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1037:. It consisted of a human figure, made from jointed copper, holding a pitcher resembling a peacock in its right hand. The pitcher is made from brass and holds within it a chamber, divided into two parts by a metal plate. This mechanism aided the pouring of the water from the spout so that it was smooth and would not splutter. The reservoir in which the water is held is situated within the right-hand side of the human figure. An axle is fitted into the right elbow of the human figure so as to allow the liquid to pour from the reservoir through the spout of the pitcher. The left arm of the figure had a fixed weight which would raise and lower the arm which would hold a towel, comb and mirror.
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suction pump. This pump is driven by a water wheel, which drives, through a system of gears, an oscillating slot-rod to which the rods of two pistons are attached. The pistons work in horizontally opposed cylinders, each provided with valve-operated suction and delivery pipes. The delivery pipes are
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for the design of a candle clock, and
Hibatullah ibn al-Husayn (d. 1139) for musical automata. Al-Jazari goes on to describe the improvements he made to the work of his predecessors, and describes a number of devices, techniques and components that are original innovations which do not appear in the
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The candle, whose rate of burning was known, bore against the underside of the cap, and its wick passed through the hole. Wax collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning. The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a
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Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of
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ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight. As the candle burned away, the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed. The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle. No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known.
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that is connected to the musicians. The automaton is described to ‘perform a with a clamorous sound which is heard from afar’ and could play several different tunes. Like many other automatons by Al-Jazari, this was created to entertain guests at the royal palace.
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was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.
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appears to have been quite popular as it appears in a large number of manuscript copies, and as he explains repeatedly, he only describes devices he has built himself. According to Mayr, the book's style resembles that of a modern "do-it-yourself" book.
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and was thus more a practical engineer than an inventor who appears to have been "more interested in the craftsmanship necessary to construct the devices than in the technology which lay behind them" and his machines were usually "assembled by
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joined above the centre of the machine to form a single outlet into the irrigation system. This water-raising machine had a direct significance for the development of modern engineering. This pump is remarkable for three reasons:
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Al-Jazari's work described fountains and musical automata, in which the flow of water alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. This operation was achieved through his innovative use of
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which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure – with a
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Many of the devices also had additional functions that contradicted divine omnipotence. The most profane purpose of several of his hydraulic and pnuematic automata was to get guests at parties drunk as quickly as
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Al-Jazari's largest astronomical clock was the "castle clock", which was a complex device that was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high, and had multiple functions besides timekeeping. It included a display of the
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The Arabs, on the other hand, displayed an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes but lacked, like other preindustrial societies, any real impetus to pursue their robotic science.
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Tullia Ritti, Klaus Grewe, Paul
Kessener: "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications“, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20 (2007), pp. 138–163 (159)
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since the 13th century up until modern times, and were in everyday use throughout the medieval
Islamic world. Interestingly, the depiction of the chain in al-Jazari's pump appears to be in the form of a
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leans forward dropping a ball from its beak onto a cymbal. All mechanical aspects of the automaton are then driven by water and a series of pistons and cables. Each hour water drains out of the main
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and it would have been operated by a servant, who would have pulled the plug and positioned the peacock's beak; allowing the mechanism to release the water into the basin in front of the user.
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However, whilst water moving objects such as the peacock fountain had ritualistic usage, there is suggestion that water-moving hydraulics were put to profane use. Ayhan Aytes suggests that:
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chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising saqiya chain pump which was run by
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into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth in a straight line. The crankshaft described by al-Jazari transforms continuous
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Al-Jazari created a musical automaton, which was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. Professor
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first appeared in
Leonardo’s drawings, but al-Jazarl’s pictures show them. Similarly, segmental gears first clearly appear in al-Jazarl; in the West they emerge in
253:, where he got the name Jazari from or Al-Jazira which was used to denote Upper Mesopotamia. The only biographical information known about him is contained in his
159:
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733:, in the 12th and 13th centuries, and described them in 1206. It was in these water-raising machines that he introduced his most important ideas and components.
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As the Arabs called upper
Mesopotamia **al Jazire" meaning "island", it is quite possible that he was born in this area and therefore referred to as al-Jazari.
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Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a
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The
Horologium of Hārūn al-Rashīd Presented to Charlemagne – An Attempt to Identify and Reconstruct the Clock Using the Instructions Given by al-Jazarī
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The
Kurdish polymath Al-Jazari (1136–1206), for example, built animal- and water-driven devices for raising irrigation water, suctionpumps, cranks, ...
