593:(fiefs) in 1260/61. Abu Bakr's brother Zamil and Tahir ibn Ghannam's son Ahmad both contested ʿIsa's appointment. The latter requested a share in the emirate, but Baybars gave him a smaller emirate elsewhere in Syria instead, while Zamil revolted to gain full control of ʿIsa's emirate. Zamil was defeated by ʿIsa and the Mamluks and was imprisoned in Cairo. He was later released and a temporary peace was mediated between him, ʿIsa and other emirs of the Banu Rabi'ah. ʿIsa's strongest Bedouin opposition came from his kinsmen in the Al Mira under the leadership of Ahmad ibn Hajji, who dominated the tribes of southern Syria. Gradually, the enmity between the Al Fadl and the Al Mira dissipated as Ahmad was given virtual independence in the southern desert, while ʿIsa remained
512:(principality) that Haditha ruled was divided between his son Maniʿ and his Al Faraj kinsman Ghannam ibn Abi Tahir ibn Ghannam following Haditha's death (sometime between 1218 and the 1220s). Ghannam was later dismissed by al-Kamil, who concurrently bestowed authority over the entire emirate to Maniʿ for his close cooperation with the Ayyubids of Egypt and Syria and his assistance in their military campaigns. Maniʿ died in 1232/33 and was succeeded by his son Muhanna after being confirmed for the post in an agreement between the respective Ayyubid emirs of Damascus and
709:, and it became one of the tribe's principal towns and sources of income, along with Salamiyah. The Al Fadl became patrons of public works in Palmyra and played a significant role in regulating the town's affairs. The central mosque of Palmyra contains inscriptions either attributing the Al Fadl with the mosque's construction or other works in Palmyra. A mosque built at the town's periphery has been attributed to the Al Fadl, and was likely constructed for use by the Bedouin as opposed to the settled population in the town itself.
839:). This emir is the namesake and ancestor of Beit Fa'our, the Al Fadl household that has since led the tribe. The Fadl tribesmen who stayed in Beqaa were the Hourrouk branch, which continues to inhabit the Beqaa. The lines of descent connecting the Fa'our and Hourrouk branches with the Mamluk-era Al Fadl emirs has not been specifically defined. For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Al Fadl used the Golan Heights as a grazing area for their flocks, along with the
925:
328:
737:
880:, and he and his immediate family became wealthy members of the Damascene social elite. The emir married a woman from the well-known Kurdish Damascene family, Buzu. Some Kurdish families, including the Buzu, were afterward incorporated into Al Fadl. Despite the absence of blood relations, the newer households held great pride and respect for their association with the tribe's leading household, the Fa'our.
601:
724:, had them and their sons imprisoned in Cairo. Their cousin, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr (grandson of Ali ibn Haditha) presided over the emirate until Muhanna was reinstalled in 1295, after al-Ashraf Khalil's death. Muhanna's allegiance vacillated between the Mamluks and the Ilkhanids between 1311 and 1330, after which he became firmly loyal to the Mamluk sultan,
1007:. By the 1980s and early 1990s, the Al Fadl's estimated numbers were between 20,000 and 30,000 (they were not counted in the Syrian census of 1981). Other than Syria, some members of the tribe immigrated to Lebanon, namely to villages in the Beqaa and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. A number of these refugees were given Lebanese citizenship in 1994.
916:
Fa'ours leadership role was resuscitated after an incident in 1960 in which his car broke down, forcing him to seek assistance from the nearest village inhabited by his tribesmen. The sight of the emir being forced to walk while all other tribal leaders drove trucks provoked a sense of dishonor among
693:
and gifts. While the Mamluk sultans cultivated an alliance with the Al Fadl, they generally considered the tribe to be "vacillating and untrustworthy", according to historian Janusz
Bylinsky. Nonetheless, the Al Fadl were the most favored Bedouin tribe in Syria and their leaders consistently held the
952:
enabled them to acquire the land nonetheless. This success symbolized the change in the Al Fadl emir's traditional role, whereby he was no longer a wealthy benefactor and landlord of his tribesmen, but rather a political leader who represented their interests. In addition, the Al Fadl emirs maintain
904:
military authorities, who viewed the emir of the Al Fadl as a security threat. They thus forbade him from traveling outside of
Damascus. The loss of land in 1948–49 and the travel restrictions imposed on him led to a shift in the emir's power relations with the rest of the tribe. He lost substantial
313:
Arab-Israeli wars, respectively, and most settled in and around
Damascus. As a result of the wars and Syrian agrarian reforms that stripped the emir of much of his land, his relationship with the tribe shifted from benevolent landlord to symbolic leader and political representative. By the 1990s,
855:
from other parts of the empire settled in the Golan
Heights, and their cultivation of the land threatened the Al Fadl's traditional pasture grounds. At the time, the tribe's presence in the area consisted of 320 tents along with several villages which they inhabited in the winter. They fought a
917:
the tribesmen of the village, who launched efforts to pool funds from Al Fadl's members to buy a new car for Fa'our. Some tribesmen sent sheep and goats as compensatory gifts to Fa'our as well. The reaction of the tribesmen to his dire financial situation spurred Fa'our, who was based in
409:
The Tayyid roots of the tribe are supported and verified by Muslim historians. However, members of the Al Fadl have claimed fictitious lineages in the past, which have been dismissed by both medieval and modern historians. Among these legends was that the tribe descended from the
830:
According to Fadl al-Fa'our, the author of a 1963 dissertation about his tribe, the Al Fadl tribesmen who fled to the Beqaa split into two factions in the 18th century as a result of a feud with the Bani Khalid tribe. One of the factions, led by its emir, Fa'our, migrated to the
863:
rivals as a result of
Ottoman recognition of the tribe's pasture rights and territorial boundaries. As a result, the territory of the Fa'our branch of the Al Fadl included large parts of the Golan Heights, part of the Hauran plain, and the eastern
905:
rent income as a result of the land loss and was unable to collect the rent money from his remaining lands. Instead, some tribal elders in the Golan
Heights traveled to Damascus to pay the emir, but they did so in decreasing numbers every year.
