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817:'s spokesman, also helped sell the idea that Gore claimed to have "invented the internet". Computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued against this characterization. Internet pioneers Cerf and Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet." Cerf would also later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the
852:, also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got , we were both part of a 'futures group'—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen." In 2008, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated:
3118:(Abstract) House Majority Leader Dick Armey has appointed himself the chief congressional critic of Al Gore, taking every opportunity to attack the vice president. "Armey believes we should let the sun shine on what Gore stands for," said Jim Wilkinson, the congressman's spokesman. "As long as Gore comes up with nutty ideas, we'll come up with sharp responses." The unofficial "truth squad" began in earnest when an Armey aide heard Mr. Gore say in a CNN interview that he "took the initiative in creating the Internet."
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improving the conduct of science and scholarship ... the
Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication. As an example, he sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises.
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663:, which was "to give every child in America access to high quality educational technology by the dawn of the new century." Gore also stated that the administration planned "to connect every classroom to the Internet by the year 2000." On April 28, 1998, Gore honored numerous volunteers who had been involved with NetDay and "who helped connect students to the Internet in 700 of the poorest schools in the country" via "an interactive online session with children across the country."
494:, "Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy." Stix described them as a "distinct statement about where the new administration stands on the matter of technology ... Gone is the ambivalence or outright hostility toward government involvement in little beyond basic science. Although Gore is most famous for his political career and environmental work, he is also noted for his creation of the internet." Campbell-Kelly and Aspray further note in
486:"robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications, and national computer networks. Also earmarked are a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage." These initiatives were met with some skepticism from critics who claimed that "the initiative is likely to backfire, bloating Congressional pork, and creating whole new categories of Federal waste." These initiatives were outlined in the report
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the early 1980s, I called for creation of a national network of "information superhighways," the only people interested were the manufacturers of optical fiber. Back then, of course, high-speed meant 56,000 bits per second. Today we are building a national information infrastructure that will carry billions of bits of data per second, serve thousands of users simultaneously, and transmit not only electronic mail and data files but voice and video as well.
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agencies, the U.S. court system, and the U.S. military onto the
Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On 17 July 1996. President Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 – Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to fully utilize information technology to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."
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519:, that these initiatives played a critical role in the development of digital technology, stating that, "Two powerful forces drove the rapid emergence of the superhighway notion in 1994 .... The second driving force behind the superhighway idea continued to be Vice President Gore." In addition, Clinton and Gore submitted the report,
564:, which stated that under a new policy the White House would "provide better encryption to individuals and businesses while ensuring that the needs of law enforcement and national security are met. Encryption is a law and order issue, since it can be used by criminals to thwart wiretaps and avoid detection and prosecution."
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he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative in creating the
Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day.
933:. The new network would not "be a liberal network, a Democratic network or a political network", Gore said, but would serve as an "independent voice" for a target audience of people between 18 and 34 "who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own."
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I didn't ask him about the
Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley ... Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what
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students have computers in their homes; less than 7% of
African-American children do. We can't create a nation of information haves and have-nots. The on-ramps to the information superhighway must be accessible to all, and that will only happen if the telecommunications industry is accessible to all.
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article "Clinton to
Promote High Technology, With Gore in Charge." They planned to finance research "that will flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry." Specifically, they were aiming to fund the development of
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The
Internet and other new information technologies cannot turn back the ecological clock, of course. But they can help environmental scientists push back the frontiers of knowledge and help ordinary citizens grasp the urgency of preserving our natural world ... But more than delivering information
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We've got to get it right. We must make sure that all children have access. We have to make sure that the children of
Anacostia have that access, not just Bethesda; Watts, not just Brentwood; Chicago's West Side, not just Evanston. That's not the case now. Twenty-two percent of white primary-school
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website on 21 October 1994. It would be followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000. The White House website was part of a general movement by this administration towards web-based communication: "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal
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for its use of online technologies with television. In his acceptance speech, Gore stated, "we are trying to open up the television medium so that viewers can help to make television and join the conversation of democracy and reclaim
American democracy by talking about the choices we have to make.
