2444:
2222:
1467:
Yongzheng emperor's harem annual expenditure. There were 6 generations of Aisin Gioro before
Emperor Shunzhi's reign since Nurhaci's grandfather founded the Aisin Gioro clan. Going by the lowest estimate of tribal chief's fertility, five sons per man, Aisin Gioro's number ought to have been 3,000 or 3,125 at the start of the Qing. This meant during that China's population growth in general exactly matched the entire Qing dynasty the Aisin Gioro clan's rate of growth for male members carrying the same surname from the start of the Qing to the end of the Qing, which was growth by a factor of 10 from the initial number at the beginning of the Qing dynasty. And it was only two time's China's general population's growth rate when it included non-male line descendants of the Qing imperial family via Aisin Gioro females who did not pass the family name to their descendants. The Ming imperial Zhu family had more than 80,000 people by 1604, 62,000 in 1594, 28,492 in 1569, 28,840 in 1562, 19,611 in 1553, 2,495 in 1506–1521, 127 in 1403–1424 and 58 in 1368–1398. The Empresses of the Qing were very infertile and most often when an emperor died, there was no son of the empress alive. The
2082:
2067:
2234:
2542:
2432:
2335:
2527:
2396:
2184:
1286:" to replace the small hunting groups used in his early campaigns. A banner was composed of smaller companies; it included some 7,500 warriors and their households, including slaves, under the command of a chieftain. Each banner was identified by a coloured flag that was yellow, white, blue, or red, either plain or with a border design. Originally there were four, then eight, Manchu banners; new banners were created as the Manchu conquered new regions, and eventually there were Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese banners, eight for each ethnic group. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were actually of Manchu ancestry. The
2408:
1454:
their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The
Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.
2382:
2196:
2456:
2600:
2585:
2273:
105:
2130:
2573:
2311:
2261:
2246:
2487:
2420:
2351:
2285:
84:
2172:
1108:
1090:
1070:
1058:
1046:
118:
2297:
2468:
1260:
2158:
2208:
2370:
2612:
2118:
2501:
3953:
2513:
2094:
2106:
2561:
2323:
3225:
exceptional, his integration into the Manchu elite was only the first of many such defections by border generals and their subordinates, who shaved their heads and accepted Manchu customs. It was upon these prisoners, then, that Abahai relied to form new military units to fight their former master, the Ming
Emperor.
3196:
gave them Aisin Gioro women as wives. In 1618, before he attacked Fushun city, he promised the Ming general defending the city a woman from the Aisin Gioro clan in marriage if he surrendered. After the general surrendered, Nurhaci gave him one of his granddaughters. Later the general joined the
Chinese banner.
3251:
In 1632, Hongtaiji accepted the suggestion of Prince Yoto, his nephew, and assigned one thousand Manchu women to surrendered
Chinese officials and generals for them to marry. He also classified these Chinese into groups by rank and gave them wives accordingly. "First-rank officials were given Manchu
1449:
speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from
Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796
632:
The Aisin-Gioro House had no system of automatic succession such as primogeniture or a law of succession. Instead, an emperor would name an heir in a secret edict. The edict would be read before senior members of the clan following the emperor's death. An emperor could have numerous sons by women of
1307:
referred to the
Jurchen inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the
1033:
The more recent heads of the house are given according to a succession law approved by Puyi in 1937. This follows the practice of relevant news reports and reference works. The law provided for father-to-son succession. Brothers may succeed in the absence of male issue. As a full brother, Pujie had
3195:
Whereas the emperor and princes chose wives or concubines from the banner population through the drafts, imperial daughters were married to Mongol princes, Manchu aristocrats, or, on some occasions, Chinese high officials... To win the support and cooperation of Ming generals in
Liaodong, Nurhaci
2443:
1453:
A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to
Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided
1318:
were not used to source content on
Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this. This historical revisionism helped remove the accusation of rebellion from the Qing ruling family refusing to mention in the Mingshi the fact that the Qing founders were Ming China's subjects. The
2144:
1466:
had 200,000 (0.2 million) members by the fall of the Ming dynasty. The Manchu emperors had smaller reproduction and harems than the Ming on average and taxed Chinese peasant less than the Ming did to maintain the harem. The Ming Wanli emperor's harem's daily expenditure was more than the Qing
3278:
Hongtaiji believed that only through intermarrige between Chinese and Manchus would he be able to eliminate ethnic conflicts in the areas he conquered; and "since the Chinese generals and Manchu women lived together and ate together, it would help these surrendered generals to forget their
3224:
Chinese elements had joined the Manchu armies as early as 1618 when the Ming commander Li Yung-fang surrendered at Fu-shun. Li was made a banner general, was given gifts of slaves and serfs, and was betrothed to a young woman of the Aisin Gioro clan. Although Li's surrender at the time was
3118:
1347:
military officers who served the Ming Empire as a means of inducing these officers into surrendering or defecting to their side. Aisin Gioro princesses were also married to Mongol princes, for the purpose of forming alliances between the Manchus and Mongol tribes.
1290:
was thus achieved with a multiethnic army led by Manchu nobles and Han Chinese generals. Han Chinese soldiers were organised into the Army of the Green Standard, which became a sort of imperial constabulary force posted throughout China and on the frontiers.
1522:", but when his title was passed on to his son, Mianyi, it became "Prince Rong of the Second Rank". In other words, the title gets diminished by one rank as it is passed down to each subsequent generation, but generally to no lower than the rank of
1482:
Approximately 300,000 to 400,000 ethnic Manchus in China are surnamed Aisin-Gioro (愛新覺羅), while an additional 3.8 million people are surnamed Jin (金), the most common Sinicized form, which has been embraced by core imperial family members like
3305:
During their first years in China, the Manchu rulers continued to give imperial daughters to Chinese high officials. These included the sons of the Three Feudatories—the Ming defectors rewarded with large and almost autonomous fiefs in the
1371:. Hong Taiji believed that intermarriage between Han Chinese and Manchus could help to eliminate ethnic conflicts in areas already occupied by the Manchus, as well as help the Han Chinese forget their ancestral roots more easily.
1294:
The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the 2 original editions of the books of
1436:
also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to
3864:. History e-book project. Vol. 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.), American Council of Learned Societies (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 197.
2221:
1396:(額駙) rank was given to husbands of Manchu princesses. Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title "Prince Jingnan", while his grandsons Geng Jingzhong, Geng Zhaozhong (耿昭忠) and Geng Juzhong (耿聚忠) married
2797:, 2014, McFarland and Co., p. 6. "The younger brother of Pu Yi (the Emperor Xuantong) Pu Jie was technically head of the Imperial Qing Dynasty from the death of his brother in 1967 until his own death in 1994."
1247:
When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many clans were created as a group of unrelated people (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name).
4506:
646:
435:
2081:
1363:. Many more Han Chinese abandoned their posts in the Ming Empire and defected to the Manchu side. There were over 1,000 marriages between Han Chinese men and Manchu women in 1632 – due to a proposal by
1229:
claimed that Bukūri Yongšon was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, Enggulen, Jenggulen, and Fekulen, were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the
1303:" (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of
2779:, Oct. 25, 1992. "The heir to China`s throne lives in an old house with a courtyard in which the last chrysanthemums of fall sprout amid a heap of coal briquettes collected for the winter."
4570:
2818:• "Among the Imperial brothers and the remoter Imperial relations, precedence shall be given, in the same degree, to the descendants of full blood over those of half blood" (Article 8).
2991:
2974:
1233:. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, this legend belongs to another Manchu clan, the Hurha (Hurka).
2698:
5126:
2816:• "In the absence of sons or descendants, the brothers of the reigning emperor, borne of the same mother, and their male-line descendants succeed according to age" (Article 5).
1374:
Manchu noblewomen were also married to Han Chinese men who surrendered or defected to the Manchu side. Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese generals
4404:
3574:
Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Lim, Si-Keun; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2005).
3492:
Yan, Shi; Tachibana, Harumasa; Wei, Lan-Hai; Yu, Ge; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Chuan-Chao (June 2015). "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty".
