3360:
38:
386:
250:
795:
Hill, Donald (2013). A History of
Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. p. 193."This inconvenience was remedied by the Spanish Arab al-Zarqali (Azarquiel, Arzachel) who made the vernal or the autumnal point the center, and the meridian passing through the solstitial points the plane
554:
contained tables which allowed one to find the days on which the Coptic, Roman, lunar, and
Persian months begin, other tables which give the position of planets at any given time, and still others facilitating the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. This almanac that he compiled directly provided
785:
Kennedy, Edward
Stewart (1983). Studies in the Islamic exact sciences. American University of Beirut. p. 502."Both of these are a recension made by the famous Spanish Arab astronomer Azarquiel, Abu Ishaq al-Naqqash al-Zarqalla, also known as al-Zarqall, Zarkali, al- Zarqellu, Azarcall,
468:
relative to the fixed background of the stars. He measured its rate of motion as 12.04 arcseconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern calculation of 11.77 arcseconds. Al-Zarqālī's model for the motion of the Sun, in which the center of the Sun's
775:
Kalin, Ibrahim (2014). The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p.72."And the most famous Arab Spanish feo, Ibn al-Zarqālī (Azarquiel; d. 1100), seems to have been the first to design a universal
766:: A number of these scholars sought to simplify the astrolabe, and finally al-Zarqālī (Azarquiel; died 1100) achieved success by inventing the apparatus called the azafea (Arabic: al-ṣafīḥah), which was widely used by navigators until the 16th century.
693:
602:
could play a role in astronomy, al-Zarqālī did not apply the ellipse to astronomical theory and neither he nor his
Iberian or Maghrebi contemporaries used an elliptical deferent in their astronomical calculations.
555:"the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation", it further simplifies longitudes using planetary cycles of each planet. The work provided the true daily positions of the sun for four
464:
from 62 degrees to the correct value of 42 degrees. In his treatise on the solar year, which survives only in a Hebrew translation, he was the first to demonstrate the motion of the
679:, "Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers", ed.Virginia Trimble, Thomas R. Williams, Katherine Bracher, Richard Jarrell, Jordan D. Marché, F. Jamil Ragep, (Springer, 2014), 1258.
3379:
590:(or pine nut). Some writers have misinterpreted al-Zarqālī's description of an earth-centered oval path for the center of the planet's epicycle as an anticipation of
43:
3368:
347:
3414:
2783:
1368:
410:) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the Ptolemaic model. These works were translated into Spanish in the 13th century by order of
444:, his name is given as Abū al-Qāsim bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, also known as al-Zarqālī, which has made some historians think that this is a different person.
3673:
948:, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 218 "He was a trained artisan who entered the service of Qadi Said as a maker of instruments and water-clocks."
582:, al-Zarqālī noted that the path of the center of the primary epicycle is not a circle, as it is for the other planets. Instead it is approximately
3663:
1112:
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1702:
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1520:
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Although his name is conventionally given as al-Zarqālī, it is probable that the correct form was al-Zarqālluh. In Latin he was referred to as
840:
2766:
2270:
1429:
473:
moved on a small, slowly rotating circle to reproduce the observed motion of the solar apogee, was discussed in the thirteenth century by
734:
Chaucer Name
Dictionary: A Guide to Astrological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, and Mythological Names in the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
1341:
2813:
1495:
3500:
2775:
2646:
1361:
1327:
436:, capable of determining the hours of the day and night and indicating the days of the lunar months. According to a report found in
3698:
3658:
2419:
1377:
319:. Al-Zarqālī and his colleagues, such as Al-Waqqashi (1017–1095) had to flee. It is unknown whether the aged Al-Zarqālī fled to
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2174:
3678:
3562:
3253:
2195:
1945:
1267:
3668:
3653:
3648:
1354:
657:
595:
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913:
It is, therefore, really al-Zarḳālī who must be credited with the invention of this new type of an astrolabe. Through the
2720:
1899:
491:
3683:
3340:
3304:
3157:
2689:
2082:
1844:
1288:
3279:
2016:
812:
3688:
3643:
2808:
2759:
1301:
1195:
1096:
906:
879:
741:
316:
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3222:
2046:
2036:
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3583:
369:
wrote a commentary on one of al-Zarqali's works. In his "De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium", in the year 1530,
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3202:
1904:
1839:
3393:
1955:
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3014:
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2072:
1980:
1859:
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wrote a book in the 15th century on the advantages of the
Sahifah al-Zarqalia. In 1530, the German scholar
2798:
1444:
559:
from 1088 to 1092, the true positions of the five planets every 5 or 10 days over a period of 8 years for
246:. Assuming a leading position under Said, Al-Zarqālī conducted solar observations for 25 years from 1050.
