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the
Aksumite royal tombs, and in other cemeteries around the town were plain and rough. Subsequently, they became plain but carefully dressed in granite, eventually carved to emulate multi-storey towers in a distinctive architectural style. The Aksumite architecture is characterized by massive dressed granite blocks, smaller uncut stones for walling, mud mortar to fix them, bricks for vaulting and arches, and an external wooden framework resembling "monkey-heads" or square corner extrusions. The walls tend to incline inwards as they ascend, often featuring several recessed bays for added strength. A comparable architectural style is evident in substantial "palace" structures not only in Aksum but also in other cities like Adulis and Matara. The presence of a large reservoir, now known as May Sum, below the hill called May Qoho, may trace back to Aksumite times, indicating the city's reliable water supply. Aksum likely had a prosperous agricultural vicinity, evident from wheat depicted on Aksumite coins, abundant livestock, local forests supplying firewood for centuries, and various industries such as metalworking, glassware, and pottery. The Aksumites' achievements in architecture and stone-working, along with evidence of ivory and leather-working, are found in Aksumite tombs.
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659:. Describing the church, he wrote: "This church is very large; it has five aisles of good width and great length, vaulted above, and all the vaults closed, the ceiling and sides all painted. Below, the body of the church is well worked with handsome cut stone; it has seven chapels, all with their backs to the east, and their altars well ornamented. It has a choir after our fashion, except that it is low, and they reach the vaulted roof with their heads; and the choir is also over the vault, and they do not use it."
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523:, who visited Aksum in the second decade of the 6th century, described the four-towered palace of the king of Ethiopia, adorned with bronze statues of unicorns. Aksum also housed rows of monumental granite thrones, likely bearing metal statues dedicated to pre-Christian deities such as Astar, Baher, Madr, and Mahram. These thrones incorporated large panels with inscriptions, some attributed to
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2294:‘Theodore Bent’s expedition to Abyssinia for the purpose of investigating the ruins of Aksum has not been so successful as might have been wished, owing to the hostilities which are being carried on between two of the chiefs; indeed, he and Mrs. Bent had a narrow escape from being involved in their hostilities. Still the expedition has not been altogether without interesting results.’ (
539:, chronicling their wars and serving as victory monuments. One inscription mentions Ezana setting up a throne "here in Sado," presumably a place in Aksum. Libraries in Aksum housed essential Christian documents, and Coptic monks translated many of these books in the 5th and 6th century. The Bible was translated into Ge'ez language, and the sole, complete surviving copy of the
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amba 'Beta
Giyorgis above Aksum validate the pre-Aksumite roots of a settlement in Aksum dating back to approximately 7th to 4th centuries B.C. Furthermore, excavations in the Stele Park at the heart of Aksum. substantiate ongoing activity in that area since the beginning of the common era. By the 1st century AD, Aksum was described as a "
1020:) and Emperor Fasilides replaced that structure with the present one. Only men are permitted entry into the Old St. Mary's Cathedral (some say as a result of the destruction of the original church by Gudit). The New Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion stands next to the old one, and was built to fulfil a pledge by Emperor
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damage extended to the surrounding area of Aksum due to increasing demands for foodstuffs and firewood. The region around the town might have eventually become incapable of sustaining the population of a major political center. By the end of the 9th century, Aksum was largely abandoned and lay in ruins.
823:, in the hope of researching possible links between early trading networks and cultures on both sides of the Red Sea. They reached Axum by 24 February 1893, but their work was curtailed by the tensions between the Italian occupiers and local warlords, together with the continuing ramifications of the
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underwent his coronation there in 1436 and continued to reside in Aksum for three years. Subsequently, a few other monarchs also chose Aksum as the site for their coronation ceremonies. This unique ritual involved cutting a cord held by the "daughters of Aksum," symbolizing the king's ascent to "king
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sometime after the 8th century, which was relocated to the south. An inscription, crafted by a certain Hasani 'Dano'el, mentions his success in subjugating the king of Aksum and reducing the city to the status of a tributary to his own kingdom in the 9th century. It is conceivable that the ecological
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to travel to Axum to attend the dedication of the new cathedral and pay personal homage, showing the importance of this church in the
Ethiopian Empire. Queen Elizabeth visited the Cathedral a few days later. Between the two cathedrals is a small chapel known as The Chapel of the Tablet built at the
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The
British journalist Augustus B. Wylde wrote after visiting Aksum in 1897: "after every heavy downpour of rain, old coins are washed out of the soil, the local boys were delighted to accompany a stranger about the place. They were intelligent, sharp-eyed little urchins who took a great interest in
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Several archaeological expeditions have conducted excavations in various parts of Aksum. The early utilization of stelae, or obelisks as grave markers, is documented, evolving over time to encompass some of the world's largest monuments. Initially, the granite stelae in the primary cemetery, housing
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In 1604/05 the city was visited by the Jesuit Fernao
Guerreiro, he reported that the church had a nave, two aisles, and a thatched roof. It is possible that some elements of the internal architecture from the former church endured, including the outer walls, within which the smaller new church was
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had the church restored. Its dedication was celebrated by his daughter, Princess Yodit, who gave "an incalculable quantity of money", so that the church became "marvellous and magnificent". In 1678, rebels under Ras 'Faris, governor of Salawa, burned Aksum, but the church survived to serve at the
