1895:
1337:
1370:
1713:
3346:
120:
3996:
1914:, an Iraqi–American academic and pro-Iraq War advocate, criticized HRW for promising that the records proved genocide. He warned that the records contained neither "smoking guns" nor do they contain records of the "explosive nature" as HRW claimed. Furthermore, he said that certain documents that seemed incriminating could have been planted by Kurdish rebels. After the invasion of Iraq, Makiya said in December 2003 that the Iraqi document archives contained no "smoking gun" to convict Saddam Hussein of war crimes.
1420:, surprising the Peshmerga. Although of shorter duration, Peshmerga suffered more severe casualties in this attack than the first Anfal. As a result of the attack, the majority of the population in the Qara Dagh region fled in the direction of Suleimanya. Many fugitives were detained by the Iraqi forces, and the men were separated from the women. The men were not seen again. The women were transported to camps. The population that managed to flee, fled to the Garmia region.
1151:
4193:
38:
1588:
status among Kurds". In 1995, the
Committee for the Defence of Anfal Victims' Rights released a report documenting 63,000 disappeared and stating that the entire death toll was lower than 70,000, with almost all these deaths occurring in the area of Anfal III. According to Hiltermann, the figure of 100,000, although considered too low by many Kurds, is probably higher than the actual number of deaths.
1490:, was well prepared for a long siege with stores of ammunition and food. He also reached an agreement with the Kurdish collaborators of the Iraqi Army so that the civilians could flee. Hiran, Balisan, Smaquli, Malakan, Shek Wasan, Ware, Seran and Kaniba were attacked with poisonous gas. After the Anfal 7 attack, the valleys were under the control of the Iraqi government.
1197:) fought a guerrilla war against the Iraqi government and established effective control over the Kurdish-inhabited mountainous areas of northern Iraq. As the war went on and Iran counterattacked into Iraq, the peshmerga gained ground in most Kurdish-inhabited rural areas while also infiltrating towns and cities. In 1983, after
1596:
In
September 1988, the Iraqi government was satisfied with its achievements. The male population between 15 and 50 had either been killed or fled. The Kurdish resistance fled to Iran and was no longer a threat to Iraq. An amnesty was issued, and the detained women, children and elderly were released
1566:
from Iraq's southern regions to Kirkuk with the lure of inexpensive housing. Another part of the
Arabisation campaign was the census of October 1987. Citizens who failed to turn up for the October 1987 census were no longer recognized as Iraqi citizens. Most of the Kurdish population who learned that
1502:
named
Badinan and took place from 25 August to 6 September 1988. In this campaign, the villages of Wirmeli, Barkavreh, Bilejane, Glenaska, Zewa Shkan, Tuka and Ikmala were targeted with chemical attacks. After tens of thousands of Kurds fled to Turkey, the Iraqi Army blocked the route to Turkey on 26
2131:
the court points out that.. there are no documents in the file from which the findings and conclusions of the
Special Rapporteur can be directly deduced and from which, in the context of criminal proceedings such as the present one, there are building blocks with a sufficient degree of certainty for
1432:
east of
Suleimanya was targeted. In this campaign, many women and children disappeared. The only village attacked with chemical weapons was Tazashar. Many were lured to come towards the Iraqi forces due to an amnesty announced through a loudspeaker of a mosque in Qader Karam from 10 to 12 April. The
1400:. The battles were conducted in a theater around 1,154 square kilometres (445 sq. mi.). The villages of Gwezeela, Chalawi, Haladin and Yakhsamar were attacked with poison gas. During mid March, the PUK, in an alliance with Iranian troops and other Kurdish factions, captured Halabja. This led to the
2836:
The appellate court, however, did not simply conclude that van Anraat was unaware of Saddam's genocidal plan. It also held that the Anfal campaign did not amount to genocide. In its written judgment, the appeals panel said there was insufficient evidence to establish that the poison gas attacks on
2091:
The appellate court, however, did not simply conclude that van Anraat was unaware of Saddam's genocidal plan. It also held that the Anfal campaign did not amount to genocide. In its written judgment, the appeals panel said there was insufficient evidence to establish that the poison gas attacks on
2891:
the court points out that Van der Stoel stated as a witness that he based his highly relevant reports on human rights violations in Iraq, H74 and H75, on "a large stream of documents, fourteen tons" while, with the exception of a few appendices to those reports, there are no documents in the file
1587:
in 1991 and mentioned a figure of 182,000 deaths; the latter reportedly replied that "it couldn't have been more than 100,000". The 182,000 figure provided by the PUK was based on extrapolation and "has no empirical relation to actual disappearances or killings", though it "has assumed mythical
2892:
from which the findings and conclusions of the
Special Rapporteur can be directly deduced and from which, in the context of criminal proceedings such as the present one, there are building blocks with a sufficient degree of certainty for a finding of fact in respect of genocide can be derived.
1873:
In 1993, the United States government collected 18 tons of Iraqi government documents which were captured by the
Peshmerga during the 1991 uprising and airlifted them to the United States. In those files, HRW conducted research on the Anfal campaign in collaboration with United States federal
1890:
scanners. HRW accepted the US government role under the condition that personnel involved worked under its direction. The files include documents which were collected by the
Kurdish parties PUK and KDP, both parties hold the ultimate ownership of the documents that were airlifted to the US.
1869:
There have been few publications about the Anfal campaign and as of 2008, the only comprehensive account of it is that which was published by HRW. Human Rights Watch's 1993 report on Anfal was based on Iraqi documents, examination of grave sites, and interviews with
Kurdish survivors.
1751:
announced that Saddam Hussein and six co-defendants would face trial on 21 August 2006 in relation to the Anfal campaign. In December 2006, Saddam was put on trial for the genocide during Operation Anfal. The trial for the Anfal campaign was still underway on 30 December 2006, when
1433:
announced amnesty was a trap, and many who surrendered were detained. Some civilians were able to bribe Kurdish collaborators of the Iraqi Army and fled to Laylan or Shorsh. Before the Anfal campaign, the mainly rural Garmian region counted over 600 villages around the towns of
1909:
In exchange for access to the National Archives documents, HRW agreed to help the United States government find information about Iraqi atrocities. Joost Hiltermann, HRW's lead researcher on Anfal, referred to these files as "the good stuff…material to smear the enemy with".
1662:
of complicity in war crimes for his role in selling chemical weapons to the Iraqi government. He was given a 15-year sentence. The court also ruled that the killing of thousands of Kurds in Iraq in the 1980s was indeed an act of genocide. In the 1948
1601:
where they lived under military rule until a regional autonomy for Iraqi Kurdistan was achieved in 1991. Following, most survivors returned, and began to reconstruct the villages. In Kurdish society, the Anfal survivors are known as Anfal mothers
1511:
Detention camps were established to accommodate thousands of prisoners. Dibs was a detention camp for women and children and located near an army training facility for the Iraqi commando forces. From Dibs, groups of detainees were transferred to
1763:
The Anfal trial recessed on 21 December 2006, and when it resumed on 8 January 2007, the remaining charges against Saddam Hussein were dropped. Six co-defendants continued to stand trial for their roles in the Anfal campaign. On 23 June 2007,
1671:, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group". The Dutch court said that it was considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the Genocide Conventions as an
1485:
and Shaqlawa were targeted, and the attacks had different successes. The Anfal 5 failed completely; therefore, two more attacks were necessary to gain Iraqi government control over the valleys. The Peshmerga commander of the region,
1473:. Major poisonous gas attacks were perpetrated in Askar and Goptapa. Again it was announced an amnesty was issued, which turned out to be false. Many of the ones who surrendered were arrested. Men were separated from the women.
2486:
The precise death toll from the Halabja gas attack is unknown but thought to be several thousand. Out of an area population of 70-80,000 and with the reported intensity of the bombardment this was perhaps a remarkably small
6247:
6252:
1503:
August 1988. The population who did not manage to flee was arrested, and the men were separated from the women and children. The men were executed, and the women and children were brought to camps.
96:
2998:
6187:
1894:
5624:
1416:. Again several villages were attacked with poison gas. Villages attacked with poisonous gas were Safaran, Sewsenan, Belekjar, Serko and Meyoo. The attacks began on 22 March after
930:
1528:. Nugra Salman held an estimated 5,000 to 8,000 prisoners during the Anfal campaign. Another detention camp was Topzawa near an army base near the highway leading out of Kirkuk.