3515:
2635:
2514:
2388:
1434:
425:
known as "the tablet of al-Zarqālī" (al-ṣafīḥā al-zarqāliyya), which was famous in Europe under the name
192:
3485:
3464:
3212:
3182:
2959:
2873:
1889:
1879:
1500:
1390:
1293:
2838:
1510:
203:(a perfected astrolabe) proved very popular and was widely used by navigators until the 16th century.
3167:
2919:
2156:
1737:
1621:
898:
20:
3238:
3197:
3065:
2949:
1970:
1864:
1742:
1505:
1465:
844:
361:
translated al-Zarqali's works into Latin. He referred to Al-Zarqali as an astronomer and magician.
239:
2924:
1960:
296:
on various occasions, and his extensive experience and knowledge eventually made him the foremost
3607:
3602:
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2894:
1975:
1924:
1586:
1576:
1515:
1336:
757:
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3531:
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3126:
3055:
2393:
2353:
2167:
2108:
2067:
1894:
1874:
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893:
710:
3345:
3172:
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2660:
2454:
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2041:
1854:
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1314:(Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2.) Philadelphia, 1956.
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2494:
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1869:
1849:
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1217:
1148:
1054:
1008:
970:
411:
1346:
1324:
8:
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1020:
982:
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102:
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1985:
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37:
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2011:
2006:
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1470:
1225:
1156:
1062:
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978:
871:
652:
571:
539:
505:
309:
277:"the engraver of metals". His Latinized name, 'Arzachel' is formed from the Arabic
243:
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126:
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1813:
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1606:
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1325:
Muslim
Scientists Before the Renaissance: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
866:
591:
394:
227:
160:
maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer from the western part of the
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1530:
1229:
570:
In designing an instrument to deal with
Ptolemy's complex model for the planet
385:
77:
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in the 12th century, and contributed to the rebirth of a mathematically based
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2504:
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1808:
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366:
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63:
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1783:
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1965:
1818:
1561:
1525:
1136:
1042:
996:
958:
510:
457:
249:
195:
in Al-Andalus, and later, after being translated, were very influential in
631:
Rissalat fi Tarikat Istikhdam as-Safiha al-Moushtarakah li Jamiâ al-ouroud
3386:
3330:
3085:
3050:
2979:
2599:
2589:
2554:
2363:
2343:
2222:
2062:
1798:
1747:
1707:
1475:
1173:
Willy Hartner, "The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice",
433:
1208:
Samsó, Julio; Honorino, Honorino (1994), "Ibn al-Zarqalluh on Mercury",
437:
222:
Al-Zarqālī, of Arab origin, was born in a village near the outskirts of
3294:
3121:
2994:
2964:
2939:
2934:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2429:
2409:
2333:
2001:
1950:
1788:
1778:
1616:
1611:
1596:
514:
486:
407:
374:
335:
331:
305:
270:
258:
184:
136:
112:
81:
1256:"Zarqālī: Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Tujībī al-Zarqālī"
841:"Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - ISESCO -"
262:
3289:
3177:
3045:
3004:
2954:
2909:
2904:
2828:
2579:
2519:
2298:
2077:
2021:
1692:
1626:
1601:
1485:
1088:
530:
422:
390:
339:
289:
200:
460:. Specifically, he corrected Ptolemy's estimate of the width of the
406:
Al-Zarqālī wrote two works on the construction of an instrument (an
315:
In the year 1085, Toledo was taken by the Christian king of Castile
3060:
2999:
2818:
2604:
2574:
2539:
2529:
2469:
2288:
1803:
1773:
1717:
1651:
1641:
1566:
1480:
587:
579:
575:
482:
470:
285:
1284:"Al-Zarqālī (or Azarquiel), Abū Isḥāqibrāhīm Ibn Yaḥyā Al-Naqqāsh"
598:
for the planets. Although this may be the first suggestion that a
3505:
2509:
2499:
2434:
2383:
2323:
2313:
2278:
1636:
551:
522:
453:
324:
3380:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
2484:
2479:
300:. Al-Zarqālī was also an inventor, and his works helped to put
196:
1139:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
1083:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005),
1045:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
961:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
2774:
2549:
2414:
2338:
560:
465:
92:
1376:
1085:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
583:
564:
489:
employed this model, modified to heliocentric form, in his
211:
157:
418:
entitled the "Libros de las laminas de los vii planetas".
