhaust gases.
1591:. Though the same engines were also used experimentally for ersatz fighter aircraft, the extremely loud noise generated by the engines caused mechanical damage to the airframe that was sufficient to make the idea unworkable.
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instead of having a single drive shaft, there are three, in order that the three sets of blades may revolve at different speeds. An interim state is a twin-spool engine, allowing only two different speeds for the turbines.
1531:. Though the fan creates thrust like a propeller, the surrounding duct frees it from many of the restrictions that limit propeller performance. This operation is a more efficient way to provide thrust than simply using the
1222:. In general, Diesel engines are more reliable and much better suited to running for long periods of time at medium power settings. The lightweight alloys of the 1930s were not up to the task of handling the much higher
1334:
in late 2007, a conventional light aircraft powered by an 18 kW electric motor using lithium polymer batteries was flown, covering more than 50 kilometers (31 mi), the first electric airplane to receive a
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of cooling air is maintained even at low airspeeds, retaining the weight advantage and simplicity of a conventional air-cooled engine without one of their major drawbacks. The first practical rotary engine was the
809:
cylinders, it is called an inverted inline engine: this allows the propeller to be mounted high up to increase ground clearance, enabling shorter landing gear. The disadvantages of an inline engine include a poor
820:, the aircraft that made the first controlled powered flight. However, the inherent disadvantages of the design soon became apparent, and the inline design was abandoned, becoming a rarity in modern aviation.
1715:, driven by a geared low-pressure turbine but the high-pressure compressor drive comes from a piston-engine with two 10 piston banks without a high-pressure turbine, increasing efficiency with non-stationary
1236:, also based on a Mercedes engine. Competing new Diesel engines may bring fuel efficiency and lead-free emissions to small aircraft, representing the biggest change in light aircraft engines in decades.
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It is thought that this design of engine could permit sufficient performance for antipodal flight at Mach 5, or even permit a single stage to orbit vehicle to be practical. The hybrid air-breathing
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heated, a Wankel engine does not seize when overheated, unlike a piston engine. This is an important safety factor for aeronautical use. Considerable development of these designs started after
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ratios), the Diesel's much better fuel efficiency and the high relative taxation of AVGAS compared to Jet A1 in Europe have all seen a revival of interest in the use of diesels for aircraft.
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The most common combustion cycle for aero engines is the four-stroke with spark ignition. Two-stroke spark ignition has also been used for small engines, while the compression-ignition
1786:
On multi-engine aircraft, engine positions are numbered from left to right from the point of view of the pilot looking forward, so for example on a four-engine aircraft such as the
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While military fighters require very high speeds, many civil airplanes do not. Yet, civil aircraft designers wanted to benefit from the high power and low maintenance that a
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aircraft exhibited at Paris Aero Salon, powered by a piston engine. The aircraft never flew, but a patent was filed for routing exhaust gases into the duct to augment thrust.
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As a cost-effective alternative to certified aircraft engines some Wankel engines, removed from automobiles and converted to aviation use, have been fitted in homebuilt
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engine offered. Thus was born the idea to mate a turbine engine to a traditional propeller. Because gas turbines optimally spin at high speed, a turboprop features a
304:
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aircraft requiring up to 400 horsepower (300 kW) per engine. Aircraft that require more than 400 horsepower (300 kW) per engine tend to be powered by
1029:
designed by the Seguin brothers and first flown in 1909. Its relative reliability and good power to weight ratio changed aviation dramatically. Before the
1310:. A turboshaft engine is similar to a turboprop in principle, but in a turboprop the propeller is supported by the engine and the engine is bolted to the
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1929:
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engines could power all aircraft, from the largest to smallest designs. The Wankel engine did not find many applications in aircraft, but was used by
1797:, which has two fuselage-mounted jet engines one above the other, engine No. 1 is below and to the front of engine No. 2, which is above and behind.
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1203:
has only seven reports of incidents involving aircraft with Mazda engines, and none of these is of a failure due to design or manufacturing flaws.
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In this section, for clarity, the term "inline engine" refers only to engines with a single row of cylinders, as used in automotive language, but
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presented the concept in 2015, raising the overall engine pressure ratio to over 100 for a 15.2% fuel burn reduction compared to 2025 engines.
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A turbofan engine is much the same as a turbojet, but with an enlarged fan at the front that provides thrust in much the same way as a ducted
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efficient when operated within the realm of cruise speeds it was designed for, which is typically 200 to 400 mph (320 to 640 km/h).