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Little information is available regarding the early centuries of Aksum's presumed evolution from a humble regional hub to a dominant power. Archeological findings at
Gobadra (Gobo Dara) and the Anqar Baahti rock-shelters suggest Stone Age remnants in close proximity. R. Fattovich's excavations at
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was established in May 2006 on a greenfield site, 4 km (2.5 mi) from Axum's central area. The inauguration ceremony was held on 16 February 2007 and the current area of the campus is 107 ha (260 acres), with ample room for expansion. The establishment of a university in Axum is
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In April 2005, Italy finally returned the obelisk pieces to Axum amidst much official and public rejoicing; Italy also covered the US$ 4 million costs of the transfer. UNESCO assumed responsibility for the re-installation of this stele in Axum, and by the end of July 2008 the obelisk had been
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to be erected. The obelisk is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of engineering from the height of the
Axumite empire. Despite a 1947 United Nations agreement that the obelisk would be shipped back, Italy balked, resulting in a long-standing diplomatic dispute with the Ethiopian
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who spent eight months in Aksum in the 1520s described it as "a large town with very good houses and very good wells of water of very beautiful worked masonry, and also in most of the houses ancient figures of lions and dogs and birds, all well made in very hard, fine stone" and the
970:. Three more stelae measure 18.2 m (60 ft) high, 15.8 m (52 ft) high, 15.3 m (50 ft) high. The stelae are believed to mark graves and would have had cast metal discs affixed to their sides, which are also carved with architectural designs. The
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790:, in the early 19th century Aksum was economically well off, as it was situated in a "vast fertile plain" which was "richly cultivated". Apart from the ruins, the settlement was made up almost entirely of round huts with thatched roofs.
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also left descriptions of the old town, which in his time consisted, he estimated, of about 600 houses. He believed Aksum to have been mainly the work of the
Ptolemies, crediting most of the monuments to
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was spoken as a first language by 98.68%. The majority of the population practised
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity with 85.08% reported as embracing that religion, while 14.81% were Muslim.
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20.6 m (68 ft) high above the front baseplate, 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) wide, 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) deep, weighing 160 t (160 long tons; 180 short tons)
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of
Ethiopia (CSA), as of 1 July 2012 the town of Axum's estimated population was 56,576. The census indicated that 30,293 of the population were females and 26,283 were males.
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of Zion." The ancient Aksumite stone thrones served as coronation chairs, although the "coronation" itself comprised an anointing and tonsuring ritual, followed by a mass in the church.
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who destroyed the church that Alvares had described. Before the city was sacked, a document in the Book of Aksum lists 1,705 golden objects as well as many other items from Aksum that
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and other works. This compilation provides numerous insights into the church's possessions and the subsequent history of the town. The city also had its own governor known was the
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distributed to various governors to save them from destruction, and it is recorded by Ahmad's chronicler that a large stone object was removed at this time for safety to "Tabr".
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the search for curiosities, though unless someone is there to reward them for finding the old coins they do not trouble to pick them up, as they are of no value to them."
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confirmed the extent of the ruin that befell Aksum in the 16th century commenting that it then had only about 100 inhabitants where everywhere there are ruins to be seen.
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The 2007 national census showed that the town population was 44,647, of whom 20,741 were males and 23,906 females). The majority of the inhabitants said they practised
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ceased after its eastern provinces were seized by the Arabs and as a consequence, Aksum grew poorer and more isolated. It ceased to be the political capital of the
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24.6 m (81 ft) high, 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) wide, 1.36 m (4 ft 6 in) deep, weighing 170 t (170 long tons; 190 short tons)
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The 1994 national census reported the population for the city as 27,148, of whom 12,536 were men and 14,612 were women. The largest ethnic group reported was
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was removed by the Italian army in 1937, and returned to Ethiopia in 2005 and reinstalled 31 July 2008. The next tallest is the 24 m (79 ft)
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1605:(b. 1969), palaeoanthropologist and was Chair of the Anthropology Department at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, United States
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571:. A collection of Ge'ez documents, encompassing a concise legendary history of Aksum, land charters, and other related material, known as the
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who visited Aksum in around 1620 saw only about 150-200 mud houses, and Manoel Barradas wrote that Aksum was no more than a small village.
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954:. These obelisks are around 1,700 years old and have become a symbol of the Ethiopian people's identity. The largest number are in the
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and augmented several times afterwards, was believed to have been massive with an estimated 12 naves. It was burned to the ground by
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2672:(Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1979.