1462:
There were merely 29,000 members of Aisin Gioro in 1912 when the Qing dynasty fell, in sharp contrast to the more fecund and fertile Ming dynasty before it, whose ruling
5165:
2541:
1278:, the Aisin Gioro clan of the Jianzhou tribe won hegemony among the rival Jurchen tribes of the northeast, then through warfare and alliances extended its control into
1251:
The Manchu have an equally artificial origin. Although the people ruled by Aisin-Gioro were ethnically mixed, the entire population was designated as "Manchu" in 1635.
1491:
be patrilineal descendants of Nurhaci, but this figure must be used with caution as there are non-Manchu ethnic groups (notably Koreans) who also use the surname Jin (
3447:
Wei, Ryan Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi (November 2016). "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty".
1514:
According to Qing dynasty imperial tradition, the sons of princes do not automatically inherit their fathers' titles in the same rank as their fathers. For example,
1244:(gold). Nurgaci assigned other Gioros to other clans, including Silin Gioro (Superior Gioro), Irgen Gioro (Inferior Gioro), and Tongyan Gioro (miscellaneous Gioro).
1430:
has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but largely absent from Han Chinese.
2334:
2066:
1391:
1923:
4499:
5170:
5006:
2814:• "The Imperial Throne of Manchoukuo shall be succeeded to by male descendants in the male line of His Majesty the Emperor for ages to come" (Article 1).
2284:
1529:
2233:
4845:
2714:
5794:
5459:
3399:
3372:
1523:
1509:
6011:
5782:
5447:
4585:
1538:
The 12 "iron-cap" princely peerages are listed as follows. Some of them were renamed at different points in time, hence they had multiple names.
1236:
Nurgaci created the Aisin-Gioro clan as part of a reorganization of Jurchen society he initiated in 1601. His supporters were enrolled into the
3624:"Asian Ancestry based on Studies of Y-DNA Variation: Part 3. Recent demographics and ancestry of the male East Asians – Empires and Dynasties"
2431:
4990:
4961:
4580:
4036:
3047:
2584:
4662:
1862:
1323:
attempted to rewrite the historical record and claim that the Aisin Gioro were never subjects of past dynasties and empires trying to cast
2689:
4201:
3924:
2035:
2599:
5749:
3832:
3033:
2959:
2732:
2611:
1585:
1375:
4543:
2455:
5996:
5739:
4650:
4635:
1335:
The Qing emperors arranged marriages between Aisin Gioro noblewomen and outsiders to create political marriage alliances. During the
294:
2183:
1479:
and Tongzhi emperor both had no children. In 1660 the core branch of Aisin Gioro had 378 people while in 1915 it had 29,292 people.
6006:
5991:
5986:
4337:
1833:(1876–1929), a sixth-generation descendant of the Kangxi Emperor, Finance Minister and Salt Policy Minister in the Imperial Cabinet
2782:
5981:
5744:
3028:
2954:
2526:
2260:
2245:
5373:
4712:
3957:
2572:
2395:
1753:(1681–1726), the Kangxi Emperor's eighth son, Yinzhen's competitor for the succession, expelled from the Aisin Gioro clan later
1355:(李永芳), into defecting to their side by offering him a position in the Manchu banners. Li Yongfang also married the daughter of
2350:
1240:
and the population militarized. The Gioro clan was partitioned. Those descended from Taksi, Nurgaci's father, were designated
579:. Following the fall of the Qing empire, most members of the clan have changed their surnames to Han Chinese surnames such as
5404:
4645:
3409:
3382:
3355:
3330:
3217:
2852:
2381:
6047:
4874:
4625:
4538:
4262:
3295:. Vol. 7 of The California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 148.
3268:. Vol. 7 of The California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 148.
3241:. Vol. 7 of The California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 148.
3175:. Vol. 7 of The California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 148.
2652:
2407:
251:
3891:. Vol. 183 of Harvard East Asian monographs. Sungovci (illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 274.
1765:(1688–1756), the Kangxi Emperor's 14th son, Yinzhen's competitor for the succession, purported rightful heir to the throne
1327:'s acceptance of Ming titles like Dragon Tiger General (longhu jiangjun 龍虎將軍) by claiming he accepted to "please Heaven".
5775:
5440:
4447:
4277:
3886:
3859:
3623:
3805:
3425:
1415:
Imperial Duke Who Assists the State (宗室輔國公) Aisin Gioro Suyan's (蘇燕) daughter was married to Han Chinese Banner General
5090:
4459:
4332:
4156:
3815:
3101:
3074:
2927:
2467:
2195:
5379:
5220:
5095:
4452:
4029:
3180:
3128:
3001:
2560:
638:
2812:"Text of the Law Governing Succession to the Imperial Throne", March 1, 1937, p. 905, Tōa Keizai Chōsakyoku (Japan).
1535:
privilege, which meant that their titles can be passed on to subsequent generations without the downgrading effect.
5190:
2322:
2272:
5307:
4550:
4237:
4123:
2310:
1791:(1816–1861), descendant of Yinxiang, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the Xinyou Coup in 1861
5808:
5507:
3757:
Wang, Chi-Zao; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Wen, Shao-Qing; Yu, Xue-Er; Shi, Mei-Sen; Li, Hui (August 2019).
5768:
5433:
4891:
4757:
4525:
4272:
4211:
4181:
4171:
3896:
3869:
3842:
3155:
3120:
The historian's castrated slave: the textual eunuch and the creation of historical identity in the Ming history
467:
3837:. SUNY series in Chinese local studies Suny Series, Literacy, Culture, and Learning. SUNY Press. p. 223.
2129:
5325:
5100:
4956:
4640:
4630:
4615:
4610:
4442:
4392:
4372:
4312:
4146:
1314:
483:
1785:(1816–1861), Duanhua's brother, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the Xinyou Coup in 1861
5084:
4862:
4729:
4595:
4489:
4099:
4089:
4022:
1287:
2486:
5001:
4984:
4494:
4469:
4432:
4342:
4302:
4054:
17:
2025:
Cecilia Aisin-Gioro, Paternal Granddaughter of the last Prince Gong in Qing Dynasty of China and Artist.
5384:
4830:
2419:
576:
2919:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
5394:
5113:
5042:
4835:
4367:
4292:
4161:
4079:
3449:
2642:
2296:
2022:(born 1958), Jin Qicong's daughter, historian and scholar of the Jurchen, Khitan and Manchu languages
1713:
1336:
371:, one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the
348:
309:
246:
97:
3252:
princes' daughters as wives; second rank officials were given Manchu ministers' daughters as wives."
1450:(C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.
490:
474:
5905:
5315:
5135:
4869:
4840:
4590:
3700:
Yan, Shi; Tachibana, Harumasa; Wei, Lan-Hai; Yu, Ge; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Chuan-Chao (June 2015).
2028:
Jin Xin (born, 1976), Daughter of Jin Yuzhang, the nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan since 2015.
1910:
572:
400:
392:
315:
5718:
4911:
4377:
4362:
4196:
4094:
217:
3712:(6). Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Japan Society of Human Genetics (Japan): 295–298.
5292:
5180:
5061:
4886:
4104:
3810:(illustrated ed.). Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy: Routledge. p. 111.
3647:"Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty"
2828:
1797:(1833–1898), the Daoguang Emperor's sixth son, Prince-Regent during the Tongzhi Emperor's reign
653:
in northeastern China to serve as chief executive (1932–1934) and later emperor (1934–1945) of
404:
5760:
3934:
3348:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3145:
3091:
2917:
2842:
6042:
5633:
5556:
5425:
5366:
5225:
5185:
4852:
4814:
4702:
4682:
4600:
4399:
4382:
4247:
4216:
4151:
3064:
1782:
1721:(1599–1655), Nurhaci's nephew, co-regent with Dorgon during the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign
1676:
581:
396:
3548:
3022:
6052:
6037:
5915:
5703:
5297:
5264:
5230:
5175:
5055:
5037:
4747:
4677:
4484:
4267:
3017:
2948:
2943:
2369:
2361:
1842:
1100:
6016:
2500:
2207:
419:, who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline.
