1164:
464:
160:
551:, al-Maidan Square declined and was described as a "poor courtyard containing only some of those who earn a living through simple work and others who used to frequent it." The street was filled with piles of waste. It became full of street vendors who blocked the sidewalks, as well as murderers, thieves, drug dealers, harassers, and bandits who attacked passers-by in light of the deteriorating security situation. Due to the increase of car ownership and the lack of absorption, the square has become extremely overcrowded that the development of road infrastructure became impossible. The square is especially crowded with cars during morning hours.
46:
402:
305:
255:
68:
989:
633:
433:), is an old cultural mosque located in the square. Built between 1780 and 1802 during Ottoman rule, the mosque consists of a wide yard and a winter chapel raised from the ground and an adjoining porch, as well as a summer chapel in addition to a number of rooms adjacent to the wall of the mosque. Qur’anic verses, and the
659:
498:
who also built it. The mosque consists of a wide chapel surmounted by a flattened semi-spherical dome. It was decorated with simple motifs of
Kashani, and besides it are six small and flat domes as well. In the northwest corner there is a minaret or minaret, which is also built of stone and decorated
365:
with
Nestorian Christians helping in the construction. The Church was further reconstructed in 1957. Currently, the Church is located within a complex of buildings surrounded by high defensive walls. The single-nave church has a rectangular floor plan, vaults with four barrel roofs running across the
287:
During the 1980s, plans to develop an underground subway in
Baghdad were in development. The plan included building one of the station underneath the square in which an underground stairway would lead into the station and would've been near a private parking lot. The plan was inspired by the idea
270:
famously sang during her visit in 1932. It is said that due to the small space of its hall, people in the square rented seats to listen to the lady's singing after he had the hotel owners set up loudspeakers. The area has also become significant for the first sparks of demonstrations, coups, and
279:
grew, consisting of 100 buses, and began operating in the streets of
Baghdad. In the same year, another group of 20 double-decker buses arrived. Since that time, Baghdadis have become accustomed to these buses, which are distinguished by their red color, and which operate on regular lines and
378:
that sells many things, old and new. "Haraj" is the Arabic word for chaos. The exact age of the souk is not known to any of its workers or pioneers, but the old stories about it indicate that it is one of the oldest markets in al-Rusafa, and they say that it is even older than the Rusafa
312:
There are many notable establishments in al-Maidan Square that exists to this day due to the popular commercial activities in the area. One of these is al-Sayyid's Cakes which is famous for selling pastries, especially cakes, since 1907. In front of al-Sayyid's Cakes is
802:
882:
R. Hrair
Dekmejian: The Armenian Diaspora , in: Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.): The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. St. Martin's Press, New York 1997. P.
271:
sit-ins, in addition to its corridors, which were a focus for secret meetings and the beginning of national political activities against various regimes. The area was also full of shops that Iraqis and foreign tourists often visited and shopped from.
238:
the place of the Maidan never failed to be crowded every night, with people of all classes; and every mode of diversion in use here, singing, dancing and music, with blazing fires, lamps, etc. were called in, to add to the effect of the general
274:
Al-Maidan Square is also famous for being the main garage area for the red double-decker buses that were iconic in Iraq and were a unique feature for the country. The first batch of red buses entered Iraq at the end of 1951 after demands for
220:
are sold. Executions were also held in the square. In the 19th century, the area became a square full of filth and dogs and other animals wandered. People flocked to the area to sell their merchandise in gatherings. However, Ottoman vizier
918:
200:. The square was transformed from the place of the morning training of the Ottoman army to become a place for selling hay and barley to owners of horse-drawn carriages, and on Fridays the square turns into a place where
245:
and described it as having a "handsome dome and minaret" and was amazed by its colored tiles and paintings but was disappointed to finding that the inside wasn't special outside of being clean and well lighted.
448:
described it as having a "handsome dome and minaret" and was amazed by its colored tiles and faience but was disappointed to find out that the inside wasn't special outside of being clean and well lighted.
437:
of the mosque is located next to the dome, which is high and built of colored stones. On both sides of the main dome there are two small domes decorated with beautiful inscriptions and decorations.
499:
with colored decorations and stalactite. Currently, the mosque is considered a heritage and was renewed in 2009 at a time when most religious buildings in
Baghdad were suffering from neglect.