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After this interview, Gore became the subject of controversy and ridicule when his statement, "I took the initiative in creating the
Internet", was widely quoted out of context. It was often misquoted by comedians and figures in American popular media who framed this statement as a claim that Gore
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Since I first became interested in high-speed networking almost seventeen years ago, there have been many major advances both in the technology and in public awareness. Articles on high-speed networks are commonplace in major newspapers and in news magazines. In contrast, when as a House member in
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Gore was involved in a number of other projects related to digital technology. He expressed his concerns for online privacy through his 1998 "Electronic Bill of Rights" speech in which he stated: "We need an electronic bill of rights for this electronic age ... You should have the right to choose
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As far back as the 1970s Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just
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I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country
602:. All three encryption initiatives thus failed to gain widespread acceptance by consumers or support from the industry. The ability of a proposal such as the Clipper Chip to meet the stated goals, especially that of enabling better encryption to individuals, was disputed by a number of experts.
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of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the
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In the early 1990s the Internet was big news ... In the fall of 1990, there were just 313,000 computers on the Internet; by 1996, there were close to 10 million. The networking idea became politicized during the 1992 Clinton–Gore election campaign, where the rhetoric of the information highway
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by the end of this school year" was met. Clinton also described this event as part of a time of "absolutely astonishing transformation; a moment of great possibility. All of you know that the information and technology explosion will offer to you and to the young people of the future more
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to scientists, equipping citizens with new tools to improve their world, and making offices cheaper and more efficient, Cyberspace is achieving something even more enduring and profound: It's changing the very way we think. It is extending our reach, and that is transforming our grasp.
320:, such as those of General Electric. Gore had been involved with computers since the late 1970s, first as a Congressman (1977–1985) and later as senator and vice president. A 1998 article described him as a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his day as a futurist '
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who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."
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654:, as part of the drive to connect California public schools to the Internet. In a speech given at YVH, Clinton stated that he was excited to see that his challenge the previous September to "Californians to connect at least 20 percent of your schools to the
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Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!" In 2005, when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the
490:. In September 1993, they released a report calling for the creation of a "nationwide information superhighway," which would primarily be built by private industry. Gary Stix commented on these initiatives a few months prior in his May 1993 article for
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Gore had discussed his concerns with computer technology and levels of access in his 1994 article, "No More Information Have and Have Nots." He was particularly interested in implementing measures, which would grant all children access to the
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On January 13, 1994, Gore "became the first U.S. vice president to hold a live interactive news conference on an international computer network". Gore was also asked to write the foreword to the first edition of the 1993 internet guide,
466:, created the Mosaic Web browser, the commercial Internet's technological springboard. 'If it had been left to private industry, it wouldn't have happened,' Andreessen says of Gore's bill, 'at least, not until years later.'
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A second development occurred around this time, namely, then-Senator Al Gore, a strong and knowledgeable proponent of the Internet, promoted legislation that resulted in President George H.W Bush signing the
771:. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.
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1467:"Congressional Record: Presentation on the National High Performance Computer Technology Act" and "Opening Remarks before the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space by Senator Al Gore"
324:' in the House. Before computers were comprehensible ... Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues." According to Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (
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422:. His essay, "Infrastructure for the Global Village", commented on the lack of network access described above and argued: "Rather than holding back, the U.S. should lead by building the
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330:), up until the early 1990s public usage of the Internet was limited and the "problem of giving ordinary Americans network access had excited Senator Al Gore since the late 1970s."
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predicted that the bill would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry.
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575:. Since the government was seen as possibly having a need to access encrypted data originating in other countries, the pressure to establish such a system was worldwide.
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opportunities and challenges than any generation of Americans has ever seen." In a prepared statement, Gore added that NetDay was part of one of the major goals of the
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Circle Award: "In recognition of his visionary leadership in building global awareness of computer networking through the National Information Highway Initiative."
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in 1994, which further outlined their plans to develop science and technology in the United States. Gore also discussed these plans in speeches that he made at
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391:. The NREN brought together industry, academia and government in a joint effort to accelerate the development and deployment of gigabit/sec networking.
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884:, he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by
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The Technology Challenge: How Can America Spark Private Innovation? by Vice President Al Gore, University of Pennsylvania, February 14, 1996
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captured the public imagination. On taking office in 1993, the new administration set in place a range of government initiatives for a
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556:, which "Clinton inherited from a multi-year National Security Agency effort," was a method of hardware encryption with a government
1298:", Prepared Remarks of Vice President Al Gore. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, MD. February 12, 1996
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believed he had personally invented the Internet. Gore's actual words were widely reaffirmed by notable Internet pioneers, such as
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in "Delivering Electronic Information in a Knowledge – Based Democracy. Summary of Proceedings." (Washington D.C., July 14, 1993).
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high speed networks must be built that tie together millions of computers, providing capabilities that we cannot even imagine."