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same time as the new cathedral, and which is believed to house the Ark of the Covenant. Emperor Haile Selassie's consort, Empress
1032:, work on the new cathedral began in 1955, and allows entry to women. Emperor Haile Selassie interrupted the state visit of Queen
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1.47 m (4 ft 10 in) wide, 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) deep, weighing 43 t (42 long tons; 47 short tons)
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Excavations at Aksum: An account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972-74 by the late Dr Nevill Chittick
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1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) wide, 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) deep, weighing 56 t (55 long tons; 62 short tons)
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2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) wide, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, weighing 75 t (74 long tons; 83 short tons)
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3.84 m (12.6 ft) wide, 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) deep, weighing 520 t (510 long tons; 570 short tons)
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in Aksum, Mass was conducted at this location. However in 1611, Aksum was sacked by Oromo, who set fire to the church.
2112:
Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle)
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Aksumite remains were investigated in 1906 by an important German archaeological mission led by the renowned scholar
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ETHIOPIA - "Mengistu has Decided to Burn Us like Wood" - Bombing of Civilians and Civilian Targets by the Air Force
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art — "Foundations of Aksumite Civilization and Its Christian Legacy (1st–7th century)"
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expected to contribute much to the ongoing development of the country in general and of the region in particular.
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1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region
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and said to have previously housed the Ark of the Covenant. The original cathedral, said to have been built by
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Bent published three further accounts relating to their Ethiopian trip of 1893: From the Heart of Abyssinia,
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led the conquest of Axum in the sixteenth century. Aksum was sacked and burned in 1535 by the troops of
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877:, Italian troops seized Aksum in October 1936. In 1937, a 24 m (79 ft) tall, 1,700-year-old
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From top to bottom, left to right: skyline of Axum, Northern Stelae Park, Chapel of the Tablet at the
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with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015). It is the site of the historic capital of the
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The Sacred City of the Ethiopians: Being a Record of Travel and Research in Abyssinia in 1893
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The sacred city of the Ethiopians: being a record of travel and research in Abyssinia in 1893
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on the west coast of the Red Sea. They then made their way overland to excavate at Axum and
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1995:"Analysis: Axum, Ethiopia's top tourist destination reels from impacts of devastating war"
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to the west of town, unlike the northern area, are interspersed with mostly 4th century
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visited Aksum (which he called "Heleni") in 1700, describing the stelae and the church.
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This article is about the modern town. For the ancient empire named after it, see
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mountains. It has an elevation of 2,131 metres (6,991 feet) and is surrounded by
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Phillipson, David W. (2003). "Aksum: An archaeological introduction and guide".
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Other attractions in Axum include archaeological and ethnographic museums, the
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2455:"A bid 'to exterminate us': Tigrayans recount massacre by Eritrean troops"
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government, which views the obelisk as a symbol of national identity.
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in 2020, Axum was a leading tourist destination for foreign visitors.
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797:, gave a land grant to the Church of St. Mary in an undated charter.
758:, Aksum fell under the control of the rulers of Tigray. One of whom,
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996:. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion was built in 1665 by Emperor
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2549:"Climate: Aksum - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"
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Yishaq of Aksum, who recognized that Aksum was the place were the
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2088:. Internet Archive. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.
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considered to be one of the earliest structures), the so-called
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Ethiopian Treasures — Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom — Aksum
2476:"Mission accomplished: Aksum Obelisk successfully reinstalled"
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After the decline of imperial authority in the period of the
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
2298:, The Annual Address on the Progress of Geography, 1892-93,
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
2227:
History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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1052:, engraved from AD 330 to 356, is written in ancient Ge'ez,
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to Our Lady of Zion for the liberation of Ethiopia from the
881:, was broken into five parts by the Italians and shipped to
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and they had to make a hasty retreat by the end of March to
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762:, would grant the church of St. Mary a land grant in 1794.
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due to their historic value. Prior to the beginning of the
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2627:, Tables 2.2, 2.13, 2.16, 2.20 (accessed 30 December 2008)
1584:(b. 1941), among his titles he is the "Archbishop of Axum"
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Dungur, with the Gudit stelae field immediately beyond it
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The other major features of the town are the old and new
2687:
Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its antecedents and successors.
893:, on 30 March 1989, Axum was bombed from the air by the
563:
The city rose to prominence again after the rise of the
2319:, 6 May 1893; The Ancient Trade Route across Ethiopia,
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who restored the church and held his coronation there.
2115:. l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. p. 336.
2085:
Aksum : an African civilisation of late antiquity
804:
was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in the city of Aksum.
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Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC
2571:"National Statistics-population-2011 by town and sex"
1590:(1953–2021), politician and a founding member of the
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German "Aksum Expedition", February 1906. From left:
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2696:London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 2000.