6287:
4952:
3922:
2639:
4403:
1336:
6052:
2823:
2078:
1539:, another major element of al-Anfal, was a tactic used by Saddam Hussein's regime to drive pro-insurgent populations out of their homes in villages and cities like
1819:
eight days later, on 25 January 2010. Sultan Hashem Ahmed was not hanged due to opposition of the Iraqi President Jalal Talabani, who opposed capital punishment.
4721:
1845:
were also denied by the court; thus hampering the defendants' ability to challenge the claims of the prosecutors. The trial was marked by absence of fundamental
318:
3956:
1369:
1209:
men and executed them. During the battle for Haj Omran, the Iraqi government also used gas weapons for the first time against both Kurdish and Iranian forces.
6163:
4960:
4694:
1579:
wrote that the death toll "cannot conceivably be less than 50,000, and it may well be twice that number". This figure was based on an earlier survey by the
48:
6131:
3045:
2944:
923:
4316:
3112:
2989:
997:
1712:
4992:
3451:
2251:
5707:
1583:–based Kurdish organization Committee for the Defence of Anfal Victims' Rights. According to HRW, Kurdish leaders met with Iraqi government official
1487:
1126:; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007
6020:
5063:
4382:
6237:
5879:
5659:
5087:
4348:
4262:
3334:
2733:""We Want to be Remembered as Strong Women, Not as Shepherds": Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq Struggling for Agency and Acknowledgement"
1389:
916:
1837:
stated that many of the charges were "vague" and concluded that the defendants were unable to bring their witnesses due to safety issues within
6179:
5341:
4758:
4356:
3067:
1815:. His appeal for the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007. He was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010 and was
3307:
1917:
After the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003, mass graves were discovered in parts of western Iraq that had been under Ba'athist control.
5245:
4573:
4459:
1690:". The verdict of the Hague Court of Appeal stated in 9 May 2007 that tons of Iraqi documents collected by US government, based on which the
5079:
3807:
Toivanen, Mari; Baser, Bahar (2019). "Remembering the Past in Diasporic Spaces: Kurdish Reflections on Genocide Memorialization for Anfal".
3983:
3253:
1875:
3560:
311:
2850:
2099:
1130:
court ruling, which stated that the evidences from the documents were not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide. Although many
6139:
6086:
5047:
1675:. The court has no other conclusion than that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq".
1293:
forces, who led Iraqi troops to Kurdish villages that often did not figure on maps as well as to their hideouts in the mountains. The
6292:
6272:
5333:
4701:
4490:
4228:
1412:
During the second Anfal from 22 March and 2 April 1988, the Qara Dagh region, including Bazian and Darbandikhan, was targeted in the
1228:, or chapter, of the Qur'an which describes the victory of 313 followers of the new Muslim faith over almost 900 non-Muslims at the
380:
1349:
Anfal, officially conducted in 1988, had eight phases (Anfal 1–Anfal 8) altogether, seven of which targeted areas controlled by the
4411:
3884:
1973:
1002:
585:
64:
3847:
4475:
5396:
4275:
5000:
3730:
Muhammad, Kurdistan Omar; Hama, Hawre Hasan; Hama Karim, Hersh Abdallah (2022). "Memory and trauma in the Kurdistan genocide".
3089:
304:
1739:
and other crimes during his regime and that he deserves to die. Two days later, Saddam's lawyer denied that he had confessed.
6307:
6277:
6257:
5742:
4928:
4790:
3951:
3768:
3720:
3614:
3541:
3440:
3374:
2863:
In contrast to the original court judgement, the Court of Appeal concluded that the events in Northern Iraq weren't genocide.
2622:
2432:
2343:
2112:
In contrast to the original court judgement, the Court of Appeal concluded that the events in Northern Iraq weren't genocide.
160:
6242:
6171:
5691:
5292:
5212:
4061:
1134:
reject that there were any mass killings of Kurdish civilians during Anfal, the event is an important element constituting
883:
1562:. Saddam's Ba'athist regime built several public housing facilities in Kirkuk as part of his "Arabisation", shifting poor
6282:
5927:
5263:
5026:
4332:
2831:
2086:
1694:
produced its reports, were not enough to establish "a sufficient degree of certainty for a finding of fact in respect of
1238:(Kurdish collaborators with the Baathists) were told that taking cattle, sheep, goats, money, weapons and even women was
1221:, was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting against the Kurds. It is also the title of the
4968:
4532:
3280:
1822:
The Anfal trial was widely criticized for its methodical defects marked by various acts of political meddling from the
3624:
Fischer-Tahir, Andrea (2012). "Gendered Memories and Masculinities: Kurdish Peshmerga on the Anfal Campaign in Iraq".
3020:
6262:
5008:
4427:
3946:
2696:
2479:
2384:
2193:
17:
6222:
6102:
6060:
91:
2612:
5140:
5115:
3968:
3474:
Kirmanj, Sherko; Rafaat, Aram (2021). "The Kurdish genocide in Iraq: the Security-Anfal and the Identity-Anfal".
1942:
1252:
The Anfal campaign began in February 1988 and continued until August or September and included the use of ground
1036:
52:
3053:
2954:
2878:
2118:
6068:
5698:
5456:
4864:
4654:
4364:
1639:
782:
354:
5975:
3120:
5728:
4824:
4419:
4221:
1930:
1853:; whose claims couldn't be cross-analyzed by the defendants. Both within and outside Iraq, the trials by the
1417:
1396:
near the Iranian border, and the command centers in Sargallu and Bargallu. There was heavy resistance by the
1297:
forces frequently made false promises of amnesty and safe passage. Iraqi state media extensively covered the
499:
399:
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2886:
2126:
5749:
5721:
4904:
4800:
3877:
1728:
1393:
1350:
1186:
987:
768:
749:
737:
472:
233:
1682:
appellate court upheld the previous conviction of his complicity in war crimes; but ruled that actions of
1193:(KDP) as well as other smaller Kurdish parties—experienced a revival in their fortunes. Kurdish fighters (
6302:
6267:
6036:
5911:
5903:
5196:
4782:
3978:
1961:
1879:
1858:
1753:
982:
3561:"The politics of genocide recognition: Kurdish nation-building and commemoration in the post-Saddam era"
6232:
5951:
5148:
4004:
3912:
3761:
Origins of the Kurdish Genocide: Nation Building and Genocide as a Civilizing and De-Civilizing Process
2688:
2471:
2259:
1812:
1769:
1499:
1190:
1073:
940:
493:
3682:
Leurs, Rob (2011). "Reliving genocide: the work of Kurdish genocide victims in the Court of Justice".
5919:
5887:
5769:
5652:
4435:
4094:
4090:
3963:
3778:
Szanto, Edith (2018). "Mourning Halabja on Screen: Or Reading Kurdish Politics through Anfal Films".
2975:
2927:
2185:
1926:
1785:
1773:
1287:
The Iraqi Army was supported by Kurdish collaborators whom the Iraqi government armed, the so-called
1162:
1135:
534:
520:
359:
3995:
3075:
1404:
on 16 March 1988, during which several thousand Kurdish people were killed, most of them civilians.
5617:
5608:
5309:
4678:
4214:
3202:
1953:
1413:
1354:
868:
6076:
3419:
1849:, such as the murder of three defense lawyers and ample utilization of anonymous witnesses by the
6297:
5638:
5631:
4614:
4196:
3973:
3870:
3257:
2534:
1804:
1707:
1374:
1301:
campaign using its official name. Approximately 1,200 Kurdish villages were destroyed during the
1122:
released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the
1041:
1026:
958:
861:
854:
801:
788:
486:
479:
56:
3512:
3364:
1956:
formally recognized the Anfal as genocide following a campaign which was led by Conservative MP
6147:
5735:
5684:
5574:
5317:
4848:
4734:
2764:
2732:
2039:
1854:
1827:
1748:
1182:
1123:
847:
832:
825:
631:
404:
371:
344:
267:
200:
5983:
2329:
6044:
5799:
5071:
4749:
4500:
4443:
4324:
4178:
2858:
2107:
1555:
1388:
in the early hours of 23 February 1988. Then, several hours later, there were attacks at the
1048:
1031:
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617:
604:
541:
364:
119:
6227:
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5677:
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4808:
4662:
4508:
4467:
4245:
4020:
4013:
3939:
3483:
2915:
1846:
1525:
1517:
1380:
The first Anfal stage was conducted between 23 February and 18 March 1988. It started with
1253:
1012:
963:
717:
3848:"A Critical Guide to the Iraqi High Tribunal's ANFAL Judgment: Genocide against the Kurds"
1575:
Precise figures of Anfal victims do not exist due to lack of records. In its 1993 report,
8:
6012:
5714:
5581:
5530:
5228:
5124:
5095:
5055:
5039:
4686:
4638:
4604:
4596:
4565:
4340:
1793:
1765:
1664:
1643:
1635:
1584:
1559:
1548:
1322:
1273:
1198:
1100:
968:
897:
710:
703:
696:
689:
673:
659:
652:
418:
285:
4840:
3487:
3183:
1361:, were the target of the Final Anfal operation in late August and early September 1988.