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in "National high performance computer technology act: SIGGRAPH and national high-tech public policy issues" by Donna J. Cox,
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678:, and increased communication between people through his involvement with "the largest one-day online event" for that time,
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Remarks on the National Information Infrastructure by Vice President Al Gore at the National Press club, December 21, 1993
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With this resistance and lack of industry support, the Clipper Chip and key escrow initiatives were abandoned by 1996.
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The Tenth Annual Discover Awards - U.S. government wants to focus on information technology research in 21st century
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Remarks As Delivered by Vice President Al Gore at the International Telecommunication Union, Monday, March 21, 1994
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also participated, acting as one of the event's 150 photographers. Gore contributed the introductory essay to the
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2652:"Remarks by the President to the Concord Community on NetDay: Ygnacio Valley High School, Concord, California"
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Remarks as Delivered by Vice President Al Gore to The Superhighway Summit, Royce Hall, UCLA, January 11, 1994
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1249:. Report of the National Performance Review and the Government Information Technology Services Board, 1997.
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Indeed, Kleinrock would later credit both Gore and the Gore Bill as a critical moment in Internet history:
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Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks
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Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks
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Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks
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Prior to its passage, Gore discussed the basics of the bill in an article for the September 1991 issue of
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2704:"GORE, RILEY, AND KENNARD HONOR NETDAY VOLUNTEERS ANNOUNCE GUIDE TO ONLINE MENTORING, COMPUTER DONATIONS"
758:'s question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of
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3434:"The Computerworld Honors Program: Honoring Those Who Use Information Technology to Benefit Society"
3243:"Webby Awards not laughing at Gore's contribution to Net Former Vice President of the United States"
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2625:"Clinton, Gore in Concord Today for NetDay: 20,000 volunteers wire computers at California schools"
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375:(the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).
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from 1993 to 2001. In the 1980s and 1990s, he promoted legislation that funded an expansion of the
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Catalina Camia (30 May 1999). "Armey takes lead in criticizing Gore's potential campaign themes".
2408:"The Clinton White House Web Site:Part 1: Perhaps the most important Web site in American history"
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1517:. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628–644.
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Gore continued his involvement with the computer industry and new technologies after he left the
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Vint Cerf, Internet Co-founder, Describes Al Gore's role in the Creation of the Internet (video)
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The Clinton White House Web Site Part 1: Perhaps the most important Web site in American history
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2275:"The CompuServe Information Service: Transcript of Vice President Al Gore in Convention Center"
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387:. This Act allocated $ 600 million for high performance computing and for the creation of the
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2971:"Who Invented 'Invented'?:Tracing the Real Story of the 'Al Gore Invented the Internet' Hoax"
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2245:"Remarks As Delivered by Vice President Al Gore at the International Telecommunication Union"
2219:"Remarks as Delivered by Vice President Al Gore to The Superhighway Summit, Royce Hall, UCLA"
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Strategic Planning Document -Information and Communications America in the Age of Information
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Gore discussed the possibility of running for president in the 2000 election. In response to
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Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax
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Of Gore's involvement in the then-developing Internet while in Congress, Internet pioneers
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Gore had a chance to fulfill this promise when he and President Clinton participated in
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aimed at ensuring that all American citizens ultimately gain access to the new networks.
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at the University of Illinois, where a team of programmers, including Netscape founder
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2358:"The Clinton White House Web Site:Part 2: Preserving the Clinton White House Web site"
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Chapman, Gary; Rotenberg, Marc (1995). Johnson, Deborah G.; Nissanbaum, Helen (eds.).
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Technology for America's economic growth, a new direction to build economic strength
426:, essential if all Americans are to gain access to this transforming technology""...
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system, in which keys to all encrypted data and communications would reside with a
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On June 24, 1986, Gore introduced S-2594, Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.
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The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition).
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can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."
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that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview.
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Perhaps one of the most important results of the Gore Bill was the development of
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Honors Program Honoring Those Who Use Information Technology to Benefit Society:
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1397:"Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy."
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2521:"INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Europeans Reject U.S. Plan On Electronic Cryptography"
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As vice president, Gore promoted the development of what he referred to as the
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3132:"What I've Learned: Vint Cerf, Creator of the Internet, 64, McLean, Virginia"
2502:"The Risks of Key Recovery, Key Escrow, & Trusted Third Party Encryption"
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The Internet Companion:A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition)
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Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks
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The Internet Companion:A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition)
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Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on the
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during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress,
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3459:"2007 Awards for the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences"
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whether your personal information is disclosed." He also began promoting a
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The Technology Challenge: What is the Role of Science in American Society?