8:
5673:
5653:
5638:
5608:
5603:
5561:
5350:
5200:
5140:
5072:
4752:
4605:
4560:
4307:
4186:
4166:
4074:
3759:"Relating Clans Ao and Aisin Gioro from northeast China by whole Y-chromosome sequencing"
2302:
2019:
1810:
1693:
1689:
1515:
1222:
1082:
934:
372:
6001:
1813:(1840–1891), the Daoguang Emperor's seventh son, the Guangxu Emperor's biological father
5950:
5930:
5910:
5713:
5521:
5235:
4946:
4941:
4767:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4511:
4357:
4176:
3920:
3786:
3739:
3713:
3682:
3600:
3575:
3527:
3501:
3474:
3296:
3269:
3242:
3186:
2885:
2789:, March 2, 1994. "If Japan had won the war, Pu Jie could have become Emperor of China."
2657:
2357:
2251:
2157:
1977:
1848:
1598:
1446:
1230:
1151:
5734:
1845:(1883–1951), Yixuan's son, Puyi's biological father, Prince-Regent during Puyi's reign
641:. Puyi, the last emperor, was granted the right to maintain his imperial title in the
5940:
5838:
5698:
5643:
5628:
5551:
5526:
5516:
5479:
5245:
5240:
5215:
5160:
5155:
5078:
5026:
4931:
4762:
4667:
4565:
4464:
4427:
4352:
4282:
4252:
4206:
3902:
3892:
3865:
3838:
3811:
3790:
3778:
3731:
3701:
3674:
3666:
3646:
3605:
3519:
3466:
3405:
3378:
3351:
3326:
3213:
3176:
3151:
3124:
3097:
3070:
2997:
2923:
2848:
2591:
2048:
2007:
1991:
1961:
1902:
1762:
1756:
1654:
1650:
1611:
1555:
1427:
1320:
832:
368:
279:
237:
202:
2512:
2171:
5822:
5613:
5546:
5494:
5484:
5471:
5399:
5282:
5205:
5145:
4951:
4672:
4533:
4479:
4322:
4287:
4191:
4116:
4084:
3807:
Culture, Institution, and Development in China: The economics of national character
3770:
3743:
3723:
3686:
3658:
3595:
3587:
3531:
3511:
3478:
3458:
3300:
3273:
3246:
3190:
2877:
1985:
1892:
1870:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1628:
1581:
1468:
1397:
1062:
1050:
896:
880:
848:
508:
416:
360:
256:
1528:(second class imperial duke). However, there were 12 princes who were awarded the
5489:
5414:
5360:
5210:
5195:
5019:
4474:
4437:
4387:
4347:
4297:
4242:
4111:
3150:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. pp. 303–4.
2807:
2793:
2143:
2135:
1951:
1929:
1906:
1896:
1824:
1744:
1615:
1476:
1472:
1433:
1309:
1094:
1074:
928:
912:
864:
800:
538:
423:
2093:
2016:(born 1956), Taiwanese politician, allegedly descended from the Aisin Gioro clan
5955:
5598:
5277:
5150:
4916:
4879:
4327:
4317:
4257:
3929:[King Pu-tsung is not the cousin of Henry Puyi?] (in Chinese). Taiwan:
2117:
1658:
1409:
1279:
1166:
816:
642:
620:
For example, one of the heads of the Aisin-Gioro clan adopted the Chinese name
586:
431:
430:, the last Aisin-Gioro emperor, nominally maintained his imperial title in the
284:
187:
3774:
3631:
3549:"Did you know DNA was used to uncover the origin of the House of Aisin Gioro?"
1747:(1614–1649), Nurhaci's 15th son, participated in the Qing conquest of the Ming
1727:(1605–1651), Nurhaci's 12th son, participated in the Qing conquest of the Ming
6031:
5880:
5541:
5389:
5355:
5320:
4936:
4926:
4742:
4133:
3930:
3906:
3670:
3433:
2637:
2013:
1888:
1879:
1734:
1637:
1572:
1405:
1364:
1283:
1237:
602:
598:
594:
412:
408:
384:
344:
261:
208:
196:
3758:
5960:
5817:
5791:
5582:
5531:
5456:
5409:
5106:
5048:
4737:
4719:
4575:
4045:
3985:
3782:
3735:
3678:
3609:
3523:
3470:
2647:
2341:
1950:(1918–2004), Jin Guangping's son, historian and scholar of the Jurchen and
1568:
1542:
1463:
1416:
1340:
634:
590:
515:
439:
388:
376:
364:
352:
242:
110:
5663:
3021:
2105:
1408:'s daughter respectively. Sun Sike's son, Sun Cheng'en (孫承恩), married the
5945:
5925:
5885:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5648:
5566:
5345:
5066:
4787:
4782:
3662:
3576:"Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia"
3462:
3320:
2947:
2632:
2618:
2213:
2031:
2003:
1883:
1794:
1776:
1680:
1663:
1519:
1484:
1442:
1438:
1352:
1344:
1263:
1129:
1020:
391:, the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions, including
164:
31:
3727:
3515:
2904:
Orphan Warrors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing dynasty
5935:
5900:
5895:
5864:
5708:
5668:
5013:
4857:
4807:
4777:
4620:
2889:
1974:'s half-brother, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan from 1994 to 2015
1967:
1947:
1645:
1632:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1275:
1123:
1005:
781:
756:
621:
614:
380:
274:
83:
4014:
1851:(1885–1949), Yixuan's sixth son, Navy Minister in the Imperial Cabinet
1107:
1089:
1069:
1057:
1045:
5965:
5890:
5854:
5678:
5623:
5618:
5536:
4802:
4792:
3702:"Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty"
3645:
Wei, Ryan Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi (November 2016).
2662:
2551:
2533:
2043:
1933:
1772:
1718:
1624:
1546:
1387:
1226:
707:
654:
650:
356:
300:
154:
123:
3147:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
2922:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
2881:
2844:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
2757:
Woo, Tshung-zhu, "The Rule of Succession to the Throne in China", 9
1709:
1559:
5920:
5287:
5032:
4979:
4921:
4797:
4772:
3591:
1957:
1259:
212:
3718:
3506:
5272:
3992:
3969:
3212:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 79.
2993:
The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty
2492:
2387:
2072:
2039:
1997:
1981:
1836:
1804:
1800:
1788:
1768:
1667:
1619:
1606:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1360:
1324:
1282:. Nurhachi created large, permanent civil-military units called "
1271:
1114:, (1906–1967) the Xuantong Emperor of China, emperor of Manchukuo
953:
718:
610:
221:
191:
71:
3888:
Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China
1641:
5790:
3952:
2163:
1874:
1820:
1730:
1602:
1401:
1356:
1312:
to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The
1304:
1176:
1157:
5455:
2868:
Huang, Pei (1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus".
442:
in 1924. The Qing was China's last orthodox imperial dynasty.
5859:
5658:
4996:
4555:
3996:
2547:
2478:
1938:
1915:
1866:
1830:
1816:
1750:
1724:
1550:
1510:
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty § Male members
1117:
990:
696:
289:
75:
3066:
The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture
1882:(1896–1963), Taiwanese artist and calligrapher, grandson of
1487:. This gives an upper limit of 4.2 million people who could
5166:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
4655:
2775:• Schmetzer, Uli, "Emperor-in-waiting recalls bygone age",
2518:
2474:
2149:
1971:
1942:
1919:
1775:, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the
1111:
947:
427:
266:
174:
3321:
Rubie Sharon Watson; Patricia Buckley Ebrey, eds. (1991).
1759:(1686–1730), the Kangxi Emperor's 13th son, Yinzhen's ally
1351:
The Manchus successfully induced one Han Chinese general,
367:, members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the
2794:
Biographical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China
1932:(1912–2005), artist and calligrapher, descended from the
1503:
1343:, the Manchu rulers offered to marry their princesses to
1254:
1225:, a legendary warrior of the thirteenth century. Emperor
3858:
Watson, Rubie S.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991).