689:-held Iraq (the Ilkhanids were Mongol enemies of the Mamluks). In exchange for protecting the Syrian frontier and aiding the Mamluks as auxiliary troops, the Al Fadl and some of their Banu Rabi'ah kin were bestowed with official assignments,
818:
pilgrimage routes of northern Syria in exchange for an annual salary. Under the leadership of the Abu Risha emirs, the Mawali drove out rival Al Fadl sheikhs and their families from northern Syria. The latter consequently migrated to the
470:
in northern Syria and were paid by the
Ayyubid sultans of Egypt to ensure the safety of the roads connecting Syria with Iraq. The Al Fadl grew more powerful throughout this period due to the patronage of various Ayyubid rulers. Sultan
265:
preserved the Al Fadl's hereditary leadership of the
Bedouin tribes. By the mid-16th century, the leading emirs joined the Mawali tribe and became known as Al Abu Risha, while their rivals within the tribe were driven out towards the
684:
The wealth and power of the Al Fadl allowed them to reside near inhabited areas, rather than depend on pasturage in the desert. Their leaders were entrusted by
Baybars and his successors with protecting Syria up to the borders with
912:
period in Syria. Land rent was Fa'ours main source of income and with its loss, he was no longer able to wield power over his tribesmen and continue the tradition of distributing wealth to lesser-ranking members of the tribe.
813:
tribal confederation, whose member tribes, many of whom were descended from non-Arab slaves, were not necessarily related to each other through blood ties. The
Ottomans entrusted Al Abu Risha with protecting the caravan and
481:(commander of the Bedouin), an office denoting the chief of the Bedouin tribes that were under the jurisdiction of al-Adil and his Ayyubid kinsmen in the Damascus and Hama principalities. The jurisdiction of the
800:
The descendants of Hayar came to be known as Al Abu Risha, which means " the father of the plume". They acquired this name in 1574 when their emir was officially recognized by the Ottomans as the hereditary
2262:
728:. He died five years later and for the next seventy years, his sons and grandsons held the post with occasional interruptions during which Fadl's offspring or distant cousins were appointed.
2226:
2446:
Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11
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Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30
402:. Relations between the tribes and the various Muslim states were not always cooperative. During periods of strained relations the tribes would plunder the villages of the countryside and
531:
conquest of Syria in 1260, details about the Al Fadl/Tayyid emirate are obscure or absent in the Muslim sources. It is known that in 1240 Tahir ibn Ghannam of the Al Faraj was made
823:. The Fadl tribesmen who remained became part of the Mawali confederation like their Abu Risha kinsmen. The Mawali were the dominant tribe of northern Syria until the invasions of
1184:
1132:
773:
under the last Mamluk sultan was Mudlij ibn Zahir ibn Assaf, a great-great-grandson of Hayar. He served under the Ottomans until his death in 1538. In place of the traditional
960:, the Al Fadl of Golan were entirely displaced. Following the war, most members of the tribe settled in and around Damascus. In the city itself, they were concentrated in the
908:
By 1958, the power of the Al Fadl's emir, Fa'our al-Fa'our, was greatly reduced as a result of his lands being confiscated in the agrarian reforms initiated during the
868:. These lands were registered in the name of the emir, who thereafter collected rent from its tenants. Most of the tenants were Fadl tribesmen who had shifted from a
637:. Mamluk patronage of the Al Fadl enabled them to dominate the other Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert. A rival sub-branch of Al Fadl, the Al ʿAli, controlled the
559:
passed to Muhanna's son Sharaf ad-Din ʿIsa, though it is not clear which Mamluk sultan bestowed the title upon him. According to several Mamluk-era sources, Sultan
314:
there were up to 30,000 Al Fadl tribesmen in Syria (not counting those who were affiliated with the Mawali) along with a significant population in eastern Lebanon.