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771:, though the Chinese were also using hydropower for chain pumps prior to him. Saqiya machines like the ones he described have been supplying water in
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Al-Jazari's suction piston pump could lift 13.6 metres of water, with the help of delivery pipes. It was not, however, any more efficient than the
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217:) in 1206, where he described 50 mechanical devices, along with instructions on how to construct them. One of his more famous inventions is the
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that operated the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.
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Al-Jazari's "peacock fountain" was a more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and
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being a naturally drought-ridden place, machines relating to water held a significant function; in both a divine and practical sense.
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was employed at the
Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus.
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Al-Jazari built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower. He also created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate
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Some of his devices were inspired by earlier devices, such as one of his monumental water clocks, which was based on that of a
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Modest
Variations—Theoretical Tradition and Practical Innovation in the Mechanical Arts from Antiquity to the Arab Middle Ages
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The Book of
Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab fi Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya) by ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari
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The book of knowledge of ingenious mechanical devices (Kitāb fῑ ma'rifat al-ḥiyal alhandasiyya), by Ibn al-Razzāz al-Jazarῑ
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is one of "the two machines of the Middle Ages which lie most directly in the line of ancestry of the steam-engine and the
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which travelled across the top of a gateway, moved by a hidden cart, and caused automatic doors to open, each revealing a
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The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari Translated by Donald R. Hill, 01-01-1974
1725:. Ministry of Science and Technology, National Hijra Centenary Committee, and Organization of Islamic Conference. 1983.
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3261:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206"
2192:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206"
1622:
1463:
3115:"2. Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering"
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Born in Upper Mesopotamia in the 12th century ad al-Jazari was employed, from about 1180 onwards, by the rulers of ...
1222:’s ability to create multi-faceted automata that functioned on a practical and entertainment level. The motion of the
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2.Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering
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to accurately record the passage of the temporal hours to match the uneven length of days throughout the year.
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We see for the first time in al-Jazari's work several concepts important for both design and construction: the
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Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond
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Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond
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Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond
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Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond
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Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond
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automata and has produced a possible reconstruction of the mechanism; it has a programmable drum machine with
1089:‘On the construction in pools of fountains which change their shape, and of machines for the perpetual flute’.
2773:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology (Part II: Mechanical Technology)
2984:"Fountains and water: the development of the hydraulic technology of display in Islamic gardens 700–1700 CE"
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The water-clock of the drummers, which differs from the Musical robot band in that it lacks a flute-playing
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Al-Jazari described single-bucket and four-bucket water lifting machines. The single-bucket version employs
686:
2771:
2614:; González, Diego L. (2016). "Möbius strips before Möbius: topological hints in ancient representations".
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Alongside his accomplishments as an inventor and engineer, al-Jazari was also an accomplished artist. In
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of a modern clock. Al-Jazari's famous water-powered scribe clock was reconstructed successfully at the
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described by al-Jazari in 1206 is notable for several innovations. It was the first clock in which an
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496:. The crank also appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the
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in 1136. Sources state his exact location is unknown, but they speculate he could have been born in
2015:
Al-Jazari (1136– 1204) was a Kurdish astronomer, mathematician, Islamic scholar, innovator, and ...
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The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: (Kitāb fī ma 'rifat al-ḥiyal al-handasiyya)
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Michael Hacker; David Burghardt; Linnea Fletcher; Anthony Gordon; William Peruzzi, eds. (2010).
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The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya
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780:, from long before the Möbius strip was first identified as an object of study in mathematics.
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Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazarī, from Alexandria to Diyār Bakr
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of Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court. This manuscript is known as
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Lotfi Romdhane; Saïd Zeghloul (2010). "al-Jazari (1136–1206)". In Marco Ceccarelli (ed.).
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practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.
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Mechanical Turkic servant. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).
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Mechanical Turkic servant. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).
366:. The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time.
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element of the design, moving across until he reaches a specific point at which a carved
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He used the crankshaft with a connecting rod in two of his water-raising machines: the
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A sketch of a device designed by al-Jazari. From the manuscript of Kitabal Al-Hial in
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reacted after certain intervals of time (in this case, a humanoid robot striking the
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A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990),
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A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990),
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India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)
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Islamic Scientific Thought and Muslim Achievements in Science: Papers Presented
1695:"Ismail al-Jazari, the Muslim inventor whom some call the 'Father of Robotics'"
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Female servant. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).
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The first known use of a true suction pipe (which sucks fluids into a partial
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2086:. xxv, 285 pp. Dordrecht, Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., . Guilders 240".
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is initiated at daybreak by another male doll, who stands at the edge of the
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Court scene. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).
