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at
Cambridge. In 1970 he became the John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Biophysics at Cambridge. Around this time he also ended his experiments on nerve at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory and switched his focus to visual research which he could do in Cambridge with the help of others while serving as
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where they continued to measure resting and action potentials from inside the giant axon of the squid. Together with Katz, he provided evidence that the permeability of the neuronal cell membrane for sodium increased during an action potential, thus allowing sodium ions to diffuse inward. The data
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Their first daughter, Sarah, was born in April 1945, shortly before the
Hodgkins moved back to Cambridge. They had three more children: Deborah Hodgkin (born 2 May 1947), Jonathan Hodgkin (born 24 August 1949), and Rachel Hodgkin (born June 1951). Marni became a Children's Book Editor at
335:, which introduced conscription, and had to endure a great deal of abuse from their local community, including an attempt to throw George in one of the town canals. In 1916, George Hodgkin travelled to Armenia as part of an investigation of distress. Moved by the misery and suffering of
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who told him he would take
Hodgkin's local circuit theory of nerve impulse propagation seriously if he could show that altering the resistance of the fluid outside a nerve fibre made a difference to the velocity of nerve impulse conduction. Working with single nerve fibres from
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During his stay at the
Rockefeller Institute in 1937, Hodgkin got to know the American pathologist Francis Peyton Rous who was later awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. When Rous invited him for dinner to his home, Hodgkin got to know Rous' daughter,
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After establishing ion movements across a selectively permeable cell membrane as the mechanism of the action potential, Hodgkin turned his attention to how the ionic interchange that occurs during the action potential could be reversed afterwards. Together with
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as "in those days it was thought highly desirable that anyone intending to read science should have a reasonable knowledge of German." After his return to
England in early August 1932, his mother Mary was remarried to Lionel Smith (1880–1972), the eldest son of
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he demonstrated that in addition to the changes in permeability that lead to an action potential, there is a secretory mechanism that ejects sodium and absorbs potassium against the electrochemical gradients. A few years later, the Danish scientist
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During his studies, Hodgkin, who described himself as "having been brought up as a supporter of the
British Labour Party" was friends with communists and actively participated in the distribution of anti-war pamphlets. At Cambridge, he knew
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and they published an article on how to calculate a nerve fibre's membrane resistance, membrane capacity, its axoplasm's resistance, and the resistance of the external fluid in which the fibre is placed, from experimental observations.
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The cell membrane depolarisation sequence where a small depolarization leads to an increase in sodium permeability, which leads to influx of sodium ions, which in turn depolarizes the membrane even more is now known as the
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were finally awarded the Prize "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane". During the
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Basic components of
Hodgkin–Huxley-type models. Hodgkin–Huxley type models represent the biophysical characteristics of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer is represented as a capacitance (
744:) conductances, respectively. The electrochemical gradients driving the flow of ions are represented by batteries (E), and ion pumps and exchangers are represented by current sources (
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Providing a readable account of the little-known piece of military history that he was a part of during World War II was a main motivation for
Hodgkin to write his autobiography
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in autumn 1944 suggested an end of the war in the foreseeable future, Hodgkin started to plan his return to a career in research at
Cambridge. He renewed his collaboration with
526:, but he emphasised in his autobiography that none of his friends "made any serious effort to convert me , either then or later." From 1935 to 1937, Hodgkin was a member of the
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to measure ionic currents through the membranes of squid axons while holding the membrane voltage at a set level. They proposed that the characteristic shape of the
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Hodgkin suffered from a series of medical problems that began soon after his retirement as Master of
Trinity. In 1989 he had surgery to relieve pressure on the
590:, which ended up being the model system with which he conducted most of the research that eventually led to his Nobel Prize. In the spring of 1938, he visited
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had been awarded the Nobel Prize. This turned out to be a false alarm, however, when shortly thereafter it was announced that the 1961 Prize was awarded to
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From 1970 to 1975 Hodgkin served as the 53rd president of the Royal Society (PRS). During his tenure as PRS, he was knighted in 1972 and admitted into the
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Detwiler, P. B.; Hodgkin, A. L.; McNaughton, P. A. (1978). "A surprising property of electrical spread in the network of rods in the turtle's retina".
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622:, Hodgkin managed to set up a similar physiology setup to the one he had worked with at the Rockefeller Institute. He moved all his equipment to the
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arriving at a cold or compression block, can decrease the electrical threshold beyond the block, suggesting that the impulse produces a spread of an
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for the award. Incidentally, Hodgkin and his wife attended the Nobel Prize ceremony a second time, three years later, when Hodgkin's father-in-law,
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From an early life on, Hodgkin and his brothers were encouraged to explore the country around their home, which instilled in Alan an interest in
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1207:. He proposed to her before going back to England in 1938, but she rejected him. When Hodgkin briefly returned to the US in 1944 (see
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upbringing, Hodgkin was eager to join the war effort as contact with the Nazis during his stay in Germany in 1932 had removed all his
607:, he showed that the conduction rate was much faster in seawater than in oil, providing strong evidence for the local circuit theory.
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and describes each component of an excitable cell as an electrical element was in good agreement with their empirical measurements.
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Because of poor eyesight, he was unable to study medicine and eventually ended up working for a bank in Banbury. As members of the
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1963 – Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine together with Andrew Fielding Huxley and John Carew Eccles (for their research on
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1947:"Chance and Design in Electrophysiology: An Informal Account of Certain Experiments on Nerve Carried out between 1934 and 1952"
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he attempted to go back there in 1918 on a route through the Persian Gulf (as the northern route was closed because of the
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on cell membranes, which were confirmed only decades later. Confirmation of ion channels came with the development of the
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in his neck, which left him unable to walk without support, and with progressive disablement. Hodgkin died in 1998 in
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he decided to focus on physiology instead of zoology. Nevertheless, he participated in a zoological expedition to the
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on 10 December 1963, Hodgkin gave the traditional speech on behalf of the three neurophysiologists, thanking the
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where Hodgkin was a student from 1932 to 1935, worked as a research fellow from 1936 on and finally served as
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to export three sodium ions in exchange for two potassium ions that are imported, for which he received the
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3153:"Temporal and spatial characteristics of the voltage response of rods in the retina of the snapping turtle"
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Skou, J. C. (1957). "The influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves".
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where he worked on issues in aviation medicine, such as oxygen supply for pilots at high altitudes and the
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In the autumn of 1932, Hodgkin started as a freshman scholar at Trinity College where his friends included
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2396:"A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve"
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became a molecular biologist at Cambridge University. Deborah Hodgkin is also a successful psychologist.
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is caused by changes in the selective permeability of the membrane for different ions, specifically
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to help foster the interchange of information on developments in radar between Britain and America.
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fitted with the first airborne centimetric radar system. In February and March 1944, he visited the
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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2246:"Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo"
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1994:
Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1939). "Action Potentials Recorded from Inside a Nerve Fibre".
