395:
77:
38:
62:
1281:
1301:
1455:
2733:
1429:
The glucose–alanine cycle enables pyruvate and glutamate to be removed from muscle and safely transported to the liver. Once there, pyruvate is used to regenerate glucose, after which the glucose returns to muscle to be metabolized for energy: this moves the energetic burden of gluconeogenesis to the
1328:
used as building blocks (monomers) for the ribosome-mediated biosynthesis of proteins. Alanine is believed to be one of the earliest amino acids to be included in the genetic code standard repertoire. On the basis of this fact the "alanine world" hypothesis was proposed. This hypothesis explains the
1344:
elements. Dominant secondary structures in life as we know it are α-helices and β-sheets and most canonical amino acids can be regarded as chemical derivatives of alanine. Therefore, most canonical amino acids in proteins can be exchanged with alanine by point mutations while the secondary structure
1535:
in order to find out how much radiation the alanine was exposed to. This is considered to be a biologically relevant measure of the amount of radiation damage that living tissue would suffer under the same radiation exposure. Radiotherapy treatment plans can be delivered in test mode to alanine
1478:. Some techniques involve creating a library of genes, each of which has a point mutation at a different position in the area of interest, sometimes even every position in the whole gene: this is called "scanning mutagenesis". The simplest method, and the first to have been used, is so-called
1316:, the inverse reaction of the reductive amination reaction described above, catalyzed by the same enzymes. The direction of the process is largely controlled by the relative concentration of the substrates and products of the reactions involved.
5610:
7215:
5231:
5550:
7203:
7062:
7455:
2468:"Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase Predicts New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Independently of Classical Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome, and C-Reactive Protein in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study"
5106:
4812:
1434:
in the muscle can be devoted to muscle contraction. It is a catabolic pathway, and relies upon protein breakdown in the muscle tissue. Whether and to what extent it occurs in non-mammals is unclear.
4232:
1531:. When normal alanine is irradiated, the radiation causes certain alanine molecules to become free radicals, and, as these radicals are stable, the free radical content can later be measured by
7211:
7199:
7057:
1129:, meaning it can be manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained through the diet. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, but is particularly concentrated in meats.
1402:. The alanine enters the bloodstream, and is transported to the liver. The alanine aminotransferase reaction takes place in reverse in the liver, where the regenerated pyruvate is used in
5360:
4541:
4561:
4595:
7207:
3046:
7377:
5331:
6655:
1329:
evolutionary choice of amino acids in the repertoire of the genetic code from a chemical point of view. In this model the selection of monomers (i.e. amino acids) for
1197:
enzyme, regenerating the α-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine, consuming one
5477:
3170:
1649:
1292:
5292:
7287:
7171:
7097:
6558:
4534:
7161:
6592:
7591:
7195:
7166:
4989:
1205:
reactions are readily reversible and pyruvate is present in all cells, alanine can be easily formed and thus has close links to metabolic pathways such as
7052:
7047:
6551:
2689:
1345:
remains intact. The fact that alanine mimics the secondary structure preferences of the majority of the encoded amino acids is practically exploited in
7186:
7750:
7516:
4527:
3039:
1979:
1552:
6867:
5874:
4999:
1889:
7151:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7337:
5316:
7646:
7641:
7631:
6459:
5710:
5482:
5301:
2615:
Biglin, Emma R.; Aitkenhead, Adam H.; Price, Gareth J.; Chadwick, Amy L.; Santina, Elham; Williams, Kaye J.; Kirkby, Karen J. (2022-04-26).
7596:
6228:
6213:
5745:
5615:
5575:
4918:
3032:
643:
7739:
7699:
7581:
7473:
7107:
6960:
6777:
6733:
6464:
6444:
6439:
6396:
6223:
6193:
5884:
5782:
5755:
5705:
5672:
5652:
5647:
5590:
5585:
5570:
5560:
5540:
5535:
5126:
5086:
5034:
4772:
4707:
4697:
4692:
3815:
1536:
pellets, which can then be measured to check that the intended pattern of radiation dose is correctly delivered by the treatment system.
7566:
7465:
7136:
6944:
5740:
5725:
5497:
5492:
5380:
2131:
Higgs PG, Pudritz RE (June 2009). "A thermodynamic basis for prebiotic amino acid synthesis and the nature of the first genetic code".