984:. Jdeidat al-Fadl, a working-class suburb of Jdeidat Artuz, is mostly populated by descendants of the Al Fadl. To a lesser extent, Fadl tribesmen have settled in
539:, and that sometime later Ali ibn Hadithah of the Al Fadl (Muhanna's uncle) was given the post, which he held until the Mamluks' ascent. According to historian
1574:
1236:
1080:
1067:
1050:
1600:
1548:
1470:
1340:
1314:
382:(prince) of the tribe by 1107. He and his brothers Mira, Thabit and Daghfal, and their father Rabi'ah, provided and commanded mounted auxiliary troops for
274:
tribesmen in the 18th century. During that same period, the Al Fadl in Beqaa split into the Hourrouk and Fa'our branches. The latter made its home in the
1639:
1561:
1535:
1522:
1418:
1379:
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1327:
1301:
1275:
1249:
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in the 1250s at a time when Abu Bakr's father Ali denied him refuge. Whatever the correct version, Baybars at least confirmed ʿIsa's appointment and his
398:
successors. By the time the Zengids gained control of the Syrian interior in the mid-12th century, the Banu Rabi'ah had become the dominant tribe in the
1680:
1587:
1431:
489:, during the latter half of his reign (1186–1218). Thus, the Bedouin tribes of northern Syria were put under the authority of Haditha; until then, the
371:(Levantine) coastal regions in 1099. The Banu Rabi'ah's branches Al Fadl and Al Mira (also spelled Al Murrah) were the descendants of Rabi'ah's sons,
1496:
1093:
2647:
Hiyari, Mustafa A. (1975). "The Origins and Development of the Amīrate of the Arabs during the Seventh/Thirteenth and Eighth/Fourteenth Centuries".
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regularly switched between different lines of the Al Fadl and Al Faraj, the latter being another sub-tribe of the Banu Rabi'ah. Under Sultan
3453:
921:, to reassert his political leadership of Al Fadl. To that end, he increased contacts with his tribesmen and negotiated on their behalf.
897:
948:. The Beqaa tribesmen were not Lebanese citizens and thus not allowed to purchase land, but Fa'ours intercession with Interior Minister
3438:
999:
for some of his tribesmen displaced from the Golan, which entailed regular commuting between Beirut and the tribal council of King
769:
as a hereditary post of the Al Fadl, via the Salamiyah-based descendants of Hayar, throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The
427:
932:. Fadl tribesmen had their villages and grazing grounds in the Golan Heights until the area was occupied by Israel during the
2735:
2621:
953:
a symbolic and moral legitimacy within the tribe based on their unproven claim of descent from Abbas and the Quraysh tribe.
2760:
3443:
1038:
348:
168:
339:
The Al Fadl were one of the two main branches (the other being Al Mira) of the Banu Rabi'ah, a tribe belonging to the
3433:
2576:
2555:
2210:
2051:
2311:
al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7
1688:
Great-grandson of Ijl. Served during the final years of the Mamluk Sultanate, continued to rule under the Ottomans.
720:
ruled the emirate for nearly half a century with two interruptions. The first was when Qalawun's successor, Sultan
517:
2753:
856:
number of skirmishes with the Circassians, during which one of their leaders, Sheikh Shadadi al-Fadl was killed.
2727:
Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town
2566:
1720:
665:. Other branches of the Banu Tayy controlled regions within the Banu Rabi'ah's territory. Among them were the
293:; they settled in various Golan villages, but continued to shepherd their flocks, while their emir settled in
2285:
968:
and Dweil'a quarters. After several years, many tribesmen left the city to settle in nearby suburbs, chiefly
2611:
2202:
Impact of the Arab-Israeli Wars on Language & Social Change in the Arab World: The Case of Syrian Arabic
900:. Their territory in the Golan Heights, near the armistice lines with Israel, came under the control of the
751:
3448:
3341:
359:, and became prominent in Syria as a result of their participation in the Muslim war effort against the
270:
and continued to go by the name "Al Fadl". The Mawali dominated northern Syria until the arrival of the
3423:
2267:(in Arabic). Vol. 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02
343:(also known as the Tayyids). The Banu Rabi'ah were the offspring of the tribe's namesake, Rabi'ah ibn
3413:
889:
762:
306:
3408:
528:
209:
59:
17:
3418:
2946:
658:
278:
where they often fought over pasture rights with Kurdish and Turkmen settlers, and later against
809:-crowned turban to consecrate his official status. The Al Abu Risha took over leadership of the
466:
in southern Syria by the Al Mira. They consequently migrated north to the steppe regions around
2684:
1000:
945:
2338:
2039:
2725:
2545:
1708:
2227:"Deadly Neighbors: Jdaidet al-Fadl-A Paradigm for Sectarian Genocide in the Damascus Region"
2200:
621:
During the Mamluk era, the Al Fadl's territory spanned the area between Homs in the west to
3389:
3377:
1223:
909:
876:
that combined agriculture and grazing. The emir, who resided in Damascus, was in effect an
852:
540:
443:
283:
301:
who collected rent from his tribesmen. The Al Fadl were displaced from their homes in the
226:
and other places in the steppe. By then their tribal territory spanned the region between
8:
2586:
Bylinski, Janusz (1999). "Qal'at Shirkuh at Palmyra: A Medieval Fortress Reinterpreted".
1058:
Grandson of Fadl ibn Rabi'ah. First member of dynasty appointed to the Ayyubid office of
989:
783:(income-producing land grant). In return, the emir provided 1,050 camels (each worth 200
622:
568:
231:
160:
81:
2712:
2704:
2672:
2664:
2595:
2279:
1029:
973:
372:
356:
1114:
Appointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks. First member to rule under the Mamluks.