3442:
2207:
946:
Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology
533:
in Christian Europe and were later incorporated into the
518:
921:) the instrument became known and famous under the name
3415:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
999:(1987), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: An Epilogue",
191:
later in his life. His works inspired a generation of
864:
M. T. Houtsma and E. van Donzel (1993), "ASṬURLĀB",
1082:
135:Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī
44:Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología
1188:Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory
677:Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī
567:, and so forth, as well as other related tables.
3625:
835:
833:
550:, of which many had been compiled. Al-Zarqālī's
509:, an adaptation of earlier astronomical data by
432:There is a record of an al-Zarqālī who built a
19:"Arzachel" redirects here. For other uses, see
2760:
1362:
1207:
830:
1337:'Transmission of Muslim astronomy to Europe'
1260:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
884:
452:Al-Zarqali corrected geographical data from
226:, the then capital of the newly established
42:Fictional portrait by Eulogia Merle for the
1110:
517:, to locate the coordinates of Toledo. His
2767:
2753:
1369:
1355:
1001:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
867:E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam
731:
503:Al-Zarqālī also contributed to the famous
36:
3674:Clockmakers of the medieval Islamic world
3501:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
2776:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
1258:. In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.).
308:. He is also referred to in the works of
292:. He is known to have taught and visited
1312:A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables,
1262:. New York: Springer. pp. 1258–60.
1078:
1076:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
384:
248:
3664:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
1378:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
890:
273:and due to his skills he was nicknamed
3626:
3422:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2175:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1521:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
1281:
1135:
1041:
995:
957:
179:, meaning 'the engraver'. He lived in
2748:
2196:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2134:
1388:
1350:
1073:
810:
716:
705:
703:
691:
421:He also invented a perfected kind of
2145:
1253:
1210:Journal for the History of Astronomy
806:
804:
802:
658:List of Arab scientists and scholars
1177:, 1 (1955): 84–138, at pp. 118–122.
925:. It is practically identical with
687:
685:
498:
492:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
373:quotes the works of al-Zarqali and
230:. He started work after 1048 under
145:
13:
1289:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1247:
1161:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
1067:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
1021:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37222.x
983:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
700:
14:
3710:
1318:
799:
758:"Spain - Culture of Muslim Spain"
16:Muslim astrologer, and astronomer
3358:
1402:
891:Hartner, W. (1960), "ASṬURLĀB",
709:s.v. "al-Zarqālī", Julio Samsó,
682:
477:and in the fifteenth century by
284:He was particularly talented in
1900:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1389:
1201:
1180:
1167:
1129:
1104:
1035:
989:
951:
938:
917:(Vol. 3, Madrid 1864, 135-237:
858:
736:. Routledge, 1996. p. 41.
3699:Astronomical instrument makers
3659:Mathematicians from al-Andalus
2389:Schema for horizontal sundials
1905:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1430:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1190:, pp. 5–10. World Scientific.