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known to date. Hill described one of al-Jazari's candle clocks as follows:
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are attached, was described in 1206 by al-Jazari, who employed them in his
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132:بَدِيعُ الزَّمانِ أَبُو العِزِّ بْنُ إسْماعِيلَ بْنِ الرَّزَّازِ الجَزَرِيّ
111:
3648:"Al Jazari's Book - The Book Of Knowledge Of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'
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The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer
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clock, which was a meter high and half a meter wide. The scribe with his
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689:(d. 1501) they entered the general vocabulary of European machine design.
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The Paradigmatic-Individualistic Approach of Arab Musical Creativeness
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Born in Jazirat al-'Umar, al-Jazari is most noted as the author of ...
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Double-action suction pump with valves and reciprocating piston motion
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432:, components, ideas, methods, and design features which they employ.
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The basin of the "peacock fountain" formed the basin for performing
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This automaton was designed to aid the king whilst he performed his
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The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine
354:(r. 1201–1222) is known to have commisionned the first edition of
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257:. Like his father before him, he served as chief engineer at the
213:'Book in knowledge of engineering tricks', also known as
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2245:, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See
2000:
Building Tomorrow's Leaders Today: On Becoming a Polymath Leader
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30:"Al-Jazari" redirects here. For other people with the name, see
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1907:
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Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science - Part 2
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may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari.
864:, al-Jazari's pump can be considered "a direct ancestor of the
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Al-Jazari invented five machines for raising water, as well as
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Leonardo Da Vinci. A Chinese Scholar Lost in Renaissance Italy
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and a system of gears which transported jars of water up to a
592:, the grinding of the seats and plugs of valves together with
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3616:"Al-jazarī, Badīʿ Al-zamān Abū'l-ʿizz Ismāʿīl Ibn Al-razzāz"
1917:
The Book of Ingenious Devices/Kitáb al-Ḥiyal: Kitáb al-Hiyal
1902:
1218:
by producing a musical output once every hour, illustrating
993:
made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:
661:
from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular
657:
A segmental gear is "a piece for receiving or communicating
428:
The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the
124:
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abu l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī
2988:
Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes
1799:
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which displayed moving models of the Sun, Moon, and stars.
1199:
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3056:"Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe (ZKM)"
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1804:. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 7.
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in 1976 Al-Jazari also invented monumental water-powered
617:
Al-Jazari invented a method for controlling the speed of
3554:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
3140:
3138:
2551:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
2222:"Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court"
1980:
Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present
1977:
1315:
to display the time and, for the first time, employed a
1166:
has argued that it is quite likely that it was an early
463:
3163:"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East"
2964:
2935:"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East"
2434:
1668:
The Sea in the Middle The Mediterranean World, 650–1650
1214:. The mechanism in this specific automaton serves as a
681:’s astronomical clock finished in 1364; with the great
3231:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
2802:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
2292:
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2261:
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1856:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",
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and a mechanical robotic bird chirping) and the first
3427:
Blurred Edges—At the Intersection of Science, Culture
3146:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
3135:
3035:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
2982:
Campbell, James W. P.; Boyington, Amy (3 July 2018).
2968:
The Book Of Knowledge Of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
2712:
2682:"The Origin of the Suction Pump: al-Jazari 1206 A.D."
1460:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
1407:
musicians who automatically play music when moved by
1085:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
830:
The first application of the double-acting principle.
239:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
184:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
3031:"The basin of the Peacock and the magic of automata"
2521:
1072:; the Islamic final resting place referenced in the
1052:
Water and its usages holds particular importance in
888:
Single-bucket and four-bucket water lifting machines
201:
2748:
2736:
2700:
2258:
1029:incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern
940:hospitals. The system had water from a lake turn a
665:, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face."
652:
119:
was one of the most famous inventions of al-Jazari.
2610:
2359:
2052:A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering
1565:An illustration of a device invented by al-Jazari.
1185:
908:, while the four-bucket version adds a mechanical
559:
2981:
1951:(November 1931). "On a Manuscript by Al-Jazari".
529:, and is central to modern machinery such as the
319:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
255:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
3654:
3576:
2907:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics
2877:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics
2724:
2226:Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83
1738:
1603:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
341:
3488:
3459:
3430:
3401:
3372:
3265:21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual
2270:Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots
2082:Tibbetts, G. R. (1975). "Donald R. Hill (tr.):
1947:
1298:, al-Jazari constructed the most sophisticated
948:that led to mosques and hospitals in the city.
849:commonly used by the Muslim world at the time.
552:. His water pump also employed the first known
550:double-action reciprocating piston suction pump
468:The eccentrically mounted handle of the rotary
237:Diagram of a hydropowered perpetual flute from
3489:Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010).
3460:Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010).
3431:Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010).
3402:Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010).
3373:Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010).
2676:
2457:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 270–1,
2158:"al-Jazari And the History of the Water Clock"
2152:
1766:
1670:. University of California Press. p. 254.