1226:
213:
7704:
7221:
6839:
6585:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
5777:
5197:
4672:
1378:
between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of
1125:. The methyl side-chain of alanine is non-reactive and is therefore hardly ever directly involved in protein function. Alanine is a
225:
1641:
7561:
4867:
2682:
5760:
5595:
5009:
4842:
4777:
2982:
5642:
3241:
2591:
2518:
2450:
2423:
1929:
1774:
1733:
1695:
1625:
1611:
1576:
444:
6578:
3933:
3554:
3145:
3150:
7792:
7782:
6479:
5306:
2675:
1996:
7732:
2396:
604:
193:
1193:, NAD and water. In the second step, the amino group of the newly formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an
2245:"Low complexity regions in the proteins of prokaryotes perform important functional roles and are highly conserved"
2243:
Ntountoumi C, Vlastaridis P, Mossialos D, Stathopoulos C, Iliopoulos I, Promponas V, et al. (November 2019).
860:
201:
7797:
7787:
3808:
3376:
1532:
5464:
7502:
5212:
4550:
3902:
3405:
1687:
1406:, forming glucose which returns to the muscles through the circulation system. Glutamate in the liver enters
1272:
111:
7725:
7531:
6544:
4252:
4227:
3867:
3535:
2972:
1725:
534:
390:
2096:
Trifonov EN (December 2000). "Consensus temporal order of amino acids and evolution of the triplet code".
5839:
3713:
3246:
1831:
1353:
often employs the polyalanine-backbone model to determine three-dimensional structures of proteins using
572:
314:
37:
1794:
7777:
5632:
3801:
1560:
1147:
786:
7373:
4320:
4007:
3938:
3602:
3510:
3236:
3160:
2756:
2536:
1375:
1242:
402:
3185:
1897:
590:
5265:
4257:
3723:
3530:
3386:
3165:
2698:
2534:
Zagórski ZP, Sehested K (1998). "Transients and Stable
Radical from the Deamination of α-Alanine".
1443:
1395:
1325:
3589:
2194:"The Alanine World Model for the Development of the Amino Acid Repertoire in Protein Biosynthesis"
6681:
6612:
6494:
4370:
4262:
3928:
3569:
3525:
3353:
3126:
2466:
Sattar N, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DS, Stanley A, Forrest E, et al. (November 2004).
1411:
1186:
1174:
822:
3024:
1797:[On the artificial formation of lactic acid and a new substance homologous to glycine].
244:
7381:
6974:
6810:
6650:
6369:
5844:
5637:
5449:
5440:
4375:
4242:
4222:
4187:
4087:
3778:
3657:
3634:
3472:
3381:
3308:
3213:
3101:
3061:
2992:
1431:
3624:
2575:
2440:
1758:
1679:
7661:
7548:
7116:
7022:
6618:
6364:
4365:
4282:
3897:
3594:
3270:
2987:
2977:
2508:
2413:
1919:
1795:"Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen Körper"
1592:
1517:
1354:
1350:
1313:
773:
101:
7689:
7389:
6934:
6900:
5487:
5202:
4943:
4519:
4292:
4267:
3887:
3882:
3069:
3058:
2997:
2150:
1126:
560:
552:
544:
351:
68:
335:
8:
7369:
6888:
6773:
5849:
5255:
4682:
4580:
3770:
3559:
3251:
3231:
2801:
1505:
1471:
1341:
1330:
1198:
1166:
1021:
845:
343:
168:
160:
141:
83:
6416:
2617:"A preclinical radiotherapy dosimetry audit using a realistic 3D printed murine phantom"
2154:
1653:
394:
293:
285:
277:
152:
7537:
6789:
6604:
5792:
5787:
5627:
5471:
4553:
4272:
4113:
4092:
4041:
3180:
2748:
2649:
2616:
2552:
2361:
2334:
2294:"Anticipating alien cells with alternative genetic codes: away from the alanine world!"
2269:
2244:
2220:
2193:
2174:
2140:
1106:
1029:
912:
256:
2667:
2109:
1834:[On a new substance arising from acetaldehyde–ammonia and hydrocyanic acid].
1399:
7146:
7026:
6828:
6374:
5280:
5176:
4994:
4887:
4562:
4082:
4056:
3718:
3676:
3012:
2834:
2654:
2636:
2597:
2587:
2514:
2489:
2446:
2419:
2392:
2366:
2315:
2274:
2225:
2166:
2113:
2066:
2022:
1992:
1954:
1925:
1770:
1739:
1729:
1691:
1675:
1621:
1572:
1264:
1214:
1005:
908:
2556:
1977:
Drauz K, Grayson IG, Kleemann A, Krimmer HP, Leuchtenberger W, Weckbecker C (2006).