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driving the aircraft forwards. The most common reaction propulsion engines flown are turbojets, turbofans and rockets. Other types such as
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An H configuration engine is essentially a pair of horizontally opposed engines placed together, with the two crankshafts geared together.
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made a steam engine for a 10-foot wingspan model aircraft which achieved the first powered flight, albeit with negligible payload.
1790:, engine No. 1 is on the left side, farthest from the fuselage, while engine No. 3 is on the right side nearest to the fuselage.
801:(as described below), and is not limited to engines with a single row of cylinders. This is typically to differentiate them from
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The
History of Aircraft Power Plants Briefly Reviewed : From the " 7 lb. per h.p" Days to the " 1 lb. per h.p" of To-day
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realm. A turbofan typically has extra turbine stages to turn the fan. Turbofans were among the first engines to use multiple
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in 1909. This arrangement had the drawback of needing a heavy counterbalance for the crankshaft, but was used to avoid the
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alone, and turbofans are more efficient than propellers in the transsonic range of aircraft speeds and can operate in the
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combustion for higher peak pressures and temperatures. The 11,200 lb (49.7 kN) engine could power a 50-seat
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2008:
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1832:(100 octane) and the lead content (LL = low lead, relative to the historic levels of lead in pre-regulation Avgas).
1808:
twin-engine airplane, engine No. 1 is the one at the front of the fuselage, while engine No. 2 is aft of the cabin.
2736:
1731:
582:
straight-six engine in the central fuselage driving a Brown-Boveri mechanical supercharger for the R.30/16's four
1828:, power output, and efficiency at higher altitudes. Currently the most common Avgas is 100LL. This refers to the
411:
1085:. Counter-clockwise from top left: propeller hub, mast with belt guide, radiator, Wankel engine, muffler shroud.
2514:"Analysis of the effect of factors on the efficiency of liquid rocket turbine" by Zu, Guojun; Zhang, Yuanjun
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966:. Each row generally has an odd number of cylinders to produce smooth operation. A radial engine has only one
2549:
1888:, and lubricant. Electrically powered model airplanes and helicopters are also commercially available. Small
1078:
1952:
6/25/40 hp and
Mercedes 10/40/65 hp, both models introduced in 1921 and used Roots superchargers.
1914:
1336:
914:
Opposed, air-cooled four- and six-cylinder piston engines are by far the most common engines used in small
521:
600:
IV (S), the first series-produced supercharged engine for aircraft use; two-row radial with a gear-driven
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2388:, Association pour la Promotion des Aéronefs à Motorisation Électrique, December 23, 2007, archived from
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are almost always powered by electricity, but larger gasoline-powered designs are under development.
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to propel an aircraft by ejecting the exhaust gases at high velocity from the engine, the resultant
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engine to be applied to aircraft use; in 1950 used to develop the larger 280 shp (210 kW)
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steady output, hence the name. The only application of this type of engine was the German unmanned
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of 38 and a peak pressure of 30 MPa (300 bar). Although engine weight increases by 30%,
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The world's first series-produced cars with superchargers came earlier than aircraft. These were
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This type of engine has one or more rows of cylinders arranged around a centrally located
8:
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Aircraft Engine
Efficiency: Comparison of Counter-rotating and Axial Aircraft LP Turbines
2157:
Antoniu, Dan; Cicoș, George; Buiu, Ioan-Vasile; Bartoc, Alexandru; Șutic, Robert (2010).
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A few aircraft have used rocket engines for main thrust or attitude control, notably the
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2233:. Reston, VA, USA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 252–53.
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is the first successful aircraft to fly powered solely by a liquid-fueled rocket engine.
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1438:(usually oxygen in some form) as part of the fuel load, permitting their use in space.
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heavy bomber becomes the earliest known supercharger-equipped aircraft to fly, with a
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is Pratt & Whitney. General
Electric announced in 2015 entrance into the market.
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799:
in aviation terms, the phrase "inline engine" also covers V-type and opposed engines
558:
aircraft engine - (517 hp/380 kW) was the most powerful engine during WW1.
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2665:"EAA'S Earl Lawrence Elected Secretary of International Aviation Fuel Committee"
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A rocket turbine engine is a combination of two types of propulsion engines: a
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2773:"Heavy Lifting Quadcopter Lifts 50 Pound Loads. It's a Gas Powered HULK (HLQ)"
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frontal area. Perhaps the most famous example of this design is the legendary
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1954:
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is a little higher than a regular jet engine, and works at higher altitudes.