1866:"The Relation between Conduction Velocity and the Electrical Resistance outside a Nerve Fibre"
1299:"Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, O.M., K.B.E. 5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1948"
398:, "neither outstandingly brilliant at school" according to Hodgkin, as well as future artists
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caused by nitrogen bubbles coming out of the blood. In February 1940 he transferred to the
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2996:"Reconstruction of the electrical responses of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light"
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Cole, Kenneth S. (1949). "Dynamic electrical characteristics of the squid axon membrane".
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2344:"The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of loligo"
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Hodgkin started conducting experiments on how electrical activity is transmitted in the
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as a freshman in 1935, three years after Hodgkin. With a ÂŁ300 equipment grant from the
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3226:"Sir Alan Hodgkin | Nobel Prize, Action Potentials & Neurophysiology | Britannica"
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2197:"Measurement of Current-Voltage Relations in the Membrane of the Gian Axon of Loligo"
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2148:"The Effect of Sodium Ions on the Electrical Activity of the Giant Axon of the Squid"
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from 1961 to 1967. He also held additional administrative posts such as Chancellor,
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with whom he ended up publishing a paper. During that year he also spent time at the
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Hodgkin, Alan (1951). "The ionic basis of electrical activity in nerve and muscle".
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Hodgkin, Alan (1983). "Beginning: Some Reminiscences of my early life (1914–1947)".
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Hodgkin, Alan (1983). "Beginning: Some Reminiscences of my early life (1914–1947)".
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Hodgkin, Alan (1983). "Beginning: Some Reminiscences of my early life (1914–1947)".
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In addition, Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led them to hypothesize the existence of
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on 24 June 1918, just a few weeks after his youngest son, Keith, had been born.
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Hodgkin was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 by
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in South Wales and lived in a local guest house together with John Pringle and
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they had obtained in 1949 resulted in a series of five papers published in
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request, Hodgkin was able to restart his experiments in collaboration with
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in New York City, to work in his laboratory during 1937–38. There he met
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from inside the nerve fibre. They sent a short note of their success to
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2947:"The electrical response of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light"
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in 1934. He finished Part II of the tripos in July 1935 and stayed at
304:, Oxfordshire, on 5 February 1914. He was the oldest of three sons of
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2849:"Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors"
2015:
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730:). Voltage-gated and leak ion channels are represented by nonlinear (
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2295:"The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo"
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He served on the Royal Society Council from 1958 to 1960 and on the
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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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2617:"Active transport of cations in giant axons from Sepia and Loligo"
308:
George Hodgkin and Mary Wilson Hodgkin. His father was the son of
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1988 – W.H. Helmerich III Award of the Retina Research Foundation
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441:. After Wray Castle, he spent two months with a German family in
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2898:"Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors"
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Chance & Design - Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War
917:. In October 1961, he was told by Swedish journalists that he,
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After being released from military service in August 1945 upon
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in the nerve beyond the block. In 1936, Hodgkin was invited by
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based on a recommendation of his future Director of Studies at
3151:
Detwiler, Peter B.; Hodgkin, P. A.; McNaughton, A. L. (1980).
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From 1951 to 1969, Hodgkin was the Foulerton Professor of the
954:, was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1924:. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience. pp. 282–318.
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and Peter Detwiler he published a series of papers on turtle
673:
1770:"Membrane and Protoplasm Resistance in the Squid Giant Axon"
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and a successful writer of children's literature, including
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Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War
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709:
Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War
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in July 1939. There, he and Huxley managed to insert a fine
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After his return to Cambridge he started collaborating with
3510:"Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, 84, A Nobelist in Nerve Research"
3051:(5671). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 562–565.
450:, whose daughter Dorothy was also married to Alan's uncle
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3150:
3042:
3104:"Electrical coupling between cones in the turtle retina"
786:. They spent the summers of 1947, 1948, and 1949 at the
672:(TRE) where he worked on the development of centimetric
1709:"Evidence for Electrical Transmission in Nerve. Part I"
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2994:
Baylor, Denis A.; Hodgkin, A. L.; Lamb, T. D. (1974).
2087:"The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fibre"
1422:, Saturday, 29 March 1930; pg. 14; Issue 45474; col C
425:
Between school and college, he spent May 1932 at the
214:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
6944:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
6914:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2568:"A brief historical perspective: Hodgkin and Huxley"
2389:
2387:
2091:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B
1364:
1362:
1303:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
680:
AGLT airborne gun-laying system. He was a member of
390:
where his contemporaries included future scientists
266:(5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998) was an English
6033:
3393:
3391:
1416:
Protection of Birds Measures Urged By Royal Society
1092:
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1060:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
6974:People educated at The Downs School, Herefordshire
6969:People associated with the University of Leicester
715:1945–1963: Action potential theory and Nobel Prize
3793:
2993:
2384:
2194:
1359:
196:Physiological Society Annual Review Prize Lecture
7029:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
6860:
3625:including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1963
3411:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966"
3388:
3352:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963"
3332:. German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
2822:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966"
2195:Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F.; Katz, B. (1952).
3101:
1211:), they reunited and got married on 31 March.
997:from 1959 to 1963. He was foreign secretary of
6924:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
5785:
2084:
1114:German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
797:that described what became later known as the
6954:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6622:
6019:
5771:
4228:
3779:
2944:
2895:
2846:
2614:
2393:
2341:
2292:
2243:
1993:
805:and eventually earned Hodgkin and Huxley the
370:, he overlapped and spent a lot of time with
1922:The history of neuroscience in autobiography
1108:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
986:in 1973. From 1978 to 1985 he was the 34th
929:. It was only two years later that Hodgkin,
320:where he had befriended electrophysiologist
3102:Detwiler, Peter B.; Hodgkin, A. L. (1979).
2145:
1767:
289:
6629:
6615:
6026:
6012:
5778:
5764:
4235:
4221:
3786:
3772:
3638:
3620:
3378:"Trinity College, University of Cambridge"
2565:
948:Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine
49:
6964:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
3552:
3293:
3176:
3127:
3019:
2970:
2945:Baylor, Denis A.; Hodgkin, A. L. (1974).
2921:
2896:Baylor, Denis A.; Hodgkin, A. L. (1974).
2872:
2847:Baylor, Denis A.; Hodgkin, A. L. (1973).
2640:
2591:
2542:
2419:
2367:
2318:
2269:
2220:
2171:
2110:
2085:Hodgkin, A. L.; Rushton, W.A. H. (1946).
1970:
1889:
1793:
1732:
1314:
958:Later career and administrative positions
670:Telecommunications Research Establishment
630:into the giant axon of squids and record
418:. He ended up receiving a scholarship at
410:where he overlapped with future composer
376:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
5854:International Committee of the Red Cross
1023:1982 – F.O. Schmitt Medal and Award 1983
849:
718:
537:
406:. After the Downs School, he went on to
381:
3730:Professional and academic associations
3580:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3397:
2758:
2473:
2461:
2133:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
1944:
1863:
1851:
1816:
1755:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1380:
1368:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1271:List of presidents of the Royal Society
1208:
1171:hangs in Trinity College's collection.
1040:National Academy of Sciences of the USA
584:Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory
558:of frogs in July 1934. He found that a
6861:
2615:Hodgkin, A. L.; Keynes, R. D. (1955).