76:
7407:
7236:
6804:
6800:
6629:
6601:
5929:
5246:
5192:
4970:
4908:
4585:
4486:
4443:
4237:
3824:
3226:
3106:
2644:
2628:
2544:
2479:
2356:
2346:
2305:
2264:
2256:
2215:
2205:
2178:
2158:
2105:
2071:
2031:
1984:
1845:
1808:
1718:
1564:
1479:
1346:
1250:
1194:
1065:
952:
762:
689:
43:
1988:
1516:. Deamination can be induced in solid or aqueous alanine by radiation that causes
523:
7297:
7141:
7112:
6982:
6844:
6834:
6796:
6429:
6379:
6139:
6059:
6024:
5924:
5365:
5275:
5044:
4620:
4438:
3520:
3328:
2310:
2293:
1836:
1827:
1799:
1790:
1557:
Nomenclature of
Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013
1551:
1475:
1403:
1210:
1053:
900:
507:
421:
2484:
2467:
2057:
2013:
515:
7684:
7586:
7256:
7176:
7010:
6785:
6743:
6339:
6319:
6084:
6019:
5939:
5919:
5715:
5187:
5116:
4903:
4822:
4500:
4118:
4061:
4026:
3892:
3515:
3155:
3116:
2934:
2632:
1946:
1766:
1383:
1268:
1202:
1070:
854:
6570:
2351:
1333:
is rather limited to those alanine derivatives that are suitable for building
7771:
7415:
7325:
7272:
7241:
6994:
6914:
6873:
6824:
6781:
6753:
6509:
6504:
6484:
6344:
6309:
6164:
6159:
6149:
6124:
6119:
6054:
6014:
5974:
5555:
5260:
5172:
5111:
5056:
5024:
4883:
4817:
4637:
4610:
4491:
4418:
4133:
3862:
3700:
3667:
3629:
3487:
3371:
3007:
2928:
2922:
2824:
2640:
2601:
2075:
2035:
1849:
1812:
1486:
1379:
1358:
1025:
751:
383:
61:
1832:"Ueber einen neuen aus Aldehyd – Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehenden Körper"
1743:
7449:
7393:
7385:
7341:
7309:
6919:
6896:
6299:
6129:
6099:
6004:
5969:
5904:
5889:
5667:
5168:
5141:
5096:
4893:
4879:
4847:
4797:
4752:
4472:
4452:
4307:
4174:
4097:
3999:
3738:
3616:
3492:
3323:
3256:
3121:
3111:
3091:
2722:
2658:
2493:
2370:
2319:
2278:
2229:
2170:
2117:
1958:
1684:
Prediction of
Protein Structures and the Principles of Protein Conformation
1528:
1415:
1407:
1300:
1280:
1260:
1110:
1057:
956:
936:
904:
6645:
3959:
3175:
2335:"Model-building strategies for low-resolution X-ray crystallographic data"
2242:
2162:
1863:
1568:
7694:
7611:
7477:
7419:
7411:
7301:
7156:
7077:
7067:
7014:
6964:
6863:
6848:
6820:
6691:
6489:
6474:
6454:
6424:
6354:
6238:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6183:
6144:
6094:
6089:
6074:
6064:
6029:
5979:
5949:
5944:
5934:
5854:
5797:
5750:
5682:
5657:
5605:
5520:
5406:
5344:
5321:
5029:
5014:
4960:
4948:
4762:
4737:
4625:
4600:
4297:
3969:
3872:
3468:
2966:
2899:
2260:
2210:
1501:
1334:
1288:
1235:
1087:
372:
7651:
7626:
7606:
7601:
7576:
7481:
7469:
7441:
7359:
7333:
7329:
7315:
7305:
7276:
7264:
7260:
7231:
7226:
7181:
7120:
7102:
7087:
7006:
6990:
6986:
6968:
6952:
6904:
6892:
6878:
6815:
6738:
6696:
6527:
6499:
6449:
6434:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6334:
6304:
6294:
6233:
6169:
6154:
6134:
6079:
6049:
6034:
6009:
5994:
5959:
5954:
5914:
5909:
5879:
5864:
5824:
5802:
5765:
5735:
5720:
5700:
5458:
5428:
5411:
5401:
5156:
5146:
5121:
5076:
4953:
4938:
4933:
4913:
4872:
4862:
4852:
4832:
4827:
4787:
4782:
4742:
4732:
4717:
4657:
4632:
4339:
4247:
4128:
4123:
4105:
4051:
3832:
3748:
3579:
3564:
3545:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3333:
3221:
3200:
3073:
3055:
3002:
2843:
2819:
2776:
2765:
2548:
1419:
1391:
1338:
1206:
1159:
1033:
920:
916:
888:
720:
671:
662:
433:
403:
325:
220:
208:
4287:
7679:
7636:
7621:
7616:
7487:
7431:
7427:
7320:
7251:
7191:
7131:
7126:
7092:
7002:
6998:
6939:
6929:
6908:
6854:
6758:
6725:
6324:
6314:
6272:
6198:
6188:
6114:
6109:
6069:
6044:
6039:
5989:
5964:
5894:
5869:
5859:
5834:
5829:
5819:
5695:
5580:
5565:
5545:
5530:
5525:
5416:
5241:
5236:
5182:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5019:
4928:
4923:
4898:
4807:
4747:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4702:
4677:
4605:
4567:
Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
4356:
4160:
4066:
3979:
3648:
3464:
3429:
3362:
3348:
2893:
2858:
2848:
2809:
2583:
1617:
1524:
1454:
1190:
998:
990:
20:
3793:
853:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
7674:
7460:
7445:
7435:
7423:
7292:
7282:
7268:
7082:
6948:
6924:
6883:
6748:
6469:
6267:
6174:
5999:
5984:
5899:
5814:
5730:
5620:
5502:
5433:
5423:
5285:
5151:
5049:
4857:
4277:
4141:
4046:
3857:
3704:
3691:
3638:
3460:
3424:
3415:
3319:
3280:
3096:
2946:
2940:
2887:
2814:
2732:
1489:
1442:
Alterations in the alanine cycle that increase the levels of serum
1387:
1170:
1143:
1079:
1075:
1041:
1037:
1017:
1009:
967:
481:
473:
465:
362:
2145:
1652:
Joint
Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from
224:
212:
200:
192:
7571:
7403:
7072:
7018:
6956:
6859:
6763:
6709:
6686:
6660:
6513:
6359:
6349:
6329:
6284:
5770:
5370:
5270:
5161:
5039:
4757:
4687:
4667:
4615:
4477:
4393:
3989:
3974:
3964:
3907:
3877:
3396:
3315:
3294:
3285:
3190:
3136:
3054:
2791:
2786:
2770:
2717:
2712:
2465:
1256:
1178:
1155:
1122:
1061:
975:
964:
892:
741:
493:
24:
903:, both attached to the central carbon atom which also carries a
7399:
6717:
6673:
6389:
6289:
5662:
5393:
5375:
5352:
4647:
4642:
3984:
3912:
3501:
3299:
3082:
2881:
2853:
2760:
2391:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 684–85.
1151:
1114:
986:
971:
960:
304:
1759:"Alanine Racemase and D-Amino Acid Oxidase in Aquatic Animals"
7032:
6384:
5809:
5600:
5326:
5136:
4662:
4652:
4206:
4012:
2614:
2339:
1645:
896:
267:
181:
4549:
2574:
Andreo P, Burns DT, Nahum AE, Seuntjens J, Attix FH (2017).
1945:
Melkonian, Erica A.; Asuka, Edinen; Schury, Mark P. (2023),
915:α-amino acid. Under biological conditions, it exists in its
577:
7492:
7364:
7037:
6277:
6104:
5690:
5677:
5311:
5131:
5101:
5091:
5004:
4837:
4802:
4792:
4590:
1976:
1423:
1182:
1093:
951:). It is non-essential to humans as it can be synthesized
613:
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
455:
6978:
5515:
2573:
1642:"Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides"
1446:(ALT) are linked to the development of type II diabetes.
16:Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
1234:-Alanine is produced industrially by decarboxylation of
2697:
5807:
Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):
2332:
1763:
1482:, where every position in turn is mutated to alanine.
1091:
used in chemical compounds being analogous to
English
7503:
5213:
1715:
2333:
Karmali AM, Blundell TL, Furnham N (February 2009).
1944:
1918:
Patna BK, Kara TC, Ghosh SN, Dalai AK, eds. (2012).
1466:)-alanine (right) in zwitterionic form at neutral pH
1109:
amino acid, because the side-chain connected to the
1917:
1756:
955:and does not need to be present in the diet. It is
443:
1717:
1004:in rate of occurrence, accounting for 7.8% of the
4411:
1553:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1386:. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group to
993:) is the one that is incorporated into proteins.
756:258 °C (496 °F; 531 K) (sublimes)
243:
7769:
2533:
907:side chain. Consequently it is classified as a
522:
514:
506:
6600:
4431:
4355:
4215:
2291:
2191:
2011:
1953:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1761:. In Yoshimura T, Nishikawa T, Homma H (eds.).