1113:"Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī"
897:, vol. 1 (2nd ed.),
789:
779:
769:
750:
670:
611:Major works and publications:
586:and similar to the shape of a
525:were translated into Latin by
416:Libros del Saber de Astronomia
401:
304:on the intellectual center of
1:
3394:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
713:, New edition, vol. 11, 2002.
574:, in which the center of the
3679:Scientific instrument makers
2647:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
616:Al Amal bi Assahifa Az-Zijia
537:in the 12th century and the
30:Abū Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali
7:
3669:Astrologers from Al-Andalus
3654:Astronomers from al-Andalus
3649:11th-century mathematicians
3584:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3516:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2636:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1840:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
692:Julio, Samsó (March 2018).
641:
626:Al Madkhal fi Ilm Annoujoum
546:Famous as well for his own
485:. In the sixteenth century
10:
3715:
3486:Al-Mustansiriya University
3465:Islamic geometric patterns
3213:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
2135:
1880:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1230:10.1177/002182869402500403
380:
281:, meaning 'the engraver'.
156:(1029–1100), was an
18:
3684:People from Toledo, Spain
3576:
3550:
3524:
3473:
3452:
3367:
3356:
3323:
3267:
3231:
3150:
3104:
3023:
2887:
2791:
2782:
2721:Medieval European science
2703:
2672:
2613:
2402:
2269:
2205:
2152:
2141:
2130:
2091:
2055:
1994:
1981:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1933:
1832:
1761:
1738:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1680:
1549:
1453:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1384:
899:Brill Academic Publishers
447:
122:
108:
98:
88:
70:
56:
51:
35:
28:
21:Arzachel (disambiguation)
3689:11th-century astronomers
3644:11th-century Arab people
3239:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3198:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1971:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1865:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1506:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1342:'An Extensive biography'
663:
606:
146:إبراهيم بن يحيى الزرقالي
3608:History of trigonometry
3603:Trigonometric functions
3597:Western Arabic numerals
3593:Eastern Arabic numerals
3158:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
2073:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2047:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1925:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1845:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1294:Charles Scribner's Sons
762:Encyclopedia Britannica
389:A copy of al-Zarqālī's
217:
199:. His invention of the
3694:11th-century inventors
3532:Babylonian mathematics
3223:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
3208:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3203:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3127:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3056:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2799:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
2354:Navigational astrolabe
2109:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1875:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1794:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1743:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
1672:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
894:Encyclopaedia of Islam
711:Encyclopaedia of Islam
398:
348:Ibn al-Haim al-Ishbili
298:astronomer of his time
266:
3558:Byzantine mathematics
3346:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
3173:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3137:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2690:Hellenistic astronomy
2661:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
2455:Deferent and epicycle
1855:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1824:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1466:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1186:Asghar Qadir (1989).
811:Samsó, Julio (2018).
578:moves on a secondary
543:in the 13th century.
388:
357:In the 12th century,
352:Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi
330:His works influenced
279:al-Zarqali al-Naqqash
252:
175:, a modified form of
3563:European mathematics
3511:Maragheh observatory
3336:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
3315:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
3188:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3096:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
2680:Babylonian astronomy
2495:Gravitational energy
1870:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1860:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
1541:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1440:Mashallah ibn Athari
1425:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1254:Puig, Roser (2007).
1117:The Forgotten Genius
414:in a section of the
312:, as 'Arsechieles'.
269:He was trained as a
214:is named after him.
3481:Al-Azhar University
3408:The Book of Healing
2814:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2621:Al-Azhar University
2440:Celestial mechanics
2230:Book of Fixed Stars
2189:The Book of Healing
2168:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1910:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1885:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1496:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1491:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1282:Vernet, J. (1970).
1222:1994JHA....25..289S
1175:Vistas in Astronomy
1153:1969Cent...14..306T
1059:1969Cent...14..306T
1013:1987NYASA.500..513T
975:1969Cent...14..306T
919:Libro de le acafeha
732:Weever, J. (1996).