1238:to cause another bucket to tip over driving a
3291:
2594:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
2496:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
1532:hand-washing automaton with a flush mechanism
860:as an inspiration for his pump. According to
317:rather than by theoretical calculation". His
2571:al-Jazari and the History of the Water Clock
2476:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2357:
2338:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2049:
1767:Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998).
1692:
1087:was devoted to fountain mechanisms, titled:
757:is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's
3621:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3089:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)
2362:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology
1749:(Book review). Vol. 61, no. 992.
1097:. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows:
1021:Hand-washing automaton with flush mechanism
989:Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in
596:powder to obtain a watertight fit, and the
3302:Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History
3203:Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History
3192:
2965:Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari (1 January 1974).
2869:
2867:
2455:The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature
2390:
2388:
2386:
2313:The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature
2162:History of Science and Technology in Islam
1259:. These included a portable water-powered
800:pump, and made early uses of valves and a
673:Western scholars had thought that conical
221:. He has been described as the "father of
3533:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2629:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2120:
1978:Cesare Rossi; Flavio Russo, eds. (2017).
1911:
1598:History of the internal combustion engine
1311:Al-Jazari's candle clock also included a
1007:
693:
423:
3319:
3258:
2591:, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.,
2582:
2493:, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.,
2414:
2412:
2410:
2237:
2235:
2189:
2081:
1996:
1680:
1640:
1638:
1355:
1281:
1189:
1141:
1109:
1048:Peacock fountain with automated servants
697:
613:Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel
232:
110:
3688:Engineers of the medieval Islamic world
3678:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
3323:Readings in Technology and Civilization
3081:
2903:
2873:
2864:
2766:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2396:How Islamic Inventors Changed the World
2383:
2019:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1795:
1793:
1618:Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars
1550:
1499:
1403:Another feature of the device was five
972:used to operate automata. According to
841:via the crank-connecting rod mechanism.
706:
545:
484:. The earliest evidence of a crank and
203:Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiya
14:
3655:
3060:Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online
2794:
2560:
2366:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p.
2346:
1665:
1453:
915:
628:
488:mechanism dates to the 3rd century AD
138:
27:Muslim engineer and artist (1136–1206)
3673:Science in the medieval Islamic world
3175:from the original on 12 December 2021
3068:10.1163/9789004337862_lgbo_com_260157
2947:from the original on 12 December 2021
2407:
2281:from the original on 12 December 2021
2232:
2215:
2213:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2094:(1). University of London: 151–153 .
1635:
1613:Science in the medieval Islamic world
1137:
736:
509:In 1206, al-Jazari invented an early
464:Crankshaft and crank-slider mechanism
329:. He also cites the influence of the
308:Al-Jazari was part of a tradition of
3613:
3571:
3547:
3523:
3509:
3495:. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated.
3466:. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated.
3437:. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated.
3408:. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated.
3379:. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated.
3340:
3028:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2533:
2527:
2440:
2358:Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009),
2219:
2190:Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022).
1830:
1790:
1434:clocks and a portable water-powered
1033:. This device is another example of
753:machines. The concept of minimizing
637:, al-Jazari described several early
3320:Beckwith, Guy V. (1 October 1997).
3144:Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974)
1426:that were driven by both water and
1251:Al-Jazari constructed a variety of
936:to supply water to its mosques and
884:'s blowing engine a century later.
641:, including "a large metal door, a
576:of timber to minimize warping, the
191:
131:
24:
3607:
2210:
2172:
2070:Dictionary of scientific biography
1483:
1287:
1025:Al-Jazari invented a hand washing
932:, which was built in 13th century
245:Al-Jazari was born in the area of
25:
3714:
3629:
3152:, Dordrecht / D. Reidel, part II.
1984:Springer International Publishing
1770:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature
1739:Dr. Norman Smith (4 April 1974).
1326:
920:Al-Jazari developed the earliest
3635:
1570:
1558:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1364:of al-Jazari, 14th century copy.
1277:
653:Conical valve and segmental gear
584:(a kind of pattern), the use of
411:
399:
387:
375:
3519:. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
3223:
3186:
3155:
3124:
3107:
3098:
3048:
3022:
2975:
2958:
2927:
2897:
2836:
2818:
2760:
2670:
2604:
2506:
2484:
2446:
2304:
2220:Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985).
2146:
2126:The Origins of Feedback Control
2114:
2075:
2062:
2043:
1990:
1971:
1941:
1883:
1654:Springer Science+Business Media
1623:Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1466:paintings, a medieval style of
1368:
1194:The water-clock of the drummers
1186:The water-clock of the drummers
808:mechanism, when he developed a
560:Design and construction methods
182:. He is best known for writing
3305:. Cambridge University Press.