1430:liver instead of the muscle, and all available
1259:alanine can be prepared by the condensation of
623:D/L: Key: QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
167:
159:
151:
5465:
5450:
3293:
1980:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1121:). Alanine is the simplest α-amino acid after
19:Not to be confused with the chemical compound
7662:
7549:
6586:
4535:
3809:
3040:
2683:
1085:for ease of pronunciation, the German ending
630:D: Key: QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N
2580:Fundamentals of Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry
2382:
2380:
2130:
2506:
2438:
2198:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1716:Mathews CK, Van Holde KE, Ahern KG (2000).
1492:, which is a useful chiral building block.
1319:
1052:Alanine was first synthesized in 1850 when
6593:
6579:
6552:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
4542:
4528:
4348:
3816:
3802:
3047:
3033:
2690:
2676:
2418:. Academic Press. 2001-09-07. p. 23.
2055:
393:
350:
342:
334:
6559:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
4465:
2648:
2483:
2386:
2377:
2360:
2350:
2309:
2268:
2219:
2209:
2144:
1674:
1364:
1173:, a two-step process. In the first step,
559:
551:
543:
7751:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
6630:
4971:
2095:
1826:
1789:
1453:
1374:In mammals, alanine plays a key role in
1369:
1047:
2292:Kubyshkin V, Budisa N (December 2019).
2192:Kubyshkin V, Budisa N (November 2019).
1757:Yoshikawa N, Sarower MG, Abe H (2016).
1426:which is excreted through the kidneys.
589:
371:
7770:
6282:Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:
1609:
1585:
1449:
384:
7508:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
6574:
5438:Other positive allosteric modulators:
5218:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
4523:
3823:
3797:
3242:2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
3028:
2671:
2569:
2567:
1613:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1220:
616:Key: QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N
313:
292:
284:
276:
7200:4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
7058:4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
3555:2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
1711:
1709:
1707:
1603:
1523:This property of alanine is used in
1504:of an alanine molecule produces the
1418:, which in turn participates in the
1349:mutagenesis. In addition, classical
1032:, and occurs in the tissues of many
891:that is used in the biosynthesis of
7023:trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
6179:Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
2699:Encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids
2582:(2nd ed.). Weinheim, Germany:
2415:Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion
1724:(3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA:
1680:"Redundancies in Protein Sequences"
1520:of the carbon–nitrogen bond.
1485:Hydrogenation of alanine gives the
1437:
496:
480:
472:
464:
13:
7627:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
4743:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
2564:
2507:Park SJ, Cochran JR (2009-09-25).
2439:Walsh PJ, Wright PA (1995-08-31).
2236:
1227:Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation
75:
60:
14:
7809:
7763:
2442:Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
1704:
2731:
2298:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2012:Kendall EC, McKenzie BF (1929).
1837:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
1817:Strecker names alanine on p. 30.
1800:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
1299:
1279:
1142:Alanine can be synthesized from
707:
701:
36:
6219:Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
5166:Negative allosteric modulators:
5054:Positive allosteric modulators:
4877:Negative allosteric modulators:
4630:Positive allosteric modulators:
3377:Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
2608:
2527:
2500:
2459:
2432:
2406:
2326:
2285:
2185:
2124:
2089:
2049:
2005:
1970:
1938:
1911:
1882:
1856:
1533:electron paramagnetic resonance
1495:
1137:
857:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5455:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
4763:Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
4658:Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
4062:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
3191:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
3146:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
2510:Protein Engineering and Design
1820:
1783:
1750:
1668:
1634:
1561:The Royal Society of Chemistry
1545:
1307:
710:
695:
1:
7726:Receptor/signaling modulators
7667:Tooltip Glycine transporter 2
7577:Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
7554:Tooltip Glycine transporter 1
6545:Receptor/signaling modulators
6394:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
4958:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
4551:Ionotropic glutamate receptor
3406:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
3151:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
2110:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00476-5
1989:10.1002/14356007.a02_057.pub2
1947:"Physiology, Gluconeogenesis"
1539:
1324:Alanine is one of the twenty
7744:receptor positive modulators
3536:2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
2311:10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.006
1726:Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
1472:loss of function experiments
1249:-alanine are complicated by
1100:
7:
6243:NR2A-selective antagonists:
5775:Polyamine site antagonists:
5000:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
4586:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
3714:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
3247:2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
2485:10.2337/diabetes.53.11.2855
2056:Tobie WC, Ayres GB (1941).
1331:ribosomal protein synthesis
1074:in German, in reference to
1068:. The amino acid was named
997:-alanine is second only to
56:
10:
7814:
6782:chlorobutanol (chloretone)
4683:Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
3590:generation of homocysteine
2757:Branched-chain amino acids
2633:10.1038/s41598-022-10895-5
2389:Principles of Biochemistry
2387:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2005).