442:Kitāb al-Juʿrāfīyya
393:as featured in the
371:Nicolaus Copernicus
193:Islamic astronomers
3613:History of algebra
3568:Indian mathematics
3542:Indian mathematics
3491:House of Knowledge
2945:Brethren of Purity
2839:Banū Mūsā brothers
2685:Egyptian astronomy
2626:House of Knowledge
2304:Astronomical clock
2114:Muhammad al-Rudani
1511:Banū Mūsā brothers
1461:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1330:2013-11-11 at the
944:John David North,
813:"Ibn al-Zarqālluh"
694:"Ibn al-Zarqālluh"
399:
267:
265:in the year 976.AD
236:Al-Mamun of Toledo
103:Islamic Golden Age
3621:
3620:
3537:Greek mathematics
3460:Alhazen's problem
3354:
3353:
2975:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
2925:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2716:Chinese astronomy
2711:Byzantine science
2585:Temporal finitism
2515:Islamic cosmology
2445:Celestial spheres
2265:
2264:
2157:Arabic star names
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
1986:Fathullah Shirazi
1920:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1632:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1435:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1269:978-0-387-31022-0
1111:forgottengenius.
648:Islamic astronomy
636:Almanac Arzarchel
527:Gerard of Cremona
475:Bernard of Verdun
462:Mediterranean Sea
359:Gerard of Cremona
187:before moving to
148:); also known as
132:
131:
3706:
3436:Tabula Rogeriana
3362:
3310:Sibt al-Maridini
2970:Sinan ibn Thabit
2879:Abu Said Gorgani
2869:Thābit ibn Qurra
2859:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2844:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2789:
2788:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2726:Indian astronomy
2695:Indian astronomy
2663:
2656:
2649:
2570:Sublunary sphere
2560:Specific gravity
2460:Earth's rotation
2349:Mural instrument
2294:Armillary sphere
2217:Alfonsine tables
2182:Tabula Rogeriana
2162:Islamic calendar
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2027:Sibt al-Maridini
2012:Jamshid al-Kashi
1733:Said al-Andalusi
1536:Thābit ibn Qurra
1471:Abu Said Gorgani
1445:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1310:E. S. Kennedy.
1307:
1273:
1241:
1240:
1205:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1080:
1071:
1070:, at pp. 308–10.
1069:
1039:
1033:
1031:
993:
987:
986:, at pp. 314–17.
985:
955:
949:
942:
936:
935:
915:Libros del Saber
888:
882:
872:Brill Publishers
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
843:. Archived from
837:
828:
827:
825:
823:
808:
797:
793:
787:
783:
777:
773:
767:
765:
754:
748:
747:
729:
714:
707:
698:
697:
689:
680:
674:
653:Islamic scholars
596:elliptical paths
594:'s sun-centered
540:Alfonsine tables
535:Tables of Toledo
506:Tables of Toledo
499:Tables of Toledo
364:
244:Taifa of Seville
232:Said al-Andalusi
147:
127:Tables of Toledo
40:
26:
25:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3589:Arabic numerals
3572:
3546:
3520:
3496:House of Wisdom
3469:
3448:
3370:
3363:
3350:
3319:
3263:
3249:Ibn al-Durayhim
3227:
3146:
3112:Jabir ibn Aflah
3100:
3031:Abu Nasr Mansur
3019:
2915:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2883:
2778:
2773:
2743:
2730:
2699:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2631:House of Wisdom
2609:
2565:Spherical Earth
2398:
2329:Equatorial ring
2309:Celestial globe
2284:Analog computer
2261:
2256:Sullam al-sama'
2201:
2137:
2118:
2087:
2051:
1990:
1929:
1828:
1814:Jabir ibn Aflah
1757:
1688:Abu Nasr Mansur
1676:
1657:Abolfadl Harawi
1592:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1545:
1449:
1420:Ahmad Nahavandi
1408:
1393:
1380:
1375:
1332:Wayback Machine
1321:
1304:
1270:
1250:
1248:Further reading
1245:
1244:
1206:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1081:
1074:
1040:
1036:
994:
990:
956:
952:
943:
939:
909:
901:, p. 726,
889:
885:
863:
859:
850:
848:
839:
838:
831:
821:
819:
809:
800:
796:of projection."