5537:
5523:
5301:
5276:
5132:
4984:
4670:
4557:
4547:
4299:
4157:
4071:
3907:
3834:
3795:
3747:
3699:
3670:
3641:
3593:
3432:
3415:
3402:
3385:
2768:
2760:
1993:
1834:
1691:
1634:
Human Rights Watch unsuccessfully attempted to attract support for a lawsuit under the
1576:
1462:
1119:
1089:
888:
839:
527:
430:
392:
349:
251:
226:
2903:
1551:, most notably in Kirkuk, the results of which now plague negotiations between Iraq's
5839:
5502:
5428:
5349:
4936:
4816:
4774:
4646:
4630:
4308:
4250:
4110:
4104:
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3838:
3799:
3764:
3751:
3716:
3703:
3674:
3645:
3610:
3537:
3534:
Oil and the Kurdish Question: How Democracies Go to War in the Era of Late Capitalism
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2618:
2475:
2428:
2380:
2339:
2189:
1789:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1481:
In these three consecutive attacks between 15 May and 16 August 1988, the valleys of
1470:
1458:
1326:
1310:
1257:
1093:
1077:
1069:
1065:
775:
756:
577:
512:
385:
328:
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246:
205:
111:
5815:
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4395:
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3097:
2748:
5959:
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5645:
5601:
5516:
5237:
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4912:
4896:
4622:
4524:
4516:
4140:
4027:
3824:
3816:
3787:
3739:
3691:
3662:
3653:
Hamarafiq, Rebeen (2019). "Cultural Responses to the Anfal and Halabja Massacres".
3633:
3583:
3575:
3491:
3397:
2744:
2680:
2611:
Black, George; Staff, Middle East Watch; Watch (Organization), Middle East (1993).
2463:
2050:
1823:
1732:
1723:
In an interview broadcast on Iraqi television on 6 September 2005, Iraqi President
1668:
1659:
1466:
1401:
1269:
1261:
808:
763:
666:
644:
637:
625:
597:
590:
569:
562:
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411:
195:
180:
130:
3579:
3495:
6155:
5871:
5807:
5783:
5592:
5325:
5284:
5204:
4888:
4856:
4283:
4164:
3695:
3312:
2949:
2422:
2325:
2030:
1830:
1757:
1358:
1330:
1206:
457:
425:
2795:
1547:
areas, and relocate them in the southern parts of Iraq. The campaign used heavy
5935:
5544:
5509:
5188:
5156:
4741:
4588:
4580:
4130:
4086:
4034:
3893:
3281:"The Museum of Amna Suraka: a Critical Case Study of Kurdistani Memory Culture"
2281:
2279:
2277:
1861:
and deemed as illegitimate by numerous lawyers and human rights organizations.
1781:
1724:
1683:
1429:
1277:
1229:
1104:
992:
681:
445:
289:
281:
3743:
3607:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
6216:
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5831:
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5791:
5357:
4944:
4120:
4100:
3524:
3503:
3411:
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2391:
In these operations alone, an estimated 1200 Kurdish villages were destroyed.
1957:
1933:
has set aside 14 April as a day of remembrance for the Al-Anfal campaign. In
452:
87:
2274:
5943:
5477:
5387:
4134:
4126:
4116:
3513:"The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide"
3308:"Historic Debate Secures Parliamentary Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide"
3207:
2928:
Dictator Who Ruled Iraq With Violence Is Hanged for Crimes Against Humanity
2644:
2177:
1989:
1949:
reject that any mass killings of Kurds occurred during the Anfal campaign.
1934:
1911:
1903:
1883:
1776:, were convicted of genocide and related charges and sentenced to death by
1736:
1672:
1580:
1513:
1442:
4482:
5855:
5567:
5560:
5164:
4291:
4040:
3459:
2011:
2003:
1946:
1938:
1899:
1826:. These involved the sacking of its presiding judge in September 2006 by
1536:
1465:. The morale of the Iraqi army was on the rise due to the capture of the
1438:
1385:
1289:
1234:
1131:
1085:
908:
271:
190:
185:
3829:
3820:
3666:
3588:
1150:
1096:
committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.
6248:
Military operations involving chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War
5863:
5442:
5403:
4976:
4872:
4451:
4171:
3791:
3713:
The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
2526:
The limits of Trauma discourse, Women Anfal survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
2371:
Leezenberg, Michiel (2004). "The Anfal Operations in Iraqi Kurdistan".
1850:
1454:
817:
5172:
1719:, former Sumud relocation camp for Anfal survivors (photographed 2011)
5421:
5410:
4880:
4539:
2376:
2335:
2331:
After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?: My Encounters With Kurdistan
2000:
1842:
1800:
1679:
1655:
1544:
1397:
1381:
1202:
1194:
1127:
152:
6188:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
5484:
5463:
5435:
5380:
4237:
3934:
3429:
Gendered Experiences of Genocide: Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
2007:
1808:
1695:
1687:
1552:
1482:
1222:
1108:
175:
3127:
2640:"Origins and Utilizations of the Main Natural Depressions in Iraq"
2524:
3862:
1985:
1925:
The event has become an important element in the constitution of
1816:
1777:
1716:
1597:
but not permitted to return. They were sent into camps known as
1521:
6253:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the Peshmerga
1646:'s legal bureau that Anfal met the legal criteria for genocide.
296:
5551:
3234:
2530:
2424:
Nation Building in Kurdistan: Memory, Genocide and Human Rights
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2182:
Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World
1996:
1887:
1678:
During another trial involving the legal appeal of Van Anraat,
1540:
1281:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
2610:
1686:
during Anfal operations cannot be regarded as constituting a "
1313:, although its victims were overwhelmingly Kurdish civilians.
1084:
because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and
5108:
4766:
2776:
2685:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
2468:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
1563:
1453:
Anfal 4 took place between 3–8 May 1988 in the valley of the
1434:
1240:
1081:
156:
2373:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
2291:
2202:
4206:
3386:"Constituting Histories Through Culture In Iraqi Kurdistan"
3151:
2308:
2306:
2231:
1838:
1567:
a census was taking place did not take part in the census.
1344:
1265:
1225:
134:
1185:
in 1980, the rival Kurdish opposition parties in Iraq—the
6053:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2916:
Iraqi High Tribunal announces second Saddam trial to open
2800:
2401:
2399:
1667:, the definition of genocide is "acts committed with the
1498:
The last Anfal was aimed at the region controlled by the
3222:
2553:
2541:
2303:
2132:
a finding of fact in respect of genocide can be derived.
1833:; who perceived the judge as biased towards defendants.
1428:
In the next Anfal campaign from 7 to 20 April 1988, the
2837:
Kurdish villages in 1987 and 1988 amounted to genocide.
2092:
Kurdish villages in 1987 and 1988 amounted to genocide.