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Washington, DC: The White House, February 22, 1993 (with William Clinton).
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2804:"Earth-Viewing Satellite Would Focus On Educational, Scientific Benefits"
2116:"Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy"
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Bringing Information to the World: The Global Information Infrastructure
359:(commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report
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Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy
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Second and third (1995–2000) version of Vice President Gore's homepage
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3349:"ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS AND SCIENCES 59 TH PRIMETIME EMMY AWARDS"
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Kleinrock, Leonard; Cerf, Vint; Kahn, Bob; et al. (2003-12-10).
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The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity
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2013:"The Early Adopter - Al Gore and the Internet - Government Activity"
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Kleinrock, Leonard; Kahn, Bob; Clark, David; et al. (1988).
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2786:"Press Release: Vice President Al Gore: Privacy: July 31, 1998"
1895:"Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991"
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The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking
3185:"CNN LATE EDITION WITH WOLF BLITZER: 10th Anniversary Special"
2305:"Foreword by Vice President Al Gore to The Internet Companion"
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The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier
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873:(which for this show was called the "Top Ten Rejected Gore –
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560:. In 1994, Vice President Gore issued a memo on the topic of
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Prior to the late 1970s, data communication was primarily on
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is a United States politician who served successively in the
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Access America: Reengineering Through Information Technology
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The Clinton–Gore administration launched the first official
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First (1994–1995) version of Vice President Gore's homepage
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Rheingold, Howard (2000). "Afterword to the 1994 Edition".
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Rheingold, Howard (2000). "Afterword to the 1994 Edition".
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In a speech to the American Political Science Association,
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Urban legend that Gore claims to have invented the Internet
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by Tracy LaQuey. In the foreword, he stated the following:
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at UCLA and for the International Telecommunication Union.
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The White House, National Science and Technology Council.
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Information Superhighways: The Next Information Revolution
1355:"We're all going to be connected (Letter to the editor)."
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Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television
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Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television
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installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on
3188:
2904:"Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'"
2875:"Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'"
2853:
2046:"Clinton to Promote High Technology, With Gore in Charge"
1941:
Gore, Al (1991). "Infrastructure for the Global Village"
1926:
Gore, Al (1991). "Infrastructure for the Global Village"
1420:
High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991
1133:
Agenda for Cooperation:Global Information Infrastructure
735:, 1.5 million km away. Gore also became associated with
650:'96 on March 9, 1996. Clinton and Gore spent the day at
511:
These initiatives were discussed in a number of venues.
470:
385:
High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991
356:
High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991
3416:"Vice President Albert Gore Accepts Cisco Circle Award"
2185:
Clinton, William; Gore, Al; et al. (August 1994).
3510:
Final (2000) version of Vice President Gore's homepage
2352:
2350:
2063:
Clinton, William; Gore, Al; et al. (1993-02-22).
1689:
1032:
International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
901:
in 2001. He is a member of the Board of Directors of
850:
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
3501:- First White House website, launched Oct. 21, 1994.
1882:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. pp. 628–644.
1254:
Basic Principles for Building an Information Society
2347:
1168:Washington, DC: The White House, August 1994 (with
395:The bill was passed on Dec. 9, 1991 and led to the
311:
1769:
1423:
1219:
1201:Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit
2948:Kahn, Bob; Cerf, Vint; et al. (2000-09-29).
1815:
1581:UCLA TODAY, Vol. 14, #9, January 13, 1994:1, 4. (
4078:
2993:
2991:
2832:The 5th International Symposium on Digital Earth
1877:
1844:"The Internet rules of engagement: then and now"
515:argued in the 1994 afterword to his noted text,
1072:Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing
684:. The event took place on 8 February 1996, and
578:These policies met with strong opposition from
460:National Center for Supercomputing Applications
3109:
2678:"Statement by the Vice President about Netday"
2586:
2165:
2163:
2154:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
1670:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
1499:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
1237:"Technology Proficient Teachers." (Transcript)
1003:Toshiba America Leadership Award for Education
769:I took the initiative in creating the Internet
496:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
327:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
3537:
3062:"Iraq Media Guy Rebuilds Qatar At the Garden"
2988:
2701:
2643:
984:
822:Internet. So he really does deserve credit."