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where the compactness, light weight, and smoothness are crucially important.
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aircraft won the prize for the greatest non-stop distance flown at the Reims
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firm MidWest designed and produced single- and twin-rotor aero engines, the
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30:"Aero-engine" redirects here. For the use of aircraft engines in cars, see
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Aviation: an historical survey from its origins to the end of World War II
747:
is the first electric aircraft engine to be awarded a type certificate by
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2136:"Ducted Fan or the World's First Jet Plane? The Coanda claim re-examined"
1889:
1862:, but certified to strict aviation standards, with additional additives.
1816:
Aircraft reciprocating (piston) engines are typically designed to run on
1703:
presented a high-efficiency composite cycle engine for 2050, combining a
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necessary for fuel combustion comes from the air, while rockets carry an
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Aircraft
Engines and Aircraft Engine Theory (includes links to diagrams)
2593:
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Ranger L-440 air-cooled, six-cylinder, inverted, in-line engine used in
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of 48.2%, for a burner temperature of 1,700 K (1,430 °C), an
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engine, a 27-litre (1649 in) 60° V12 engine used in, among others, the
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2737:"Yeair! hybrid gasoline/electric quadcopter boasts impressive numbers"
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1497:, whose Mach 2 airspeed permitted the engine to be highly efficient.
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However, the large frontal area also resulted in an aircraft with an
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setting a world record for endurance of 180 kilometres (110 mi).
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1459:-GE-17A turbojet engine. This cutaway clearly shows the 8 stages of
1249:
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motor-gliders. After the demise of MidWest, all rights were sold to
723:
enters service delivering greater thrust and much better efficiency.
593:
picks up Rateau's idea and creates the first successful turbocharger
547:– to improve high-altitude performance; not accepted after the tests
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of Austria, who have since developed a MkII version of the engine.
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per row and a relatively small crankcase, resulting in a favorable
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The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development
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Inline engines were common in early aircraft; one was used in the
2701:"Amazon.com: Photography Drones Store: Buying Guide: Electronics"
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was formed in 2016 with the merger of several smaller companies.
205:
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Worldwide première: first aircraft flight with electrical engine
1711:
core. The 2.87 m diameter, 16-blade fan gives a 33.7 ultra-high
1326:, have been designed since the 1960s. Some are used as military
1218:
Starting in the 1930s attempts were made to produce a practical
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turboprop engine showing the gearbox at the front of the engine
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662:, the world's first rocket-propelled combat aircraft deployed.
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2582:"A Composite Cycle Engine Concept with Hecto-Pressure Ratio"
2532:"Hybrid geared-fan and piston concept could slash fuel-burn"
824:
For other configurations of aviation inline engine, such as
1734:
would be 11.5 g/kN/s (0.406 lb/lbf/hr) for an overall
1351:
1109:, but at the time the aircraft industry favored the use of
1061:
748:
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consumption, the days of the rotary engine were numbered.
370:
In commercial aviation the major Western manufacturers of
1892:
755:, the first fully electric EASA type-certified aeroplane.
665:
1945: First turboprop-powered aircraft flies, a modified
398:
and General Electric). Russian manufacturers include the
349:
2635:"English Electric Lightning F53 (53-671) – Power Plants"
2022:
2020:
1346:
was the first electric aircraft engine to be awarded a
1322:
A number of electrically powered aircraft, such as the
1097:
is about one half the weight and size of a traditional
2156:
2550:"Composite Cycle Engine concept technical data sheet"
2529:
1960:
The new encyclopedia of motorcars 1885 to the present
1292:
turboshaft engine common to many types of helicopters
1165:. These engines were developed from the motor in the
907:, but may be mounted with the crankshaft vertical in
680:
rocket-propelled aircraft exceeds the speed of sound.
332:. Aircraft using power components are referred to as
2159:
Henri Coandă and his technical work during 1906–1918
2017:
515:
to be produced in quantity. In 1909 a Gnome powered
2028:"GE Pushes Into Turboprop Engines, Taking on Pratt"
1930:
United States military aircraft engine designations
1820:. Avgas has a higher octane rating than automotive
1392:UAVs are almost always powered by electric motors.
1369:propulsion have been performed, notably the manned
1150:In modern times the Wankel engine has been used in
2047:
1872:(also known as "glow engines" due to the use of a
1485:engine that was originally developed for military
898:350iS horizontally opposed air-cooled aero engine
764:
2845:
2259:"Pipistrel offers type certified electric motor"
2188:(1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey. pp. 24–25.