583:. This was apparently a reward for ʿIsa's aid and friendship during Baybars' exile in
2731:
2716:
2676:
2617:
2572:
2551:
2206:
2047:
1716:
877:
725:
415:
298:
255:
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was later extended to the tribes around Aleppo by that principality's Ayyubid emir,
462:
rule in the late 12th century or early 13th century, the Al Fadl were driven out of
2929:
2889:
2777:
2696:
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721:
494:
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had unofficially served as leaders of the northern Syrian tribes in place of their
746:
477:
430:, the Abbasids' namesake and ancestor, and through him trace their lineage to the
189:
94:
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844:
806:
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572:
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447:
243:
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205:
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tribes of northern Syria. Their function was often to serve as auxiliary troops.
184:
124:
55:
28:
988:
and in villages near the border with the occupied portion of the Golan, such as
674:
3316:
2975:
2825:
977:
949:
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groups in the Golan Heights for control of pasture lands. Later, in the 1870s,
840:
759:
741:
584:
536:
486:
395:
262:
176:
63:
51:
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563:(r. 1259–1260) appointed ʿIsa in the aftermath of the Mamluk victory over the
155:, and whose modern-day descendants largely live in southern Syria and eastern
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3051:
3028:
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2934:
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2541:
961:
929:
832:
654:
564:
399:
387:
364:
344:
275:
172:
148:
144:
47:
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By 1887, peace was established between the Al Fadl and their Circassian and
3336:
3284:
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3257:
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3211:
3191:
3172:
3157:
3133:
3123:
3083:
2894:
2872:
2850:
2800:
1647:
Grandson of Nu'ayr. The killer of both Adhra and Mudlij. Unclear if he was
1197:
1158:
996:
820:
793:) annually to the Ottomans, which formed part of the sultan's revenue from
717:
267:
247:
2493:
208:, the Al Fadl became the hereditary holders of the office by order of the
3242:
3196:
3162:
3113:
3093:
3036:
3019:
2992:
2980:
2956:
2951:
2924:
2899:
2884:
2805:
2745:
2687:(1948). "The Tribes of Syria in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries".
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957:
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In 1964–1965, Faour secured permission for his tribesmen in the Beqaa in
933:
865:
617:. It remained under the tribe's control at least through the 17th century
423:
310:
302:
152:
2599:
924:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3247:
3228:
3216:
3206:
3167:
3128:
3108:
3041:
3004:
2830:
1042:
521:
490:
2708:
2668:
543:, it was not Ali but his son and successor Abu Bakr who was appointed
258:. During late Mamluk rule, the tribe was occupied by internal strife.
3358:
3348:
3299:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3201:
3103:
3014:
3009:
2914:
2862:
2820:
985:
892:, several of the Al Fadl's lands in the Hula Valley were captured by
873:
626:
475:(r. 1200–1218) appointed Haditha, a grandson of Fadl ibn Rabi'ah, as
411:
383:
360:
352:
332:
327:
290:
271:
251:
219:
180:
164:
102:
2786:
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.
777:
granted to the preeminent Al Fadl emir, the Ottomans granted them a
736:
3304:
3294:
3179:
3152:
3118:
3088:
3061:
2987:
2845:
2810:
2795:
2632:
1709:"The Recovery of Mamluk Chancery Documents in an Unsuspected Place"
686:
670:
609:
589:
505:
439:
391:
294:
214:
3223:
3186:
3140:
3056:
3046:
2970:
2473:
2336:
941:
824:
702:
666:
650:
604:
576:
509:
472:
431:
419:
223:
198:
156:
109:
785:
3372:
3252:
3098:
3071:
2941:
2919:
2909:
2879:
1004:
995:
In the 1970s, Fa'our began efforts to acquire pasture lands in
981:
969:
965:
956:
After Israel's capture and occupation of the Golan in the 1967
918:
893:
810:
642:
638:
463:
368:
335:
tribe of Syria. The Al Fadl branch is depicted by the blue line
239:
132:
500:
Following al-Adil's death in 1218, control over the office of
3078:
2867:
2857:
2815:
2633:"Land, Leaders and Limousines: Political and Moral Authority"
901:
869:
860:
848:
779:
662:
646:
630:
600:
560:
547:
in the years just prior to the Mamluks' annexation of Syria.
435:
279:
1140:
Grandson of Ali ibn Haditha, appointed in place of Muhanna.
1101:
Son of Haditha, progenitor of the Al Ali branch of Al Fadl.
1014:
289:
Toward the end of the 19th century, the Al Fadl became semi-
3353:
3289:
3147:
815:
744:
rule, the Al Fadl chieftains continued to hold the post of
634:
513:
467:
422:. That claim was disparaged by 14th-century Arab historian
403:
379:
340:
227:
194:
140:
254:
enemies, but generally they were highly favored by Sultan
2835:
2568:
The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century
2232:. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. June 2013.
2613:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
2477:
al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6
351:. The Banu Rabi'ah were descendants of the 10th-century
2547:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281
2408:
2384:
1713:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
2689:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2649:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
698:
and were given official receptions by Mamluk sultans.
426:. Some modern-era tribesmen have claimed descent from
928:
The palace of Emir Mahmoud AlFaour of Al Fadl in the
896:
while their other lands in the valley became part of
750:
and were obliged to provide over 1,000 camels to the
2307:
712:
When ʿIsa died in 1284, he was succeeded by his son
2494:Aḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī (1441).
414:, a Persian household that held high office in the
2046:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. pp. 353–354.