813:, who at the time was working as congressman
567:Another initiative proposed a software-based
266:
2669:
2425:
1690:Robert Kahn; Vinton Cerf (October 2, 2000).
1089:
819:National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
728:would have been permanently mounted in the L
363:submitted to Congress by a group chaired by
3236:
3234:
3084:
2867:
2728:"Picture This:Tipper Gore, Photojournalist"
2184:
2160:
2062:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1475:, Volume 23, Issue 4, August 1989: 276–280.
1197:
921:Holdings, a company co-founded by Gore and
3544:
3530:
3418:. cisco.com. June 23, 1993. Archived from
3123:
2764:"Vice President Al Gore's introduction to
2622:
2065:"Technology for America's Economic Growth"
1724:"Roads and Crossroads of Internet History"
1685:
1683:
1044:and for work in the area of global warming
940:on August 1, 2005. On September 16, 2007,
936:The network was relaunched under the name
273:
259:
3059:
2997:
2616:
2595:"NO MORE INFORMATION HAVES AND HAVE-NOTS"
2484:"National Research Council Press Release"
2431:
2169:
2088:
1748:. Computer History Museum. Archived from
1496:Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William.
1457:The Information Superhighways of Tomorrow
1335:, Vol. 106 Issue 43, October 22, 1994: 6.
1324:, vol. 27, no. 12, December, 1994: 45–47.
1302:Vice President Al Gore's introduction to
1135:" Diane Publishing, February, 1995 (with
805:led to the creation of the widely spread
747:In a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's
3995:The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change
3377:"2007 Primetime Emmys Acceptance Speech"
3231:
3029:
2947:
2531:on 21 July 2012 – via NYTimes.com.
2030:
1983:"Mosaic -- The First Global Web Browser"
1958:"NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo"
1880:"Computers, Ethics, & Social Values"
1742:"Computher History Museum Exhibits:1991"
1634:
1416:, January–February 1991, Vol. 25: 21–23.
1316:"Innovation delayed is innovation denied
1278:The Metaphor of Distributed Intelligence
1110:
1093:The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change
1084:Books, forewords, and other publications
1077:
956:
953:More to come. Current.com. Next month."
824:
607:
488:Technology for America's Economic Growth
458:Gore's legislation also helped fund the
17:
3177:
3129:
2518:
2094:
1680:
1329:No more information haves and have-nots
1270:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
892:
389:National Research and Education Network
4079:
3894:High Performance Computing Act of 1991
3865:An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power
3268:
3266:
3264:
3144:from the original on 18 September 2008
2921:
2885:from the original on 17 September 2008
2708:US Education Department Press Releases
2577:
2519:Andrews, Edmund L. (October 9, 1997).
2095:Andrews, Edmund (September 15, 1993).
2010:
1715:
1704:from the original on 19 September 2008
1515:Computers, Ethics, & Social Values
912:
712:that would provide a constant view of
695:section of the website, arguing that:
353:As a senator, Gore began to craft the
3525:
3328:
3053:
2695:
2043:
1841:
1640:
1577:Gore Details Telecommunications Ideas
666:He also reinforced the impact of the
588:Electronic Privacy Information Center
471:Gore and the Information Superhighway
399:(NII) which Gore referred to as the "
371:, one of the central creators of the
365:University of California, Los Angeles
3275:"Accepting a Webby? Brevity, Please"
3272:
3240:
3163:"Al Gore in 'Internet Hall of Fame'"
2998:Rosenberg, Scott (October 5, 2000).
2968:
2746:"Earthwatch: 24 Hours in Cyberspace"
2675:
2654:. Clinton Foundation. Archived from
2592:
2302:
2272:
2242:
2216:
2113:
2044:Broad, William (November 10, 1992).
1909:from the original on 10 January 2008
1892:
1574:Lee, Cynthia and Linda Steiner Lee.
3899:National Information Infrastructure
3567:Vice President of the United States
3331:"Al Gore Buying Int'l News Channel"
3296:
3261:
2649:
2561:"Crypto Experts' Letter on Clipper"
1591:. "Afterword to the 1994 edition."
1022:: History/current events/politics,
505:National Information Infrastructure
397:National Information Infrastructure
74:Vice President of the United States
13:
3611:Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988
2766:Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace
2187:"Science in The National Interest"
2151:Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (1996).
2128:10.1038/scientificamerican0593-122
1860:from the original on July 22, 2007
1773:Toward a National Research Network
1721:
1506:Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg.
1428:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1403:, September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.