794:
790:
784:
780:
774:
770:
756:
755:
751:
744:
730:
717:
708:
701:
690:
683:
675:
671:
666:
644:
609:
592:Johannes Kepler
563:, 79 years for
501:
450:
404:
395:Calahorra Tower
383:
363:Ragio Montanous
362:
354:(Alpetragius).
238:and also under
228:Taifa of Toledo
220:
123:Notable work(s)
117:Taifa of Toledo
84:
75:
66:
61:
47:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3429:Toledan Tables
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3401:Book of Optics
3397:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3142:Ibn al-Yasamin
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Kushyar Gilani
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Nazif ibn Yumn
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Na'im ibn Musa
2861:
2856:
2854:Yusuf al-Khuri
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Qusta ibn Luqa
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2784:Mathematicians
2780:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Elliptic orbit
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Circular orbit
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2236:Toledan Tables
2233:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Yang Guangxian
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1753:Ali ibn Khalaf
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Kushyar Gilani
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Ali ibn Ridwan
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Haseb-i Tabari
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Sahl ibn Bishr
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1320:
1319:External links
1317:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1279:
1268:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1200:
1179:
1166:
1147:(1): 306–336,
1128:
1103:
1097:
1091:, p. 30,
1072:
1053:(1): 306–336,
1034:
1007:(1): 513–519,
988:
950:
937:
907:
883:
857:
829:
798:
788:
778:
768:
749:
742:
715:
699:
681:
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
643:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
608:
605:
548:Book of Tables
500:
497:
449:
446:
412:King Alfonso X
403:
400:
382:
379:
327:refugee camp.
261:depicting the
219:
216:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3711:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Ibn al-Shatir
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Ibn al-Banna'
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Ahmad al-Buni
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Sanad ibn Ali
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:Observatories
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Triangulation
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Heliocentrism
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
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2379:Shadow square
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2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:Zij-i Sultani
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:Zij-i Ilkhani
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
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2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
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2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Kadızade Rumi
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Ibn al-Shatir
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
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1838:
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1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Ibn al-Kammad
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
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1754:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Ibn al-Saffar
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1548:
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1519:
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1504:
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1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
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1472:
1469:
1467:
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1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
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1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:0-684-10114-9
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1196:9971-5-0612-2
1193:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Toomer, G. J.
1132:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1098:0-415-96930-1
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Toomer, G. J.
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Toomer, G. J.
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:(1): 306–36,
968:
964:
960:
959:Toomer, G. J.
954:
947:
941:
934:
932:
928:
927:Gemma Frisius
924:
920:
916:
910:
908:90-04-08114-3
904:
900:
896:
895:
887:
881:
880:90-04-08265-4
877:
873:
869:
868:
861:
847:on 2012-03-31
846:
842:
836:
834:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
792:
782:
772:
763:
759:
753:
745:
743:9780815323020
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
712:
706:
704:
695:
688:
686:
678:
673:
669:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
604:
601:
600:conic section
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
496:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
479:Regiomontanus
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
396:
392:
387:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:Jacob Ziegler
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:Ibn al-Kammad
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
323:or died in a
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:for the Emir
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:Islamic world
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
138:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
65:
59:
55:
50:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3369:Mathematical
3324:16th century
3275:Ibn al-Majdi
3268:15th century
3232:14th century
3151:13th century
3105:12th century
3091:Omar Khayyam
3024:11th century
2920:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2888:10th century
2849:Al-Khwarizmi
2614:Institutions
2465:Eccentricity
2425:Astrophysics
2319:Compass rose
2254:
2247:
2240:
2228:
2221:
2206:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2032:Ibn al-Majdi
2007:Abd al‐Wajid
1966:Al-Wabkanawi
1961:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1850:Jamal ad-Din
1819:Omar Khayyam
1647:Al-ʻIjliyyah
1622:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1607:Ibn al-A'lam
1526:Al-Khwarizmi
1311:
1292:. New York:
1287:
1259:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1164:, at p. 314.