3207:
1926:, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan from 1967 to 1994
1569:
Prince Keqin / Prince Cheng / Prince Ping / Prince Yanxi
1330:
3345:
1712:(1583–1648), Nurhaci's second son, participated in the
3293:
Servants of the dynasty: palace women in world history
3266:
Servants of the dynasty: palace women in world history
3239:
Servants of the dynasty: palace women in world history
3173:
Servants of the dynasty: palace women in world history
2773:
Pujie's status as Puyi's heir was widely acknowledged:
1994:(1938–1959), first daughter of Pujie, died of suicide.
1412:'s fourth daughter, Heshuo Princess Quejing (和硕悫靖公主).
2976:
Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials
2733:"Just call me Jin, says the man who would be emperor"
2006:(born 1942), Jin Youzhi's son, governor of Beijing's
1891:(1899–1966), born Aisin-Gioro Hengxu, scholar of the
725:
Son of Taksi. Unified the Jianzhou Jurchens in 1588.
562:
520:
2840:
1905:(1907–1948), born Aisin-Gioro Xianyu, a spy for the
5171:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
3657:(3). The Japan Society of Human Genetics: 407–411.
3350:. University of California Press. pp. 1017–.
2688:
1924:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
805:First to rule in Beijing. Ninth son of Hong Taiji
375:in 1644, and eventually conquered the short-lived
3699:
3491:
3325:. University of California Press. pp. 179–.
2847:. University of California Press. pp. 198–.
2715:"Heir to China's throne celebrates a modest life"
2010:, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan since 2015
821:Longest reign. Third son of the Shunzhi Emperor.
6029:
3543:
3541:
3093:The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture
2712:
2686:
3769:(8). Japan Society of Human Genetics: 775–780.
3573:
2979:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 10.
2783:Pu Jie, 87, Dies, Ending Dynasty of the Manchus
1126:, head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (1918–2015)
4571:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
3756:
3069:. University of Washington Press. p. 19.
2996:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5.
1741:ruler during the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign
1703:
1132:, head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (born 1942)
1120:, head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (1907–1994)
5776:
5441:
4991:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4962:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4030:
3644:
3538:
3446:
3316:
3314:
3290:
3263:
3236:
3170:
2034:(born 1979), football player, descended from
1941:(1918–1997), calligrapher, distant nephew of
488:
472:
60:
2682:
2680:
2678:
5818:Prince Keqin ** Prince Ping ** Prince Yanxi
3857:
2834:
1533:(perpetual heritability, a.k.a. "iron-cap")
789:Proclaimed the "Great Qing Empire" in 1636
422:The house lost power in 1912 following the
5783:
5769:
5448:
5434:
4037:
4023:
3861:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
3323:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
3311:
1839:(1876–1947), Yikuang's son, court minister
82:
4651:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
3717:
3599:
3505:
3096:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216.
2972:
2841:Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000).
2675:
1855:
1525:kesi-be tuwakiyara gurun-de aisilara gung
1034:precedence over half brother Jin Youzhi.
4500:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3143:
3034:United States Government Printing Office
2960:United States Government Printing Office
2590:Pujie and Hiro Saga with their daughter
2266:Zaixun (Prince Rui) in the United States
1807:, Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
1258:
981:Emperor of Manchukuo from 1934 to 1945.
979:Removed from the Forbidden City in 1924.
5107:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
4044:
3884:
3391:
3123:. University of Michigan. p. 219.
3116:
2769:
2767:
1861:Pujin (溥伒; 1893–1966), better known as
1221:The Aisin-Gioro traced its ancestry to
558:means 'gold', corresponding to Chinese
27:Manchu clan and imperial house of China
14:
6030:
5517:Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang
3580:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3364:
3016:
2942:
2915:
2690:"The Chinese man who would be emperor"
1960:(1918–2014), born Aisin-Gioro Xianqi,
1504:Iron-cap princes and their descendants
1359:, a son of the Qing dynasty's founder
1255:Expansion under Nurhaci and Hong Taiji
869:Fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor
5832:Promoted and non-downgrading peerages
5764:
5429:
5405:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
4646:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
4018:
3089:
3052:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
2867:
2829:Life of Last Chinese Emperor's Nephew
2713:McDonald, Hamish (27 November 2004).
2687:Spencer, Richard (30 November 2008).
1970:(1918–2015), born Aisin-Gioro Puren,
1457:
1367:(岳托), a nephew of the Manchu emperor
1331:Intermarriage and political alliances
627:
5576:Demoted but non-downgrading peerages
4626:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3830:
3029:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2989:
2955:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2764:
2653:List of emperors of the Qing dynasty
2578:Pujie and Hiro Saga with their child
2473:Zaifeng (Prince Chun) and his sons,
2461:Zaifeng (Prince Chun) and his family
1556:Prince Li / Prince Xun / Prince Kang
853:Fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor
701:Xuan Emperor (posthumously elevated)
5374:History of Qing (People's Republic)
3919:
3803:
3397:
3062:
2356:Yixuan (Prince Chun) with his sons
2000:(b. 1940), second daughter of Pujie
1012:Prince Puren, half brother of Puyi
901:Fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor
686:Chieftains of the Jianzhou Jurchens
24:
5091:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4460:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4453:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
4333:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4157:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3370:
2870:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1498:
917:First son of the Xianfeng Emperor
885:Second son of the Jiaqing Emperor
25:
6064:
5848:Promoted but downgrading peerages
5380:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
5221:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
5096:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
4248:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
3945:
3208:Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. (1977).
2759:Chinese Soc. & Pol. Sci. Rev.
2328:Yixuan (Prince Chun) and his wife
1733:(1612–1650), Nurhaci's 14th son,
1288:Qing conquest of the Ming dynasty
837:Fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor
664:Heads of the House of Aisin-Gioro
387:. After gaining total control of
5191:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4507:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4263:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3951:
3834:Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, The
3346:Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. (1985).
2831:", People Daily, Dec. 11, 2000.
2610:
2598:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2540:
2525:
2511:
2499:
2485:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2380:
2368:
2349:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2065:
1471:had only one son surviving, the
1106:
1088:
1068:
1056:
1044:
436:Articles of Favourable Treatment
116:
103:
4238:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
4124:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3913:
3878:
3851:
3824:
3797:
3750:
3693:
3638:
3616:
3567:
3485:
3440:
3418:
3339:
3284:
3257:
3230:
3201:
3164:
3137:
3110:
3083:
3056:
3040:
3010:
2983:
2966:
2936:
2701:from the original on 2022-01-12
1428:Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)
647:Articles of Favorable Treatment
5542:Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)
4892:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
4182:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3831:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
3144:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002).
2909:
2896:
2861:
2821:
2800:
2751:
2605:Pujie with his wife, Hiro Saga
2290:Zaitao and Zaixun (Prince Rui)
1638:Prince Chengze / Prince Zhuang
1037:
732:Khans of the Later Jin dynasty
521:
489:
473:
13:
1:
5326:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
5101:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4957:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
4641:Provincial military commander
4631:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4616:Imperial Household Department
4443:Preparative Constitutionalism
4147:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2808:The Manchoukuo Year Book 1941
2668:
1520:Prince Rong of the First Rank
1315:Veritable Records of the Ming
962:Heads of the House since 1912
706:Ancestor of the clan, son of
637:was overthrown and China was
605:or Slavicized in Russia like
5085:Researches on Manchu Origins
4490:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
4100:Transition from Ming to Qing
4090:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
3432:. 2016-03-07. Archived from
771:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
633:various ranks. In 1912, the
445:
7:
6048:Individual Chinese surnames
4985:Changzhou School of Thought
4495:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4470:Railway Protection Movement
4448:1909 Parliamentary election
4433:British expedition to Tibet
4343:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
4303:Self-Strengthening Movement
4278:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3291:Anne Walthall, ed. (2008).
3264:Anne Walthall, ed. (2008).
3237:Anne Walthall, ed. (2008).
3171:Anne Walthall, ed. (2008).