1312:Alanine is broken down by
1245:. Fermentation routes to
1224:
1148:branched chain amino acids
1132:
919:form with its amine group
18:
7793:Glycine receptor agonists
7783:Proteinogenic amino acids
7717:
7660:
7547:
7530:
7501:
6897:pregnenolone (eltanolone)
6874:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
6628:
6611:
6536:
5625:Glycine site antagonists:
5211:
4969:
4560:
4404:
4392:
4338:
4315:
4306:
4205:
4182:
4173:
4153:
4075:
4034:
4025:
3998:
3947:
3921:
3868:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
3863:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
3850:
3841:
3831:
3769:
3762:
3736:
3699:
3689:
3666:
3647:
3578:
3544:
3500:
3485:
3453:
3414:
3395:
3361:
3346:
3278:
3269:
3237:3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
3199:
3135:
3081:
3068:
2960:
2908:
2867:
2833:
2800:
2747:
2740:
2729:
2705:
2537:J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
2352:10.1107/S0907444908040006
2084:, vol. 1, p. 21
2044:, vol. 1, p. 21
1924:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1921:Textbook of Biotechnology
1414:into α-ketoglutarate and
1243:aspartate 4-decarboxylase
1012:. The right-handed form,
935:) and its carboxyl group
851:
844:
839:
682:
639:
600:
134:
122:
110:
100:
95:
55:
35:
23:, or the phenyl compound
7733:GABA receptor modulators
6635:Tooltip Glycine receptor
5513:Competitive antagonists:
5421:Polyamine site agonists:
5407:Neboglamine (nebostinel)
4976:Tooltip Kainate receptor
4052:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
3724:4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
3531:3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
3387:Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
2076:10.15227/orgsyn.009.0004
2036:10.15227/orgsyn.009.0004
1850:10.1002/jlac.18540910309
1813:10.1002/jlac.18500750103
1444:alanine aminotransferase
1396:alanine aminotransferase
1394:, through the action of
1320:Alanine world hypothesis
840:Supplementary data page
7378:3β-androsterone sulfate
7374:3α-androsterone sulfate
6495:Pentamidine isethionate
6239:Traxoprodil (CP-101606)
5478:Epipregnanolone sulfate
3570:2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
3526:3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
3062:metabolic intermediates
1983:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1610:Haynes WM, ed. (2016).
1525:dosimetric measurements
1412:glutamate dehydrogenase
1326:canonical α-amino acids
1187:glutamate dehydrogenase
1165:Alanine is produced by
1127:nonessential amino acid
823:Magnetic susceptibility
50:-alanine (neutral form)
7798:NMDA receptor agonists
7788:Glucogenic amino acids
7622:ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
6811:Alkylbenzene sulfonate
6525:Allosteric modulators:
6460:Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
6115:Pethidine (meperidine)
5736:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
5658:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
5322:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
5290:Glycine site agonists:
5122:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
4833:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
4718:Mibampator (LY-451395)
4487:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
4088:N-Methylphenethylamine
3779:Cysteine sulfinic acid
3625:conversion to cysteine
3382:Formiminoglutamic acid
3309:3-Phosphoglyceric acid
3186:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
2249:Nucleic Acids Research
1682:. In Fasman GD (ed.).
1467:
1462:)-Alanine (left) and (
1410:and is broken down by
1398:, forming alanine and
1390:, a product of muscle
1365:Physiological function
80:
65:
7695:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
6995:diethyl ether (ether)
6194:CO-101244 (PD-174494)
5910:Delucemine (NPS-1506)
5860:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
4228:2-AGE (noladin ether)
3511:α-Ketoisovaleric acid
3166:β-Ketoisocaproic acid
3161:α-Ketoisocaproic acid
2163:10.1089/ast.2008.0280
1569:10.1039/9781849733069
1470:Alanine is useful in
1457:
1376:glucose–alanine cycle
1370:Glucose–alanine cycle
1355:molecular replacement
1351:X-ray crystallography
1314:oxidative deamination
1293:2-bromopropanoic acid
1048:History and etymology
1008:in a sample of 1,150
901:carboxylic acid group
129:2-Aminopropionic acid
116:2-Aminopropanoic acid
112:Systematic IUPAC name
79:
64:
7390:pregnenolone sulfate
7370:Neuroactive steroids
7328:constituents (e.g.,
7288:Cyanotriphenylborate
7249:Negative modulators:
7172:N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
7098:Cyanotriphenylborate
6935:Tetrahydrocannabinol
6901:pregnenolone acetate
6889:Neuroactive steroids
6862:constituents (e.g.,
6771:Positive modulators:
6214:Radiprodil (RGH-896)
6189:Buphenine (nylidrin)
5766:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
5581:Midafotel (d-CPPene)
5488:Pregnenolone sulfate
5412:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
5203:Pregnenolone sulfate
4944:Pregnenolone sulfate
4439:Carbon monoxide (CO)
3598:-Adenosyl methionine
3181:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
3171:β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
3127:β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
2586:. pp. 547–556.