1857:
have been widely dubbed as a "show parade" designed to
3729:
3366:
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
2824:"Dutch Court Concludes Anfal Campaign Wasn't Genocide"
2614:
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
2580:
2570:
2568:
2492:
2446:
2444:
2396:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2079:"Dutch Court Concludes Anfal Campaign Wasn't Genocide"
1329:
of the Ba'ath Party's Northern Bureau, which included
466:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
6164:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
4695:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
3254:"Anfal campaign receives national day of remembrance"
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2061:
6132:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
2044:
1886:. The US government provided Arabic translators and
3139:
2990:"Saddam Hussein's henchman 'Chemical Ali' executed"
2705:
2661:
2565:
2504:
2441:
2352:
2144:
27:
Operation targeting rural Kurdish civilians in 1988
3390:Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies
2988:
2161:
1107:. The campaign's name was taken from the title of
3383:
3240:
6288:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
6214:
6021:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5767:
3113:"Iraq Under Saddam Hussein and His Flawed Trial"
2252:"Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore"
1340:Footwear of a child found in an Anfal mass grave
4953:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
3046:"Iraq: Dujail Judgment Marred by Serious Flaws"
3177:
3175:
1272:and firing squads. The campaign was headed by
5246:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
4222:
3878:
3806:
3623:
3558:
3473:
2416:
2414:
2237:
1796:) was acquitted on the prosecution's demand.
1520:in the desert about 120 km southwest of
1457:, which forms the border of the provinces of
1373:Monument at the mass grave of victims of the
1309:was presented as an extension of the ongoing
924:
312:
3452:"The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan"
3021:"Iraqi president opposes minister's hanging"
1876:National Archives and Records Administration
6140:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
5880:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
3845:
3172:
2790:
2788:
2786:
1841:. Video interactions from witnesses of the
1072:from February to September 1988 during the
6087:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4229:
4215:
3885:
3871:
3531:
3510:
3449:
3228:
3166:
3133:
2942:
2679:
2462:
2411:
2370:
2312:
2297:
2285:
2225:
1731:, said that judges had directly extracted
938:
931:
917:
319:
305:
4702:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
3828:
3652:
3587:
3401:
2637:
2318:
1469:on the 17–18 April 1988 from Iran in the
3200:
2848:
2783:
2097:
2074:Sources on the 2007 Hague court ruling:
1974:Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State
1893:
1811:. He was convicted in June 2007 and was
1735:from Saddam Hussein that he had ordered
1711:
1368:
1345:Military operations and chemical attacks
1335:
51:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
4574:Indigenous peoples in the United States
3710:
3604:
2873:
2871:
2730:
2638:Sissakian, Varoujan K. (January 2020).
2249:
14:
6238:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia
6215:
3777:
3626:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
2737:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
2324:
2176:
1205:, the Iraqi government arrested 8,000
6117:
5998:
5766:
5743:Mass killings under communist regimes
5260:
5023:
4718:
4379:
4259:
4210:
3866:
3852:Michigan Journal of International Law
3758:
3681:
3559:Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari (2017).
3426:
3362:
3145:
3110:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2667:
2606:
2604:
2586:
2574:
2559:
2547:
2510:
2498:
2450:
2420:
2405:
2358:
2155:
912:
300:
5692:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
3181:
3001:from the original on 12 January 2022
2936:
2868:
2537:, Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 167.
2250:Beeston, Richard (18 January 2010).
1276:who was a cousin of Iraqi President
1145:
884:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
611:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
507:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
31:
5928:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
2849:Gottlieb, Sebastian (10 May 2007).
2617:. Human Rights Watch. p. 226.
2522:
2098:Gottlieb, Sebastian (10 May 2007).
2054:
2034:
1649:
1476:
1357:-controlled areas in the northwest
1068:operation which was carried out by
24:
3892:
3552:
3420:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0065
3403:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0065
3384:Cockrell-Abdullah, Autumn (2018).
2953:. Associated Press. Archived from
2796:"Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide'"
2717:
2631:
2601:
2598:Black, George, (1993), pp. 222–223
2516:
1506:
1244:(religiously permitted or legal).
25:
6319:
4082:Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
3952:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
3278:
3201:Beaumont, Peter (25 March 2007).
2243:
1898:Memorial to Anfal victims at the
1701:
1642:. It convinced the United States
326:
6293:20th-century mass murder in Iraq
6273:Persecution of Assyrians in Iraq
6118:
5999:
5261:
5024:
4719:
4380:
4192:
4191:
3994:
3068:"Convictions in the Anfal Trial"
2976:'Chemical Ali' sentenced to hang
2421:Ihsan, Mohammed (17 June 2016).
1937:a museum was established in the
1874:government agencies such as the
1232:in 624 AD. According to Randal,
1149:
1109:the eighth chapter of the Qur'an
118:
36:
4533:Indigenous peoples in Australia
4260:
3638:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.92
3340:
3328:
3300:
3272:
3246:
3203:"We failed, says pro-war Iraqi"
3194:
3104:
3082:
3060:
3038:
3013:
2981:
2969:
2921:
2909:
2904:Lawyer denies Saddam confession
2897:
2842:
2816:
2765:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63
2749:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63
2673:
2652:
2592:
2456:
2364:
1943:Directorate of General Security
219:
5457:Genocide of indigenous peoples
5048:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
4349:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
4079:Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
3846:Trahan, Jennifer (2008–2009).
3809:Genocide Studies International
3655:Genocide Studies International
3609:. Edinburgh University Press.
3456:Mass Violence & Resistance
3111:Ashok, Abhinav (5 July 2020).
3096:. 22 June 2007. Archived from
3074:. 24 June 2007. Archived from
3052:. 21 June 2007. Archived from
2918:Associated Press, 27 June 2006
2830:. 19 June 2007. Archived from
2085:. 19 June 2007. Archived from
2068:
2024:
1756:for his role in the unrelated
1742:
1727:, a Kurdish politician of the
1640:International Court of Justice
1531:
1217:"Al Anfal", literally meaning
1080:. The campaign targeted rural
355:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
13:
1:
6172:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
5302:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs
4468:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
3780:Review of Middle East Studies
3580:10.1080/14623528.2017.1338644
3511:Montgomery, Bruce P. (2001).
3496:10.1080/14608944.2020.1746250
3190:(291 (Summer 2019) ed.).
3184:"Weaponizing Iraq's Archives"
2945:"Iraq to hang 'Chemical Ali'"
2017:
1931:Kurdistan Regional Government
1780:. Another two co-defendants (
1654:In December 2005, a court in
1570:
1199:the joint KDP-Iranian capture
1141:
1103:, on the orders of President
1099:The Iraqi forces were led by
6308:Massacres in Iraqi Kurdistan
6278:Violence against men in Asia
6258:Persecution of Kurds in Iraq
6103:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
5904:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
5750:Anti-communist mass killings
4476:Indigenous peoples in Canada
4412:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
4236:
3763:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3696:10.1080/02560046.2011.569081
3568:Journal of Genocide Research
3532:Pelletiere, Stephen (2016).
3355:
3090:"Q & A: The Anfal Trial"
2885:. 9 May 2007. Archived from
2658:Black, George, (1993), p.209
2125:. 9 May 2007. Archived from
1729:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1591:
1543:, which are in the valuable
1402:poison gas attack on Halabja
1394:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1351:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1264:, systematic destruction of
1187:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1003:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
6243:Massacres committed by Iraq
6037:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
5197:National Population Program
2943:Omar Sinan (25 June 2007).
2879:"ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2007:BA4676"
2851:"Van Anraat case 'example'"
2119:"ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2007:BA4676"
2100:"Van Anraat case 'example'"
2062:
2045:
1967:
1880:Defense Intelligence Agency
1754:Saddam Hussein was executed
1316:
1037:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10:
6324:
5952:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
5896:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
5722:Effects on young survivors
5149:Sabra and Shatila massacre
3450:Hiltermann, Joost (2008).
2906:BBC News, 8 September 2005
2689:Cambridge University Press
2472:Cambridge University Press
2288:, Interpretation of facts.
2186:W. W. Norton & Company
1864:
1799:Al-Majid was charged with
1705:
1493:
1448:
1423:
1407:
1364:
1305:campaign. To many Iraqis,
1280:from Saddam's hometown of
1247:
1191:Kurdistan Democratic Party
63:Such statements should be
6126:
6007:
5920:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
5888:Supreme National Tribunal
5778:
5759:
5669:
5591:
5494:
5372:
5271:
5034:
4729:
4491:Residential school system
4390:
4270:
4244:
4188:
4149:
4109:Uncle and Father-in-Law:
4070:
4049:
4003:
3992:
3900:
3744:10.1177/14687968221103254
2437:– via Google Books.