2623:. Vol. 11. Henry Publications. p. 52.
2617:National Business Aircraft Association (1952).
2523:
2305:Boulay, Pierre (1998). Guides Larivière (ed.).
1843:aircraft a priority for pilots’ organizations.
1782:, each one bearing the respective engine number
2185:SPAD XIII vs. Fokker D VII: Western Front 1918
879:
543:suggests using exhaust-powered compressor – a
2579:
2252:
2250:
1953:
1552:
1463:at the front (left side of the picture), the
298:
1765:
2279:
2109:
2078:
1963:(3rd ed.). New York: Dutton. pp.
27:Engine designed for use in powered aircraft
2333:. DE: Alexander Schleicher. Archived from
2256:
2247:
2045:
1683:is a pre-cooled engine under development.
1302:Turboshaft engines are used primarily for
740:, the first scramjet to maintain altitude.
305:
291:
2443:
2378:
2376:
2230:The airplane: A history of its technology
2161:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Anima.
2050:Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
2030:. Wall Street Journal. November 16, 2015.
1854:. Jet fuel is a relatively less volatile
1686:
1594:
1180:. The single-rotor engine was put into a
1172:. The twin-rotor version was fitted into
925:
359:
2580:Sascha Kaiser; et al. (July 2015).
2226:
1769:
1664:
1642:
1613:
1504:
1450:
1283:
1248:
1060:
1009:
943:
889:
848:
785:
432:
36:
2530:David Kaminski-Morrow (24 April 2018).
2298:
2181:
2003:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 215.
629:turbojet propels the pioneering German
14:
2846:
2799:The Aircraft Engine Historical Society
2373:
2304:
2208:
2133:
428:
2586:AIAA Propulsion and Energy Conference
2494:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 4.
2489:
2458:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
2451:"TCDS for E811 engine, model 268MVLC"
2079:Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (1970).
1998:
1467:in the middle, and the two stages of
986:used for the first flight across the
554:- an eighteen-cylinder liquid-cooled
2755:"Goliath – A Gas Powered Quadcopter"
2567:"The composite cycle engine concept"
1746:is reduced by 15%. Sponsored by the
1430:have also flown. In jet engines the
1206:
1201:National Transportation Safety Board
2261:. Seager Publishing. FLYER Magazine
2041:
2039:
2037:
1676:ratio of the engine at high speed.
1395:
1385:by Axter Aerospace, Madrid, Spain.
644:engine. It is not put into service.
485:produces a successful water-cooled
336:. Most aircraft engines are either
24:
2134:Winter, Frank H. (December 1980).
1075:Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co
1014:Le Rhone 9C rotary aircraft engine
25:
2870:
2804:Jet Engine Specification Database
2787:
2516:Journal of Propulsion Technology
2220:
1317:
1239:
775:
611:submitted his first patent for a
565:-numbered R.30/16 example of the
437:Wright vertical 4-cylinder engine
2257:Calderwood, Dave (9 July 2020).
2202:
2034:
1093:is a type of rotary engine. The
1050:
1005:
939:
872:that played a major role in the
853:A Rolls-Royce Merlin V-12 Engine
844:
759:
2765:
2747:
2729:
2711:
2693:
2675:
2667:(Press release). Archived from
2657:
2627:
2610:
2573:
2559:
2542:
2508:
2483:
2472:
2422:
2397:
2348:
2323:
2273:
2121:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
2087:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
1942:
1793:In the case of the twin-engine
1441:
709:, the world's first production
412:Aeroengine Corporation of China
348:and in recent years many small
325:, is the power component of an
18:Aircraft engine position number
2434:, Litemachines, archived from
2175:
2150:
2127:
2103:
2072:
2054:. London: Routledge. pp.
1992:
1657:and a turbine jet engine. Its
1406:Reaction engines generate the
1113:engines. It was believed that
765:Reciprocating (piston) engines
463:, mostly of aluminum, for the
13:
1:
2284:. London: NMSO. p. 175.
2146:. Royal Aeronautical Society.
1985:
1279:
1133:had developed Wankel powered
683:1948: 100 shp 782, the first
640:, the world's first run of a
2358:. Flying Mag. Archived from
2209:Powell, Hickman (Jun 1941).
2111:Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard
1915:Federal Aviation Regulations
1835:Refineries blend Avgas with
1571:
1337:certificate of airworthiness
1244:
417:The largest manufacturer of
7:
2211:"He Harnessed a Tornado..."