1144:
1140:
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1106:
1084:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1004:
1000:
991:
966:
962:
953:
945:
940:
930:
922:
918:
914:
912:
892:
886:
865:
860:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
820:. Retrieved
816:
791:
781:
771:
761:
752:
733:
676:
672:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
569:
557:Julian years
547:
545:
538:
534:
511:Al-Khwarizmi
504:
502:
490:
466:solar apogee
458:Al-Khwarizmi
451:
441:
431:
426:
420:
415:
405:
356:
342:(Averroës),
338:(Abubacer),
334:(Avempace),
329:
314:
283:
278:
274:
268:
221:
205:
176:
172:
168:
166:
153:
149:
134:
133:
3639:1087 deaths
3634:1029 births
3387:De Gradibus
3341:Taqi ad-Din
3331:Al-Birjandi
3305:al-Qalaṣādī
3086:Al-Isfizari
3051:Ibn al-Samh
2980:Al-Isfahani
2960:al-Uqlidisi
2930:al-Khojandi
2895:Abu al-Wafa
2834:al-Dinawari
2792:9th century
2600:Tusi couple
2590:Trepidation
2555:Salah times
2490:Geocentrism
2364:Planisphere
2344:Graph paper
2271:Instruments
2223:Huihui Lifa
2104:Ehmedê Xanî
2063:Al-Birjandi
2042:al-Kubunani
1799:Abu al-Salt
1748:Al-Isfizari
1708:Ibn al-Samh
1587:Abu al-Wafa
1572:al-Khojandi
1476:Al-Farghani
1391:Astronomers
1276:PDF version
822:18 December
776:astrolabe."
434:water clock
402:Instruments
240:Al-Mu'tamid
206:The crater
173:Arsechieles
154:Ibn Zarqala
3628:Categories
3551:Influenced
3525:Influences
3295:Ali Qushji
3254:Al-Khalili
3122:Al-Khazini
3117:Al-Kharaqī
3076:al-Zarqālī
3066:al-Jayyānī
3010:al-Majriti
2995:Abu al-Jud
2965:Al-Battani
2940:Al-Saghani
2935:Al-Nayrizi
2874:al-Marwazi
2809:al-Jawharī
2704:Influenced
2673:Influences
2545:Precession
2525:Multiverse
2430:Axial tilt
2410:Almucantar
2394:Triquetrum
2334:Equatorium
2083:Takiyüddin
1956:al-Battiwi
1951:Ibn Shuayb
1946:Al-Khalili
1789:Al-Khazini
1784:Al-Kharaqī
1779:Ibn Tufail
1769:Al-Bitruji
1703:Al-Zarqālī
1667:al-Majriti
1617:Al-Saghani
1612:Al-Nayrizi
1597:al-Battani
1516:Iranshahri
1501:Al-Marwazi
1405:by century
1216:(4): 292,
1122:2023-01-13
931:Astrolabum
851:2011-10-08
515:Al-Battani
487:Copernicus
408:equatorium
375:Al-Battani
336:Ibn Tufail
332:Ibn Bajjah
317:Alfonso VI
306:Al-Andalus
275:Al-Nekkach
271:metalsmith
259:Al-Andalus
185:Al-Andalus
150:Al-Zarkali
113:Al-Andalus
82:Al-Andalus
3300:al-Wafa'i
3290:Ulugh Beg
3193:al-Abhari
3178:Ibn Adlan
3168:Ibn Munim
3132:al-Hassar
3071:al-Nasawī
3046:Al-Biruni
3015:al-Jabali
3005:Al-Karaji
2955:Ibn Yunus
2910:Abu Kamil
2905:Al-Qabisi
2900:al-Khazin
2829:Al-Mahani
2580:Supernova
2535:Obliquity
2520:Moonlight
2420:Astrology
2299:Astrolabe
2078:Piri Reis
2068:al-Khafri
2037:al-Wafa'i
2022:Ulugh Beg
2002:Ali Kuşçu
1976:al-Jadiri
1895:al-Abhari
1693:al-Biruni
1627:Ibn Yunus
1602:Al-Qabisi
1577:al-Khazin