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585:, who was also a high dignitary of the church. The
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2730:London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989
906:reinstalled. It was unveiled on 4 September 2008.
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1703:Aksumite water-spouts in the shape of lion heads.
851:, Dr. Erich Kaschke, Gebre Selassie (Governor of
481:added Axum's archaeological sites to its list of
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2711:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
2538:
1016:(completed by his brother and successor Emperor
958:, ranging up to the 33-metre-long (108 ft)
2640:. Ethiopian Airports Enterprise. Archived from
2285:, Vol. 2, 2012, Oxford, Archaeopress, page 201.
1008:, rebuilt, and then destroyed again during the
2742:Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270
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1112:and about 2 km (1.2 mi) west is the
1012:of the 1500s. It was again rebuilt by Emperor
608:in 1406. It was rumored to house the Biblical
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2283:The Travel Chronicles of Mrs J. Theodore Bent
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
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950:The major Aksumite monuments in the town are
703:situated. In 1608, during the coronation of
2835:Axum Heritage Site on Aluka digital library
2315:, 8 April 1893; In the North of Abyssinia,
462:of the Tigray Region, near the base of the
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2026:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. p. 30.
921:between 28 November and 15 December 2020.
567:, and became the spiritual capital of the
2840:Aksum World Heritage Site in panographies
2499:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
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2254:
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2199:
2174:
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1921:"Population Size by Sex, Zone and Woreda"
3306:Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town
3275:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
2761:. London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1894.
2748:African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia
2430:"The Reinstallation of the Axum Obelisk"
2393:"The Reinstallation of the Axum Obelisk"
1836:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
1540:
1498:
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807:In February 1893 the British explorers,
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690:The city was rebuilt in 1580 by Emperor
2694:Archaeology at Aksum, Ethiopia, 1993–7.
2273:, London, Longmans, Green and Co, 1894.
1992:
14:
3711:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
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3392:
2901:List of districts in the Tigray Region
2082:Munro-Hay, S. C. (Stuart C. ) (1991).
2021:
1767:Small stelae in the Gudit Stelae Field
3696:Populated places in the Tigray Region
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2793:UNESCO – World Heritage Sites — Aksum
2713:. Edinburgh: University Press. 1991.
924:
683:who visited after the convulsions of
2744:Addis Ababa: United Printers, 1972.
2533:Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World
2108:
2017:
2015:
1137:Köppen-Geiger climate classification
2024:The library: an illustrated history
1691:Model of the Ta'akha Maryam palace.
24:
2652:
2416:Human Rights Watch, 24 July 1991:
2367:"Ethiopia unveils ancient obelisk"
2302:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jul., 1893), 21).
1962:
25:
3727:
2825:Final obelisk section in Ethiopia
2768:
2689:London: The British Museum, 1998.
2638:"Axum Emperor Yohanes IV Airport"
2596:Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region
2134:
2066:
2046:
2012:
1993:Kristos, Mihret G (26 May 2023).
1575:
1139:system classifies its climate as
3701:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
3350:
2888:
2842:– 360 degree interactive imaging
2789:article from "About Archaeology"
2269:Bent published the trip in his:
1815:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1732:
1720:
1715:Aksumite jar with figural spout.
1708:
1696:
1684:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1592:Tigray People's Liberation Front
913:, around 100–800 civilians were
404:
298:
278:
210:
203:
177:
170:
136:
127:
118:
107:
98:
87:
2820:Axum from Catholic Encyclopedia
2630:
2608:
2605:, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.
2589:
2563:
2525:
2490:
2447:
2422:
2410:
2385:
2341:
2326:
2305:
2288:
2276:
2263:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2193:
2168:
2143:
1963:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1545:Axum Airport terminal building.
1516:Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
1494:
900:
838:
765:
726:
697:
645:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
149:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
27:Town in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
2102:
2075:
2040:
1986:
1956:
1942:
1913:
1791:Axum stele in a farmer's field
1727:Tombs beneath the stele field.
897:and three people were killed.
510:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
155:, farmlands in Axum, ruins of
13:
1:
2137:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
2069:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
2049:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
1906:
1779:Another stelae field in Axum.
831:for passage back to England.
3716:Cities and towns in Ethiopia
3331:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
3291:Bale Mountains National Park
1969:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1563:
1536:
786:According to the missionary
470:, a separately administered
327:2,131 m (6,991 ft)
211:
178:
7:
3301:Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region
2459:Radio France Internationale
2348:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2333:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2255:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2240:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2225:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2200:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2175:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2150:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
1928:Ethiopian Statistics Agency
1808:
1339:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1199:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1076:in a similar manner to the
558:
472:woreda of the Tigray region
10:
3732:
3686:Capitals of former nations
2662:Paris: Armand Colin, 1991.
2623:November 19, 2008, at the
2601:November 14, 2010, at the
2323:, Vol. 2 (2) (Aug), 140-6.