366:
building, with crescent-shaped windows at the side ends, and is oriented northwest-southeast. The Church is topped with a pyramid-shaped dome in the style of traditional
Armenian churches.
535:
demolished the mosque 1961 during expansion works of the old
Ministry of Defense, and it was rebuilt in a new form that still stands today. Qasim resorted to this mosque when the
1077:
893:
1163:
379:
neighborhoods that were built by the
Ottoman governors. The souk includes a catalog full of items including luxurious international paintings, Arab clothing,
266:
In the early 20th century, part of the square was taken to be built into a nightclub. There was also a famous hotel in the square, the
Crescent Hotel, where
683:
134:. The square includes many buildings, markets, departments, government headquarters and neighborhoods where officials such as former Iraqi prime ministers
314:
225:
ordered that the area to be cleaned up and for plants to be planted. As a result, for a while the area became a garden with aromatic plants and flowers.
45:
387:, old furniture, old clocks, rare antiques and many more. Rare antiques were a famous trading activity with Arabs, foreigners and amateur collectors.
1070:
582:
1385:
349:
is one of the oldest churches in Baghdad. The Armenian community in Baghdad dates back to the 17th century when many Armenians emigrated from
1429:
1063:
185:, the area was a quarter surrounded by palaces that belonged to Abbasid caliphs and officials that were used for entertainment purposes.
288:
that European railway stations were located next to public transportation area but the plan was never implemented due to the ongoing
604:
280:
schedules. The red buses were nicknamed "secretariats" by Iraqis and materialized a spirit of competition between Baghdad and
867:
463:
293:
1086:
947:
973:
857:
1424:
764:
236:
in the early 19th century and described al-Maiden in his second volume of "Travels in Mesopotamia", he noted that "
1015:
975:
Mesopotamia and Assyria: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Time; with Illustrations of Their Natural History
396:
242:
193:
555:
284:
when it came to public transportation. These buses were distinguished by their punctuality and low costs.
159:
577:
329:, is one of the ancient mosques in Baghdad located in al-Maidan Square and holds prayers that include
1090:
308:
Antiques, including Chinese pots and samovars, as seen in Souk al-Haraj located in al-Maidan Square.
1434:
531:
in 1650 during a trip and became a center of gathering for Uzbek immigrants in Baghdad. The leader
739:
1291:
1016:"جامع ألأزبك في بغداد بناه أمير أوزبكستان وجدده الوالي داود باشا وكان ملجاً لعبد الكريم قاسم"
445:
229:
558:
and announced the operation of five lines to transport passengers on both sides of Baghdad.
660:"A name and a story... The history of Baghdad is embodied in its neighborhoods and squares"
441:
708:"Al-Maidan Square in Baghdad is a prominent landmark that is losing its cultural features"
8:
1251:
1201:
1055:
894:"The church Sourp Asdvadzadzin in Baghdad (Church of the Holy Mother of God, "Miskinta")"
458:
143:
139:
1316:
1276:
1138:
539:
took place. He spent the night in the mosque before he was arrested and then executed.
536:
532:
495:
222:
1266:
1181:
1042:
948:"الگاردينيا - مجلة ثقافية عامة - بغداد الرشيد مدينة الجوامع والمساجد / الحلقة الأولى"
863:
760:
727:
572:
354:
289:
259:
182:
1361:
1356:
1153:
1128:
828:
276:
168:
131:
707:
1326:
1296:
1186:
1143:
786:
520:
487:
475:
426:
414:
358:
146:, al-Maidan Square is considered one of the most prominent landmarks of Baghdad.
115:
103:
1301:
1211:
754:
189:
127:
634:"Opening of al-Maidan Square in Baghdad and operation of five passenger lines"
361:. The Armenians built the Church in 1640 on land given to them by the Ottoman
1418:
1400:
1387:
1321:
1226:
1216:
567:
527:) is an old mosque located near Bab al-Mu'azzam and was built by the Emir of
494:), is an old mosque located opposite the old Ministry of Defense named after
334:
318:
173:
1261:
1241:
605:"Al-Maidan locality... Iraq's political, journalistic, and cultural memory"
515:
508:
296:
on the country. As a result, the Square remained a public bus parking lot.