2238:Kirmanj & Rafaat 2021
1952:On 28 February 2013, the
1927:Kurdish national identity
1920:
1786:Saber Abdel Aziz al-Douri
1768:, and two co-defendants,
1629:
1549:population redistribution
1136:Kurdish national identity
950:
360:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
336:
277:
259:
242:
214:
166:
148:
140:
126:
117:
109:
104:
4783:Christians in Diyarbekir
3605:Donabed, Sargon (2015).
1954:British House of Commons
1355:Kurdish Democratic Party
988:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
586:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
6223:1988 in Iraqi Kurdistan
5729:Politics of recognition
4276:Destruction of Carthage
4197:Category:Saddam Hussein
3913:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
3759:Sadiq, Ibrahim (2021).
3711:Mlodoch, Karin (2021).
2731:Mlodoch, Karin (2012).
2535:Zentrum Moderner Orient
1805:crimes against humanity
1774:Hussein Rashid Mohammed
1708:Trial of Saddam Hussein
1375:Halabja chemical attack
1212:
1088:strategic parts of the
983:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
959:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
877:International incidents
144:February–September 1988
92:Infobox civilian attack
85:
6283:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
6180:South Africa v. Israel
6148:Rohingya genocide case
5685:Names of the Holocaust
5141:Chittagong Hill Tracts
4849:Kinder der Landstrasse
4735:Late Ottoman genocides
3427:Hardi, Choman (2011).
3369:. Human Rights Watch.
3363:Black, George (1993).
3241:Cockrell-Abdullah 2018
1906:
1749:Iraqi Special Tribunal
1720:
1414:Suleimanya governorate
1377:
1341:
1183:Iraqi invasion of Iran
1124:1991 uprisings in Iraq
1074:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
942:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
372:Iraqi invasion of Iran
345:1975 Algiers Agreement
268:Anti-Kurdish sentiment
201:enforced disappearance
97:considered for merging
6045:Bosnian genocide case
5699:Holocaust terminology
5342:Christians under ISIS
5072:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
4501:1740 Batavia massacre
4325:Harrying of the North
2861:on 8 September 2007.
2110:on 8 September 2007.
1980:Monuments and Statues
1897:
1715:
1556:United Iraqi Alliance
1372:
1339:
1049:2023 Makhmour clashes
1032:2003 invasion of Iraq
998:Arabization campaigns
705:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
365:Iranian Embassy siege
6263:Iran–Iraq War crimes
6196:Nicaragua v. Germany
6095:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
5471:Utilitarian genocide
5450:Transgender genocide
4809:Osage Indian murders
4509:Great Gypsy Round-up
4021:The Fortified Castle
4014:Zabibah and the King
2681:Hiltermann, Joost R.
2464:Hiltermann, Joost R.
2188:. pp. 163–168.
1847:judicial proceedings
1828:Iraqi Prime Minister
1788:) were sentenced to
1638:against Iraq at the
1526:Muthanna Governorate
1392:headquarters of the
964:Ahmed Barzani revolt
827:June 5 1984 Skirmish
225:50,000–100,000 (per
161:Iranian Armed Forces
65:clarified or removed
5582:Settler colonialism
5531:Forced assimilation
5229:Srebrenica massacre
5001:Chechens and Ingush
4759:Thracian Bulgarians
4605:Sand Creek massacre
4566:Siege of Tripolitsa
4317:Ancestral Puebloans
3947:Human rights record
3821:10.3138/gsi.13.1.02
3667:10.3138/gsi.13.1.07
3536:. Lexington Books.
3488:2021NatId..23..163K
3476:National Identities
3349:, ytterligare text.
3337:, ytterligare text.
2997:. 25 January 2010.
2995:The Daily Telegraph
2834:on 8 October 2009.
2562:, pp. 172–176.
2550:, pp. 171–172.
2326:Randal, Jonathan C.
2089:on 8 October 2009.
1794:Taher Tawfiq al-Ani
1770:Sultan Hashem Ahmed
1766:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1665:Genocide Convention
1644:Department of State
1636:Genocide Convention
1610:, Anfal relatives (
1585:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1560:Kurdistani Alliance
1323:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1274:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1219:the spoils (of war)
1101:Ali Hassan al-Majid
969:1943 Barzani revolt
898:Iran Air Flight 655
784:Tawakalna ala Allah
731:Final stages (1988)
286:Ali Hassan al-Majid
6303:Military campaigns
6268:Massacres of Kurds
6061:Slobodan Milošević
5912:Erich von Manstein
5524:Extermination camp
5277:Effacer le tableau
5040:Hyderabadi Muslims
4985:Nanshitou Massacre
4969:Muslims and Croats
4671:Hamidian massacres
4558:Al-Jawazi massacre
4548:Stolen Generations
4251:list by death toll
4179:The Devil's Double
4158:Al-ayyam al-tawila
3908:17 July Revolution
3792:10.1017/rms.2018.3
3433:Ashgate Publishing
3188:Middle East Report
3100:on 1 October 2022.
3094:Human Rights Watch
3078:on 14 August 2022.
3050:Human Rights Watch
2957:on 17 October 2015
2933:, 30 December 2006
2931:The New York Times
2804:. 23 December 2005
2262:on 23 January 2010
2014:region for Anfal.
1907:
1884:Defense Department
1835:Human Rights Watch
1813:sentenced to death
1747:In June 2006, the
1721:
1692:Human Rights Watch
1616:Kes-u-kar-î Enfal)
1577:Human Rights Watch
1378:
1342:
1161:. You can help by
1120:Human Rights Watch
1090:Kirkuk Governorate
1076:at the end of the
770:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
751:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
739:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
529:Muharram ol-Harram
350:Iranian Revolution
252:Iraqi Armed Forces
6233:Massacres in 1988
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6113:
6112:
5994:
5993:
5840:Euthanasia trials
5760:Legal proceedings
5503:Cultural genocide
5429:Cultural genocide
5368:
5367:
5293:Masalit massacres
5256:
5255:
5157:Sri Lankan Tamils
5064:Arabs in Zanzibar
5019:
5018:
4937:Three Alls policy
4714:
4713:
4647:Putumayo genocide
4375:
4374:
4204:
4203:
4111:Khairallah Talfah
4105:Samira Shahbandar
3770:978-1-7936-3683-6
3722:978-3-11-240283-2
3616:978-0-7486-8603-2
3543:978-1-4985-1666-2
3442:978-1-4094-9008-1
3376:978-1-56432-108-4
3286:Leiden University
3260:on 7 January 2019
3182:Alshaibi, Wisam.
3169:, pp. 78–79.
3056:on 23 March 2023.
2978:CNN, 24 June 2007
2855:Radio Netherlands
2648:. pp. 23–24.
2624:978-1-56432-108-4
2589:, pp. 21–22.
2501:, pp. 19–20.
2434:978-1-317-09016-8
2408:, pp. 16–17.
2345:978-0-429-71113-8
2104:Radio Netherlands
2063:Kampanyayê Enfalê
2060:
2043:
2010:and sculpture in
1790:life imprisonment
1698:can be derived".
1669:intent to destroy
1618:or Anfal widows (
1327:secretary-general
1179:
1178:
1066:counterinsurgency
1057:
1056:
1027:1994–97 Civil War
906:
905:
339:Pre-war incidents
295:
294:
264:Counterinsurgency
206:counterinsurgency
157:Kurdish civilians
82:
81:
18:Al-Anfal Campaign
16:(Redirected from
6315:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6080:
6072:
6069:Radovan Karadžić
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6029:Belgrade Process
6024:
6016:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5960:Treblinka trials
5955:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5800:Épuration légale
5795:
5787:
5773:
5770:Holocaust trials
5764:
5763:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5611:
5604:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5517:Ethnic cleansing
5512:
5505:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5383:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5334:Shias under ISIS
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4961:Serbs in Croatia
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4921:Nanjing Massacre
4916:
4913:Parsley massacre
4908:
4905:Polish Operation
4900:
4897:Romani Holocaust
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4841:Napalpí massacre
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4333:Mongol conquests
4328:
4320:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4141:Mustapha Hussein
4062:Alleged shredder
4028:Men and the City
3998:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3842:
3832:
3803:
3774:
3755:
3726:
3707:
3678:
3649:
3620:
3601:
3591:
3565:
3547:
3528:
3507:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3446:
3423:
3405:
3380:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3256:. Archived from
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3123:on 11 June 2023.