2202:History Of Ethiopian Towns
2177:History Of Ethiopian Towns
2152:History Of Ethiopian Towns
1609:
1509:Central Statistical Agency
1482:
1149:
1130:
939:
875:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
685:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
671:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
667:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
543:is in the Ge'ez language.
497:
492:
351:UNESCO World Heritage Site
36:
29:
3400:
3347:
3326:Melka Kunture and Balchit
3316:Lower Valley of the Awash
3281:
3272:
3212:
3154:
3126:
3078:
3045:
2987:
2907:
2898:
2511:10.1080/00672700309480357
2435:. UNESCO. 10 October 2008
2398:. UNESCO. 10 October 2008
2296:Mountstuart E. Grant Duff
1408:
1338:
1268:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
825:First Italo-Ethiopian War
389:
377:
367:
357:
348:
344:
336:
331:
323:
311:
291:
271:
236:
164:
81:
74:
51:
3311:Konso Cultural Landscape
3296:Gedeo Cultural Landscape
2740:Sergew Hable Sellassie.
2321:The Geographical Journal
2300:The Geographical Journal
1841:
1831:List of megalithic sites
1755:The Stelae Park in Axum.
1623:Reconstruction of Dungur
1599:(1599–1692), philosopher
1123:Local legend claims the
985:The Chapel of the Tablet
191:Location within Ethiopia
3321:Lower Valley of the Omo
2808:15 January 2010 at the
2660:Les anciens ethiopiens.
2478:. UNESCO. 1 August 2008
2317:Illustrated London News
2313:Illustrated London News
2022:Murray, Stuart (2009).
815:, travelled by boat to
458:Axum is located in the
1741:Tomb of the False Door
1546:
1504:
1150:Climate data for Axum
1061:
986:
937:
863:
783:
733:Charles-Jacques Poncet
224:Location within Africa
2785:7 August 2011 at the
2752:Yale University Press
2692:David W. Phillipson.
1544:
1503:Axum in February 2022
1502:
1090:Queen of Sheba's Bath
1047:
993:Our Lady Mary of Zion
984:
932:
846:
773:
749:Ptolemy III Euergetes
731:The French traveller
521:Cosmas Indicopleustes
256:14.12083°N 38.72778°E
60:: ኣኽሱም
39:Axum (disambiguation)
3336:Simien National Park
3262:World Heritage Sites
2666:Yuri M. Kobishchanov
2461:. AFP. 3 March 2021.
1141:subtropical highland
1106:Pentalewon Monastery
956:Northern Stelae Park
800:On 12 January 1872,
483:World Heritage Sites
443:), is a town in the
194:Show map of Ethiopia
64:: አክሱም
37:For other uses, see
3184:Shire Inda Selassie
2683:David W. Phillipson
1603:Zeresenay Alemseged
1269:Daily mean °C (°F)
1127:lived in the town.
1096:), the 4th-century
1030:neo-Byzantine style
1010:Abyssinian–Adal war
936:, in Axum, Ethiopia
895:Ethiopian Air Force
891:Ethiopian Civil War
809:James Theodore Bent
612:, in which lie the
610:Ark of the Covenant
595:Ark of the Covenant
252: /
3394:Cities of Ethiopia
3156:North Western Zone
3047:South Eastern Zone
2757:J. Theodore Bent.
2726:Stuart Munro-Hay.
2577:on 26 January 2013
2551:. Climate-Data.org
2373:. 4 September 2008
2109:Chekroun, Amélie.
1547:
1505:
1487:(altitude: 2133m)
1118:Lioness of Gobedra
1062:
1026:Fascist occupation
987:
968:King Ezana's Stele
946:King Ezana's Stele
938:
934:King Ezana's Stele
925:Main sites of Axum
864:
784:
337: • Total
261:14.12083; 38.72778
227:Show map of Africa
3668:
3667:
3360:
3359:
3228:
3227:
2644:on 29 April 2012.
2135:Uhlig, Siegbert.
2095:978-0-7486-0106-6
2067:Uhlig, Siegbert.
2047:Uhlig, Siegbert.
1950:"City Population"
1507:According to the
1491:
1490:
1082:King Bazen's Tomb
849:Theodor von Lüpke
795:Wube Haile Maryam
681:Manuel de Almeida
629:Francisco Alvares
565:Solomonic Dynasty
546:Contact with the
393:
392:
16:(Redirected from
3723:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3032:Saesi Tsaedaemba
2893:
2892:
2891:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2780:Kingdom of Aksum
2707:Stuart Munro-Hay
2658:Francis Anfray.