217:
135:
51:
401:
1351:
1281:
1271:
1133:
1043:"Development of Al-Maidan Square and Surrounding Streets in Baghdad City"
684:"Development of Al-Maidan Square and Surrounding Streets in Baghdad City"
380:
330:
304:
267:
241:" Buckingham had also visited the main mosque of al-Maidan which was the
829:"تحقيق إخباري: الباص الأحمر يعود لشوارع بغداد بعد تخفيف قيود (كوفيد-19)"
1346:
1311:
1306:
1256:
1206:
1191:
856:
Hann, Geoff; Dabrowska, Karen; Townsend-Greaves, Tina (7 August 2015).
528:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1148:
1113:
1108:
1019:
86:
254:
1371:
1341:
1331:
548:
362:
209:
1366:
1336:
1196:
1123:
1094:
434:
350:
233:
213:
119:
79:
1221:
375:
281:
205:
201:
197:
91:
1118:
855:
753:
Allen, Roger; Al-Janabi, Abd al-Kadir; Snir, Reuven (2013).
444:
as the "Great Mosque" of the square while British traveler
249:
123:
67:
62:
1085:
384:
192:, the area was also used as a military training base for
154:
803:"الحافلات الحمر.. هل تعيد روح المنافسة بين بغداد ولندن؟"
177:
meaning "square", and is cognate with the English words
299:
50:
The left side of al-Maidan Square that includes the
990:"مساجد وكنائس بغداد تستجدي مآذنها وأجراسها الأولى"
752:
390:
1416:
167:The name "al-Maidan" ultimately comes from the
583:List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad
554:In 2016, al-Maidan Square was reopened by the
440:The mosque was described by Scottish traveler
357:to Iraq due to persecution after the death of
258:Al-Maidan Square as seen in the distance from
1071:
706:Limited, Elaph Publishing (27 January 2008).
142:lived. Confined between al-Rashid Street and
859:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan
340:
1078:
1064:
784:
405:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya as of 2023.
114:, is an old locality and area located in
759:. Harvard University Press. p. 22.
462:
400:
303:
253:
250:After Iraq's independence (20th century)
158:
1040:
705:
681:
1417:
971:
452:
155:Previous uses throughout the centuries
1059:
942:
940:
851:
849:
862:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 150.
780:
778:
776:
701:
699:
697:
677:
675:
673:
628:
626:
599:
597:
1430:Buildings and structures in Baghdad
524:
502:
491:
479:
430:
418:
300:Overview and notable establishments
163:Al-Maidan Square in the late 1910s.
107:
13:
1162:
937:
846:
14:
1446:
773:
694:
670:
623:
594:
542:
919:"سوق الهرج ذاكرة بغداد… وحياتها"
369:
321:, which dates back to 1900. The
228:British traveler and journalist
66:
44:
16:Historic square in Baghdad, Iraq
1041:Kawther, Khawla (August 2021).
1034:
1008:
982:
965:
911:
886:
876:
785:Buckingham, James Silk (1827).
682:Kawther, Khawla (August 2021).
1018:. 5 April 2019. Archived from
972:Fraser, James Baillie (1841).
821:
795:
746:
652:
411:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya
397:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya
391:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya
383:recordings, machinery pieces,
243:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya
1:
588:
204:coming from the countries of
611:(in Arabic). 19 October 2021
7:
561:
547:After recent events of the
232:had visited Baghdad during
10:
1451:
756:Baghdad: The City in Verse
506:
456:
394:
149:
1174:
1160:
1101:
85:
75:
58:
43:
36:
26:
21:Locality in Baghdad, Iraq
1425:Neighborhoods in Baghdad
996:(in Arabic). 20 May 2023
638:Al-Sumaria Iraqi Channel
374:Souk al-Haraj is an old
341:Armenian Orthodox Church
1168:
788:Travels in Mesopotamia
468:
406:
309:
263:
164:
110:), also known as just
1166:
556:Ministry of Transport
466:
446:James Silk Buckingham
404:
307:
277:public transportation
257:
230:James Silk Buckingham
162:
978:. Oliver & Boyd.
467:Al-Muradiyya Mosque.