3049:The Augustan, Volumes 17-20
2626:
2189:Zaitao in the United States
1964:'s younger sister, educator
1803:(1838–1917), descendant of
1771:(1807–1861), descendant of
1704:Prominent political figures
1696:(1840–1891), descendant of
1683:(1833–1898), descendant of
1670:(1838–1917), descendant of
1657:(1686–1730), descendant of
1644:(1629–1655), descendant of
1631:(1609–1648), descendant of
1618:(1614–1649), descendant of
1605:(1612–1650), descendant of
1588:(1619–1652), descendant of
1575:(1599–1639), descendant of
1562:(1583–1648), descendant of
1549:(1599–1655), descendant of
1422:
1297:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu
1138:Jin Yuquan (金毓峑, born 1946)
657:, a puppet state of Japan.
563:
326:February 12, 1912
10:
6069:
5532:Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)
5385:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4273:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
4212:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
4202:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
4172:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3426:"清代第一战神是谁? 年羹尧和岳钟琪谁的成就更高?"
3210:The fall of imperial China
3090:Smith, Richard J. (2015).
2973:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972).
2340:Yixuan (Prince Chun) with
2055:
1922:'s brother, member of the
1543:Prince Zheng / Prince Jian
1507:
1216:
1144:Jin Yulan (金毓岚, born 1948)
1101:Zaifeng, the prince-regent
577:Yilan County, Heilongjiang
543:
29:
5974:
5873:
5847:
5831:
5804:
5727:
5591:
5575:
5503:
5469:
5395:Names of the Qing dynasty
5338:
5306:
5263:
5256:
5125:
5043:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4970:
4902:
4823:
4728:
4524:
4415:
4373:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4368:Gongche Shangshu movement
4313:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
4225:
4162:Chinese Rites controversy
4132:
4062:
4053:
4003:
3990:
3982:
3966:
3885:Chaffee, John W. (1999).
3775:10.1038/s10038-019-0622-4
3763:Journal of Human Genetics
3706:Journal of Human Genetics
3651:Journal of Human Genetics
3494:Journal of Human Genetics
3450:Journal of Human Genetics
3117:Fryslie, Matthew (2001).
1714:Qing conquest of the Ming
1495:) for unrelated reasons.
959:
768:
729:
683:
662:
649:were revoked. He went to
559:
549:
537:
532:
514:
507:
502:
498:
482:
466:
461:
457:
452:
322:
308:
252:Emperor of the Great Qing
230:
180:
170:
160:
150:
132:
90:
81:
70:
61:
47:
5946:Prince Shen (Prince Zhi)
5805:Non-downgrading peerages
5504:Non-downgrading peerages
5316:Great Qing Treasure Note
5136:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
4846:Administrative divisions
4663:Administrative divisions
4591:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3925:
1182:Jin Zhiyuan (1908–1979)
710:, and father of Nurhaci
704:First head of the house.
468:Traditional Chinese
34:. The subclan's name is
5798:s (second-rank princes)
5537:Prince Su (Prince Xian)
4912:Chengde Mountain Resort
4713:Three Eastern Provinces
4363:First Sino-Japanese War
4338:Northern Chinese Famine
4197:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
4095:Qing invasion of Joseon
3404:. 華志文化. pp. 198–.
3377:. 遠流出版. pp. 108–.
2902:Crossley, Pamela Kyle,
2566:Pujie with Gobulo Runqi
2038:, the fifth brother of
1625:Prince Su / Prince Xian
1308:Ming dynasty, from the
1205:Jin Congzheng (b. 1940)
1188:Jin Zizhong (1928–2022)
1083:Yixuan, 1st Prince Chun
484:Simplified Chinese
295:Duke Who Receives Grace
218:Chengde Mountain Resort
138:; 408 years ago
38:and the clan's name is
5463:s (first-rank princes)
5293:Great Qing Copper Coin
5181:Convention of Tientsin
5114:Annotated Bibliography
5062:Qing official headwear
4105:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3804:Fan, C. Simon (2016).
2916:Sneath, David (2007).
2554:on their wedding, 1937
1856:20th century – present
1404:'s granddaughter, and
1267:
1199:Jin Daibin (1924–1983)
764:Eighth son of Nurhaci
407:. The dynasty reached
30:This family name uses
5367:Draft History of Qing
5226:Treaty of Shimonoseki
5007:performance criticism
4611:Imperial Commissioner
4601:Great Qing Legal Code
4400:Eight-Nation Alliance
4383:Third plague pandemic
4293:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
4217:White Lotus Rebellion
3958:Aisin Gioro (surname)
3634:on November 25, 2013.
3063:Kim, Sun Joo (2011).
3018:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2944:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2737:Sydney Morning Herald
2643:Later Jin (1616–1636)
2506:Yikuang (Prince Qing)
2493:Yikuang (Prince Qing)
2449:Zaifeng (Prince Chun)
2437:Zaifeng (Prince Chun)
2401:Zaizhen (Prince Qing)
2388:Zaizhen (Prince Qing)
1262:
645:until 1924, when the
571:refers to the clan's
385:Southern Ming dynasty
32:Manchu naming customs
5874:Downgrading peerages
5592:Downgrading peerages
5298:Great Qing Gold Coin
5231:Treaty of Tarbagatai
5176:Convention of Peking
5056:Pentaglot Dictionary
5038:Literary inquisition
4748:Ever Victorious Army
4581:Deliberative Council
4485:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4438:1905 Batang uprising
4378:Hundred Days' Reform
4268:Small Swords Society
3976:House of Aisin-Gioro
3960:at Wikimedia Commons
3663:10.1038/jhg.2016.142
3463:10.1038/jhg.2016.142
2990:Till, Barry (2004).
2375:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
2316:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
2303:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
2254:in the United States
2051:(born 1983), actress
1873:artist, grandson of
453:House of Aisin-Gioro
347:clan that ruled the
341:House of Aisin-Gioro
5351:Anti-Qing sentiment
5201:Treaty of the Bogue
5141:Treaty of Nerchinsk
5073:Complete Tang Poems
4753:Green Standard Army
4636:Provincial governor
4606:Imperial Clan Court
4586:Diplomatic missions
4561:Consultative Bureau
4308:Tongzhi Restoration
4187:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4167:Ten Great Campaigns
4075:Jurchen unification
3728:10.1038/jhg.2015.28
3516:10.1038/jhg.2015.28
3398:施樹祿 (17 May 2012).
3301:10.1525/j.ctt1ppzvr
3274:10.1525/j.ctt1ppzvr
3247:10.1525/j.ctt1ppzvr
3191:10.1525/j.ctt1ppzvr
2739:. November 27, 2004
2695:The Daily Telegraph
2532:Puyi as Emperor of
2278:Zaixun (Prince Rui)
2252:Zaixun (Prince Rui)
2239:Yixin (Prince Gong)
2227:Yixin (Prince Gong)
2214:Yixin (Prince Gong)
2020:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
1884:Yixin (Prince Gong)
1875:Yicong (Prince Dun)
977:Deposed as in 1912.
748:Founder of dynasty
639:declared a republic
359:(1932–1945) in the
5809:"iron-cap" princes
5508:"iron-cap" princes
5236:Treaty of Tientsin
4947:Western Qing tombs
4942:Eastern Qing tombs
4768:Peking Field Force
4512:Manchu Restoration
4405:Declaration of war
4358:Jindandao incident
4177:Lhasa riot of 1750
4007:Monarchy abolished
3628:Genebase Tutorials
3555:. 14 November 2016
3553:Did You Know DNA..