2394:Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1952).
2342:Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1952).
2293:Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1952).
2244:Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1952).
1912:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1019:Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers
6949:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
6638:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
6610:
6007:
5759:
4248:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4216:
3767:
3627:The Ionic Basis of Nervous Conduction
3507:
2508:
1768:Cole, Kenneth; Hodgkin, Alan (1939).
1181:The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse
1127:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1008:
873:leading to a Nobel prize in 1991 for
807:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
647:
276:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
202:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
145:Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz voltage equation
16:English physiologist and biophysicist
6879:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
3680:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
3526:
3508:Saxon, Wolfgang (22 December 1998).
3380:. BBC Your Paintings. Archived from
2663:
2442:
988:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
343:in Russia). He died of dysentery in
6979:People educated at Gresham's School
3251:"History of Major Award Recipients"
2708:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997"
2445:Archives des sciences physiologique
1831:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000245
1554:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000245
1395:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000245
1283:
660:beliefs. His first post was at the
533:
13:
7014:English expatriates in Switzerland
3529:"Obituary: Alan Hodgkin (1914–98)"
2488:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1951.tb01204.x
1241:, was Alan Hodgkin's great-uncle.
596:Washington University in St. Louis
422:in botany, zoology and chemistry.
141:Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz flux equation
14:
7040:
3672:The Lord Butler of Saffron Walden
3636:National Portrait Gallery, London
3601:
2146:Hodgkin, A. L.; Katz, B. (1949).
1774:The Journal of General Physiology
1237:(1798–1866), who first described
1053:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
7024:John Humphrey Plummer Professors
6847:
2511:"Biophysics and systems biology"
1193:
6989:Presidents of the Royal Society
3573:
3520:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3403:
3370:
3344:
3318:
3268:
3243:
3218:
3193:
3144:
3095:
3036:
2987:
2938:
2889:
2840:
2814:
2789:
2764:
2752:
2726:
2700:
2657:
2608:
2559:
2502:
2467:
2455:
2436:
2335:
2286:
2237:
2188:
2139:
2127:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
1987:
1938:
1906:
1857:
1845:
1810:
1761:
1749:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1174:
1067:Indian National Science Academy
1017:1983 – Lord Crook Medal of the
586:where he was introduced to the
6999:Recipients of the Copley Medal
3746:President of the Royal Society
3585:. Cambridge University Press.
3169:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013159
3120:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012801
3012:10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010733
2963:10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010731
2914:10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010732
2865:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010340
2633:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005290
2412:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764
2360:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719
2311:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718
2262:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717
2213:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004716
2164:10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004310
1963:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011620
1882:10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003702
1725:10.1113/jphysiol.1937.sp003507
1493:"SMITH, Arthur Lionel Forster"
1437:
1425:
1409:
1374:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1086:American Philosophical Society
1080:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1073:President of the Royal Society
1055:(Medical Sciences, VIII Class)
969:president of the Royal Society
676:, including the design of the
386:Alan started his education at
358:. At the age of 15, he helped
331:, George and Mary opposed the
137:Hodgkin–Huxley sodium channels
1:
6959:Members of the Order of Merit
3656:Imperial War Museum Interview
2797:"Alan Hodgkin Banquet speech"
2666:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1920:. In Squire, Larry R. (ed.).
1276:
782:and his pre-war collaborator
427:Freshwater Biological Station
6929:Fellows of the Royal Society
2678:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90343-8
2584:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230458
1217:Macmillan Publishing Company
1203:, who was then a student at
1125:1962 – Foreign Hon. Member,
662:Royal Aircraft Establishment
640:just before the outbreak of
333:Military Service Act of 1916
7:
5340:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1819:Annual Review of Physiology
1542:Annual Review of Physiology
1383:Annual Review of Physiology
1264:
1161:Fellow of the Royal Society
1155:Royal College of Physicians
360:Wilfred Backhouse Alexander
10:
7045:
4072:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
3612:Trinity College, Cambridge
2566:Schwiening, C. J. (2012).
1038:1974 – Foreign Associate,
1034:Indian Academy of Sciences
788:Plymouth Marine Laboratory
624:Plymouth Marine Laboratory
420:Trinity College, Cambridge
293:
6845:
6779:William Hepworth Thompson
6644:
6553:
6439:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
6423:Charles Scott Sherrington
6374:
6235:
6144:
6045:
5931:
5900:
5869:
5844:
5820:
5795:
5413:
5078:
4739:
4537:Charles Scott Sherrington
4513:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4475:
4254:
3802:
3752:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3718:
3704:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3632:Portraits of Alan Hodgkin
3157:The Journal of Physiology
3108:The Journal of Physiology
3000:The Journal of Physiology
2951:The Journal of Physiology
2902:The Journal of Physiology
2853:The Journal of Physiology
2621:The Journal of Physiology
2572:The Journal of Physiology
2400:The Journal of Physiology
2348:The Journal of Physiology
2299:The Journal of Physiology
2250:The Journal of Physiology
2201:The Journal of Physiology
1870:The Journal of Physiology
1713:The Journal of Physiology
1167:A portrait of Hodgkin by
1153:1955 – Baly Medal of the
999:the Physiological Society
813:they used a technique of
794:The Journal of Physiology
244:
230:
223:
182:
172:
160:
150:
124:
114:
106:
98:
79:
57:
48:
23:
6479:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
5527:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
3896:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
3326:"Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin"
1244:
1090:1966 – President of the
995:Medical Research Council
908:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
843:that relies on a set of
702:MIT Radiation Laboratory
290:Early life and education
6909:British Nobel laureates
6904:English Nobel laureates
6899:English neuroscientists
6300:Benjamin Collins Brodie
6276:Marquess of Northampton
4152:Frederick Charles Frank
3864:John Edensor Littlewood
3712:University of Leicester
1297:Huxley, Andrew (2000).
1106:1964 – Foreign Member,
1084:1968 – Foreign Member,
1051:1973 – Foreign Member,
1003:University of Leicester
764:advance towards Germany
570:, then director of the
544:University of Cambridge
542:Trinity College at the
119:University of Cambridge
6769:Christopher Wordsworth
6244:William Hyde Wollaston
5937:Nobel Prize recipients
5902:Physiology or Medicine
4308:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
3651:Action Potential Paper
3581:Hodgkin, Alan (1992).
3276:"Support for Research"
2535:10.1098/rsta.2009.0245
2112:10.1098/rspb.1946.0024
1945:Hodgkin, Alan (1976).
1864:Hodgkin, Alan (1939).
1707:Hodgkin, Alan (1937).
1316:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0081
898:discovered the enzyme
854:
845:differential equations
809:. Building on work by
752:
666:decompression sickness
620:Rockefeller Foundation
564:electrotonic potential
551:
514:as a research fellow.
314:Natural Science Tripos
251:Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
74:, Oxfordshire, England
6894:English biophysicists
6884:British physiologists
6348:George Gabriel Stokes
4809:Dickinson W. Richards
4493:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
4024:Robert Burns Woodward
3608:The Master of Trinity
3527:Lamb, Trevor (1999).