1386:1993 Discover Awards: Introduction
1339:1994 Discover Awards: Introduction
1304:Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace
1192:"Foreword," and "Prepared Remarks"
1144:Foreword by Vice President Al Gore
361:Toward a National Research Network
14:
4108:
3480:
3311:from the original on 13 June 2008
3285:from the original on May 13, 2011
3042:from the original on 14 July 2007
3030:Boehlert, Eric (April 26, 2008).
2311:from the original on 16 June 2007
1818:"A Brief History of the Internet"
1667:Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (1996).
1260:, Vol. 1, No. 12, September 1996.
4061:
4060:
3302:
3169:. April 24, 2012. Archived from
3087:"A war story I wish I'd written"
2623:Rubenstein, Steve (1996-03-09).
2448:"Gore Crypto Statement (2/4/94)"
1903:George Bush Presidential Library
1893:Bush, George H.W. (1991-12-09).
1824:from the original on 4 June 2007
1798:from the original on 18 May 2007
1641:Miles, Sarah (30 January 1998).
1463:November 1989 Volume 4 Number 3.
1286:, VOl 272 12 April 1996: 177–80.
1239:Presidents & Prime Ministers
1164:Science in the National Interest
521:Science in the National Interest
312:Congressional work and Gore Bill
246:
240:
36:
3840:Alliance for Climate Protection
3451:
3426:
3408:
3389:
3369:
3341:
3322:
3220:from the original on 3 May 2007
3202:
3155:
3130:Fussman, Cal (April 24, 2008).
3103:
3078:
3032:"Wired Owes Al Gore an Apology"
3023:
3000:"Did Gore invent the Internet?"
2962:
2941:
2896:
2850:"Al Gore: Waiting in the wings"
2842:
2820:
2796:
2778:
2756:
2738:
2720:
2571:
2553:
2535:
2512:
2494:
2476:
2458:
2440:
2400:
2375:
2322:
2296:
2266:
2236:
2210:
2199:from the original on 2007-12-01
2178:
2145:
2107:
2056:
2004:
1975:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1886:
1551:A Brief History of the Internet
1437:"The Digitization of Schools,"
1220:Articles, reports, and speeches
925:, purchased cable news channel
367:professor of computer science,
3914:Deep Space Climate Observatory
3889:Role in information technology
2466:"Commercial Encryption Policy"
1871:
1835:
1809:
1763:
1734:
1661:
864:Late Show with David Letterman
799:argued that three articles in
750:Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer
584:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
3279:American Broadcasting Company
3085:Harvey Rice (21 March 2004).
3060:Ben Smith (27 October 2003).
1480:
624:in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996
590:, scientific groups like the
3273:Carr, David (June 8, 2005).
3167:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2702:Press Release (1998-04-28).
2578:Godwin, Mike (May 1, 2000).
2383:"Welcome to the White House"
2330:"Welcome to the White House"
2011:Perine, Keith (2000-10-23).
1643:"A Man, a Plan, a Challenge"
1461:Academic Computing Magazine.
1204:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7:
3551:
3329:Sayre, Alan (May 4, 2005).
3070:. p. 1. Archived from
2969:Agre, Philip (2000-10-17).
2157:. New York: BasicBooks, 283
1503:New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
1065:
173:Vice presidential campaigns
69:U.S. Senator from Tennessee
10:
4113:
2950:"Al Gore and the Internet"
1692:"Al Gore and the Internet"
1373:"The Role of Networking."
1096:. New York: Random House.
1013:Lifetime Achievement Award
985:Selected honors and awards
652:Ygnacio Valley High School
622:Ygnacio Valley High School
424:information infrastructure
4056:
4011:
3958:
3942:
3881:
3822:
3749:
3684:
3663:
3632:
3623:
3599:
3559:
787:Former UCLA professor of
592:National Research Council
448:credited by most scholars
433:
3904:Information superhighway
1627:
1530:Al Gore and the Internet
1361:, 28 February 1994: A15.
1258:USIA Electronic Journals
1061:(interactive technology)
1015:(interactive technology)
905:and a senior advisor to
848:, the former Republican
795:, as well as journalist
656:Information Superhighway
477:Information Superhighway
401:information superhighway
290:House of Representatives
45:This article is part of
4097:Politics and technology
4092:History of the Internet
3909:The Superhighway Summit
2828:"Digital Earth History"
2630:San Francisco Chronicle
2593:Gore, Al (1994-10-22).
2273:Gore, Al (1994-01-13).