442:James Baillie Fraser
1401:33.3443°N 44.3852°E
1397: /
1252:Al-Hurriya, Baghdad
1202:Al-Amin al-Thaniyah
484:al-Muradiyya Mosque
459:Al-Muradiyya Mosque
453:Al-Muradiyya Mosque
327:l-Nu’maniyya Mosque
323:Sulaymaniyya Mosque
317:famous for selling
144:al-Jumhuriya Street
126:, that begins from
1169:
952:www.algardenia.com
738:has generic name (
609:www.algardenia.com
533:Abd al-Karim Qasim
496:Kuyucu Murad Pasha
472:Murad Pasha Mosque
469:
407:
355:Persian Azerbaijan
345:Also known as the
310:
264:
223:Mehmed Selim Pasha
196:who rested in the
165:
1380:
1379:
923:www.aljazeera.net
869:978-1-84162-488-4
807:www.aljazeera.net
573:Al-Rasheed Street
482:), also known as
421:), also known as
325:, also known as a
315:Hajj Zabala Juice
260:al-Rasheed Street
183:Abbasid Caliphate
97:
96:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:33.3443; 44.3852
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
944:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
890:
884:
880:
874:
873:
853:
844:
843:
841:
839:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
799:
793:
792:
782:
771:
770:
750:
744:
743:
737:
733:
731:
723:
721:
719:
703:
692:
691:
688:ResearchGate.net
679:
668:
667:
666:. 15 March 2017.
656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
630:
621:
620:
618:
616:
601:
578:Al-Tahrir Square
568:Al-Firdos Square
526:
503:The Uzbek Mosque
493:
481:
432:
423:al-Maidan Mosque
420:
194:Ottoman soldiers
140:Ja'far al-Askari
132:al-Rashid Street
109:
100:Al-Maidan Square
71:
70:
48:
28:Al-Maidan Square
24:
23:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1435:Squares in Iraq
1415:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1327:Hayy Al-Shurtta
1297:Raghiba Khatoun
1170:
1158:
1097:
1084:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:on 5 April 2019
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
970:
966:
956:
954:
946:
945:
938:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
902:
900:
892:
891:
887:
881:
877:
870:
854:
847:
837:
835:
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
801:
800:
796:
783:
774:
767:
751:
747:
735:
734:
725:
724:
717:
715:
704:
695:
680:
671:
658:
657:
653:
643:
641:
632:
631:
624:
614:
612:
603:
602:
595:
591:
564:
545:
511:
505:
461:
455:
399:
393:
372:
363:Sultan Murad IV
347:Miskinta Church
343:
302:
252:
157:
152:
128:Bab al-Mu'azzam
65:
54:
39:
32:
29:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Hayy Al-Jami'a
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Bab Al-Moatham
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Hayy Al-A'amel
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1102:Main districts
1099:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1033:
1007:
994:اندبندنت عربية
981:
964:
936:
910:
885:
875:
868:
845:
833:arabic.news.cn
820:
794:
772:
765:
745:
693:
669:
664:alaraby.co.uk/
651:
622:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
563:
560:
544:
543:Modern day use
541:
507:Main article:
504:
501:
480:جامع مراد باشا
457:Main article:
454:
451:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
371:
368:
342:
339:
335:Friday prayers
301:
298:
294:US-led embargo
251:
248:
179:middle, median
156:
153:
151:
148:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
60:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
27:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1447:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Al-Za'franiya
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Bab Al-Sharqi
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:Neighborhoods
1173:
1167:Baghdad above
1165:
1155:
1154:Al-Za'franiya
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:neighborhoods
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1021:
1017:
1011:
995:
991:
985:
977:
976:
968:
953:
949:
943:
941:
924:
920:
914:
899:
895:
889:
879:
871:
865:
861:
860:
852:
850:
834:
830:
824:
808:
804:
798:
791:. H. Colburn.