3148:, Translated and annotated by
2617:The Mathematical Intelligencer
1965:10.1080/15436314.1931.11666681
1760:
1732:
1713:
1686:
1659:
852:Al-Jazari cited the Byzantine
546:crank-driven saqiya chain pump
460:) and water-raising machines.
225:" and modern day engineering.
13:
1:
3326:. Pearson Custom Publishing.
3252:
3000:10.1080/14601176.2018.1452827
1997:Genovese, Michael A. (2013).
1701:. National Geographic Society
1693:Jorge Elices (30 July 2020).
580:of wheels, the use of wooden
564:English technology historian
342:1206 edition (Ahmet III 3472)
1925:D. Reidel Publishing Company
1323:still used in modern times.
1114:Al-Jazari's Peacock Fountain
356:Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal
333:brothers for his fountains,
228:
192:كتاب في معرفة الحيل الهندسية
7:
1586:
1210:and the rest playing other
951:
868:combination". According to
435:
202:
10:
3719:
3208:Cambridge University Press
3029:גולן, אבי (30 July 2019).
2825:al-Jazari (Islamic artist)
2778:Cambridge University Press
2317:Cambridge University Press
2050:Carl W. Hall, ed. (2008).
1892:Engineering and Technology
1666:Burman, Thomas E. (2022).
1372:
1330:
749:was in one of al-Jazari's
588:to establish designs, the
535:internal combustion engine
29:
3614:Hill, Donald R. (2008) .
3277:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685
3235:University of Texas Press
3229:Howard R. Turner (1997),
2904:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994),
2874:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994),
2806:University of Texas Press
2800:Howard R. Turner (1997),
2648:10.1007/s00283-016-9631-8
2204:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685
2100:10.1017/S0041977X00047182
1814:10.1007/978-90-481-2346-9
1751:Reed Business Information
1246:
741:The first known use of a
503:Book of Ingenious Devices
338:works by his precessors.
99:
89:
81:
63:
58:
48:
41:
3259:Balafrej, Lamia (2022).
3087:Professor Noel Sharkey,
2612:Cartwright, Julyan H. E.
2597:, Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 .
2576:26 February 2008 at the
2499:, Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 .
2003:. Routledge. p. 5.
1876:25 December 2007 at the
1773:. Taylor & Francis.
1628:
1178:) that bump into little
3093:University of Sheffield
2849:Encyclopædia Britannica
2830:Encyclopædia Britannica
2072:, 15, suppl. I, p. 254.
2056:Purdue University Press
2020:Yazdani, Kaveh (2017).
1896:Delmar Cengage Learning
975:Encyclopædia Britannica
872:, al-Jazari's slot-rod
590:calibration of orifices
476:that spread across the
368:Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari
261:, the residence of the
3703:13th-century engineers
3698:12th-century inventors
3693:13th-century inventors
3511:Hill, Donald Routledge
3198:Hill, Donald Routledge
2910:, Wiley-IEEE, p.
2880:, Wiley-IEEE, p.
2601:, London and New York.
2503:, London and New York.
2251:8 October 2006 at the
2241:Georges Ifrah (2001).
2026:. BRILL. p. 113.
1871:Mechanical Engineering
1862:, May 1991, pp. 64-9 (
1648:, transl. & anno.
1534:designed by al-Jazari.
1518:designed by al-Jazari.
1502:designed by al-Jazari.
1448:Science Museum, London
1442:was synonymous to the
1365:
1309:
1291:
1212:percussive instruments
1195:
1151:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1008:Drink-serving waitress
1005:
1000:
710:
694:Water-raising machines
691:
610:
424:Mechanisms and methods
364:Topkapı Sarayı Library
242:
120:
2517:TheFreeDictionary.com
2428:12 March 2013 at the
1411:operated by a hidden
1359:
1304:
1285:
1193:
1145:
1130:
1113:
1099:
1083:An entire section of
1076:. Additionally, with
1001:
995:
856:used for discharging
701:
671:
645:and a lock with four
570:
472:in fifth century BCE
241:by Al-Jazari in 1206.
236:
114:
3644:at Wikimedia Commons
2198:. History: 739–741.
2168:on 26 February 2008.
1741:"The Arabian legacy"
1202:and instead has two
1146:Al-Jazari's musical
839:reciprocating motion
788:Al-Jazari described
755:intermittent working
687:Francesco di Giorgio
659:reciprocating motion
621:of a wheel using an
600:of metals in closed
527:reciprocating motion
140:[ældʒæzæriː]
3624:. Encyclopedia.com.