2646:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2618:, Vol. 1, part 1
2612:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
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2434:
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2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
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2354:
2353:
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2330:
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2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2267:
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2260:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1917:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1739:Entrance to the
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1569:Aksum University
1552:, also known as
1529:with 98.54% and
1520:Ethiopian Muslim
1485:Climate-Data.org
1147:
1146:
1100:and 6th-century
741:
618:Ten Commandments
614:Tablets of Stone
604:was restored by
569:Ethiopian Empire
552:Kingdom of Aksum
548:Byzantine Empire
442:
441:
440:
439:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
304:
302:
301:
284:
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281:
267:
266:
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257:
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228:
214:
213:
207:
195:
181:
180:
174:
140:
131:
122:
111:
102:
91:
69:
49:
48:
46:City in Ethiopia
21:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3396:
3391:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3229:
3224:
3208:
3169:La'ilay Adiyabo
3150:
3122:
3074:
3065:Hintalo Wajirat
3041:
2983:
2954:La'ilay Maychew
2903:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2874:
2831:, 25 April 2005
2810:Wayback Machine
2787:Wayback Machine
2771:
2655:
2653:Further reading
2650:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2625:Wayback Machine
2613:
2609:
2603:Wayback Machine
2594:
2590:
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2289:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:. p. 228.
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:. p. 228.
2173:
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2144:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2080:
2076:
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2045:
2041:
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2013:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1987:
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1975:
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1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1133:
964:Obelisk of Axum
948:
942:Obelisk of Axum
927:
903:
879:Obelisk of Axum
861:Daniel Krencker
841:
776:Obelisk of Axum
768:
756:Zemene Mesafint
735:
729:
700:
620:are inscribed.
616:upon which the
589:was written by
561:
500:
495:
468:La'ilay Maychew
453:Aksumite Empire
435:
434:
407:
403:
398:, also spelled
363:Cultural: i, iv
353:
299:
297:
279:
277:
260:
258:
254:
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189:
188:
187:
186:
182:
160:
153:Abba Pantelewon
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
114:
113:
112:
104:
103:
94:
93:
92:
77:
70:
56:
54:
47:
42:
35:
32:Aksumite Empire
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3223:
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3207:
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3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Tahtay Adiyabo
3186:
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3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Asgede Tsimbla
3160:
3158:
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3149:
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3057:
3055:Dogu'a Tembien
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Kilte Awulaelo
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Atsbi Wenberta
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:Tanqua Millash
2971:
2969:Tahtay Maychew
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
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2800:
2795:
2790:
2777:
2770:
2769:External links
2767:
2766:
2765:
2763:online edition
2755:
2745:
2738:
2724:
2722:online edition
2704:
2690:
2680:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2607:
2588:
2562:
2537:
2531:Scarre, Chris
2524:
2489:
2464:
2446:
2421:
2409:
2384:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2304:
2287:
2275:
2262:
2247:
2232:
2217:
2210:
2192:
2185:
2167:
2160:
2154:. p. 75.
2142:
2139:. p. 178.
2118:
2101:
2094:
2074:
2071:. p. 177.
2054:
2051:. p. 176.
2039:
2032:
2011:
1999:Addis Standard
1985:
1955:
1941:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1892:
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1846:
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1843:
1840:
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1827:
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1807:
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1805:
1803:Street in Axum
1802:
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1577:
1576:Notable people
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1129:
1125:Queen of Sheba
1098:Ta'akha Maryam
1022:Haile Selassie
926:
923:
902:
899:
840:
837:
774:Sketch of the
767:
764:
760:Wolde Selassie
728:
725:
719:coronation of
699:
696:
649:Queen of Sheba
560:
557:
535:, and his son
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3251:
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3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:Special Zones
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Tahtay Koraro
3192:
3190:
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3185:
3182:
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3099:
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3089:
3086:
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3083:
3081:
3080:Southern Zone
3077:
3071:
3070:Saharti Samre
3068:
3066:
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3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:Ganta Afeshum
3005:
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2918:
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2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2886:
2885:Tigray Region
2882:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2857:
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2851:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2836:
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2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:. New Haven:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:0-500-97008-4
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:0-7486-0106-6
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:1-872566-13-8
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:0-271-00531-9
2675:
2671:
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2664:
2661:
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2639:
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2419:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2352:. p. 79.
2351:
2344:
2337:. p. 79.
2336:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2259:. p. 75.
2258:
2251:
2244:. p. 75.
2243:
2236:
2229:. p. 75.