3119:. Archived from
3108:
3102:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:on 1 July 2013.
2875:
2866:
2865:
2857:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2728:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2523:Mlodoch, Karin.
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2474:. pp. 2–3.
2460:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2328:(4 March 2019).
2322:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2258:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2200:
2199:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2134:
2129:on 1 July 2013.
2114:
2106:. Archived from
2094:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:romanized:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
1988:organization in
1855:Special Tribunal
1824:Iraqi government
1660:Frans van Anraat
1650:Frans van Anraat
1624:Bewajin-î Enfal)
1558:and the Kurdish
1477:Anfal 5, 6 and 7
1270:mass deportation
1262:chemical warfare
1174:
1171:
1153:
1146:
1094:Ba’athist regime
945:
943:
933:
926:
919:
910:
909:
764:Halabja massacre
500:2nd Khorramshahr
495:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
439:Stalemate (1981)
400:1st Khorramshahr
331:
321:
314:
307:
298:
297:
196:chemical warfare
181:ethnic cleansing
131:Kurdistan Region
122:
102:
101:
77:
74:
68:
40:
39:
32:
21:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6156:Uyghur Tribunal
6154:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6119:
6109:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
6000:
5990:
5982:
5976:Fedorenko trial
5974:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5872:Stutthof trials
5870:
5862:
5854:
5848:Nuremberg trial
5846:
5838:
5830:
5822:
5814:
5808:Majdanek trials
5806:
5798:
5790:
5784:Krasnodar trial
5782:
5774:
5768:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5600:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5386:
5379:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5310:Southern Kaduna
5308:
5300:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5025:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4889:Simele massacre
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4679:Herero and Nama
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4546:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4489:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4298:
4290:
4284:Asiatic Vespers
4282:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4205:
4200:
4184:
4165:House of Saddam
4145:
4139:Grandchildren:
4085:Half-brothers:
4066:
4045:
3999:
3990:
3896:
3891:
3771:
3723:
3617:
3563:
3555:
3553:Further reading
3550:
3544:
3464:
3462:
3443:
3377:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3313:Huffington Post
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3279:Majid, Bareez.
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3229:Pelletiere 2016
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3199:
3195:
3180:
3173:
3167:Montgomery 2001
3165:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:, Bibliography.
3134:Hiltermann 2008
3132:
3128:
3109:
3105:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3025:The Irish Times
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2950:Tampa Bay Times
2941:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2847:
2843:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2729:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:. p. 134.
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2482:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2379:. p. 379.
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2323:
2319:
2313:Montgomery 2001
2311:
2304:
2298:Hiltermann 2008
2296:
2292:
2286:Hiltermann 2008
2284:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2226:Hiltermann 2008
2224:
2203:
2196:
2175:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2117:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2046:Hamlat al-Anfal
2029:
2025:
2020:
1970:
1962:Kurdish descent
1923:
1867:
1831:Nouri al-Maliki
1758:Dujail massacre
1745:
1710:
1704:
1652:
1632:
1608:Daykan-î Enfal)
1594:
1573:
1534:
1509:
1507:Detention camps
1496:
1488:Kosrat Abdullah
1479:
1451:
1426:
1410:
1367:
1359:Iraqi Kurdistan
1347:
1331:Iraqi Kurdistan
1321:In March 1987,
1319:
1250:
1215:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1159:needs expansion
1144:
1058:
1053:
1022:
1017:
978:
973:
955:
953:Early conflicts
946:
941:
939:
937:
907:
902:
879:
821:
733:
613:
536:Before the Dawn
522:Moslem Ibn Aqil
474:Samen-ol-A'emeh
468:
441:
381:Iraqi airstrike
376:
341:
332:
327:
325:
288:
284:
210:
169:
159:
155:
100:
78:
72:
69:
62:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6321:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6298:Saddam Hussein
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6073:
6065:
6049:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5936:Eichmann trial
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5816:Chełmno trials
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:Trivialization
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5545:Killing Fields
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5281:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5173:Kuwaiti Bedoon
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:Crimean Tatars
5005:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4833:Kantō Massacre
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4589:Trail of Tears
4585:
4581:Indian removal
4570:
4562:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4420:Kashmiri Shias
4416:
4408:
4400:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4288:
4280:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4254:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4123:
4113:
4107:
4097:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:Killing babies
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4035:Begone, Demons
4031:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3940:1991 uprisings
3932:
3930:Anfal campaign
3927:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3894:Saddam Hussein
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3843:
3804:
3786:(1): 135–146.
3775:
3769:
3756:
3738:(3): 426–448.
3727:
3721:
3715:. de Gruyter.
3708:
3690:(2): 296–303.
3679:
3661:(1): 132–142.
3650:
3621:
3615:
3602:
3574:(3): 404–426.
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3508:
3482:(2): 163–183.
3471:
3447:
3441:
3424:
3381:
3375:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3299:
3271:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3193:
3171:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3103:
3081:
3059:
3037:
3012:
2980:
2968:
2935:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2883:de Rechtspraak
2867:
2841:
2815:
2782:
2716:
2704:
2697:
2672:
2660:
2651:
2630:
2623:
2600:
2591:
2579:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2480:
2455:
2440:
2433:
2410:
2395:
2385:
2363:
2351:
2344:
2317:
2302:
2290:
2273:
2242:
2240:, p. 163.
2230:
2201:
2194:
2160:
2158:, p. 345.
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2123:de Rechtspraak
2115:
2095:
2067:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1922:
1919:
1866:
1863:
1859:execute Saddam
1782:Farhan Jubouri
1744:
1741:
1725:Jalal Talabani
1706:Main article:
1703:
1702:Saddam Hussein
1700:
1684:Iraqi military
1651:
1648:
1631:
1628:
1593:
1590:
1572:
1569:
1533:
1530:
1508:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1450:
1447:
1430:Garmian region
1425:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1366:
1363:
1346:
1343:
1325:was appointed
1318:
1315:
1278:Saddam Hussein
1258:aerial bombing
1249:
1246:
1230:Battle of Badr
1214:
1211:
1181:Following the
1177:
1176:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1105:Saddam Hussein
1070:Ba'athist Iraq
1062:Anfal campaign
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1013:1991 uprisings
1010:
1008:Anfal campaign
1005:
1000:
995:
993:PUK insurgency
990:
985:
972:
971:
966:
961:
951:
948:
947:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
886:
874:
873:
870:Praying Mantis
866:
859:
852:
845:
837:
830:
814:
813:
806:
799:
792:
780:
773:
766:
761:
754:
747:
745:Anfal campaign
742:
728:
727:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
679:
671:
664:
657:
650:
642:
635:
623:
608:
607:
602:
595:
588:
583:
575:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
504:
503:
491:
484:
477:
463:
462:
455:
450:
436:
435:
428:
423:
416:
409:
402:
397:
390:
383:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
337:
334:
333:
324:
323:
316:
309:
301:
293:
292:
290:Hussein Rashid
282:Saddam Hussein
279:
275:
274:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:
247:Ba'athist Iraq
244:
240:
239:
238:
237:
230:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
172:
170:
167:
164:
163:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
107:
106:
105:Anfal campaign
80:
79:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6320:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6116:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5997:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5968:Sobibor trial
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5832:Belsen trials
5829:
5825:
5824:Dachau trials
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5792:Kharkov trial
5789:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:Justification
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:The Holocaust
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:Death marches
5558:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:Iraqi Turkmen
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:The Holocaust
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:(1920s–1930s)
4826:
4825:Ingrian Finns
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4750:Pontic Greeks
4747:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4665:(1890s–1900s)
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4485:(1700s–1800s)
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:(1200s–1360s)
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:Sajida Talfah
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Interrogation
3967:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:Iran–Iraq War
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:Critical Arts
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:(1): 92–114.
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3243:, p. 70.
3242:
3237:
3231:, p. 62.
3230:
3225:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3148:, p. 28.
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2714:, p. 22.
2713:
2708:
2700:
2698:9780521876865
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2670:, p. 36.
2669:
2664:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 21.
2576:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2513:, p. 20.
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:9780521876865
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2453:, p. 19.
2452:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2427:. Routledge.
2426:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2386:9780415944304
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2361:, p. 17.