2658:Manchu Restoration
2425:Shanqi (Prince Su)
2413:Shanqi (Prince Su)
1978:Aisin-Gioro Yuhuan
1458:Current population
1268:
1231:Changbai Mountains
1196:Pushen (1915–1928)
1185:Yuqiao (1927–1928)
1152:Zaixun, Prince Rui
1124:Puren (Jin Youzhi)
628:Heads of the House
6025:
6024:
5975:Posthumous titles
5758:
5757:
5728:Posthumous titles
5423:
5422:
5334:
5333:
5246:Treaty of Whampoa
5241:Treaty of Wanghia
5216:Treaty of Nanking
5186:Li–Lobanov Treaty
5161:Chefoo Convention
5156:Burlingame Treaty
5027:Kangxi Dictionary
4932:Old Summer Palace
4763:Firearm Battalion
4566:Cup of Solid Gold
4520:
4519:
4465:Manchurian plague
4428:Late Qing reforms
4419:(1901–1912)
4353:Sikkim expedition
4283:Panthay Rebellion
4253:Taiping Rebellion
4229:(1801–1900)
4207:Sino-Nepalese War
4152:Dzungar–Qing Wars
4138:(1683–1799)
4066:(1616–1683)
4013:
4012:
4004:Succeeded by
3956:Media related to
3411:978-986-5936-00-6
3384:978-957-32-6691-4
3357:978-0-520-04804-1
3332:978-0-520-07124-7
3219:978-0-02-933680-9
2854:978-0-520-92884-8
2049:Ariel Aisin-Gioro
2008:Chongwen District
1962:Yoshiko Kawashima
1934:Prince He peerage
1911:Sino-Japanese War
1903:Yoshiko Kawashima
1321:Yongzheng Emperor
1193:Pu'an (1911–1944)
1031:
1030:
833:Yongzheng Emperor
553:
552:
528:
527:
509:Standard Mandarin
424:Xinhai Revolution
369:Jianzhou Jurchens
355:(1636–1912), and
351:(1616–1636), the
349:Later Jin dynasty
337:
336:
280:Emperor Manjushri
238:Jianzhou Jurchens
203:Old Summer Palace
143:February 17, 1616
136:February 17, 1616
16:(Redirected from
6060:
5823:Prince Shuncheng
5785:
5778:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5614:Prince Duanzhong
5547:Prince Shuncheng
5450:
5443:
5436:
5427:
5426:
5400:New Qing History
5283:Qianlong Tongbao
5261:
5260:
5206:Treaty of Canton
5146:Unequal treaties
4952:Fuling Mausoleum
4551:Advisory Council
4480:Wuchang Uprising
4420:
4323:Tianjin Massacre
4288:Second Opium War
4230:
4192:Sino-Burmese War
4139:
4117:Battle of Penghu
4085:Seven Grievances
4067:
4060:
4059:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4015:
3983:Preceded by
3964:
3963:
3955:
3939:
3938:
3933:. Archived from
3917:
3911:
3910:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3721:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3630:. Archived from
3620:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3586:(6): 1112–1116.
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3509:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2771:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2692:
2684:
2614:
2602:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2544:
2529:
2519:Xuantong Emperor
2515:
2503:
2489:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2384:
2372:
2353:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2210:
2201:Zaitao in Russia
2198:
2186:
2174:
2160:
2146:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2069:
1986:Chinese painting
1871:Chinese painting
1698:Daoguang Emperor
1685:Daoguang Emperor
1672:Qianlong Emperor
1582:Prince Shuncheng
1518:held the title "
1469:Xianfeng Emperor
1301:Manzhou Shilu Tu
1110:
1092:
1072:
1063:Xianfeng Emperor
1060:
1051:Daoguang Emperor
1048:
997:Brother of Puyi
948:Xuantong Emperor
897:Xianfeng Emperor
881:Daoguang Emperor
849:Qianlong Emperor
660:
659:
566:
561:
545:
524:
523:
500:
499:
494:
493:
478:
477:
450:
449:
438:were revoked by
417:Qianlong Emperor
361:history of China
333:
331:
316:Imperial Majesty
257:Emperor of China
146:
144:
139:
122:
120:
119:
109:
107:
106:
86:
65:
64:
63:
55:
45:
44:
21:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6021:
5992:Prince Xuanxian
5970:
5869:
5843:
5827:
5806:
5800:
5789:
5759:
5754:
5723:
5654:Prince Chun (淳)
5639:Prince Chun (純)
5609:Prince Ying (英)
5604:Prince Ying (穎)
5587:
5571:
5505:
5499:
5465:
5454:
5424:
5419:
5415:Willow Palisade
5361:Chuang Guandong
5330:
5302:
5252:
5211:Treaty of Kulja
5196:Treaty of Aigun
5129:
5121:
5020:History of Ming
4972:
4966:
4904:
4898:
4824:Special regions
4819:
4758:Imperial Guards
4724:
4516:
4475:1911 Revolution
4421:
4418:
4411:
4388:Boxer Rebellion
4348:Sino-French War
4298:Amur Annexation
4243:First Opium War
4231:
4228:
4221:
4140:
4137:
4128:
4112:Great Clearance
4068:
4065:
4049:
4043:
4009:
4000:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3927:
3918:
3914:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3802:
3798:
3755:
3751:
3698:
3694:
3643:
3639:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3490:
3486:
3445:
3441:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3319:
3312:
3289:
3285:
3262:
3258:
3235:
3231:
3220:
3206:
3202:
3183:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3023:"Nurhaci"
3015:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2971:
2967:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2882:10.2307/2719229
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2780:
2777:Chicago Tribune
2774:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2685:
2676:
2671:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2564:
2555:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2481:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2426:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2354:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2314:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2136:Guangxu Emperor
2133:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2058:
2042:'s grandfather
1907:Japanese Empire
1858:
1825:Boxer Rebellion
1706:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1499:Notable members
1477:Guangxu emperor
1473:Tongzhi emperor
1460:
1434:Genetic testing
1425:
1337:Manchu conquest
1333:
1310:History of Ming
1257:
1219:
1214:
1095:Guangxu Emperor
1075:Tongzhi Emperor
1040:
980:
978:
964:
941:1908–1912; 1917
929:Guangxu Emperor
913:Tongzhi Emperor
865:Jiaqing Emperor
801:Shunzhi Emperor
786:Chongde Emperor
773:
734:
705:
688:
665:
630:
448:
329:
327:
226:
142:
140:
137:
128:
117:
115:
104:
102:
66:
59:
57:
56:
53:
51:
49:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6066:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Prince Xun (循)
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5931:Prince Xun (恂)
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5802:
5801:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Prince Jingjin
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:Absorbed into
5467:
5466:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5278:Kangxi Tongbao
5275:
5269:
5267:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Boxer Protocol
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Forbidden City
4914:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4880:General of Ili
4877:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:List of ambans
4860:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Margary Affair
4325:
4320:
4318:Mudan incident
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Nian Rebellion
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3970:Imperial House
3967:
3962:
3961:
3947:
3946:External links
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:on 2009-12-17.
3923:(2009-12-14).
3912:
3897:
3877:
3870:
3850:
3843:
3823:
3817:978-1317241836
3816:
3796:
3749:
3692:
3637:
3615:
3592:10.1086/498583
3566:
3537:
3484:
3457:(3): 407–411.
3439:
3436:on 2016-08-28.
3417:
3410:
3390:
3383:
3363:
3356:
3338:
3331:
3310:
3283:
3256:
3229:
3218:
3200:
3181:
3163:
3156:
3136:
3129:
3109:
3103:978-1442221949
3102:
3082:
3076:978-0295802176
3075:
3055:
3039:
3036:. p. 598.
3020:, ed. (1943).
3009:
3002:
2982:
2965:
2949:"Abahai"
2946:, ed. (1943).
2935:
2929:978-0231511674
2928:
2908:
2895:
2876:(1): 239–282.