2228:
2221:
2213:
2211:9783515032049
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2186:9783515032049
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2161:9783515032049
2157:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2131:
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2059:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2033:9781628733228
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1929:
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1896:
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1824:
1823:Africa portal
1813:
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1678:
1674:
1671:Aksumite-era
1667:
1662:
1655:
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1643:
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1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1601:
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1582:Abune Mathias
1580:
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1570:
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1420:
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1412:
1411:precipitation
1407:
1401:
1396:
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1079:
1078:Rosetta Stone
1075:
1074:Ancient Greek
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:. Built in a
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
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994:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
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947:
943:
935:
931:
922:
920:
919:Eritrean Army
916:
912:
907:
898:
896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
876:
873:Early in the
871:
869:
868:Enno Littmann
862:
858:
857:Enno Littmann
854:
850:
845:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:and his wife
810:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
781:
777:
772:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
745:
739:
734:
724:
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717:
712:
710:
706:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
651:, as well as
650:
646:
641:
637:
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623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
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575:
570:
566:
556:
553:
549:
544:
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541:Book of Enoch
538:
534:
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522:
518:
514:
512:
511:
506:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:Tigray Region
438:
431:
402:(pronounced:
401:
397:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
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326:
322:
319:
316:
314:
310:
307:
296:
294:
290:
287:
276:
274:
270:
265:
237:Coordinates:
235:
206:
173:
163:
158:
154:
150:
139:
130:
121:
110:
101:
90:
80:
73:
67:
63:
59:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3500:Debre Marqos
3495:Debre Berhan
3470:Bale Hawassa
3449:
3285:
3174:Medebay Zana
3136:Kafta Humera
3128:Western Zone
2989:Eastern Zone
2942:Kola Tembien
2931:
2909:Central Zone
2815:More on Axum
2758:
2747:
2741:
2727:
2710:
2693:
2686:
2669:
2659:
2642:the original
2632:
2615:
2610:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2532:
2527:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2424:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2370:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2111:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2048:
2042:
2023:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1968:
1958:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1740:
1588:Abay Tsehaye
1567:
1553:
1550:Axum Airport
1548:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1495:Demographics
1484:
1413:mm (inches)
1134:
1122:
1110:Abba Liqanos
1092:(actually a
1072:, Geʽez and
1063:
1034:Elizabeth II
992:
991:churches of
988:
972:Gudit Stelae
949:
908:
904:
901:21st century
888:
872:
865:
839:20th century
833:
806:
799:
793:The warlord
792:
788:Samuel Gobat
785:
766:19th century
753:
730:
727:18th century
713:
701:
698:17th century
692:Sarsa Dengel
689:
679:
675:Lebna Dengel
661:
627:
599:
587:Kebra Nagast
579:Kebra Nagast
574:Book of Axum
572:
562:
545:
519:
515:
508:
501:
476:
460:Central Zone
457:
399:
395:
394:
43:
3691:Holy cities
3681:Axum (city)
3615:Negele Arsi
3595:Kebri Dahar
3505:Debre Tabor
3410:Addis Ababa
2964:Naeder Adet
2505:(1): 1–68.
2439:22 February
2402:22 February
2377:22 February
1556:Yohannes IV
1116:called the
1068:written in
1066:Ezana Stone
1050:Ezana Stone
1039:Menen Asfaw
960:Great Stele
909:During the
889:During the
802:Yohannes IV
744:James Bruce
736: [
602:Aksum Seyon
378:Inscription
259: /
3675:Categories
3640:Shashamane
3430:Arba Minch
3118:Raya Azebo
3098:Endamekoni
2979:Werie Lehe
2959:Mereb Lehe
2581:23 January
2555:9 December
2482:23 January
1907:References
1597:Zera Yacob
1014:Gelawdewos
940:See also:
911:Tigray War
813:Mabel Bent
780:Henry Salt
709:Pedro Páez
705:Susenyos I
636:missionary
633:Portuguese
622:Zara Yaqob
505:metropolis
487:Tigray War
381:1980 (4th
332:Population
247:38°43′40″E
3600:Kombolcha
3535:Dire Dawa
3515:Dembidolo
3510:Degehabur
3455:Bahir Dar
3012:Gulomahda
2947:Abiy Addi
2927:Adwa Town
2519:218602463
1564:Education
1537:Transport
1527:Tigrayans
1104:palaces,
1094:reservoir
998:Fasilides
915:massacred
723:in 1693.
716:Fasilides
714:In 1655,
591:Nebure Id
583:Nebure Id
507:" in the
477:In 1980,
368:Reference
324:Elevation
244:14°7′15″N
3475:Bishoftu
3266:Ethiopia
3199:Tselemti
2917:Abergele
2806:Archived
2783:Archived
2621:Archived
2599:Archived
2371:BBC News
1978:23 April
1809:See also
1554:Emperor
1531:Tigrinya
1483:Source:
1409:Average
1114:rock art
1086:megalith
640:explorer
559:Medieval
449:Ethiopia
359:Criteria
286:Ethiopia
58:Tigrinya
3655:Weldiya
3625:Nekemte
3605:Mekelle
3580:Irgalem
3575:Hosaena
3540:Gambela
3465:Bedessa
3415:Adigrat
3220:Mekelle
3204:Tsimbla
3179:Sheraro
3146:Welkait
3141:Tsegede
3108:Maychew
3093:Alamata
3060:Enderta
2997:Adigrat
2937:Enticho
2883:of the
2881:Woredas
2803:On Axum
2754:, 1993.