1486:Al-Mahani
1238:118108131
1141:Centaurus
1089:Routledge
1047:Centaurus
963:Centaurus
531:astronomy
423:astrolabe
391:astrolabe
340:Ibn Rushd
290:astronomy
253:Art from
137:al-Tujibi
3453:Concepts
3285:al-Kāshī
3259:al-Umawi
3061:Avicenna
3000:Al-Sijzi
2950:Ibn Sahl
2819:Al-Kindi
2654:Maragheh
2605:Universe
2575:Sunlight
2540:Parallax
2530:Muwaqqit
2470:Ecliptic
2403:Concepts
2369:Quadrant
2289:Aperture
1804:Averroes
1774:Avempace
1718:Avicenna
1652:Nastulus
1642:al-Sijzi
1567:Al-Adami
1481:Al-Kindi
1328:Archived
1029:85077697
642:See also
621:Attadbir
580:epicycle
576:deferent
483:Peurbach
471:deferent
438:al-Zuhrī
286:geometry
208:Arzachel
177:Arzachel
169:Arzachel
89:Religion
52:Personal
3577:Related
3506:Madrasa
3474:Centers
3280:al-Rūmī
3183:al-Urdi
3081:ibn Hud
3036:Alhazen
2990:al-Qūhī
2510:Inertia
2500:Gravity
2435:Azimuth
2384:Sundial
2374:Sextant
2324:Dioptra
2314:Compass
2279:Alidade
1890:al-Urdi
1713:Alhazen
1637:Ma Yize
1582:al-Qūhī
1557:al-Sufi
1218:Bibcode
1149:Bibcode
1055:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
971:Bibcode
923:Saphaea
572:Mercury
552:almanac
523:almanac
454:Ptolemy
427:Saphaea
381:Science
325:Moorish
321:Cordoba
310:Chaucer
294:Córdoba
263:Alcázar
242:of the
210:on the
201:Saphaea
189:Córdoba
78:Cordoba
60:1029 CE
2485:Galaxy
2480:Equant
2415:Apogee
2359:Octant
2136:Topics
1300:
1266:
1236:
1194:
1095:
1027:
905:
878:
740:
588:pignon
448:Theory
302:Toledo
255:Toledo
224:Toledo
197:Europe
181:Toledo
142:Arabic
109:Region
64:Toledo
46:(2011)
3371:works
2550:Qibla
2339:Globe
2146:Works
1234:S2CID
1025:S2CID
817:Brill
786:etc."
664:Notes
607:Works
561:Venus
93:Islam
2092:17th
2056:16th
1995:15th
1934:14th
1833:13th
1762:12th
1681:11th
1550:10th
1298:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1093:ISBN
903:ISBN
876:ISBN
824:2022
738:ISBN
584:oval
565:Mars
521:and
513:and
481:and
456:and
350:and
288:and
218:Life
212:Moon
158:Arab
74:1100
71:Died
57:Born
3443:Zij
2208:Zij
1562:Ibn
1454:9th
1413:8th
1226:doi
1157:doi
1063:doi
1017:doi
1005:500
979:doi
933:...
929:'s
519:zij
440:'s
257:in
171:or
152:or
99:Era
3630::
3595:,
1296:.
1286:.
1232:,
1224:,
1214:25
1212:,
1155:,
1145:14
1143:,
1115:.
1087:,
1075:^
1061:,
1051:14
1049:,
1023:,
1015:,
1003:,
977:,
967:14
965:,
911:,
874:,
870:,
832:^
815:.
801:^
760:.
718:^
702:^
684:^
495:.
429:.
377:.
346:,
183:,
164:.
144::
115:,
80:,
3599:)
3591:(
2768:e
2761:t
2754:v
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1306:.
1278:)
1274:(
1272:.
1228::
1220::
1198:.
1159::
1151::
1125:.
1065::
1057::
1032:.
1019::
1011::
981::
973::
854:.
826:.
764:.
746:.
696:.
397:.
140:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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