3485:On Musical Automata
3293:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
3210:, pp. 57–59],
2688:on 26 February 2008
2640:2016arXiv160907779C
2068:Donald R. Hill, in
1859:Scientific American
1699:National Geographic
1482:One of al-Jazari's
1454:Miniature paintings
1422:Al-Jazari invented
1321:fastening mechanism
1286:One of al-Jazari's
1272:astronomical clocks
1012:One of al-Jazari's
980:Italian Renaissance
922:water supply system
916:Water supply system
667:Lynn Townsend White
639:mechanical controls
629:Mechanical controls
444:, a shaft to which
269:which ruled across
160:mechanical engineer
32:al-Jazari (surname)
2780:. pp. 380–2.
2678:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
2567:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
2443:, p. 231–232.
2419:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
2196:Inquiries into Art
2154:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
2132:. pp. 32–33.
1608:Islamic Golden Age
1593:Hero of Alexandria
1500:musical robot band
1366:
1292:
1196:
1152:
1138:Musical robot band
1116:
833:The conversion of
737:Saqiya chain pumps
711:
679:Giovanni de’ Dondi
539:automatic controls
500:brothers in their
490:Hierapolis sawmill
352:Nasr al-Din Mahmud
243:
121:
104:Islamic Golden Age
3640:Media related to
3564:978-1-317-76157-0
3540:978-94-010-2573-7
3502:978-3-86560-732-4
3481:Eilhard Wiedemann
3473:978-3-86560-732-4
3444:978-3-86560-732-4
3415:978-3-86560-732-4
3386:978-3-86560-732-4
3365:Claus-Peter Haase
3357:978-0-86078-606-1
3333:978-0-536-00579-3
3312:978-0-521-42239-0
2787:978-0-521-05803-2
2377:978-1-4358-5066-8
1823:978-90-481-2345-2
1808:. pp. 1–21.
1780:978-0-415-18571-4
1551:saqiya chain pump
1430:. These included
1035:humanoid automata
1014:humanoid automata
984:Leonardo da Vinci
707:saqiya chain pump
327:Pseudo-Archimedes
271:Upper Mesopotamia
247:Upper Mesopotamia
212:
200:
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
3710:
3639:
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3592:
3590:
3582:
3573:Paratico, Angelo
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2722:
2721:, p. 150-2.
2716:
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2416:
2405:
2404:, 11 March 2006.
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2265:
2256:
2239:
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2217:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2170:
2169:
2164:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2143:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
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2017:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1919:. Translated by
1909:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1881:
1851:
1828:
1827:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1764:
1758:
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1711:
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1671:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1574:
1562:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1479:
1042:ritual ablutions
924:to be driven by
902:bucket elevators
896:, semi-circular
729:used to operate
643:combination lock
578:static balancing
415:
403:
391:
379:
251:Jazirat ibn Umar
207:
205:
195:
193:
142:
137:
133:
43:Ismail al-Jazari
39:
38:
21:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3653:
3652:
3632:
3610:
3608:Further reading
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3565:
3541:
3503:
3474:
3445:
3429:, and Art, in:
3416:
3387:
3358:
3334:
3313:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3194:Hassan, Ahmad Y
3191:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
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2865:
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2837:
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2819:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2768:Needham, Joseph
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:, pp. 143.
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2675:
2671:
2609:
2605:
2587:
2583:
2578:Wayback Machine
2565:
2561:
2545:
2534:
2530:, p. xiii.
2526:
2522:
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2507:
2489:
2485:
2469:
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2447:
2439:
2435:
2430:Wayback Machine
2417:
2408:
2401:The Independent
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2347:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2319:, p. 266,
2309:
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2259:
2253:Wayback Machine
2240:
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2173:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2119:
2115:
2090:(Book review).
2080:
2076:
2067:
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2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1949:Mehmet Aga-Oglu
1946:
1942:
1935:
1910:
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1888:
1884:
1878:Wayback Machine
1852:
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1824:
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1589:
1582:
1579:Aga Khan Museum
1575:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1514:A table device
1512:
1503:
1496:
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1377:
1371:
1335:
1329:
1317:bayonet fitting
1280:
1249:
1188:
1140:
1070:Paradise Garden
1050:
1023:
1010:
960:, and invented
954:
918:
890:
792:pipes, suction
786:
739:
696:
655:
631:
615:
562:
466:
438:
426:
419:
416:
407:
404:
395:
392:
383:
380:
344:
315:trial and error
231:
172:Artuqid Dynasty
135:
77:
75:Artuqid Dynasty
68:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3631:
3630:External links
3628:
3627:
3626:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3569:
3563:
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3539:
3521:
3507:
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3478:
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3420:
3414:
3391:
3385:
3362:
3356:
3338:
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3311:
3289:
3271:(4): 737–774.