2860:
2853:
2833:
2820:
2799:
2791:• Song, Yuwu,
2787:New York Times
2763:
2750:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1913:
1900:
1886:
1877:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1692:, the line of
1687:
1679:, the line of
1674:
1666:, the line of
1661:
1659:Kangxi Emperor
1653:, the line of
1648:
1640:, the line of
1635:
1627:, the line of
1622:
1614:, the line of
1609:
1601:, the line of
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1584:, the line of
1571:, the line of
1558:, the line of
1553:
1545:, the line of
1531:shi xi wang ti
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1459:
1456:
1424:
1421:
1410:Kangxi Emperor
1332:
1329:
1280:Inner Mongolia
1256:
1253:
1223:Bukūri Yongšon
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:Huang Shixiang
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1049:Min-ning, the
1041:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
993:
987:
983:
982:
975:
973:
970:
966:
965:
960:
957:
956:
950:
945:
942:
938:
937:
933:Second son of
931:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
862:
859:
855:
854:
851:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
817:Kangxi Emperor
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
779:
775:
774:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:Abkai fulingga
743:
740:
736:
735:
730:
727:
726:
723:
721:
716:
712:
711:
702:
699:
694:
690:
689:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
643:Forbidden City
629:
626:
573:ancestral home
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
525:
518:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:Transcriptions
496:
495:
486:
480:
479:
470:
464:
463:
459:
458:
455:
454:
447:
444:
432:Forbidden City
415:and under the
401:Outer Mongolia
335:
334:
324:
320:
319:
312:
306:
305:
304:
303:
297:
292:
287:
285:Chinese khagan
282:
277:
272:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
232:
228:
227:
225:
224:
215:
206:
200:
194:
188:Forbidden City
184:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
113:
100:
94:
92:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:Imperial House
68:
67:
58:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6065:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:Prince Tongda
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Prince Huizhe
5985:
5983:
5982:Prince Wugong
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:Prince Yinzhi
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Prince Wuying
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Manchu people
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Canton System
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Hubu Guanpiao
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:Society &
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Summer Palace
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Mukden Palace
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:Palaces &
4901:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Eight Banners
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Grand Council
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4416:20th century
4414:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4226:19th century
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3932:
3931:Liberty Times
3928:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3182:9780520254435
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3130:9780493415963
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3003:9780888852168
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Manchu people
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2075:on his throne
2074:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:King Pu-tsung
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:(1929–2003),
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:(1907–1994),
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Jin Guangping
1887:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:(1856–1922),
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
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1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
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1740:
1736:
1735:Prince-Regent
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
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1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
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1440:
1435:
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1429:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:'s daughter,
1399:
1395:
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1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:banner system
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
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1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:Zaitian, the
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:Zaichun, the
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1027:Son of Puren
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
992:
988:
985:
984:
976:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
958:
955:
952:First son of
951:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
936:
932:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:
916:
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905:
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895:
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868:
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815:
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648:
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636:
625:
623:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
565:
557:
548:
542:
540:
539:Manchu script
536:
531:
519:
517:
513:
510:
506:
501:
497:
492:
487:
485:
481:
476:
471:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
413:High Qing era
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
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311:
307:
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293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:Kundulun Khan
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Son of Heaven
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:Chief of the
235:
234:
233:
229:
223:
219:
216:
214:
210:
209:Mukden Palace
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:Summer Palace
195:
193:
189:
186:
185:
183:
181:Historic seat
179:
176:
173:
169:
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159:
156:
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149:
135:
131:
125:
114:
112:
101:
99:
96:
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93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6043:Qing dynasty
5961:Prince Zhong
5916:Prince Cheng
5855:Prince Raoyu
5795:
5792:Qing dynasty
5704:Prince Cheng
5624:Prince Xiang
5583:Prince Cheng
5460:
5457:Qing dynasty
5410:Treaty ports
5372:
5365:
5339:Other topics
5112:
5105:
5083:
5071:
5054:
5049:Peiwen Yunfu
5047:
5025:
5018:
4989:
4738:Beiyang Army
4720:Zongli Yamen
4576:Da-Qing Bank
4393:Red Lanterns
4046:Qing dynasty
4006:
3993:Ruling House
3991:
3986:House of Zhu
3975:
3968:
3935:the original
3926:金溥聰是不是溥儀的堂弟？
3915:
3887:
3880:
3860:
3853:
3833:
3826:
3806:
3799:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3632:the original
3627:
3618:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3552:
3500:(6): 295–8.
3497:
3493:
3487:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3434:the original
3429:
3420:
3400:
3393:
3373:
3366:
3347:
3341:
3322:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3172:
3166:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3112:
3092:
3085:
3065:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3027:
3012:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2968:
2962:. p. 2.
2953:
2938:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2823:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2776:
2758:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2736:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:
2703:. Retrieved
2694:
2648:Qing dynasty
2344:and Shanqing
2342:Li Hongzhang
1738:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1464:House of Zhu
1461:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1417:Nian Gengyao
1414:
1392:
1373:
1350:
1334:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1274:and his son
1269:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1202:
1179:(1887–1970)
1163:
1160:(1904–1969)
1154:(1885–1949)
1141:
1135:
1103:(1883–1951)
1085:(1840–1891)
1065:(1831–1861)
1053:(1782–1850)
1032:
1017:2015–present
961:
770:
731:
685:
635:Qing dynasty
631:
619:
606:
580:
568:
555:
554:
516:Hanyu Pinyin
462:Chinese name
440:Feng Yuxiang
421:
389:China proper
377:Shun dynasty
365:Ming dynasty
363:. Under the
353:Qing dynasty
340:
338:
290:Crown Prince
161:Current head
111:Qing dynasty
39:
35:
6053:Gioro clans
6038:Aisin Gioro
6007:Prince Shun
5926:Prince Ning
5886:Prince Qian
5745:Prince Huai
5740:Prince Duan
5735:Prince Rong
5689:Prince Rong
5684:Prince Ding
5674:Prince Xian
5659:Prince Lian
5649:Prince Heng
5634:Prince Gong
5567:Prince Qing
5562:Prince Chun
5557:Prince Gong
5480:Prince Yong
5346:Aisin Gioro
5308:Paper money
5067:Qing poetry
4788:Wuwei Corps
4783:Shuishiying
4544:Family tree
3371:唐博 (2010).
3279:motherland"
2761:626 (1925).
2743:February 3,
2633:Irgen Gioro
2617:Pujie with
2150:Prince Puyi
2032:Zhao Junzhe
2004:Jin Yuzhang
1984:player and
1909:during the
1869:player and
1777:Xinyou Coup
1690:Prince Chun
1677:Prince Gong
1664:Prince Qing
1489:potentially
1485:Jin Yuzhang
1445:area. The
1443:Transbaikal
1353:Li Yongfang
1345:Han Chinese
1341:Ming Empire
1299:" and the "
1264:Qing Empire
1130:Jin Yuzhang
1097:(1871–1908)
1077:(1856–1875)
1061:Yizhu, the
1038:Family tree
1021:Jin Yuzhang
533:Manchu name
522:Àixīnjuéluó
411:during the
299:Emperor of
171:Final ruler
165:Jin Yuzhang
48:Aisin-Gioro
18:Aisin-Gioro
6032:Categories
6017:Prince Min
6012:Prince Hui
5936:Prince Tai
5921:Prince Dun
5911:Prince Zhi
5906:Prince Hui
5901:Prince Wen
5896:Prince Qin
5881:Prince Min
5865:Prince Guo
5839:Prince Xin
5750:Prince Zhe
5719:Prince Hui
5714:Prince Rui
5709:Prince Dun
5694:Prince Zhi
5669:Prince Guo
5522:Prince Rui
5495:Prince Zhi
5490:Prince Jia
5485:Prince Bao
5014:Four Wangs
4905:mausoleums
4858:Golden Urn
4831:Inner Asia
4808:Xiang Army
4778:Hushenying
4703:Liangguang
4683:Liangjiang
4621:Lifan Yuan
4526:Government
4001:1644–1912
3898:0674080491
3871:0520071247
3844:1438422369
3559:5 November
3157:0520234243
2669:References
1968:Jin Youzhi
1948:Jin Qicong
1863:Pu Xuezhai
1646:Hong Taiji
1633:Hong Taiji
1599:Prince Rui
1384:Shang Kexi
1380:Geng Jimao
1369:Hong Taiji
1276:Hong Taiji
1006:Jin Youzhi
782:Hong Taiji
761:Abkai sure
757:Hong Taiji
673:Given name
622:Jin Youzhi
615:Zolotaryov
544:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ
434:until the
409:its zenith
381:Xi dynasty
373:Great Wall
330:1912-02-12
323:Deposition
275:Bogda Khan
6002:Prince Mu
5966:Prince Fu
5941:Prince Yu
5891:Prince Xi
5699:Prince Yi
5679:Prince He
5664:Prince Lü
5644:Prince Li
5629:Prince Yu
5619:Prince An
5552:Prince Yi
5527:Prince Yu
5472:the Crown
4836:Manchuria
4803:Huai Army
4793:Yong Ying
4678:Shaan-Gan
4134:High Qing
4080:Later Jin
3907:0073-0483
3791:171094135
3719:1412.6274
3671:1434-5161
3507:1412.6274
2663:Manchukuo
2621:and Runqi
2552:Hiro Saga
2534:Manchukuo
2044:Giocangga
2036:Boolungga
1954:languages
1899:languages
1773:Jirgalang
1719:Jirgalang
1651:Prince Yi
1612:Prince Yu
1547:Jirgalang
1388:Wu Sangui
1227:Hongtaiji
1169:(b. 1934)
1002:1994–2015
986:1967–1994
969:1912–1967
922:1875–1908
906:1862–1875
890:1851–1861
874:1821–1850
858:1796–1820
842:1736–1796
826:1723–1735
810:1661–1722
794:1644–1661
778:1636–1643
753:1626–1636
739:1616–1626
715:1583-1616
708:Giocangga
693:1571–1583
655:Manchukuo
651:Changchun
575:in today
446:Etymology
357:Manchukuo
314:"His/Her
301:Manchukuo
247:Great Jin
205:, Beijing
199:, Beijing
155:Gioccanga
124:Manchukuo
98:Later Jin
5288:Hongqian
5257:Currency
5127:Treaties
5033:Kaozheng
4980:Booi Aha
4922:Hetu Ala
4875:Timeline
4870:Xinjiang
4841:Mongolia
4798:Chu Army
4773:New Army
4730:Military
4668:Viceroys
3783:31148597
3736:25833470
3679:27853133
3610:16380921
3524:25833470
3471:27853133
3401:世界歷史戰事傳奇
2906:, p. 34.