2211:10.3390/ijms20215507
1900:on December 24, 2014
1769:. pp. 269–282.
1690:. pp. 599–623.
1342:secondary structural
1022:bacterial cell walls
1016:-alanine, occurs in
69:Ball-and-stick model
7382:deoxycorticosterone
7162:N-Methylbicuculline
5445:-Hydroxycholesterol
5256:Homoquinolinic acid
5229:Main site agonists:
4987:Main site agonists:
4581:5-Fluorowillardiine
4578:Main site agonists:
4444:Hydrogen sulfide (H
4298:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
3771:Cysteine metabolism
3560:2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
3252:2-Aminomuconic acid
3232:3-Hydroxykynurenine
2576:"Alanine Dosimetry"
2155:2009AsBio...9..483H
1894:Oxford Dictionaries
1868:AminoAcidsGuide.com
1450:Chemical properties
1267:in the presence of
1199:reducing equivalent
1167:reductive amination
1030:peptide antibiotics
846:Alanine (data page)
763:Solubility in water
728: g·mol
257:Beilstein Reference
86:(zwitterionic form)
84:Space-filling model
71:(zwitterionic form)
32:
7592:Glycyldodecylamide
7196:4-hydroxyquinoline
7167:N-Methylstrychnine
5793:Diethylenetriamine
5472:prasterone sulfate
5247:Homocysteic acid (
4990:5-Bromowillardiine
4501:Sulfur dioxide (SO
4412:Cholinergic system
4114:Phenylethanolamine
4093:N-Methyltryptamine
4057:NAS (normelatonin)
3844:inhibitory systems
3842:Major excitatory /
3658:α-Ketobutyric acid
3635:α-Ketobutyric acid
3473:γ-Glutamylcysteine
3217:′-Formylkynurenine
3102:α-Aminoadipic acid
3013:Dehydroamino acids
2973:Encoded (proteins)
2909:Negative charge (p
2868:Positive charge (p
2621:Scientific Reports
2549:10.1007/BF02383729
2261:10.1093/nar/gkz730
2255:(19): 9998–10009.
1518:homolytic cleavage
1468:
1221:Chemical synthesis
861:Infobox references
768:167.2 g/L (25 °C)
656:D: C(C(=O)O)N
651:L: C(C(=O)O)N
81:
66:
30:
7778:Alpha-Amino acids
7760:
7759:
7713:
7712:
7685:Ethanol (alcohol)
7587:Ethanol (alcohol)
7541:
7526:
7525:
7147:Isonipecotic acid
7053:2-Nitrostrychnine
7048:2-Aminostrychnine
7027:trichloroethylene
6829:sodium thiopental
6786:ethanol (alcohol)
6728:
6720:
6712:
6704:
6676:
6668:
6622:
6568:
6567:
6419:
6375:Trichloroethylene
6320:Ethanol (alcohol)
5685:
5628:4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
5396:
5388:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5296:
5281:Tetrazolylglycine
5250:
5188:Ethanol (alcohol)
5177:sodium thiopental
4995:5-Iodowillardiine
4904:Ethanol (alcohol)
4888:sodium thiopental
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4461:
4460:
4453:Nitric oxide (NO)
4427:
4426:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4169:
4168:
4083:3-Iodothyronamine
4021:
4020:
3825:Neurotransmitters
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3758:
3757:
3732:
3731:
3719:Homogentisic acid
3685:
3684:
3677:Methylmalonyl-CoA
3481:
3480:
3342:
3341:
3265:
3264:
3022:
3021:
2983:Non-proteinogenic
2956:
2955:
2593:978-3-527-80823-6
2520:978-1-4200-7659-2
2452:978-0-8493-8411-0
2425:978-0-08-049751-8
2082:Collected Volumes
2067:Organic Syntheses
2042:Collected Volumes
2023:Organic Syntheses
1931:978-0-07-107007-2
1776:978-4-431-56077-7
1735:978-0-8053-3066-3
1697:978-0-306-43131-9
1656:on 9 October 2008
1627:978-1-4987-5428-6
1620:. pp. 5–88.
1616:(97th ed.).