2243:Gore, Al (1994-03-21).
2217:Gore, Al (1994-01-11).
2114:Stix, Gary (May 1993).
2019:. The Industry Standard
1583:The Superhighway Summit
1369:The Superhighway Summit
1358:The Wall Street Journal
927:NewsWorld International
870:Letterman's Top 10 List
525:The Superhighway Summit
4002:An Inconvenient Sequel
3919:24 Hours in Cyberspace
3835:Environmental activism
3779:running mate selection
3365:on September 26, 2007.
2973:. UCSD. Archived from
2790:www.techlawjournal.com
1377:, January 3, 1994: 17.
1310:24 Hours in Cyberspace
1159:by Tracy LaQuey, 1994.
859:
841:
773:
702:
681:24 Hours in Cyberspace
661:Clinton administration
640:
625:
542:
509:
468:
393:
348:
220:Environmental activism
112:Presidential campaigns
106:Information technology
89:Clinton administration
26:
3981:The Assault on Reason
3974:An Inconvenient Truth
3846:An Inconvenient Truth
3422:on February 24, 2007.
3398:The Assault on Reason
3067:The New York Observer
2752:on February 12, 2008.
2734:on February 13, 2008.
2580:"Rendering Unto CESA"
2434:The Virtual Community
2279:clintonfoundation.org
2172:The Virtual Community
1595:Cambridge: MIT, 2000.
1117:. New York: Penguin.
1114:The Assault on Reason
1090:Albert Gore. (2013).
1078:Selected publications
1025:The Assault on Reason
966:The Assault on Reason
958:The Assault on Reason
854:
828:
764:
697:
635:
611:
537:
500:
456:
380:
343:
318:time sharing services
226:An Inconvenient Truth
21:
3967:Earth in the Balance
3830:Global Marshall Plan
3241:A.P. (May 5, 2005).
3099:on 12 November 2004.
1899:bushlibrary.tamu.edu
1842:Kleinrock, Leonard.
1307:. February 8, 1996.
1198:Albert Gore (1992).
1049:Primetime Emmy Award
893:Post-vice presidency
720:photo from the 1972
582:groups, such as the
3582:U.S. Representative
3113:Dallas Morning News
3074:on 24 January 2010.
2120:Scientific American
1746:computerhistory.org
1612:Scientific American
1452:, 15 July 1990: B3.
1449:The Washington Post
1443:, 10 December 1990.
1375:Communications Week
1273:9, 1 (Winter 1996).
913:Emmy and Current TV
789:information studies
762:", Gore responded:
600:European Commission
573:trusted third party
492:Scientific American
413:Scientific American
4047:Pauline LaFon Gore
3492:2017-01-18 at the
3356:Television Academy
3036:huffingtonpost.com
2929:"Internet of Lies"
2856:. January 27, 1998
2543:"The Clipper Chip"
2525:The New York Times
2101:The New York Times
2050:The New York Times
1987:livinginternet.com
1605:2008-03-17 at the
1566:2011-08-07 at the
1538:Kleinrock, Leonard
1534:29 September 2000.
1182:2007-06-19 at the
1154:2011-08-07 at the
990:1993 First Annual
963:Gore's 2007 book,
948:award at the 2007
842:
726:"Triana" satellite
626:
482:The New York Times
27:
4074:
4073:
3950:Awards and honors
3853:I Need to Wake Up
3818:
3817:
3685:Vice presidential
3625:Electoral History
2676:Gore, Al (1997).
2508:on June 14, 2007.
2303:Gore, Al (1993).
2249:clinton1.nara.gov
1791:978-0-309-58125-7
1722:Gromov, Gregory.
1622:, March 10, 1995.
1589:Rheingold, Howard
1493:. 17 October 2000
1472:Computer Graphics
1124:978-1-59420-122-6
1111:Al Gore. (2007).
1103:978-0-8129-9294-6
931:Vivendi Universal
450:as beginning the
405:George H. W. Bush
369:Leonard Kleinrock
341:have also noted:
283:
282:
62:
61:
4104:
4064:
4063:
3630:
3629:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3461:. Archived from
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3436:. Archived from
3430:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3358:. Archived from
3353:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3210:"Gore Does Dave"
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3173:on July 1, 2012.
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3095:. Archived from
3082:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3008:. Archived from
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2937:. 12 March 2014.