2699:Archived
2627:See also
2592:Huisheng
1992:Huisheng
1958:Jin Moyu
1823:'s son,
1757:Yinxiang
1739:de facto
1655:Yinxiang
1586:Lekdehun
1447:Tungusic
1423:Genetics
1376:Sun Sike
676:Era name
393:Xinjiang
310:Style(s)
213:Shenyang
5796:junwang
5461:qinwang
5273:Zhiqian
5265:Coinage
5002:Economy
4973:culture
4708:Yun-Gui
4698:Min-Zhe
4693:Sichuan
4688:Huguang
4534:Emperor
4055:History
3744:7505563
3687:7685248
3601:1285168
3532:7505563
3479:7685248
3374:清朝權臣回憶錄
2890:2719229
2719:The Age
2619:Yunying
2362:Zaifeng
2123:Nurhaci
2111:Nurhaci
2099:Nurhaci
2087:Nurhaci
2073:Nurhaci
2056:Gallery
2040:Nurhaci
1998:Husheng
1982:sanxian
1893:Jurchen
1865:(溥雪齋),
1843:Zaifeng
1837:Zaizhen
1805:Yonglin
1801:Yikuang
1789:Zaiyuan
1779:in 1861
1769:Duanhua
1668:Yikuang
1620:Nurhaci
1607:Nurhaci
1590:Nurhaci
1577:Nurhaci
1564:Nurhaci
1441:in the
1378:(孫思克),
1361:Nurhaci
1339:of the
1325:Nurhaci
1284:banners
1272:Nurhaci
1266:in 1636
1217:Origins
989:Prince
954:Zaifeng
925:Zaitian
909:Zaichun
877:Minning
861:Yongyan
829:Yinzhen
742:Nurhaci
719:Nurhaci
611:Zolotov
607:Aysinev
328: (
245:of the
222:Chengde
192:Beijing
151:Founder
141: (
133:Founded
91:Country
4887:Taiwan
4063:Early
4048:topics
3905:
3895:
3868:
3841:
3814:
3789:
3781:
3742:
3734:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3608:
3598:
3530:
3522:
3477:
3469:
3408:
3381:
3354:
3329:
3306:south.
3299:
3272:
3245:
3216:
3189:
3179:
3154:
3127:
3100:
3073:
3000:
2926:
2888:
2851:
2724:4 June
2705:4 June
2358:Zaixun
2177:Zaitao
2164:Zaitao
2061:Images
1988:artist
1952:Manchu
1930:Qigong
1897:Khitan
1849:Zaixun
1827:leader
1821:Yicong
1811:Yixuan
1783:Sushun
1731:Dorgon
1710:Daišan
1694:Yixuan
1603:Dorgon
1560:Daišan
1516:Yongqi
1475:. The
1402:Abatai
1390:. The
1357:Abatai
1305:Joseon
1270:Under
1177:Zaitao
1158:Pugong
935:Yixuan
845:Hongli
813:Xuanye
679:Notes
405:Taiwan
403:, and
345:Manchu
231:Titles
121:
108:
5079:Queue
4997:Dibao
4853:Tibet
4673:Zhili
4556:Amban
3997:China
3787:S2CID
3740:S2CID
3714:arXiv
3683:S2CID
3528:S2CID
3502:arXiv
3475:S2CID
3297:JSTOR
3270:JSTOR
3243:JSTOR
3187:JSTOR
2886:JSTOR
2548:Pujie
2479:Pujie
1939:Yuyan
1916:Pujie
1867:guqin
1831:Zaize
1817:Zaiyi
1795:Yixin
1763:Yinti
1751:Yinsi
1725:Ajige
1681:Yixin
1629:Hooge
1551:Taksi
1439:Daurs
1398:Hooge
1319:Qing
1242:Aisin
1118:Pujie
991:Pujie
893:Yizhu
797:Fulin
697:Taksi
670:Reign
569:Gioro
556:Aisin
397:Tibet
343:is a
76:China
54:ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ
52:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
40:Gioro
36:Aisin
4815:Navy
4656:Ejen
4539:List
3903:ISSN
3893:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3812:ISBN
3779:PMID
3732:PMID
3675:PMID
3667:ISSN
3606:PMID
3561:2020
3520:PMID
3467:PMID
3406:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3071:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2745:2021
2726:2016
2707:2016
2550:and
2477:and
2475:Puyi
2360:and
1972:Puyi
1943:Puyi
1920:Puyi
1895:and
1880:Puru
1745:Dodo
1737:and
1642:Šose
1616:Dodo
1573:Yoto
1406:Yolo
1393:e'fu
1386:and
1365:Yoto
1112:Puyi
972:Puyi
944:Puyi
587:Zhao
491:爱新觉罗
475:愛新覺羅
428:Puyi
383:and
339:The
267:Ejen
243:Khan
175:Puyi
62:愛新覺羅
3995:of
3921:曹長青
3771:doi
3724:doi
3659:doi
3596:PMC
3588:doi
3512:doi
3459:doi
3430:历史网
2878:doi
2785:",
2781:• "
1493:Kim
1203:(4)
1164:(3)
1142:(2)
1136:(1)
613:or
603:Hai
599:Bai
595:Luo
582:Jin
564:jīn
74:of
6034::
3901:.
3785:.
3777:.
3767:64
3765:.
3761:.
3738:.
3730:.
3722:.
3710:60
3708:.
3704:.
3681:.
3673:.
3665:.
3655:62
3653:.
3649:.
3626:.
3604:.
3594:.
3584:77
3582:.
3578:.
3551:.
3540:^
3526:.
3518:.
3510:.
3498:60
3496:.
3473:.
3465:.
3455:62
3453:.
3428:.
3313:^
3303:.
3276:.
3249:.
3222:.
3193:.
3185:.
3032:.
3026:.
2958:.
2952:.
2884:.
2874:50
2872:.
2766:^
2735:.
2717:.
2697:.
2693:.
2677:^
1419:.
1382:,
624:.
617:.
609:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
591:Ai
589:,
585:,
567:.
426:.
399:,
395:,
379:,
220:,
211:,
190:,
5811:)
5807:(
5784:e
5777:t
5770:v
5510:)
5506:(
5449:e
5442:t
5435:v
4038:e
4031:t
4024:v
3909:.
3874:.
3847:.
3820:.
3793:.
3773::
3746:.
3726::
3716::
3689:.
3661::
3612:.
3590::
3563:.
3534:.
3514::
3504::
3481:.
3461::
3414:.
3387:.
3360:.
3335:.
3160:.
3133:.
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