3400:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2260:
250:vacillated between the Mamluks and the latter's
171:. The tribe rose to prominence by assisting the
2594:. Institut Francais du Proche-Orient: 151–208.
2162:
2160:
1924:
1922:
1920:
2340:al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī
1959:
1957:
1938:
1936:
1934:
2761:
2723:
2540:
2504:
2489:
2487:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2323:
2321:
2103:
2101:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1882:
1880:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2042:. In Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
442:. In another story, descent is claimed from
2442:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2362:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1954:
1931:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
2775:
2768:
2754:
2484:
2474:Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451).
2453:
2337:Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451).
2318:
2024:
1877:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1400:Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
1361:Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
571:. However the 14th-century Arab historian
378:Fadl was noted in Muslim chronicles as an
2550:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2395:
2261:محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)".
2245:
2169:
2135:
2119:
2078:
2015:
1997:
1966:
1905:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1745:
1387:Third reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
701:Toward the end of ʿIsa's reign, in 1281,
633:southward to the Washm region in central
613:(fief) of the Al Fadl in 1281 under Emir
2585:
2373:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2183:
1889:
1851:
1833:
1807:
1763:
1010:
923:
789:) and 30 young horses (each worth 1,000
735:
599:
326:
242:in the south. Isa's sons and successors
2683:
2037:
1729:
827:tribesmen throughout the 18th century.
765:in 1516. They preserved the office of
653:, while Al Mira controlled the area of
3401:
2646:
2606:
2564:
2419:
2198:
1779:
1706:
1634:Grandson of Nu'ayr, brother of Adhra.
187:often appointed them to the office of
2749:
2347:
2292:
843:tribe. They successfully fought off
641:region of Damascus and the northern
527:Between Muhanna's accession and the
197:(princes or lords) command over the
3454:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
2497:as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk
625:in the northeast and all along the
212:sultans and were given substantial
128:
32:
13:
2630:
2044:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1452:Third reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.
1039:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
673:in the north Arabian mountains of
629:valley through the countryside of
349:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
14:
3465:
705:was granted to the Al Fadl as an
453:
2409:Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363).
2385:Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363).
2066:Van der Steen 2010, pp. 210–211.
1465:Second reign; ruled with Zamil.
550:
3439:Arabs from the Mamluk Sultanate
2724:Van der Steen, Eveline (2013).
2565:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (1982).
2533:
2467:
2330:
2254:
2236:
2219:
2110:
2069:
2060:
1988:
1945:
1374:Son of Muhanna's brother Musa.
535:by the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo,
2616:. Cambridge University Press.
2205:. Pustaka Antara. p. 18.
2040:"Mawali Bedouin Confederation"
1942:Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 65–66.
1886:Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 64–65.
1700:
1530:Son of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.
1517:Son of Hayar's brother Assaf.
731:
1:
2308:Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926).
1694:
883:
446:, a sister of Abbasid caliph
2588:Bulletin d'études orientales
2388:al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28
898:demilitarized no-man's lands
159:. The Al Fadl's progenitor,
7:
2412:al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7
2199:Jassem, Zaidan Ali (1993).
2075:Van der Steen 2010, p. 108.
1963:Bylinsky 1999, pp. 163–164.
1127:Imprisoned by the Mamluks.
10:
3470:
2527:Tritton 1948, pp. 571–572.
1902:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 65.
1788:Van der Steen 2010, p. 76.
1742:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 64.
992:and neighboring villages.
322:
317:
297:and effectively became an
163:, was a descendant of the
15:
3444:Medieval history of Syria
3386:
2791:
2784:
2701:10.1017/s0041977x00083129
2661:10.1017/s0041977x00048060
2500:(in Arabic). p. 801.
2415:(in Arabic). p. 192.
2391:(in Arabic). p. 345.
2369:(in Arabic). p. 105.
2343:(in Arabic). p. 373.
2284:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2166:Chatty 1986, pp. 395–396.
1994:Bakhit 1982, pp. 200–201.
1928:Hiyari 1975, pp. 513–514.
1707:Bauden, Frederic (2004).
1179:Expelled with his tribe.
575:claims Qutuz's successor
234:to east, and between the
143:tribe that dominated the
112:(1281–early 17th century)
105:(1261–early 17th century)
87:
77:
69:
43:
38:
25:
3434:History of Ottoman Syria
2480:(in Arabic). p. 48.
2449:(in Arabic). p. 11.
2314:(in Arabic). p. 73.
1543:Brother of Sulayman II.
944:to purchase land in the
375:and Mira, respectively.
238:in the north to central
18:Al Fadl (disambiguation)
2038:Masters, Bruce (2009).
1037:A direct descendant of
98:(ca. 1200–17th century)
2571:. Librairie du Liban.
1951:Bylinsky 1999, p. 163.
1595:Son of Sayf ibn Fadl.
946:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
937:
755:
618:
336:
167:through his ancestor,
2542:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven
2464:Tritton 1948, p. 570.
2327:Tritton 1948, p. 569.
1804:Tritton 1948, p. 567.
1715:. Brill. p. 70.
1413:Son of Fadl ibn Isa.
1270:Son of Fadl ibn Isa.
1257:Son of Fadl ibn Isa.
1185:Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
1133:Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
1011:List of Al Fadl emirs
927:
890:1948 Arab–Israeli War
797:(Damascus Province).