3255:retinaresearchfnd.org
2152:Journal of Physiology
1951:Journal of Physiology
1143:University of Louvain
853:
722:
692:. The group moved to
572:Rockefeller Institute
541:
498:. For Part II of the
452:Robert Howard Hodgkin
382:School and university
312:and had read for the
7019:20th-century Quakers
6889:Electrophysiologists
6784:Henry Montagu Butler
6759:Thomas Postlethwaite
6332:William Spottiswoode
6324:Joseph Dalton Hooker
6177:Earl of Macclesfield
5885:Maria Goeppert Mayer
5232:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4593:Albert Szent-Györgyi
4064:Rodney Robert Porter
2772:"Alan Hodgkin Facts"
2734:"Nomination Archive"
1786:10.1085/jgp.22.5.671
1255:intervertebral discs
1221:Young Winter's Tales
1065:1972 – Hon. Fellow,
1032:1975 – Hon. Fellow,
1028:University of Oxford
1005:, from 1971 to 1984
799:Hodgkin–Huxley model
762:and their continued
690:Robert Hanbury Brown
580:Kenneth Stewart Cole
576:Rafael Lorente de NĂł
468:, fellow-scientists
300:Hodgkin was born in
274:who shared the 1963
133:Hodgkin–Huxley model
7004:Royal Medal winners
6984:People from Banbury
6764:William Lort Mansel
6659:John Christopherson
6447:William Henry Bragg
6340:Thomas Henry Huxley
6316:George Biddell Airy
5624:William C. Campbell
5535:Elizabeth Blackburn
5372:Robert F. Furchgott
5364:Stanley B. Prusiner
5356:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
5256:George H. Hitchings
5220:Joseph L. Goldstein
5180:Bengt I. Samuelsson
5009:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3976:Nevill Francis Mott
3545:1999Natur.397..112L
3280:spectaclemakers.com
3057:1978Natur.274..562D
2527:2010RSPTA.368.1125N
2521:(1914): 1125–1139.
2103:1946RSPSB.133..444H
2008:1939Natur.144..710H
1149:University of Berne
952:Francis Peyton Rous
896:Jens Christian Skou
7009:Systems biologists
6586:Venki Ramakrishnan
6535:Sir Michael Atiyah
6503:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
6455:Henry Hallett Dale
6054:Viscount Brouncker
5916:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
5684:William Kaelin Jr.
5680:Peter J. Ratcliffe
5423:Leland H. Hartwell
5312:Richard J. Roberts
5192:Barbara McClintock
5136:Godfrey Hounsfield
5037:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4969:Marshall Nirenberg
4937:Charles B. Huggins
4726:Tadeusz Reichstein
4714:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
4509:Christiaan Eijkman
4192:John Maynard Smith
3944:Tadeusz Reichstein
3619:on Nobelprize.org
3514:The New York Times
3450:, pp. 235–239
3230:www.britannica.com
3201:"Sir Alan Hodgkin"
2761:, pp. 360–369
2509:Noble, D. (2010).
2476:Biological Reviews
2464:, pp. 299–303
2136:, pp. 271–290
2063:, pp. 233–239
2051:, pp. 141–156
1239:Hodgkin's lymphoma
1209:Wartime activities
1205:Swarthmore College
1009:Awards and honours
883:Roderick MacKinnon
881:, and in 2003 for
855:
760:invasion of France
753:
648:Wartime activities
552:
550:from 1978 to 1984.
528:Cambridge Apostles
506:in Morocco led by
484:, the children of
341:October Revolution
329:Society of Friends
28:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
6856:
6855:
6604:
6603:
6431:Ernest Rutherford
6062:Joseph Williamson
6001:
6000:
5891:J. Hans D. Jensen
5753:
5752:
5718:Ardem Patapoutian
5567:Ralph M. Steinman
5563:Jules A. Hoffmann
5551:Robert G. Edwards
5519:Harald zur Hausen
5443:H. Robert Horvitz
5344:Eric F. Wieschaus
5280:E. Donnall Thomas
5264:J. Michael Bishop
5252:Gertrude B. Elion
5124:Hamilton O. Smith
5049:Christian de Duve
4785:Frederick Robbins
4662:Alexander Fleming
4601:Corneille Heymans
4447:Frederick Banting
4352:Allvar Gullstrand
4210:
4209:
4048:Peter D. Mitchell
3960:Alexander R. Todd
3872:Macfarlane Burnet
3795:Copley Medallists
3762:
3761:
3753:Succeeded by
3719:Succeeded by
3690:Sir Andrew Huxley
3687:Succeeded by
3664:Academic offices
3592:978-0-521-45603-6
2578:(11): 2571–2575.
2002:(3651): 710–711.
1137:The Royal Society
1026:1977 – Hon. DSc,
815:electrophysiology
632:action potentials
337:Armenian refugees
248:
247:
225:Scientific career
7036:
6851:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6589:
6581:
6573:
6565:
6546:
6538:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6506:
6498:
6495:Patrick Blackett
6490:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6418:
6410:
6402:
6399:Archibald Geikie
6394:
6386:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6137:
6129:
6121:
6118:Robert Southwell
6113:
6110:Earl of Pembroke
6105:
6097:
6089:
6081:
6073:
6070:Christopher Wren
6065:
6057:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6005:
6004:
5939:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5746:
5731:
5720:
5705:
5699:Michael Houghton
5686:
5676:Gregg L. Semenza
5670:
5664:James P. Allison
5658:
5656:Michael W. Young
5642:
5640:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5634:
5618:
5602:
5600:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
5586:
5574:
5553:
5545:
5539:Carol W. Greider
5529:
5513:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5433:
5406:
5390:
5382:
5366:
5358:
5352:Peter C. Doherty
5346:
5330:
5324:Alfred G. Gilman
5318:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5268:Harold E. Varmus
5258:
5242:
5234:
5222:
5210:
5194:
5186:
5170:
5154:
5144:Baruj Benacerraf
5138:
5126:
5110:
5094:
5071:
5055:
5039:
5023:
5011:
5003:
4987:
4971:
4961:Robert W. Holley
4955:
4939:
4927:
4911:
4899:
4883:
4867:
4865:Georg von Békésy
4859:
4847:
4835:
4833:Joshua Lederberg
4819:
4811:
4805:Werner Forssmann
4795:
4787:
4771:
4759:
4751:
4732:
4716:
4704:
4696:
4694:Bernardo Houssay
4680:
4672:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4575:
4567:
4551:
4543:
4531:
4523:
4521:Karl Landsteiner
4515:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4485:Johannes Fibiger
4468:
4467:
4461:
4459:Willem Einthoven
4453:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4324:Élie Metchnikoff
4318:
4316:Alphonse Laveran
4310:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4016:Frederick Sanger
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3848:Patrick Blackett
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3738:Patrick Blackett
3735:Preceded by
3697:Preceded by
3669:Preceded by
3661:
3660:
3642:
3624:
3596:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3417:. Nobel Media AB
3407:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:. Nobel Media AB
3348:
3342:
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3322:
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3297:
3291:
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3211:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3065:10.1038/274562a0
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:. Nobel Media AB
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2714:. Nobel Media AB
2704:
2698:
2697:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2563:
2557:
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2500:
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2322:
2290:
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2241:
2235:
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2224:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2097:(873): 444–479.