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3222:
3216:
3185:
3154:
3134:
3123:
3106:
3097:
3080:
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2994:(3): 247–267.
2974:
2957:
2926:
2920:
2896:
2890:
2863:
2835:
2817:
2793:
2786:
2759:
2757:, p. 273.
2747:
2745:, p. 150.
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2684:Archived from
2669:
2603:
2581:
2559:
2532:
2520:
2505:
2483:
2463:
2445:
2433:
2406:
2394:Paul Vallely,
2382:
2376:
2345:
2325:
2303:
2291:
2257:
2231:
2209:
2171:
2145:
2138:
2113:
2074:
2061:
2042:
2032:
2009:
1989:
1986:. p. 364.
1970:
1940:
1933:
1921:Donald R. Hill
1901:
1882:
1829:
1822:
1789:
1779:
1759:
1753:. p. 35.
1731:
1712:
1685:
1683:, p. 290.
1673:
1658:
1650:Donald R. Hill
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
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1506:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1455:
1452:
1415:attached to a
1400:, every hour.
1370:
1367:
1339:elephant clock
1333:Elephant clock
1331:Main article:
1328:
1327:Elephant clock
1325:
1279:
1276:
1268:Science Museum
1248:
1245:
1187:
1184:
1139:
1136:
1049:
1046:
1022:
1019:
1009:
1006:
953:
950:
917:
914:
889:
886:
870:Joseph Needham
843:
842:
831:
828:
806:connecting rod
785:
782:
738:
735:
695:
692:
654:
651:
630:
627:
614:
611:
561:
558:
525:into a linear
486:connecting rod
480:constitutes a
465:
462:
437:
434:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
410:
408:
405:
398:
396:
393:
386:
384:
381:
374:
360:Ahmet III 3472
343:
340:
279:Zengid dynasty
265:branch of the
259:Artuklu Palace
230:
227:
219:elephant clock
117:elephant clock
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
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26:
9:
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2:
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3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:. Routledge.
3556:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
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3498:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3452:Amnon Shiloah
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3423:George Saliba
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3394:Ulrich Alertz
3392:
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3378:
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3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:0-292-78149-0
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3219:
3217:0-521-26333-6
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:
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3170:
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3139:
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3110:
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3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
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2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2921:0-471-02622-0
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2891:0-471-02622-0
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:0-292-78149-0
2811:
2807:
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2797:
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2775:
2774:
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2756:
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2524:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2464:0-521-32763-6
2460:
2456:
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2415:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:
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2379:
2373:
2369:
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2354:
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2328:
2326:0-521-32763-6
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2280:
2276:
2272:
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2264:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2139:0-262-13067-X
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2033:9789004330795
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2010:9781317930921
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1934:90-277-0833-9
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1898:. p. 33.
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:New Scientist
1742:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1681:Beckwith 1997
1677:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1484:candle clocks
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:crescent moon
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:candle clocks
1297:
1294:According to
1289:
1288:candle clocks
1284:
1278:Candle clocks
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:candle clocks
1254:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:flush toilets
1028:
1018:
1015:
1004:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
947:
946:water channel
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:differentials
885:
883:
880:" along with
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
840:
836:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
820:
817:
814:
813:reciprocating
811:
810:twin-cylinder
807:
803:
799:
798:double-action
795:
791:
781:
779:
774:
770:
769:manual labour
766:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
705:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:According to
626:
624:
620:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:rotary motion
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
456:(such as the
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
414:
409:
402:
397:
390:
385:
378:
373:
372:
371:
369:
365:
362:, now in the
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:and later of
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
235:
226:
224:
220:
216:
210:
204:
198:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
141:
129:
125:
118:
113:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
57:
54:
51:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3619:
3577:
3553:
3549:Hill, Donald
3529:
3525:Hill, Donald
3515:
3491:
3484:
3462:
3455:
3433:
3426:
3404:
3397:
3375:
3368:
3346:
3342:Hill, Donald
3322:
3301:
3297:Hill, Donald
3268:
3264:
3230:
3225:
3202:
3188:
3177:, retrieved
3166:
3157:
3145:
3126:
3109:
3100:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3059:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2960:
2949:, retrieved
2938:
2929:
2906:
2899:
2876:
2854:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2828:
2820:
2801:
2796:
2772:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2672:
2624:(2): 69–76.
2621:
2615:
2606:
2592:
2584:
2562:
2550:
2523:
2513:Segment gear
2508:
2494:
2486:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2399:
2361:
2312:
2306:
2283:, retrieved
2269:
2242:
2225:
2195:
2166:the original
2161:
2148:
2125:
2116:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2058:. p. 5.