739:
716:. He and his brother
603:
522:al-Mujahid Shirkuh II
458:At some point during
406:pilgrimage caravans.
330:
305:and Golan during the
193:, giving the Al Fadl
2443:Ibn Khaldūn (1375).
2363:Ibn Khaldūn (1375).
2251:Hiyari 1975, p. 513.
2242:Chatty 2010, p. 114.
2180:Chatty 1986, p. 396.
2154:Chatty 1986, p. 395.
2132:Chatty 2010, p. 113.
2116:Chatty 2010, p. 112.
2107:Chatty 1986, p. 394.
2021:Bakhit 1982, p. 204.
2012:Bakhit 1982, p. 201.
1985:Hiyari 1975, p. 518.
1914:Hiyari 1975, p. 517.
1874:Hiyari 1975, p. 516.
1848:Hiyari 1975, p. 515.
1830:Chatty 1986, p. 392.
1776:Hiyari 1975, p. 514.
1664:Grandson of Nu'ayr.
1621:Grandson of Nu'ayr.
1166:Brother of Muhanna.
910:United Arab Republic
835:(known in Arabic as
607:became a hereditary
541:Reuven Amitai-Preiss
386:(r. 1104-1128), the
16:For other uses, see
3342:Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat
2635:. Oxford University
805:and adorned with a
569:Battle of Ayn Jalut
204:Starting with Emir
3449:Palmyrene monarchs
2947:Bakr ibn Abd Manat
938:
756:
619:
337:
169:Mufarrij al-Jarrah
3424:Ayyubid Sultanate
3396:
3395:
2737:978-1-908049-83-4
2623:978-0-521-81792-9
1692:
1691:
1536:Muhammad ibn Anqa
878:absentee landlord
726:an-Nasir Muhammad
657:southward to the
331:Genealogy of the
299:absentee landlord
256:an-Nasir Muhammad
118:
117:
56:Ayyubid Sultanate
3461:
3414:Tribes of Arabia
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2720:
2695:(3/4): 567–573.
2680:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2627:
2603:
2582:
2561:
2528:
2525:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2264:الموسوعة العربية
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2181:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2035:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1964:
1961:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1849:
1846:
1831:
1828:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1761:
1760:Hiyyari, p. 513.
1758:
1743:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1704:
1675:Son of Sayf II.
1592:1414/15–ca. 1417
1439:Son of Muhanna.
1335:Son of Muhanna.
1322:Son of Muhanna.
1283:Son of Muhanna.
1244:Son of Muhanna.
1231:Son of Muhanna.
1075:Son of Haditha.
1045:of the Al Fadl.
1015:
722:al-Ashraf Khalil
236:Euphrates valley
230:in the west and
161:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
130:
82:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
60:Mamluk Sultanate
34:
23:
22:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3409:Tribes of Syria
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3382:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2744:
2738:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2579:
2558:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2454:
2441:
2420:
2407:
2396:
2383:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2036:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1852:
1847:
1834:
1829:
1808:
1803:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1759:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1723:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1608:Son of Nu'ayr.
1582:Son of Nu'ayr.
1569:Son of Nu'ayr.
1013:
886:
795:Damascus Eyalet
763:conquered Syria
734:
661:hot springs in
615:Isa ibn Muhanna
553:
456:
448:Harun al-Rashid
325:
320:
206:Isa ibn Muhanna
62:
58:
54:
50:
27:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Arab dynasties
3416:
3411:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3104:Bakr ibn Wa'il
3101:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2685:Tritton, A. S.
2681:
2655:(3): 509–524.
2644:
2631:Chatty, Dawn.
2628:
2622:
2604:
2583:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2503:
2483:
2466:
2452:
2418:
2394:
2372:
2346:
2329:
2317:
2291:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2218:
2211:
2182:
2168:
2156:
2134:
2118:
2109:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2023:
2014:
1996:
1987:
1965:
1953:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1904:
1888:
1876:
1850:
1832:
1806:
1790:
1778:
1762:
1744:
1728:
1721:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1556:Second reign.
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1491:Fourth reign.
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1478:Son of Hayar.
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:Fourth reign.
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1348:Second reign.
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:Second reign.
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1296:Second reign.
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:Fourth reign.
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:Second reign.
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1192:Second reign.
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1153:Second reign.
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:Son of Mani'.