2082:
2076:
2075:, pp. ix–xi
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2016:10.1038/144710a0
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1661:, pp. 83–87
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
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1565:
1537:
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1525:
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1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:, pp. 27–29
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1378:
1372:
1371:, pp. 11–12
1366:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1294:
1253:from one of the
1229:Jonathan Hodgkin
1147:1956 – Hon. MD,
1141:1958 – Hon. MD,
971:. Together with
927:Georg von Békésy
825:action potential
803:action potential
768:W. A. H. Rushton
698:Bristol Blenheim
614:who had entered
588:squid giant axon
534:Pre-war research
474:John H. Humphrey
416:Maury Meiklejohn
412:Benjamin Britten
408:Gresham's School
404:Kenneth Rowntree
392:Frederick Sanger
388:The Downs School
368:Gresham's School
362:with surveys of
265:
166:Jonathan Hodgkin
164:Sarah, Deborah,
86:
83:20 December 1998
67:
65:
53:
43:
21:
20:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7033:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6843:
6794:G. M. Trevelyan
6774:William Whewell
6754:John Hinchliffe
6744:Richard Bentley
6709:John Arrowsmith
6684:John Richardson
6664:Robert Beaumont
6640:
6635:
6605:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6576:
6568:
6560:
6549:
6541:
6533:
6525:
6517:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6463:Robert Robinson
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6421:
6413:
6407:William Crookes
6405:
6397:
6389:
6383:William Huggins
6381:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6292:Lord Wrottesley
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6242:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6140:
6132:
6126:Charles Montagu
6124:
6116:
6108:
6102:Earl of Carbery
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6060:
6052:
6041:
6032:
6002:
5997:
5935:
5927:
5918:(Great Britain)
5912:(Great Britain)
5896:
5887:(United States)
5881:(United States)
5865:
5840:
5835:Giorgos Seferis
5816:
5791:
5784:
5754:
5749:
5734:
5723:
5708:
5703:Charles M. Rice
5695:Harvey J. Alter
5689:
5673:
5661:
5652:Michael Rosbash
5648:Jeffrey C. Hall
5645:
5637:
5621:
5612:May-Britt Moser
5605:
5589:
5584:Shinya Yamanaka
5577:
5556:
5548:
5543:Jack W. Szostak
5532:
5516:
5511:Oliver Smithies
5500:
5488:
5476:
5464:
5459:Peter Mansfield
5452:
5447:John E. Sulston
5436:
5420:
5409:
5393:
5385:
5369:
5361:
5349:
5336:Edward B. Lewis
5333:
5321:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5245:
5240:Susumu Tonegawa
5237:
5225:
5213:
5197:
5189:
5173:
5157:
5141:
5129:
5113:
5100:Roger Guillemin
5097:
5092:Daniel Gajdusek
5088:Baruch Blumberg
5085:
5074:
5065:Renato Dulbecco
5061:David Baltimore
5058:
5042:
5029:Karl von Frisch
5026:
5014:
5006:
4990:
4974:
4958:
4949:Haldan Hartline
4942:
4930:
4914:
4902:
4886:
4881:Maurice Wilkins
4870:
4862:
4850:
4845:Arthur Kornberg
4838:
4822:
4814:
4798:
4790:
4774:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4735:
4719:
4707:
4699:
4683:
4675:
4659:
4650:Joseph Erlanger
4647:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4578:
4570:
4554:
4546:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4506:
4501:Charles Nicolle
4498:
4490:
4482:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4344:Albrecht Kossel
4341:
4333:
4321:
4313:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4250:
4241:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4184:James Lighthill
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4144:James D. Watson
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4008:Dorothy Hodgkin
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3880:Harold Jeffreys
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3832:E. T. Whittaker
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3725:
3715:
3702:
3700:The Lord Adrian
3692:
3683:
3674:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3525:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3384:on 11 May 2014.
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3149:
3145:
3100:
3096:
3041:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2943:
2939:
2894:
2890:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2662:
2658:
2613:
2609:
2564:
2560:
2507:
2503:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2392:
2385:
2340:
2336:
2291:
2287:
2242:
2238:
2193:
2189:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
1992:
1988:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:"Andrew Huxley"
1911:
1907:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1815:
1811:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1295:
1284:
1279:
1267:
1247:
1196:
1177:
1112:1964 – Member,
1078:1968 – Member,
1011:
960:
817:, known as the
811:Kenneth S. Cole
750:
743:
736:
729:
717:
650:
592:Joseph Erlanger
536:
504:Atlas Mountains
400:Lawrence Gowing
384:
354:, particularly
352:natural history
298:
292:
253:
237:
219:
143:
139:
135:
131:
115:Alma mater
94:
88:
84:
75:
69:
68:5 February 1914
63:
61:
44:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7042:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:Radar pioneers
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6939:Hodgkin family
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6834:Gregory Winter
6831:
6826:
6821:
6819:Michael Atiyah
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6611:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6578:Sir Paul Nurse
6574:
6566:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:Sir Aaron Klug
6539:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6268:Duke of Sussex
6264:
6260:Davies Gilbert
6256:
6248:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6185:Earl of Morton
6181:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5740:Katalin KarikĂł
5732:
5721:
5706:
5687:
5671:
5659:
5643:
5635:
5619:
5603:
5596:Randy Schekman
5587:
5575:
5554:
5546:
5530:
5523:Luc Montagnier
5514:
5503:Mario Capecchi
5498:
5486:
5479:Barry Marshall
5474:
5462:
5455:Paul Lauterbur
5450:
5439:Sydney Brenner
5434:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5400:Paul Greengard
5396:Arvid Carlsson
5391:
5383:
5367:
5359:
5347:
5331:
5328:Martin Rodbell
5319:
5307:
5304:Edwin G. Krebs
5300:Edmond Fischer
5295:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5248:James W. Black
5243:
5235:
5223:
5211:
5208:CĂ©sar Milstein
5204:Georges Köhler
5195:
5187:
5176:Sune Bergström
5171:
5168:Torsten Wiesel
5164:David H. Hubel
5155:
5139:
5127:
5120:Daniel Nathans
5111:
5104:Andrew Schally
5095:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5056:
5040:
5024:
5017:Gerald Edelman
5012:
5004:
5001:Julius Axelrod
4988:
4985:Salvador Luria
4981:Alfred Hershey
4972:
4956:
4940:
4928:
4917:François Jacob
4912:
4900:
4884:
4868:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4820:
4812:
4801:André Cournand
4796:
4788:
4772:
4760:
4757:Selman Waksman
4752:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4722:Edward Kendall
4717:
4705:
4697:
4681:
4678:Hermann Muller
4673:
4657:
4654:Herbert Gasser
4645:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4609:Gerhard Domagk
4604:
4596:
4588:
4576:
4568:
4565:William Murphy
4557:George Whipple
4552:
4544:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4442:
4435:Archibald Hill
4430:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4368:Charles Richet
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4319:
4311:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:Alan Battersby
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4128:Sydney Brenner
4124:
4116:
4112:CĂ©sar Milstein
4108:
4104:Michael Atiyah
4100:
4092:
4088:Rudolf Peierls
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4056:John Cornforth
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3992:W. V. D. Hodge
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3928:Lawrence Bragg
3924:
3916:
3912:Sydney Chapman
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3824:Albert Kluyver
3820:
3812:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3629:
3614:
3603:
3602:External links
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3519:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3415:Nobelprize.org
3402:
3387:
3369:
3356:Nobelprize.org
3343:
3330:leopoldina.org
3317:
3301:"Alan Hodgkin"
3292:
3267:
3242:
3217:
3205:britannica.com
3192:
3143:
3094:
3035:
3006:(3): 759–791.