2051:
2045:
2037:
2022:
2014:
1999:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1916:
1891:
1885:
1857:
1801:
1784:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1645:
1548:hydropowered
1546:Al-Jazari's
1459:
1457:
1424:water clocks
1421:
1402:
1390:lunar orbits
1378:
1369:Castle clock
1362:castle clock
1336:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1253:water clocks
1250:
1197:
1168:programmable
1164:Noel Sharkey
1161:
1153:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1039:
1024:
1011:
1002:
996:
988:
973:
962:water wheels
958:water clocks
955:
919:
891:
866:steam engine
851:
844:
827:) in a pump.
787:
778:Möbius strip
767:rather than
758:
740:
719:water wheels
712:
704:hydropowered
702:Al-Jazari's
672:
656:
632:
616:
586:paper models
571:
563:
554:crank-slider
543:
531:steam engine
508:
501:
494:Roman Empire
478:Roman Empire
467:
458:candle clock
454:water clocks
439:
427:
355:
345:
324:
318:
307:
254:
244:
238:
214:
183:
126:(1136–1206,
123:
122:
52:
36:
3668:1206 deaths
3663:1136 births
3350:. Ashgate.
3179:7 September
3150:Donald Hill
2951:6 September
2844:"al-Jazari"
2589:Donald Hill
2547:Donald Hill
2491:Donald Hill
2285:6 September
1867:Donald Hill
1854:Donald Hill
1705:17 February
1644:al-Jazari,
1468:Islamic art
1417:water wheel
1375:Clock tower
1351:water clock
1296:Donald Hill
1240:water wheel
1159:switching.
1078:Mesopotamia
942:scoop-wheel
862:Donald Hill
635:Donald Hill
625:mechanism.
566:Donald Hill
556:mechanism.
470:quern-stone
180:Mesopotamia
3683:Locksmiths
3657:Categories
3596:|url=
3253:References
3233:, p. 184.
3073:19 October
3040:18 October
2631:1609.07779
1652:. (1973),
1581:, Toronto.
1373:See also:
1360:Automatic
1204:trumpeters
938:Bimaristan
930:hydropower
878:locomotive
874:force pump
858:Greek fire
802:crankshaft
765:hydropower
747:chain pump
743:crankshaft
715:watermills
623:escapement
602:mold boxes
574:lamination
511:crankshaft
430:mechanisms
335:al-Saghani
3642:Al-Jazari
3587:cite book
3285:2701-1569
3016:165676924
3008:1460-1176
2856:4 October
2804:, p. 81,
2755:Hill 1974
2743:Hill 2013
2731:Hill 2013
2719:Hill 2013
2707:Hill 2013
2664:253818831
2599:Routledge
2555:Routledge
2528:Hill 1974
2501:Routledge
2441:Hill 1998
2130:MIT Press
2122:Otto Mayr
2108:162093750
1959:(7): 27.
1953:Parnassus
1913:Banū Mūsā
1516:automaton
1464:miniature
1450:in 1976.
1444:hour hand
1398:mannequin
1343:automaton
1224:automaton
1220:Al-Jazari
1157:hydraulic
1133:possible.
1027:automaton
982:inventor
968:on their
906:gearboxes
882:Wang Zhen
725:on their
685:engineer
582:templates
519:crankpins
498:Banū Mūsā
331:Banū Mūsā
229:Biography
197:romanized
170:from the
53:al-Jazari
18:Al-Jazari
3551:(2013).
3527:(2012).
3513:(1974).
3344:(1998).
3299:(1992).
3200:(1986),
3173:archived
2945:archived
2770:(1965).
2574:Archived
2557:, p. 224
2549:(1996),
2472:citation
2426:Archived
2334:citation
2279:archived
2249:Archived
2124:(1970).
1915:(1979).
1874:Archived
1806:Springer
1587:See also
1413:camshaft
1405:automata
1384:and the
991:robotics
952:Automata
934:Damascus
773:Damascus
731:automata
619:rotation
568:writes:
548:and the
450:automata
442:camshaft
436:Camshaft
310:artisans
289:general
267:Artuqids
223:robotics
215:Automata
156:inventor
148:polymath
143:) was a
90:Religion
59:Personal
3598:value (
3168:History
2940:History
2692:16 July
2656:3507121
2636:Bibcode
2275:History
1553:device.
1428:weights
1236:cistern
1208:cymbals
1103:linkage
900:units,
790:suction
709:device.
683:Sienese
669:wrote:
598:casting
492:in the
348:Artuqid
303:Persian
299:Kurdish
291:Saladin
287:Ayyubid
277:of the
275:vassals
211:
199::
164:artisan
152:scholar
85:1206 CE
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