1898:
1500:
1446:
1000:aerodynamically inefficient
880:Horizontally opposed engine
838:Inline engine (aeronautics)
344:, although a few have been
10:
2875:
2683:"Electric Airplanes - RTF"
2280:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. (2003).
1795:English Electric Lightning
1750:under Framework 7 project
1699:-based research institute
1668:
1646:
1624:
1598:
1575:
1565:advanced technology engine
1559:Advanced technology engine
1556:
1553:Advanced technology engine
1516:
1474:
1471:at the rear of the engine.
1399:
1295:
1260:
1054:
1017:
955:
950:Pratt & Whitney R-2800
929:
883:
856:
779:
768:
440:
363:
321:, often referred to as an
262:Rotating detonation engine
29:
2307:Les hélicoptères français
2227:Anderson, John D (2002).
1766:Engine position numbering
1744:aircraft fuel consumption
1609:
1365:Limited experiments with
702:-powered aircraft flight.
598:Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar
522:Grande Semaine d'Aviation
496:patents a design for the
474:sets standards for later
400:United Engine Corporation
45:installed in a preserved
2492:A Dictionary of Aviation
2490:Wragg, David W. (1973).
2406:Superconducting Turbojet
2140:The Aeronautical Journal
2046:Ian McNeil, ed. (1990).
2001:A Dictionary of Aviation
1999:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1935:
1655:liquid-propellant rocket
1527:, resulting in improved
1481:A turbojet is a type of
1428:pulse detonation engines
1002:increased frontal area.
602:centrifugal supercharger
366:List of aircraft engines
138:External thermal engines
95:Internal thermal engines
2639:Gatwick Aviation Museum
1850:burn various grades of
1848:aircraft diesel engines
1811:
1360:Pipistrel Velis Electro
1358:. The E-811 powers the
753:Pipistrel Velis Electro
396:Safran Aircraft Engines
257:Pulse detonation engine
2356:"Diamond Twins Reborn"
2331:"ASH 26 E Information"
1783:
1740:overall pressure ratio
1687:Piston-turbofan hybrid
1622:
1601:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
1595:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
1514:
1472:
1293:
1258:
1220:aircraft diesel engine
1086:
1015:
953:
926:H configuration engine
899:
854:
794:
591:Sanford Alexander Moss
438:
360:Manufacturing industry
245:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
49:
2819:"The Quest for Power"
2182:Guttman, Jon (2009).
1773:
1754:, Bauhaus Luftfahrt,
1665:Precooled jet engines
1659:power-to-weight ratio
1649:Rocket turbine engine
1643:Rocket turbine engine
1617:
1508:
1454:
1308:auxiliary power units
1287:
1252:
1197:experimental aircraft
1182:Chevvron motor glider
1129:. The French company
1125:in a popular line of
1064:
1013:
972:power-to-weight ratio
947:
893:
852:
811:power-to-weight ratio
789:
718:General Electric TF39
651:, first turbofan runs
576:Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
443:Timeline of jet power
436:
380:Raytheon Technologies
40:
2839:. 24 September 1997.
2837:Flight International
2620:Skyways for business
2569:. Bauhaus Luftfahrt.
2555:. Bauhaus Luftfahrt.
2518:no. 6, p. 38-43, 58.
1910:Engine configuration
1858:derivative based on
1846:Turbine engines and
1802:Cessna 337 Skymaster
1701:de:Bauhaus Luftfahrt
1671:Precooled jet engine
1457:General Electric J85
1342:On 18 May 2020, the
771:reciprocating engine
721:high bypass turbofan
698:, the world's first
656:Messerschmitt Me 163
511:, the world's first
394:(a joint venture of
223:Air-augmented rocket
2723:www.nitroplanes.com
2687:www.nitroplanes.com
2594:10.2514/6.2015-4028
1748:European Commission
1693:ILA Berlin Air Show
1681:SABRE rocket engine
1637:North American X-15
1465:combustion chambers
649:Daimler-Benz DB 670
472:Manly-Balzer engine
429:Development history
376:Pratt & Whitney
61:Aircraft propulsion
55:Part of a series on
2833:"Engine Directory"
1826:compression ratios
1784:
1778:of a three-engine
1691:At the April 2018
1623:
1515:
1473:
1412:reaction of forces
1294:
1259:
1253:Cutaway view of a
1224:compression ratios
1087:
1067:Schleicher ASH 26e
1065:Powerplant from a
1039:gyroscopic effects
1016:
954:
900:
866:Rolls-Royce Merlin
855:
795:
707:Rolls-Royce Conway
689:Turbomeca Artouste
532:, an unsuccessful
439:
240:Valveless pulsejet
50:
43:Rolls-Royce Merlin
2671:on March 3, 2013.