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:ca. 1218–1220s
1053:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1009:
978:Jdeidat Artouz
962:Masakin Barzeh
950:Kamal Jumblatt
885:
882:
733:
730:
555:The office of
552:
549:
537:an-Nasir Yusuf
518:al-Ashraf Musa
487:az-Zahir Ghazi
455:
454:Ayyubid period
452:
418:government in
324:
321:
319:
316:
116:
115:
114:
113:
106:
99:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
64:Ottoman Empire
52:Zengid Emirate
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3466:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Sa'd ibn Nasr
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Banu al-Hakam
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
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1060:amir al-ʿarab
1057:
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828:
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803:amir al-ʿarab
798:
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771:amir al-ʿarab
768:
767:amir al-ʿarab
764:
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747:amir al-ʿarab
743:
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696:amir al-ʿarab
692:
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623:Qal'at Ja'bar
616:
612:
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595:amir al-ʿarab
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:amir al-ʿarab
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:amir al-ʿarab
551:Mamluk period
548:
546:
545:amir al-ʿarab
542:
538:
534:
533:amir al-ʿarab
530:
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523:
519:
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511:
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502:amir al-ʿarab
498:
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483:amir al-ʿarab
480:
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478:amir al-ʿarab
474:
469:
465:
461:
451:
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445:
441:
437:
434:tribe of the
433:
429:
425:
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407:
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401:
400:Syrian Desert
397:
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389:
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366:
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358:
354:
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346:
345:Hazim ibn Ali
342:
334:
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296:
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285:
281:
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276:Golan Heights
273:
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259:
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232:Qal'at Ja'bar
229:
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190:Amir al-ʿarab
186:
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158:
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150:
146:
145:Syrian Desert
142:
138:
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126:
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97:
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95:Amir al-ʿarab
92:
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83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Burid Emirate
46:
42:
39:Bedouin Emirs
37:
30:
24:
19:
3363:
3134:Banu Yashkur
2726:
2692:
2688:
2652:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2612:
2608:Chatty, Dawn
2591:
2587:
2567:
2546:
2534:Bibliography
2496:
2476:
2469:
2445:
2411:
2387:
2365:
2339:
2332:
2310:
2269:. Retrieved
2263:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2221:
2201:
2112:
2071:
2062:
2043:
2017:
1990:
1947:
1712:
1702:
1661:1480–1481/82
1649:amir al-arab
1648:
1579:1412–1414/15
1059:
997:Saudi Arabia
994:
955:
939:
915:
907:
887:
858:
836:
829:
821:Beqaa Valley
802:
799:
790:
784:
778:
774:
770:
766:
757:
745:
711:
706:
700:
695:
690:
683:
620:
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594:
588:
580:
556:
554:
544:
532:
526:
501:
499:
482:
476:
457:
408:
377:
338:
291:sedentarized
288:
268:Beqaa Valley
260:
213:
203:
188:
179:against the
136:
120:
119:
93:
3390:Arab tribes
3094:Abd al-Qays
2778:Arab tribes
2776:Historical
2730:. Equinox.
1523:Sulayman II
972:, but also
958:Six-Day War
934:Six-Day War
888:During the
866:Hula Valley
853:Circassians
841:Banu Nu'aym
732:Ottoman era
679:Jabal Salma
645:regions of
424:Ibn Khaldun
303:Hula Valley
286:newcomers.
218:(fiefs) in
153:Middle Ages
151:during the
3403:Categories
3312:al-Samayda
3129:Taym Allah
3109:Banu Dhuhl
2639:2016-05-08
2271:2016-05-24
1722:9004132864
1695:References
1588:Haditha II
1237:Sulayman I
1211:Muhanna II
1172:Muhanna II
1146:Muhanna II
1120:Muhanna II
1072:1220s–1232
1043:Progenitor
974:Muadimiyah
884:Modern era
872:to a semi-
754:each year.
675:Jabal Ajaʾ
579:made ʿIsa
491:Banu Kilab
394:, and his
355:rulers of
284:Circassian
139:) were an
2976:Abd-Shams
2915:Banu Kanz
2821:Banu Asad
2717:161392172
2677:178868071
2280:cite book
1681:Mudlij II
1644:1429–1436
1631:1427–1429
1605:ca. 1417–
1566:1406–1412
1553:1399–1406
1540:1398–1399
1527:1396–1398
1488:1383–1384
1475:1380–1383
1462:1379–1380
1449:1379–1380
1436:1375–1379
1423:1373–1375
1410:1368–1373
1384:1366–1368
1371:1364–1366
1358:1361–1364
1345:1350–1361
1332:1348–1350
1293:1347–1348
1280:1345–1347
1267:1343–1345
1254:1342–1343
1241:1341–1342
1228:1335–1341
1215:1330–1335
1202:1322–1330
1189:1320–1322
1176:1317–1320
1163:1312-1317
1150:1295–1312
1137:1293–1295
1124:1284–1293
1111:1261–1284
1098:1240–1260
1085:1232–1240
1081:Muhanna I
986:al-Kiswah
874:sedentism
694:title of
659:al-Harrah
627:Euphrates
573:al-ʿUmari
497:kinsmen.
412:Barmakids
390:ruler of
384:Tughtekin
365:conquered
361:Crusaders
357:Palestine
341:Banu Tayy
333:Banu Tayy
220:Salamiyah
181:Crusaders
165:Banu Tayy
103:Salamiyah
3388:Part of
3295:Juhaynah
3173:Tha'laba
3153:Ghatafan
2935:Mustaliq
2925:Khath'am
2890:Al-Haram
2811:Banu Amr
2610:(2010).
2600:41608461
2544:(1995).
1669:Ibn Sayf
1627:Mudlij I
1458:Mu'ayqil
1406:Mu'ayqil
1034:ca. 1107
936:in 1967.