2986:
2957:(3): 685–727.
2937:
2908:(3): 729–758.
2888:
2859:(1): 163–198.
2839:
2826:Nobelprize.org
2813:
2801:nobelprize.org
2788:
2776:nobelprize.org
2763:
2751:
2738:nobelprize.org
2725:
2712:Nobelprize.org
2699:
2672:(2): 394–401.
2656:
2607:
2558:
2501:
2482:(4): 339–409.
2466:
2454:
2435:
2406:(4): 500–544.
2383:
2354:(4): 497–506.
2334:
2305:(4): 473–496.
2285:
2256:(4): 449–472.
2236:
2207:(4): 424–448.
2187:
2138:
2126:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
1986:
1937:
1930:
1914:Huxley, Andrew
1905:
1876:(4): 560–570.
1856:
1844:
1809:
1780:(5): 671–687.
1760:
1748:
1719:(2): 183–210.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1408:
1373:
1358:
1346:
1344:, pp. 7–9
1334:
1322:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1246:
1243:
1235:Thomas Hodgkin
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1169:Michael Noakes
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1046:Order of Merit
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1007:
984:Order of Merit
977:photoreceptors
959:
956:
891:Richard Keynes
757:Allied Forces'
748:
741:
737:) and linear (
734:
727:
716:
713:
649:
646:
568:Herbert Gasser
535:
532:
520:James Klugmann
493:Nobel laureate
489:Archibald Hill
486:Nobel laureate
383:
380:
366:and later, at
310:Thomas Hodgkin
296:Hodgkin family
291:
288:
246:
245:
242:
241:
232:
228:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
177:Hodgkin family
174:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
126:
125:Known for
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:(aged 84)
81:
77:
76:
70:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7041:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6850:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Andrew Huxley
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:J. J. Thomson
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6699:Thomas Comber
6697:
6695:
6694:Samuel Brooke
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Thomas Nevile
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:John Whitgift
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6627:
6625:
6620:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6527:George Porter
6524:
6520:
6519:Andrew Huxley
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6487:Howard Florey
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6415:J. J. Thomson
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6391:Lord Rayleigh
6388:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6364:Joseph Lister
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6308:Edward Sabine
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6284:Earl of Rosse
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:Martin Folkes
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:Royal Society
6036:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5923:
5922:Andrew Huxley
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5879:Eugene Wigner
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:(Switzerland)
5861:
5858:
5856:(Switzerland)
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5745:
5744:Drew Weissman
5741:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5628:Satoshi ĹŚmura
5625:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5592:James Rothman
5588:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5559:Bruce Beutler
5555:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5471:Linda B. Buck
5468:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5388:GĂĽnter Blobel
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:Louis Ignarro
5373:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5316:Phillip Sharp
5313:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5276:Joseph Murray
5272:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:Stanley Cohen
5224:
5221:
5217:
5216:Michael Brown
5212:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5132:Allan Cormack
5128:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5108:Rosalyn Yalow
5105:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5053:George Palade
5050:
5046:
5045:Albert Claude
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:Konrad Lorenz
5030:
5025:
5022:
5021:Rodney Porter
5018:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4997:Ulf von Euler
4994:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:Ragnar Granit
4941:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4925:Jacques Monod
4922:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4897:Andrew Huxley
4894:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:Francis Crick
4869:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4857:Peter Medawar
4854:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4825:George Beadle
4821:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4793:Hugo Theorell
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:Thomas Weller
4778:
4773:
4770:
4769:Fritz Lipmann
4766:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4670:Howard Florey
4667:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4549:Thomas Morgan
4545:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:Otto Meyerhof
4436:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4376:Róbert Bárány
4372:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4360:Alexis Carrel
4356:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:Camillo Golgi
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4168:Alan Cottrell
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:George Porter
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:Francis Crick
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:Andrew Huxley
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3952:Peter Medawar
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:Howard Florey
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:Ronald Fisher
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3723:George Porter
3714:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3554:10.1038/16362
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:(6715): 112.
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3498:, p. 352
3497:
3492:
3486:, p. 319
3485:
3480:
3474:, p. 310
3473:
3468:
3462:, p. 254
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3438:, p. 112
3437:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3400:, p. 100
3399:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3306:
3305:Nasonline.org
3302:
3296:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:(2): 253–258.
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2039:, p. 140
2038:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1931:0-12-660246-8
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1854:, p. 113
1853:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:Personal life
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:Royal Society
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
964:Royal Society
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Nobel Banquet
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:Na+/K+-ATPase
897:
892:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
860:Hodgkin cycle
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:voltage clamp
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
789:
785:
784:Andrew Huxley
781:
777:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
747:
740:
733:
726:
721:
712:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
645:
643:
639:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Andrew Huxley
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:nerve impulse
557:
556:sciatic nerve
549:
545:
540:
531:
529:
525:
524:John Cornford
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
476:, as well as
475:
471:
470:Richard Synge
467:
466:Michael Grant
463:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
287:
285:
281:
280:Andrew Huxley
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Hodgkin cycle
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
82:
78:
73:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
22:
19:
6839:Sally Davies
6809:Alan Hodgkin
6808:
6799:Edgar Adrian
6749:Robert Smith
6739:John Montagu
6729:Isaac Barrow
6724:John Pearson
6714:John Wilkins
6689:Leonard Mawe
6654:William Bill
6594:Adrian Smith
6554:21st century
6375:20th century
6252:Humphry Davy
6236:19th century
6225:Joseph Banks
6217:John Pringle
6209:James Burrow
6193:James Burrow
6153:Isaac Newton
6145:18th century
6094:Samuel Pepys
6078:John Hoskyns
6046:17th century
5967:
5915:
5811:Giulio Natta
5805:Karl Ziegler
5729:Svante Pääbo
5714:David Julius
5668:Tasuku Honjo
5616:Edvard Moser
5608:John O'Keefe
5571:posthumously
5570:
5507:Martin Evans
5483:Robin Warren
5467:Richard Axel
5414:2001–present
5292:Bert Sakmann
5160:Roger Sperry
5152:George Snell
5148:Jean Dausset
5116:Werner Arber
5069:Howard Temin
4993:Bernard Katz
4977:Max DelbrĂĽck
4933:Francis Rous
4909:Feodor Lynen
4905:Konrad Bloch
4893:Alan Hodgkin
4892:
4877:James Watson
4853:Frank Burnet
4841:Severo Ochoa
4829:Edward Tatum
4817:Daniel Bovet
4730:Philip Hench
4642:Edward Doisy
4573:Hans Spemann
4561:George Minot
4541:Edgar Adrian
4529:Otto Warburg
4451:John Macleod
4420:August Krogh
4412:Jules Bordet
4328:Paul Ehrlich
4280:Niels Finsen
4264:Emil Behring
4160:Frank Fenner
4040:Derek Barton
3968:Norman Pirie
3936:Bernard Katz
3920:Alan Hodgkin
3919:
3808:David Keilin
3743:
3705:
3677:
3646:BBC obituary
3626:
3617:Alan Hodgkin
3582:
3574:Bibliography
3536:
3532:
3522:
3513:
3503:
3496:Hodgkin 1992
3491:
3484:Hodgkin 1992
3479:
3472:Hodgkin 1992
3467:
3460:Hodgkin 1992
3455:
3448:Hodgkin 1992
3443:
3436:Hodgkin 1992
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3414:
3405:
3398:Hodgkin 1992
3382:the original
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3355:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3233:. Retrieved
3229:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:
3195:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:
2766:
2759:Hodgkin 1992
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2740:. April 2020
2737:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2711:
2702:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2627:(1): 28–60.