2360:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2315:, p. 70.
2314:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2195:9780393311419
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Makiya, Kanan
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2055:شاڵاوی ئەنفال
2052:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:Nadhim Zahawi
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:former prison
1936:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1737:mass killings
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1471:Iran–Iraq War
1468:
1467:Faw Peninsula
1464:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Jafali Valley
1387:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1311:Iran–Iraq War
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1157:This section
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Iran–Iraq War
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
977:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
949:
944:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
899:
896:
894:
892:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
878:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
863:Nimble Archer
860:
858:
857:
856:Eager Glacier
853:
851:
850:
846:
844:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
823:
822:
820:
819:
812:
811:
807:
805:
804:
803:Eternal Light
800:
798:
797:
793:
790:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:
755:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:
736:
735:
734:
732:
726:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
707:
706:
702:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:
688:
686:
684:
680:
678:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
647:
643:
641:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:
624:
622:
620:
616:
615:
614:
612:
606:
603:
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
582:
580:
576:
574:
572:
568:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:
533:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:
519:
517:
515:
511:
510:
509:
508:
501:
497:
496:
492:
490:
489:
488:Fath-ol-Mobin
485:
483:
482:
481:Tariq-ol-Qods
478:
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329:Iran–Iraq War
322:
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112:Iran–Iraq War
108:
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60:
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54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6120:21st century
6077:Ratko Mladić
6001:20th century
5944:Belzec trial
5708:Genocide law
5568:Death squads
5478:Mass killing
5388:Autogenocide
5264:21st century
5180:
5027:1946 to 1999
4899:(1935–1945)
4857:Libyan Arabs
4722:1913 to 1945
4383:1490 to 1913
4190:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
3929:
3923:U.S. support
3855:
3851:
3830:10138/321880
3815:(1): 10–33.
3812:
3808:
3783:
3779:
3760:
3735:
3731:
3712:
3687:
3683:
3658:
3654:
3629:
3625:
3606:
3589:10138/325889
3571:
3567:
3533:
3516:
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3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3455:
3428:
3396:(1): 65–91.
3393:
3389:
3365:
3342:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3316:. March 2013
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:the original
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:The Guardian
3206:
3196:
3187:
3141:
3129:
3121:the original
3116:
3106:
3098:the original
3093:
3084:
3076:the original
3072:Opinio Juris
3071:
3062:
3054:the original
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2994:
2983:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:the original
2948:
2938:
2930:
2923:
2911:
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2887:the original
2882:
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2859:the original
2854:
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2832:the original
2827:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2799:
2775:– via
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2736:
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2663:
2654:
2645:ResearchGate
2643:
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2594:
2582:
2555:
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2518:
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2260:the original
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2130:
2127:the original
2122:
2111:
2108:the original
2103:
2090:
2087:the original
2082:
2070:
2035:حملة الأنفال
2026:
1992:agreed with
1983:
1979:
1978:
1960:, who is of
1951:
1924:
1916:
1912:Kanan Makiya
1908:
1904:Sulaimaniyya
1878:(NARA), the
1872:
1868:
1821:
1798:
1762:
1746:
1722:
1677:
1673:ethnic group
1653:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1598:
1595:
1581:Sulaymaniyah
1574:
1535:
1514:Nugra Salman
1510:
1497:
1480:
1452:
1443:Darbandikhan
1427:
1411:
1379:
1348:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1216:
1180:
1167:
1163:adding to it
1158:
1117:
1112:
1098:
1061:
1059:
1019:
1018:
1007:
975:
974:
952:
890:
876:
875:
869:
862:
855:
849:Prime Chance
848:
840:
834:Earnest Will
833:
826:
816:
815:
809:
802:
795:
783:
776:
769:
757:
750:
744:
738:
730:
729:
724:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
682:
674:
667:
660:
653:
645:
638:
626:
618:
610:
609:
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578:
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563:
556:
549:
542:
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513:
506:
505:
494:
487:
480:
473:
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458:
446:
438:
437:
431:
419:
412:
406:Scorch Sword
405:
393:
386:
370:
369:
338:
110:Part of the
90:
83:
70:
57:unverifiable
49:weasel words
46:
29:
6228:Arabization
6190:(2023–2024)
6158:(2020–2021)
6105:(1999–2015)
6097:(1997–2022)
6089:(1994–2015)
6079:(2011–2017)
6071:(2008–2016)
6063:(2002–2006)
6055:(1993–2017)
6047:(1993–2007)
6039:(1946–1948)
6023:(1946–1948)
6013:Budak trial
5984:Finta trial
5970:(1965–1966)
5962:(1964–1970)
5954:(1963–1989)
5946:(1963–1965)
5930:(1961–1962)
5906:(1946–1949)
5898:(1946–1948)
5890:(1946–1948)
5882:(1946–1953)
5874:(1946–1947)
5858:(1945–1946)
5856:Minsk trial
5850:(1945–1946)
5842:(1945–1949)
5834:(1945–1948)
5826:(1945–1947)
5818:(1945–2001)
5810:(1944–1989)
5802:(1944–1951)
5772:(1943–2022)
5678:Definitions
5328:(2014–2017)
5320:(2014–2017)
5312:(2011–2023)
5279:(2002–2003)
5248:(1996–1997)
5223:(1992–1995)
5215:(1991–2003)
5199:(1987–2002)
5191:(1987–1989)
5183:(1986–1989)
5167:(1983–1987)
5165:Gukurahundi
5159:(1983–2009)
5143:(1977–1997)
5135:(1975–1979)
5127:(1974–1999)
5090:(1970–2003)
5088:Feyli Kurds
5082:(1966–1970)
5058:(1962–1996)
5050:(1956–1989)
5011:(1944–1948)
5003:(1944–1948)
4995:(1943–1945)
4987:(1942–1945)
4971:(1941–1945)
4963:(1941–1945)
4955:(1941–1945)
4947:(1941–1945)
4939:(1940–1942)
4931:(1939–1945)
4923:(1937–1938)
4907:(1937–1938)
4883:(1932–1933)
4867:(1930–1933)
4859:(1929–1932)
4851:(1926–1973)
4819:(1919–1933)
4811:(1918–1931)
4803:(1916–1917)
4793:(1916–1934)
4777:(1915–1917)
4769:(1915–1919)
4744:(1913–1922)
4704:(1912–1913)
4689:(1905–1907)
4681:(1904–1907)
4673:(1894–1896)
4657:(1888–1893)
4649:(1879–1913)
4639:Circassians
4633:(1850–1864)
4599:(1846–1873)
4591:(1830–1850)
4583:(1830–1847)
4550:(1869–1977)
4542:(1825–1832)
4527:(1785–2017)
4493:(1874–1996)
4470:(1648–1657)
4462:(1640–1649)
4454:(1636–1638)
4422:(1548–1872)
4398:(1492–1514)
4367:(1402–1496)
4359:(1393–1394)
4343:(1209–1229)
4327:(1069–1070)
4263:Before 1490
4125:Daughters:
4041:Blood Quran
3732:Ethnicities
3465:28 February
3460:Sciences Po
3117:Legal Bites
2828:OpinioJuris
2083:OpinioJuris
2006:to build a
2004:Shwan Kamal
1984:In 2014, a
1947:Iraqi Arabs
1900:Amna Suraka
1851:prosecution
1792:, and one (
1743:Anfal trial
1733:confessions
1537:Arabization
1532:Arabization
1386:air strikes
1266:settlements
1170:August 2022
1132:Iraqi Arabs
1020:Later phase
796:Forty Stars
685:(6th Basra)
677:(5th Basra)
621:(4th Basra)
581:(3rd Basra)
573:(2nd Basra)
516:(1st Basra)
272:Arabization
243:Perpetrator
191:deportation
186:mass murder
168:Attack type
86:‹ The
59:information
6217:Categories
5864:Riga trial
5715:Prevention
5660:Indigenous
5575:Incitement
5443:Gendercide
5404:Classicide
5397:Politicide
5358:Gaza Strip
5125:East Timor
5096:Bangladesh
5056:Guatemalan
4977:Sook Ching
4873:La Matanza
4597:California
4309:Bar Kokhba
4172:South Park
4050:Propaganda
3517:Archivaria
3146:Black 1993
2961:3 December
2712:Hardi 2011
2668:Black 1993
2587:Hardi 2011
2575:Hardi 2011
2560:Black 1993
2548:Black 1993
2511:Hardi 2011
2499:Hardi 2011
2451:Hardi 2011
2406:Hardi 2011
2359:Hardi 2011
2300:, Context.