2603:978-1-62410-321-6
2316:978-2-907051-17-0
2240:978-1-56347-525-2
2195:978-1-84603-432-9
2168:978-973-7729-61-3
2065:978-0-203-19211-5
1974:978-0-525-93254-3
1818:aviation gasoline
1736:engine efficiency
1377:and the unmanned
1290:Allison Model 250
1234:AE300 turbodiesel
1207:Combustion cycles
1163:MidWest AE series
1099:four-stroke cycle
874:Battle of Britain
713:, enters service.
671:Rolls-Royce Trent
489:for aircraft use.
450:John Stringfellow
392:CFM International
378:(a subsidiary of
330:propulsion system
315:
314:
157:Electric aircraft
16:(Redirected from
2866:
2854:Aircraft engines
2840:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2719:"RC Quadcopters"
2715:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2641:. Archived from
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2413:, archived from
2401:
2395:
2393:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2053:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1946:
1841:general aviation
1824:to allow higher
1756:MTU Aero Engines
1753:
1461:axial compressor
1396:Reaction engines
1371:Solar Challenger
1356:general aviation
1348:type certificate
1215:is seldom used.
1157:The now-defunct
1143:
976:hydrostatic lock
916:general aviation
751:. It powers the
571:Luftstreitkräfte
483:Léon Levavasseur
467:(12 horsepower).
423:general aviation
384:General Electric
307:
300:
293:
252:Aerospike engine
181:Reaction engines
52:
51:
32:Aero-engined car
21:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2645:on 12 June 2018
2633:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2484:
2479:Axter Aerospace
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2214:Popular Science
2207:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2132:
2128:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1905:Aviation safety
1901:
1880:, a mixture of
1814:
1768:
1705:geared turbofan
1689:
1673:
1667:
1651:
1645:
1629:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1574:
1561:
1555:
1529:fuel efficiency
1521:
1513:turbofan engine
1509:A cutaway of a
1503:
1479:
1449:
1444:
1404:
1398:
1379:NASA Pathfinder
1344:Pipistrel E-811
1320:
1300:
1282:
1265:
1255:Garrett TPE-331
1247:
1242:
1209:
1159:Staverton-based
1137:
1069:self-launching
1059:
1053:
1031:first World War
1022:
1008:
988:English Channel
960:
942:
934:
928:
920:turbine engines
888:
882:
861:
847:
792:Fairchild PT-19
784:
782:Straight engine
778:
773:
767:
762:
745:Pipistrel E-811
638:Jendrassik Cs-1
613:turbojet engine
567:Imperial German
445:
431:
368:
362:
354:electric motors
319:aircraft engine
311:
218:Air turborocket
151:Electric motors
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2859:Powered flight
2856:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2788:External links
2786:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2746:
2743:. 27 May 2015.
2741:www.gizmag.com
2728:
2710:
2692:
2674:
2656:
2626:
2609:
2602:
2572:
2558:
2541:
2522:
2507:
2500:
2482:
2471:
2442:
2421:
2396:
2372:
2347:
2322:
2315:
2297:
2290:
2272:
2246:
2239:
2219:
2201:
2194:
2174:
2167:
2149:
2126:
2102:
2095:
2071:
2064:
2033:
2016:
2009:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1957:, ed. (1982).
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1868:typically use
1866:Model aircraft
1837:tetraethyllead
1813:
1810:
1767:
1764:
1688:
1685:
1669:Main article:
1666:
1663:
1647:Main article:
1644:
1641:
1625:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1593:
1585:V1 flying bomb
1576:Main article:
1573:
1570:
1557:Main article:
1554:
1551:
1517:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1475:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1400:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1367:solar electric
1324:QinetiQ Zephyr
1319:
1318:Electric power
1316:
1296:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1261:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Power turbines
1238:
1208:
1205:
1186:Schleicher ASH
1167:Norton Classic
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1018:Main article:
1007:
1004:
956:Main article:
941:
938:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
884:Main article:
881:
878:
857:Main article:
846:
843:
803:radial engines
780:Main article:
777:
776:In-line engine
774:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
741:
734:
724:
714:
703:
692:
681:
674:
667:Gloster Meteor
663:
652:
645:
634:
631:Heinkel He 178
623:
620:Heinkel He 176
616:
605:
594:
587:
584:Mercedes D.IVa
559:
548:
541:Auguste Rateau
537:
526:
501:
490:
479:
476:radial engines
468:
457:Charlie Taylor
453:
430:
427:
361:
358:
346:rocket powered
338:piston engines
334:powered flight
313:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
264:
259:
254:
249:
248:
247:
242:
232:
227:
226:
225:
220:
213:Rocket-powered
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
184:
183:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
161:
160:
159:
148:
147:
146:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
115:
110:
109:
108:
89:
88:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2779:. 2013-03-11.