2925:
2919:
2918:
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2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
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2840:
2839:
2834:. Archived from
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:. Archived from
2760:
2754:
2753:
2748:. Archived from
2742:
2736:
2735:
2730:. Archived from
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2680:. Archived from
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2601:. Archived from
2590:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:archive.epic.org
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:archive.epic.org
2539:
2533:
2532:
2527:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:. Archived from
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:archive.epic.org
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:archive.epic.org
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:archive.epic.org
2444:
2438:
2437:
2429:
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2420:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2404:
2398:
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2394:
2385:. Archived from
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2360:. Archived from
2354:
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2332:. Archived from
2326:
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2300:
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2291:
2290:
2281:. Archived from
2270:
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2251:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
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2231:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2214:
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2191:
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2167:
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2139:
2130:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
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2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2070:. Archived from
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:findarticles.com
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1924:
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1731:
1726:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1687:
1678:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1638:
1555:10 December 2003
1429:
1425:
1394:, October, 1993.
1347:, October, 1994.
1215:
1128:
1107:
971:electronic media
917:On May 4, 2004,
836:, and President
733:Lagrangian Point
513:Howard Rheingold
429:
275:
268:
261:
250:
244:
99:2nd inauguration
94:1st inauguration
58:
57:
55:
48:
40:
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28:
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4106:
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4103:
4102:
4101:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4052:
4041:Albert Gore Sr.
4007:
3954:
3938:
3877:
3814:
3808:Bush transition
3745:
3680:
3659:
3619:
3615:Vice presidency
3595:
3555:
3550:
3494:Wayback Machine
3483:
3478:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
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3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3128:
3124:
3116:. p. 8.A.
3108:
3104:
3092:Oakland Tribune
3083:
3079:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3012:on 24 July 2008
2996:
2989:
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2710:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2658:on May 12, 2007
2650:Clinton, Bill.
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1625:
1607:Wayback Machine
1568:Wayback Machine
1558:LaQuey, Tracy.
1483:
1478:
1427:
1222:
1212:
1184:Wayback Machine
1170:William Clinton
1156:Wayback Machine
1137:Ronald H. Brown
1125:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1068:
987:
961:
950:Primetime Emmys
915:
895:
745:
731:
718:The Blue Marble
580:civil liberties
473:
464:Marc Andreessen
436:
427:
314:
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245:
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154:Florida recount
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3872:Truth to Power
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3609:
3607:Atari Democrat
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3576:from Tennessee
3570:
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3481:External links
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3216:. 2000-09-14.
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3191:. July 6, 2008
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2910:. 9 March 1999
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2881:. 1999-03-09.
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2838:on 2008-02-09.
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1851:lk.cs.ucla.edu
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1782:10.17226/10334
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1730:on 2016-08-24.
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1036:Founders Award
1028:
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995:
986:
983:
960:
955:
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911:
894:
891:
793:Philip E. Agre
744:
741:
729:
596:cryptographers
472:
469:
454:of the 1990s:
444:World Wide Web
442:in 1993. This
435:
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322:Atari Democrat
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298:Vice President
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3929:Digital Earth
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3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:2000 campaign
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:1988 campaign
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:1996 campaign
3722:
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3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
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3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:1992 campaign
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3511:
3508:
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3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3465:on 2008-03-07
3464:
3460:
3454:
3440:on 2008-02-24
3439:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3403:Penguin Press
3400:
3399:
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3383:
3382:ThinkProgress
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2977:on 2004-06-03
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2808:Science Daily
2805:
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2698:
2684:on 2011-06-09
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2605:on 2007-09-29
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2428:
2414:on 2017-01-18
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2389:on 2007-06-23
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2364:on 2011-07-22
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2336:on 2007-06-06
2335:
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2299:
2285:on 2007-05-23
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2255:on 2011-09-27
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2077:on 2007-06-19
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2007:
1993:on 2007-07-02
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834:Newt Gingrich
831:
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811:Jim Wilkinson
808:
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4029:Karenna Gore
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3888:
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3800:Bush v. Gore
3798:
3750:Presidential
3573:U.S. Senator
3467:. Retrieved
3463:the original
3453:
3442:. Retrieved
3438:the original
3428:
3420:the original
3410:
3405:, 2007): 270
3396:
3391:
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3360:the original
3355:
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3313:. Retrieved
3298:
3287:. Retrieved
3252:. Retrieved
3246:
3222:. Retrieved
3213:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3179:
3171:the original
3166:
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
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3303:Gore, Al.
3289:2008-06-15
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3195:2008-07-06
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2934:Snopes.com
2914:2007-06-02
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