2228:, Victims.
2156:Black 1993
2018:References
1935:Sulaymanya
1902:museum in
1882:, and the
1843:defendants
1801:war crimes
1658:convicted
1571:Death toll
1518:depression
1455:Little Zab
1254:offensives
1189:(PUK) and
1142:Background
976:Main phase
818:Tanker War
789:2nd al-Faw
719:Karbala 10
632:1st al-Faw
220:Death toll
73:March 2024
5653:Cambodian
5646:Holodomor
5538:Massacres
5422:Ethnocide
5411:Eliticide
5133:Cambodian
4881:Holodomor
4775:Armenians
4767:Assyrians
4540:Black War
4428:Huguenots
4311:(132–136)
4294:(50s BCE)
4278:(146 BCE)
4246:Genocides
3984:reactions
3979:Execution
3901:Biography
3839:166812947
3800:158673771
3752:248910712
3704:143839339
3675:208688723
3646:143526869
3525:1923-6409
3519:: 69–99.
3504:1460-8944
3412:2515-2130
3320:31 August
3005:31 August
2773:145055297
2757:1552-5864
2743:(1): 65.
2377:Routledge
2336:Routledge
2266:28 August
2256:The Times
2040:romanized
1990:Sulaimani
1680:The Hague
1656:The Hague
1599:mujamm'at
1592:Aftermath
1545:oil field
1524:, in the
1398:Peshmerga
1382:artillery
1317:Campaign
1203:Haj Omran
1195:peshmerga
1118:In 1993,
1113:al-ʾanfāl
841:Bridgeton
712:Karbala 9
698:Karbala 7
691:Karbala 6
683:Karbala 5
675:Karbala 4
661:Karbala 3
654:Karbala 2
646:Karbala 1
420:Sultan 10
278:Convicted
232:182,000 (
153:Peshmerga
95:is being
47:contains
5618:Armenian
5485:Domicide
5464:Policide
5436:Eugenics
5381:Democide
5350:Rohingya
4993:Volhynia
4817:Cossacks
4663:Selk'nam
4525:Chechens
4517:Dzungars
4444:Lameyans
4436:Kalinago
4406:(1500s–)
4365:Guanches
4300:Eburones
4286:(88 BCE)
4238:Genocide
3957:timeline
3935:Gulf War
3598:58142027
3347:Länktext
3335:Länktext
3292:3 August
3214:6 August
3030:17 March
2999:Archived
2683:(2007).
2466:(2007).
2180:(1994).
2008:monument
2001:sculptor
1968:See also
1809:genocide
1696:genocide
1688:genocide
1483:Rawandiz
893:incident
843:incident
648:(Mehran)
432:Morvarid
394:Kaman 99
176:Genocide
127:Location
99:. ›
88:template
6182:(2023–)
6174:(2022–)
6166:(2022–)
6150:(2019–)
6142:(2012–)
6134:(2005–)
5639:Rwandan
5632:Bosnian
5625:Serbian
5552:Pogroms
5495:Methods
5360:(2023–)
5352:(2017–)
5344:(2014–)
5336:(2014–)
5326:Yazidis
5304:(2003–)
5287:(2003–)
5238:Rwandan
5221:Bosnian
5213:Ahwaris
5207:(1990–)
5175:(1985–)
5103:Burundi
4865:Kazakhs
4655:Hazaras
4641:(1860s)
4631:Manchus
4623:Moriori
4615:Charrúa
4519:(1750s)
4483:Beothuk
4452:Pequots
4414:(1500–)
4357:Assyria
4341:Cathars
4099:Wives:
3964:Capture
3484:Bibcode
3356:Sources
3264:21 July
2808:31 July
2487:number.
2051:Kurdish
2042::
2012:Garmian
1994:Kurdish
1945:. Many
1941:of the
1865:Sources
1778:hanging
1717:Rizgary
1620:Kurdish
1612:Kurdish
1604:Kurdish
1522:Samawah
1494:Anfal 8
1449:Anfal 4
1424:Anfal 3
1408:Anfal 2
1365:Anfal 1
1248:Summary
1207:Barzani
1086:Arabize
777:Zafar 7
758:Dawn 10
605:Marshes
579:Kheibar
514:Ramadan
387:Revenge
6198:(2024)
6031:(1946)
6015:(1945)
5986:(1994)
5978:(1986)
5938:(1961)
5922:(1958)
5914:(1949)
5866:(1946)
5794:(1943)
5786:(1943)
5670:Issues
5593:Denial
5285:Darfur
5240:(1994)
5205:Amhara
5151:(1982)
5098:(1971)
5080:Biafra
5074:(1966)
5066:(1964)
5042:(1948)
4979:(1942)
4915:(1937)
4891:(1933)
4875:(1932)
4843:(1924)
4835:(1923)
4801:Kyrgyz
4785:(1915)
4761:(1913)
4742:Greeks
4625:(1835)
4617:(1831)
4607:(1864)
4568:(1821)
4560:(1816)
4511:(1749)
4503:(1740)
4446:(1636)
4438:(1626)
4430:(1572)
4351:(1311)
4319:(800s)
4133:, and
4131:Raghad
4115:Sons:
4095:Barzan
4093:, and
4091:Sabawi
4087:Watban
4072:Family
3858:: 305.
3837:
3798:
3767:
3750:
3719:
3702:
3673:
3644:
3613:
3596:
3540:
3523:
3502:
3439:
3418:
3410:
3373:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2695:
2621:
2531:Berlin
2478:
2431:
2383:
2342:
2192:
2031:Arabic
1997:artist
1986:German
1929:. The
1921:Legacy
1888:CD ROM
1817:hanged
1630:Trials
1541:Kirkuk
1463:Kirkuk
1418:Newruz
1353:. The
1282:Tikrit
1223:eighth
1092:. The
1064:was a
1042:Kirkuk
810:Mersad
725:Nasr 4
668:Fath 1
639:Dawn 9
627:Dawn 8
599:Dawn 7
592:Dawn 6
571:Dawn 5
564:Dawn 4
557:Dawn 3
550:Dawn 2
543:Dawn 1
426:Abadan
413:Dezful
374:(1980)
260:Motive
236:claim)
215:Deaths
149:Target
53:biased
5373:Terms
5189:Isaaq
5181:Anfal
4929:Poles
4791:Kurds
4687:Ukame
4460:Huron
4396:Taíno
4292:Gauls
4150:Media
4121:Qusay
4005:Books
3974:Trial
3835:S2CID
3796:S2CID
3748:S2CID
3700:S2CID
3671:S2CID
3642:S2CID
3594:S2CID
3564:(PDF)
3416:JSTOR
2777:JSTOR
2769:S2CID
2761:JSTOR
1564:Arabs
1553:Shi'a
1516:in a
1459:Erbil
1439:Kalar
1435:Kifri
1307:Anfal
1303:Anfal
1299:Anfal
1241:halal
1128:Hague
1082:Kurds
891:Stark
459:Opera
5510:Rape
5116:1993
5109:1972
4404:Ainu
4135:Hala
4127:Rana
4119:and
4117:Uday
4103:and
3765:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3521:ISSN
3500:ISSN
3467:2022
3437:ISBN
3408:ISSN
3371:ISBN
3322:2013
3294:2022
3266:2018
3216:2022
3032:2020
3007:2013
2963:2015
2810:2022
2753:ISSN
2693:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2268:2013
2190:ISBN
1999:and
1839:Iraq
1807:and
1784:and
1772:and
1461:and
1441:and
1384:and
1295:Jash
1290:Jash
1235:Jash
1226:sura
1213:Name
1060:The
889:USS
619:Badr
447:Nasr
218:See
141:Date
135:Iraq
3825:hdl
3817:doi
3788:doi
3740:doi
3692:doi
3663:doi
3634:doi
3584:hdl
3576:doi
3492:doi
3398:doi
2801:BBC
2745:doi
1500:KDP
1201:of
1165:.
1115:).
453:H-3
234:PUK
227:HRW
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