790:
789:
781:
779:
777:
768:
766:9780674726482
762:
758:
757:
749:
741:
729:
713:
712:Elaph - إيلاف
709:
702:
700:
698:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
665:
661:
655:
639:
635:
629:
627:
610:
606:
600:
598:
593:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
559:
557:
552:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
522:
518:
517:
510:
500:
497:
492:جامع المراديه
489:
485:
477:
473:
465:
460:
450:
447:
443:
438:
436:
428:
424:
419:جامع الأحمدية
416:
412:
403:
398:
388:
386:
382:
377:
370:Souk al-Haraj
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
297:
295:
292:and then the
291:
290:Iran-Iraq War
285:
283:
278:
272:
269:
261:
256:
247:
244:
240:
235:
231:
226:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
181:. During the
180:
176:
175:
170:
161:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
35:
25:
19:
1382:
1286:
1262:Haydar-Khana
1242:Haifa Street
1187:Al-A'amiriya
1047:ResearchGate
1046:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1010:
998:. Retrieved
993:
984:
974:
967:
955:. Retrieved
951:
927:. Retrieved
922:
913:
901:. Retrieved
897:
888:
878:
858:
836:. Retrieved
832:
823:
811:. Retrieved
806:
797:
787:
755:
748:
716:. Retrieved
711:
687:
663:
654:
642:. Retrieved
637:
613:. Retrieved
608:
553:
546:
516:Uzbek Mosque
514:
512:
509:Uzbek Mosque
483:
471:
470:
439:
431:جامع الميدان
422:
410:
408:
373:
359:Shah Abbas I
346:
344:
326:
322:
319:raisin syrup
311:
286:
273:
265:
237:
227:
218:Central Asia
190:Ottoman rule
187:
178:
172:
166:
136:Nuri al-Said
118:district in
111:
108:ساحة الميدان
99:
98:
52:Uzbek Mosque
31:ساحة الميدان
18:
1404: /
1352:Al-Wazireya
1302:Al-Sa'adoon
1282:Al Khadhraa
1272:Jisr Diyala
1134:New Baghdad
1000:16 November
925:(in Arabic)
903:16 November
898:Mesopotamia
809:(in Arabic)
736:|last=
714:(in Arabic)
640:(in Arabic)
525:جامع الأزبك
268:Umm Kulthum
1419:Categories
1392:44°23′07″E
1389:33°20′39″N
1347:Al-Washash
1322:Al-Shu'ala
1312:Al-Saydiya
1307:Saba Abkar
1257:Al-Jadriya
1207:Arab Jibor
1192:Abu Disher
589:References
529:Uzbekistan
239:rejoicing.
1287:Al-Maidan
1247:Al-Hebnaa
1237:Ghazaliya
1232:Al-Fathel
1149:Sadr City
1139:Al-Rashid
1114:Kadhimiya
1109:Adhamiyah
1087:Districts
537:1963 coup
116:al-Rusafa
112:al-Maidan
87:Time zone
1372:Bataween
1342:Utafiyah
1332:Al-Ubedy
1277:Al-Jihad
728:cite web
562:See also
549:Iraq War
210:Caucasus
38:Locality
1367:Zayouna
1357:Yarmouk
1337:Hayy Ur
1292:Mansour
1197:Al-Adel
1129:Mansour
1124:Karrada
1095:Baghdad
1026:20 July
957:20 July
929:20 July
838:20 July
813:20 July
718:20 July
644:20 July
615:20 July
435:minaret
351:Isfahan
262:, 1932.
234:Ramadan
214:Armenia
202:Mamluks
169:Persian
150:History
120:Baghdad
80:Baghdad
59:Country
1317:Sha'ab
1222:Baiyaa
1144:Rusafa
866:
763:
521:Arabic
488:Arabic
476:Arabic
427:Arabic
415:Arabic
282:London
208:, the
206:Russia
198:Qushla
188:Under
174:maydān
104:Arabic
1119:Karkh
381:maqam
171:word
92:UTC+3
1227:Dora
1089:and
1028:2023
1002:2023
959:2023
931:2023
905:2023
883:427.
864:ISBN
840:2023
815:2023
761:ISBN
740:help
720:2023
646:2023
617:2023
513:The
409:The
376:souk
353:and
333:and
216:and
138:and
124:Iraq
76:City
63:Iraq
1093:of
385:oud
331:Eid
130:to
1421::
1045:.
992:.
950:.
939:^
921:.
896:.
848:^
831:.
805:.
775:^
732::
730:}}
726:{{
710:.
696:^
686:.
672:^
662:.
636:.
625:^
607:.
596:^
523::
490::
478::
429::
417::
337:.
212:,
122:,
106::
1079:e
1072:t
1065:v
1049:.
1030:.
1004:.
961:.
933:.
907:.
872:.
842:.
817:.
769:.
742:)
722:.
690:.
648:.
619:.
519:(
486:(
474:(
425:(
413:(
102:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