1673:Amphora
1610:Gallery
1558:Airport
1478:(25.6)
1404:(50.7)
1399:(44.1)
1394:(46.4)
1389:(49.3)
1384:(52.0)
1379:(54.7)
1374:(53.6)
1369:(54.3)
1364:(55.2)
1359:(54.9)
1354:(51.4)
1349:(47.1)
1344:(45.5)
1334:(64.7)
1329:(61.2)
1324:(63.3)
1319:(64.2)
1314:(64.2)
1309:(63.3)
1304:(63.0)
1299:(67.5)
1294:(69.4)
1289:(69.8)
1284:(63.9)
1279:(64.0)
1274:(62.1)
1264:(79.3)
1259:(78.3)
1254:(80.2)
1249:(79.3)
1244:(76.6)
1239:(72.1)
1234:(72.5)
1229:(80.6)
1224:(83.8)
1219:(84.9)
1214:(83.5)
1209:(81.0)
1204:(78.6)
1143:(Cwb).
1131:Climate
1070:Sabaean
1054:Sabaean
917:by the
817:Massawa
721:Iyasu I
665:leader
653:Kandake
606:Dawit I
525:Ousanas
498:Ancient
493:History
383:Session
318:Central
273:Country
62:Amharic
3645:Tebela
3635:Shanto
3630:Sebeta
3610:Moyale
3585:Jijiga
3565:Gununo
3560:Gondar
3545:Gesuba
3520:Dessie
3485:Boditi
3480:Bitena
3440:Asella
3017:Hawzen
2734:
2717:
2700:
2676:
2517:
2208:
2183:
2158:
2092:
2030:
2004:4 July
1973:UNESCO
1965:"Axum"
1930:. 2022
1677:Asmara
1647:Dungur
1635:Dungur
1473:(0.0)
1468:(0.5)
1463:(0.5)
1458:(2.6)
1453:(7.8)
1448:(8.7)
1443:(2.6)
1438:(1.2)
1433:(1.1)
1428:(0.4)
1423:(0.1)
1418:(0.1)
1155:Month
1102:Dungur
952:steles
853:Tigray
782:, 1809
537:Wazeba
479:UNESCO
340:94,515
306:Tigray
303:
293:Region
283:
157:Dungur
68:: አኵስም
3660:Wukro
3590:Jimma
3570:Harar
3530:Dimtu
3490:Bombe
3445:Awasa
3435:Areka
3405:Adama
3286:Aksum
3103:Korem
3088:Alaje
3037:Wukro
2877:Zones
2515:S2CID
2433:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
1934:4 May
1924:(PDF)
1842:Notes
1675:from
1194:Year
1058:Greek
1018:Minas
1006:Gudit
1002:Ezana
976:tombs
740:]
657:Gudit
533:Kaleb
529:Ezana
433:
400:Aksum
66:Ge’ez
18:Aksum
3650:Sodo
3555:Gode
3550:Goba
3525:Dila
3460:Batu
3450:Axum
3425:Ambo
3420:Adwa
3341:Tiya
3113:Ofla
3022:Irob
2932:Axum
2922:Adwa
2879:and
2732:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2670:Axum
2583:2013
2557:2013
2535:1999
2484:2013
2441:2014
2404:2014
2379:2014
2206:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2028:ISBN
2006:2023
1980:2020
1936:2023
1402:10.4
1382:11.1
1377:12.6
1372:12.0
1367:12.4
1362:12.9
1357:12.7
1352:10.8
1332:18.1
1327:16.2
1322:17.4
1317:17.9
1312:17.9
1307:17.4
1302:17.2
1297:19.7
1292:20.8
1287:21.0
1282:17.7
1277:17.8
1272:16.7
1262:26.3
1257:25.7
1252:26.8
1247:26.3
1242:24.8
1237:22.3
1232:22.5
1227:27.0
1222:28.8
1217:29.4
1212:28.6
1207:27.2
1202:25.9
1191:Dec
1188:Nov
1185:Oct
1182:Sep
1179:Aug
1176:Jul
1173:Jun
1170:May
1167:Apr
1164:Mar
1161:Feb
1158:Jan
1135:The
1108:and
1056:and
1048:The
944:and
883:Rome
859:and
829:Zula
821:Yeha
663:Adal
655:and
638:and
631:, a
600:The
464:Adwa
396:Axum
313:Zone
218:Axum
185:Axum
76:City
53:Axum
3264:in
2829:BBC
2507:doi
1476:652
1451:199
1446:221
1397:6.7
1392:8.0
1387:9.6
1347:8.4
1342:7.5
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2369:.
2358:^
2121:^
2057:^
2014:^
1997:.
1971:.
1967:.
1926:.
1522:.
1466:13
1461:12
1456:67
1441:67
1436:31
1431:27
1120:.
1080:,
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870:.
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412:ɑː
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