2624:
2620:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2462:Hodgkin 1992
2457:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2403:
2399:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2158:(1): 37–77.
2155:
2151:
2141:
2134:Hodgkin 1992
2129:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2073:Hodgkin 1992
2068:
2061:Hodgkin 1992
2056:
2049:Hodgkin 1992
2044:
2037:Hodgkin 1992
2032:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1921:
1908:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1852:Hodgkin 1992
1847:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1758:, p. 92
1756:Hodgkin 1992
1751:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1697:, p. 63
1695:Hodgkin 1992
1690:
1685:, p. 87
1683:Hodgkin 1992
1678:
1673:, p. 80
1671:Hodgkin 1992
1666:
1659:Hodgkin 1992
1654:
1649:, p. 79
1647:Hodgkin 1992
1642:
1637:, p. 53
1635:Hodgkin 1992
1630:
1625:, p. 48
1623:Hodgkin 1992
1618:
1613:, p. 38
1611:Hodgkin 1992
1606:
1601:, p. 66
1599:Hodgkin 1992
1594:
1589:, p. 55
1587:Hodgkin 1992
1582:
1577:, p. 50
1575:Hodgkin 1992
1570:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1530:, p. 49
1528:Hodgkin 1992
1523:
1518:, p. 40
1516:Hodgkin 1992
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1487:
1482:, p. 34
1480:Hodgkin 1992
1475:
1470:, p. 31
1468:Hodgkin 1992
1463:
1458:, p. 30
1456:Hodgkin 1992
1451:
1444:Hodgkin 1992
1439:
1434:, p. 25
1432:Hodgkin 1992
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1369:Hodgkin 1992
1356:, p. 10
1354:Hodgkin 1992
1349:
1342:Hodgkin 1992
1337:
1330:Hodgkin 1992
1325:
1306:
1302:
1248:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1175:Publications
1166:
1098:Copley Medal
992:
981:
973:Denis Baylor
961:
912:
887:
879:Bert Sakmann
867:ion channels
864:
856:
818:
792:
780:Bernard Katz
773:
754:
745:
738:
731:
724:
708:
706:
682:E.G. Bowen's
652:Despite his
651:
642:World War II
636:
609:
553:
516:
508:John Pringle
456:
424:
396:Alec Bangham
385:
349:
326:
299:
272:biophysicist
268:physiologist
250:
249:
224:
208:Copley Medal
168:, and Rachel
85:(1998-12-20)
18:
6874:1998 deaths
6869:1914 births
6829:Martin Rees
6824:Amartya Sen
6719:Henry Ferne
6704:Thomas Hill
6649:John Redman
6471:Lord Adrian
6356:Lord Kelvin
6161:Hans Sloane
6134:Lord Somers
6086:Cyril Wyche
5924:(Australia)
5910:John Eccles
5788:Nobel Prize
5580:John Gurdon
5495:Craig Mello
5491:Andrew Fire
5404:Eric Kandel
5380:Ferid Murad
5288:Erwin Neher
5200:Niels Jerne
4965:Har Khorana
4953:George Wald
4921:André Lwoff
4889:John Eccles
4777:John Enders
4749:Max Theiler
4710:Walter Hess
4702:Paul MĂĽller
4666:Ernst Chain
4336:Emil Kocher
4296:Robert Koch
4288:Ivan Pavlov
4272:Ronald Ross
4176:Hugh Huxley
4120:Abdus Salam
3904:Paul Fildes
3797:(1951–2000)
3421:23 November
3235:7 September
3163:: 213–250.
1957:(1): 1–21.
1332:, p. 5
1309:: 219–241.
1251:spinal cord
1225:Dead Indeed
1133:Royal Medal
915:Lord Adrian
875:Erwin Neher
871:patch clamp
678:village Inn
601:shore crabs
496:E.D. Adrian
459:classicists
448:A. L. Smith
439:Carl Pantin
431:Wray Castle
414:as well as
356:ornithology
322:Keith Lucas
284:John Eccles
190:Royal Medal
155:Marion Rous
107:Citizenship
99:Nationality
6863:Categories
6804:Rab Butler
6734:John North
6674:John Still
6201:James West
6035:Presidents
5822:Literature
5431:Paul Nurse
4765:Hans Krebs
4690:Gerty Cori
4638:Henrik Dam
4585:Otto Loewi
4581:Henry Dale
4096:Robin Hill
4080:Aaron Klug
4032:Max Perutz
3888:Hans Krebs
3816:Paul Dirac
3750:1970–1975
3716:1971–1984
3708:Chancellor
3684:1978–1984
3114:: 75–100.
1501:3 February
1277:References
902:that uses
482:David Hill
462:John Raven
372:David Lack
294:See also:
239:Biophysics
235:Physiology
64:1914-02-05
6570:Lord Rees
6511:Lord Todd
5893:(Germany)
5807:(Germany)
5797:Chemistry
5790:laureates
5632:Tu Youyou
5184:John Vane
5079:1976–2000
4740:1951–1975
4686:Carl Cori
4476:1926–1950
4255:1901–1925
4244:Laureates
3756:Lord Todd
3073:0028-0836
1420:The Times
1259:Cambridge
910:in 1997.
833:potassium
684:group in
443:Frankfurt
364:heronries
318:Cambridge
173:Relatives
93:, England
91:Cambridge
6562:Lord May
5837:(Greece)
5427:Tim Hunt
3310:28 April
2694:32516710
2686:13412736
2651:14368574
2602:22787170
2553:20123750
2496:86282580
2430:12991237
2378:14946715
2329:14946714
2280:14946713
2231:14946712
2182:18128147
2121:20281590
1916:(2004).