2778:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2501:9780850451634
2497:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2460:. 18 May 2020
2459:
2452:
2446:
2438:on 2009-12-31
2437:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2417:on 2008-02-23
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2392:on 2008-01-10
2391:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2362:on 2014-06-18
2361:
2357:
2351:
2337:on 2006-10-08
2336:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2309:(in French).
2308:
2301:
2293:
2291:1-9007-4752-9
2287:
2283:
2276:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2096:9780112900139
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2010:9780850451634
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:G.N. Georgano
1951:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:) powered by
1875:
1871:
1870:nitro engines
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1830:octane rating
1827:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1776:thrust levers
1772:
1763:
1761:
1760:GKN Aerospace
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:piston engine
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1627:Rocket engine
1621:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1566:
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1453:
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1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:Solar Impulse
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1329:
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1277:
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1264:
1256:
1251:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:diesel engine
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:and into the
1183:
1179:
1178:Rutan Quickie
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:motor gliders
1148:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:piston engine
1100:
1096:
1095:Wankel engine
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:Wankel engine
1051:Wankel engine
1048:
1045:
1040:
1037:However, the
1035:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1020:Rotary engine
1012:
1006:Rotary engine
1003:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
958:Radial engine
951:
946:
940:Radial engine
937:
933:
923:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
897:
892:
887:
877:
875:
871:
867:
860:
851:
845:V-type engine
842:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
814:
812:
806:
804:
800:
793:
788:
783:
772:
760:Shaft engines
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
733:flew in dive.
732:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
627:Heinkel HeS 3
625:August 1939:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
609:Frank Whittle
606:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
580:Mercedes D.II
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
561:1917-18: The
560:
557:
553:
552:Mercedes D.VI
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:rotary engine
510:
507:designed the
506:
502:
499:
498:ramjet engine
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:inline engine
458:
454:
451:
447:
446:
444:
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426:
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397:
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389:
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202:
199:
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188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
171:
170:Human-powered
168:
167:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
152:
149:
145:
142:
141:
139:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
116:
114:
113:Wankel engine
111:
107:
106:Diesel engine
104:
103:
102:
101:Piston engine
99:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
68:Shaft engines
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2836:
2827:Bill Gunston
2822:
2777:Industry Tap
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2669:the original
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:the original
2638:
2629:
2619:
2612:
2585:
2575:
2561:
2544:
2536:Flightglobal
2535:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2457:
2445:
2436:the original
2430:
2424:
2415:the original
2405:
2399:
2390:the original
2384:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2325:
2306:
2300:
2281:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2229:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2115:
2105:
2081:
2074:
2049:
2000:
1994:
1959:
1944:
1925:Model engine
1920:Hyper engine
1886:nitromethane
1864:
1845:
1834:
1815:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1729:
1725:regional jet
1713:bypass ratio
1690:
1678:
1674:
1652:
1630:
1604:
1589:World War II
1581:
1564:
1562:
1547:afterburners
1540:
1522:
1491:World War II
1480:
1442:Jet turbines
1405:
1387:
1383:
1364:
1341:
1321:
1301:
1266:
1217:
1210:
1194:
1156:
1149:
1107:World War II
1088:
1079:Poppenhausen
1071:motor glider
1036:
1023:
996:
980:
961:
935:
913:
901:
862:
836:, etc., see
823:
822:
818:Wright Flyer
815:
807:
796:
659:
569:
545:turbocharger
520:
505:Louis Seguin
465:Wright Flyer
421:engines for
416:
404:Aviadvigatel
374:engines are
369:
342:gas turbines
333:
322:
318:
316:
60:
2825:article by
2759:hackaday.io
2411:Physorg.com
1890:multicopter
1730:Its cruise
1483:gas turbine
1390:multicopter
1354:for use in
1304:helicopters
1269:gas turbine
1174:ARV Super2s
1147:in 1970's.