870:nomadism
760:Ottomans
687:Ilkhanid
671:Banu Lam
506:al-Kamil
495:Mirdasid
440:Muhammad
438:prophet
428:al-Abbas
392:Damascus
353:Jarrahid
295:Damascus
263:Ottomans
185:Ayyubids
129:آل فَضْل
108:Lord of
101:Lord of
73:ca. 1107
33:آل فَضْل
3364:Al Fadl
3337:Hanzala
3285:Balqayn
3258:Muharib
3234:Qushayr
3224:Khafaja
3187:Hawazin
3158:Dhubyan
3141:Taghlib
3124:Shayban
3084:Muzayna
3047:Madhhaj
3033:Khuthir
2971:Quraysh
2966:Jadhima
2930:Khuza'a
2895:Hudhayl
2851:Khazraj
1657:Sayf II
1640:Qirqmas
1198:Fadl II
1159:Fadl II
1051:Haditha
942:Lebanon
849:Kurdish
845:Turkmen
825:Anazzah
775:iqtaʿat
742:Ottoman
740:During
714:Muhanna
703:Palmyra
691:iqtaʿat
667:Shammar
651:al-Jawf
643:Arabian
605:Palmyra
590:iqtaʿat
577:Baybars
567:at the
565:Mongols
510:emirate
473:al-Adil
460:Ayyubid
436:Islamic
432:Quraysh
420:Baghdad
416:Abbasid
323:Origins
318:History
272:Annazah
244:Muhanna
224:Palmyra
215:iqtaʿat
199:Bedouin
177:Zengids
157:Lebanon
137:Āl Faḍl
121:Al Fadl
110:Palmyra
78:Founder
70:Founded
44:Country
26:Āl Faḍl
3373:Thamud
3359:Jarrah
3349:Tanukh
3317:Sa'ida
3275:Bahra'
3270:Quda'a
3253:Bahila
3243:Sulaym
3197:Thaqif
3163:Fazara
3114:Hanifa
3099:Anizah
3089:Rabi'a
3072:Zubaid
3037:Lihyan
2993:Hashim
2981:Umayya
2957:Ghifar
2952:Damrah
2942:Kinana
2920:Kahlan
2910:Jurhum
2900:Judham
2885:Hamdan
2880:Bajila
2873:Zahran
2826:Ash'ar
2734:
2715:
2709:608712
2707:
2675:
2669:613705
2667:
2620:
2598:
2575:
2554:
2209:
2050:
1719:
1575:Husayn
1549:Nu'ayr
1497:Uthman
1471:Nu'ayr
1341:Fayyad
1315:Fayyad
1250:Isa II
1030:Fadl I
1024:Notes
1005:Riyadh
1001:Khalid
990:Sa'sa'
982:Artouz
970:Qatana
966:Qaboun
919:Beirut
902:Syrian
894:Israel
837:Jawlan
811:Mawali
752:sultan
655:Jawlan
639:Ghouta
529:Mamluk
508:, the
464:Hauran
444:Abbasa
396:Zengid
369:Syrian
363:, who
252:Mongol
240:Arabia
210:Mamluk
183:. The
173:Burids
149:steppe
133:ALA-LC
125:Arabic
88:Titles
29:Arabic
3378:Yaman
3332:Tamim
3327:Shuja
3322:Shehr
3305:Salih
3265:Qedar
3248:Ghani
3229:Kilab
3217:Uqayl
3207:Hilal
3168:Murra
3079:Maqil
3067:Nukha
3042:Lakhm
3029:Kinda
3020:Zuhra
3005:Jumah
2998:Abbas
2905:Ju'fa
2868:Ghamd
2858:Bariq
2841:Ansar
2831:Aslam
2816:Anmar
2806:Amila
2713:S2CID
2705:JSTOR
2673:S2CID
2665:JSTOR
2596:JSTOR
2230:(PDF)
1685:–1538
1618:–1427
1614:Adhra
1601:Faraj
1514:–1396
1501:1384–
1484:Zamil
1445:Zamil
1419:Hayar
1393:Zamil
1380:Hayar
1367:Zamil
1354:Hayar
1328:Hayar
1302:Ahmad
1276:Ahmad
1107:Isa I
1068:Mani'
1021:Reign
861:Druze
807:plume
780:timar
707:iqtaʿ
663:Hejaz
647:Tayma
631:Basra
610:iqtaʿ
585:Syria
561:Qutuz
388:Burid
280:Druze
195:emirs
3429:Tayy
3354:Tayy
3300:Kalb
3290:Jarm
3280:Bali
3212:Ka'b
3202:Amir
3148:Qays
3015:Taym
3010:Sahm
2863:Daws
2732:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2286:link
2207:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1672:1496
1510:Musa
1432:Qara
1397:1368
1319:1348
1306:1348
1289:Sayf
1263:Sayf
1224:Musa
1018:Emir
980:and
847:and
816:Hajj
791:akçe
786:akçe
758:The
718:Fadl
677:and
669:and
649:and
635:Najd
520:and
514:Homs
468:Homs
404:Hajj
380:emir
373:Fadl
367:the
347:ibn
311:1967
309:and
307:1948
282:and
261:The
248:Fadl
246:and
228:Homs
175:and
147:and
141:Arab
3180:Abs
3119:Ijl
3062:Awd
3057:Ans
2988:Adi
2846:Aws
2836:Azd
2801:Akk
2796:ʿĀd
2697:doi
2657:doi
1562:Ijl
1094:Ali
1003:in
3405::
2711:.
2703:.
2693:12
2691:.
2671:.
2663:.
2653:38
2651:.
2592:51
2590:.
2506:^
2486:^
2455:^
2421:^
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