1900:16995066
1825:: 1–16.
1804:19873126
1743:16994885
1548:: 1–16.
1389:: 1–16.
1265:See also
1120:synapses
1062:(K.B.E.)
946:and the
837:chloride
776:Adrian's
686:St Athan
658:pacifist
161:Children
6037:of the
5871:Physics
5813:(Italy)
4246:of the
3710:of the
3634:at the
3563:9923671
3541:Bibcode
3362:16 June
3336:25 June
3285:25 June
3260:25 June
3210:25 June
3187:7381784
3178:1279352
3129:1280889
3089:4257477
3053:Bibcode
3030:4449054
3021:1330661
2981:4449052
2972:1330659
2932:4449053
2923:1330660
2883:4766219
2874:1350657
2832:25 June
2806:25 June
2781:25 June
2744:25 June
2718:12 July
2642:1365754
2593:3424716
2544:3263808
2523:Bibcode
2421:1392413
2369:1392212
2320:1392209
2271:1392213
2222:1392219
2173:1392331
2099:Bibcode
2024:4104520
2004:Bibcode
1972:1307686
1891:1393884
1839:6342510
1795:2142005
1734:1395060
1562:6342510
1403:6342510
1159:1948 –
1131:1958 –
1100:of the
1096:1965 –
1071:1970 –
1058:1972 –
1044:1973 –
801:of the
755:As the
694:Swanage
628:cannula
616:Trinity
512:Trinity
435:Trinity
345:Baghdad
306:Quakers
302:Banbury
110:British
102:English
72:Banbury
6596:(2020)
6588:(2015)
6580:(2010)
6572:(2005)
6564:(2000)
6545:(1995)
6537:(1990)
6529:(1985)
6521:(1980)
6513:(1975)
6505:(1970)
6497:(1965)
6489:(1960)
6481:(1955)
6473:(1950)
6465:(1945)
6457:(1940)
6449:(1935)
6441:(1930)
6433:(1925)
6425:(1920)
6417:(1915)
6409:(1913)
6401:(1908)
6393:(1905)
6385:(1900)
6366:(1895)
6358:(1890)
6350:(1885)
6342:(1883)
6334:(1878)
6326:(1873)
6318:(1871)
6310:(1861)
6302:(1858)
6294:(1854)
6286:(1848)
6278:(1838)
6270:(1830)
6262:(1827)
6254:(1820)
6246:(1820)
6227:(1778)
6219:(1772)
6211:(1772)
6203:(1768)
6195:(1768)
6187:(1764)
6179:(1752)
6171:(1741)
6163:(1727)
6155:(1703)
6136:(1698)
6128:(1695)
6120:(1690)
6112:(1689)
6104:(1686)
6096:(1684)
6088:(1683)
6080:(1682)
6072:(1680)
6064:(1677)
6056:(1662)
5674:2019:
5662:2018:
5646:2017:
5638:2016:
5622:2015:
5606:2014:
5590:2013:
5578:2012:
5557:2011:
5549:2010:
5533:2009:
5517:2008:
5501:2007:
5489:2006:
5477:2005:
5465:2004:
5453:2003:
5437:2002:
5421:2001:
5394:2000:
5386:1999:
5370:1998:
5362:1997:
5350:1996:
5334:1995:
5322:1994:
5310:1993:
5298:1992:
5286:1991:
5274:1990:
5262:1989:
5246:1988:
5238:1987:
5226:1986:
5214:1985:
5198:1984:
5190:1983:
5174:1982:
5158:1981:
5142:1980:
5130:1979:
5114:1978:
5098:1977:
5086:1976:
5059:1975:
5043:1974:
5027:1973:
5015:1972:
5007:1971:
4991:1970:
4975:1969:
4959:1968:
4943:1967:
4931:1966:
4915:1965:
4903:1964:
4887:1963:
4871:1962:
4863:1961:
4851:1960:
4839:1959:
4823:1958:
4815:1957:
4799:1956:
4791:1955:
4775:1954:
4763:1953:
4755:1952:
4747:1951:
4720:1950:
4708:1949:
4700:1948:
4684:1947:
4676:1946:
4660:1945:
4648:1944:
4636:1943:
4607:1939:
4599:1938:
4591:1937:
4579:1936:
4571:1935:
4555:1934:
4547:1933:
4535:1932:
4527:1931:
4519:1930:
4507:1929:
4499:1928:
4491:1927:
4483:1926:
4457:1924:
4445:1923:
4433:1922:
4418:1920:
4410:1919:
4374:1914:
4366:1913:
4358:1912:
4350:1911:
4342:1910:
4334:1909:
4322:1908:
4314:1907:
4302:1906:
4294:1905:
4286:1904:
4278:1903:
4270:1902:
4262:1901:
4202:(2000)
4194:(1999)
4186:(1998)
4178:(1997)
4170:(1996)
4162:(1995)
4154:(1994)
4146:(1993)
4138:(1992)
4130:(1991)
4122:(1990)
4114:(1989)
4106:(1988)
4098:(1987)
4090:(1986)
4082:(1985)
4074:(1984)
4066:(1983)
4058:(1982)
4050:(1981)
4042:(1980)
4034:(1979)
4026:(1978)
4018:(1977)
4010:(1976)
4002:(1975)
3994:(1974)
3986:(1973)
3978:(1972)
3970:(1971)
3962:(1970)
3954:(1969)
3946:(1968)
3938:(1967)
3930:(1966)
3922:(1965)
3914:(1964)
3906:(1963)
3898:(1962)
3890:(1961)
3882:(1960)
3874:(1959)
3866:(1958)
3858:(1957)
3850:(1956)
3842:(1955)
3834:(1954)
3826:(1953)
3818:(1952)
3810:(1951)
3589:
3561:
3533:Nature
3185:
3175:
3138:225478
3136:
3126:
3087:
3081:672987
3079:
3071:
3045:Nature
3028:
3018:
2979:
2969:
2930:
2920:
2881:
2871:
2692:
2684:
2649:
2639:
2600:
2590:
2551:
2541:
2494:
2428:
2418:
2376:
2366:
2327:
2317:
2278:
2268:
2229:
2219:
2180:
2170:
2119:
2022:
1996:Nature
1981:796420
1979:
1969:
1928:
1898:
1888:
1837:
1802:
1792:
1741:
1731:
1560:
1401:
1189:(1992)
1183:(1964)
1048:(O.M.)
935:Eccles
933:, and
931:Huxley
923:Eccles
921:, and
919:Huxley
835:, and
829:sodium
654:Quaker
637:Nature
605:squids
548:Master
500:tripos
231:Fields
216:(1964)
210:(1965)
204:(1963)
198:(1976)
192:(1958)
183:Awards
151:Spouse
5968:1963
5846:Peace
5786:1963
3744:53rd
3678:33rd
3085:S2CID
2690:S2CID
2492:S2CID
2020:S2CID
1496:(PDF)
1245:Death
1201:Marni
1163:(FRS)
1075:(PRS)
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