1138: [
1127:sports cars
1027:Gnome Omega
994:oiling up.
992:spark plugs
978:may occur.
968:crank throw
909:helicopters
886:Flat engine
618:June 1939:
550:1915: The
530:Coandă-1910
509:Gnome Omega
388:Rolls-Royce
323:aero engine
144:Steam power
82:ducted fans
2848:Categories
2366:2010-06-14
2341:2006-11-24
2119:. London:
2085:. London:
1986:References
1788:Boeing 747
1780:Boeing 727
1537:supersonic
1533:jet nozzle
1402:Jet engine
1381:aircraft.
1298:Turboshaft
1280:Turboshaft
1170:motorcycle
1145:helicopter
1044:Castor oil
984:Bleriot XI
896:ULPower UL
685:turboshaft
534:ducted fan
517:Farman III
494:René Lorin
441:See also:
364:See also:
352:have used
129:Turboshaft
74:propellers
2464:18 August
2265:18 August
1878:glow fuel
1874:glow plug
1856:petroleum
1806:push-pull
1717:isochoric
1572:Pulsejets
1563:The term
1525:propeller
1424:scramjets
1416:pulsejets
1263:Turboprop
1245:Turboprop
1119:turboprop
964:crankcase
905:airplanes
870:Spitfires
834:H-engines
830:U-engines
826:X-engines
738:NASA X-43
696:Leduc 010
669:with two
642:turboprop
633:aircraft.
556:W-18 type
487:V8 engine
459:built an
419:turboprop
277:Shcramjet
164:Clockwork
124:Turboprop
47:Avro York
2282:Aviation
2113:(1960).
1950:Mercedes
1899:See also
1882:methanol
1860:kerosene
1852:jet fuel
1822:gasoline
1752:LEMCOTEC
1721:isobaric
1633:Bell X-1
1578:Pulsejet
1519:Turbofan
1501:Turbofan
1495:Concorde
1487:fighters
1477:Turbojet
1469:turbines
1447:Turbojet
1436:oxidizer
1312:airframe
1229:Thielert
1176:and the
1115:turbojet
932:H engine
859:V engine
731:scramjet
711:turbofan
678:Bell X-1
673:engines.
586:engines.
372:turbofan
327:aircraft
272:Scramjet
235:Pulsejet
230:Motorjet
201:Turbofan
196:Turbojet
190:Turbines
166:drives:
118:Turbines
86:propfans
72:driving
2821:a 1954
1800:In the
1707:with a
1511:CFM56-3
1489:during
1420:ramjets
1273:gearbox
1190:Diamond
1131:Citroën
1111:turbine
1083:Germany
563:Idflieg
206:Propfan
2823:Flight
2705:Amazon
2649:9 June
2600:
2498:
2431:Voyeur
2313:
2288:
2237:
2192:
2165:
2093:
2062:
2007:
1971:
1697:Munich
1610:Rocket
1542:spools
1432:oxygen
1408:thrust
1388:Small
1332:France
1328:drones
1091:Wankel
952:engine
743:2020:
736:2004:
728:HyShot
726:2002:
716:1968:
705:1950:
700:ramjet
694:1949:
676:1947:
654:1944:
636:1940:
607:1930:
596:1926:
589:1918:
539:1914:
528:1910:
503:1908:
492:1908:
481:1906:
470:1903:
455:1903:
448:1848:
408:Klimov
390:, and
267:Ramjet
78:rotors
2553:(PDF)
2454:(PDF)
2058:–21.
1936:Notes
1620:XLR99
1330:. In
1142:]
1123:Mazda
660:Komet
647:1943
2651:2018
2598:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2466:2020
2311:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2267:2020
2235:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1893:UAVs
1812:Fuel
1804:, a
1774:The
1758:and
1732:TSFC
1635:and
1426:and
1373:and
1352:EASA
1306:and
1135:RE-2
1089:The
749:EASA
406:and
350:UAVs
2590:doi
2056:315
1965:415
1618:An
1587:of
1350:by
1288:An
1117:or
1077:in
382:),
340:or
317:An
84:or
76:,
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2637:.
2596:.
2588:.
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2534:.
2456:.
2409:,
2375:^
2249:^
2144:84
2142:.
2138:.
2089:.
2036:^
2019:^
1967:.
1884:,
1727:.
1695:,
1549:.
1455:A
1422:,
1418:,
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1140:fr
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894:A
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832:,
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386:,
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1977:.
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840:.
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306:e
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