1578:978-0-85404-182-4
1273:Strecker reaction
1265:ammonium chloride
1248:
1241:by the action of
1238:
1233:
1215:citric acid cycle
1185:are converted by
1015:
1006:primary structure
1001:
996:
984:
895:. It contains an
869:Chemical compound
867:
866:
802:2.34 (carboxyl; H
573:CompTox Dashboard
412:L: 206-126-4
226:Interactive image
214:Interactive image
202:Interactive image
194:Interactive image
91:
90:
49:
7805:
7668:
7664:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7535:
7509:
7505:
7408:dextromethorphan
7298:Dihydropyridines
7237:Thiocolchicoside
7187:Pseudostrychnine
7127:Gaboxadol (THIP)
7121:anandamide (AEA)
7113:Endocannabinoids
6845:Dihydropyridines
6805:trifluoroethanol
6801:trichloroethanol
6726:
6718:
6710:
6702:
6674:
6666:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6616:
6602:Glycine receptor
6595:
6588:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6417:
6370:Trichloroethanol
5930:Dextromethorphan
5683:
5467:
5456:
5452:
5394:
5386:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5294:
5248:
5219:
5215:
4977:
4973:
4808:Fanapanel (MPQX)
4568:
4564:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4492:Nitrous oxide (N
4463:
4462:
4432:Gasotransmitters
4429:
4428:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4313:
4312:
4248:Anandamide (AEA)
4216:Endocannabinoids
4213:
4212:
4180:
4179:
4067:Serotonin (5-HT)
4032:
4031:
3851:Glutamate system
3848:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3767:
3766:
3697:
3696:
3611:
3610:
3498:
3497:
3359:
3358:
3291:
3290:
3276:
3275:
3227:Anthranilic acid
3107:2-Oxoadipic acid
3079:
3078:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3025:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1896:. Archived from
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:"L-alanine MSDS"
1589:
1583:
1582:
1563:. p. 1392.
1549:
1480:alanine scanning
1474:with respect to
1438:Link to diabetes
1347:alanine scanning
1303:
1283:
1251:alanine racemase
1246:
1236:
1231:
1195:aminotransferase
1066:hydrogen cyanide
1013:
999:
994:
982:
950:
949:
948:
945:
934:
933:
932:
929:
835:
833:
727:
712:
709:
703:
697:
690:Chemical formula
593:
581:
579:
563:
555:
547:
526:
518:
510:
498:
484:
476:
468:
447:
422:Gmelin Reference
405:
397:
386:
375:
354:
346:
338:
317:
296:
288:
280:
247:
228:
216:
204:
196:
171:
163:
155:
57:
47:
44:Skeletal formula
40:
33:
29:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7743:
7709:
7666:
7656:
7567:ALX-5407 (NFPS)
7553:
7534:
7522:
7507:
7497:
7257:Benzodiazepines
7142:Isobutyric acid
6983:chloral hydrate
6835:Chlormethiazole
6797:tribromoethanol
6793:-butanol (2M2P)
6634:
6615:
6607:
6599:
6569:
6564:
6532:
6430:Flufenamic acid
6365:Trichloroethane
6140:Rhynchophylline
6060:Methoxphenidine
6025:Levomilnacipran
5925:Dextromethadone
5850:α-Endopsychosin
5454:
5366:Dimethylglycine
5276:Quinolinic acid
5217:
5207:
5045:Quisqualic acid
4975:
4965:
4621:Quisqualic acid
4566:
4556:
4548:
4518:
4509:
4504:
4495:
4481:
4457:
4447:
4423:
4380:
4326:
4302:
4193:
4165:
4149:
4071:
4027:Biogenic amines
4017:
3994:
3943:
3917:
3843:
3827:
3822:
3792:
3783:
3754:
3728:
3681:
3662:
3643:
3608:
3607:
3574:
3540:
3521:Methacrylyl-CoA
3491:
3477:
3449:
3410:
3391:
3354:α-ketoglutarate
3352:
3338:
3329:Phosphocreatine
3298:
3284:
3261:
3195:
3131:
3064:
3053:
3023:
3018:
3017:
2998:Secondary amino
2952:
2915:
2904:
2874:
2863:
2829:
2796:
2736:
2727:
2701:
2696:
2666:
2613:
2609:
2594:
2572:
2565:
2543:(1–2): 139–41.
2532:
2528:
2521:
2505:
2501:
2478:(11): 2855–60.
2464:
2460:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2385:
2378:
2345:(Pt 2): 121–7.
2331:
2327:
2290:
2286:
2241:
2237:
2190:
2186:
2129:
2125:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1825:
1821:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1476:phosphorylation
1452:
1440:
1404:gluconeogenesis
1400:α-ketoglutarate
1372:
1367:
1357:—a model-based
1322:
1310:
1229:
1223:
1211:gluconeogenesis
1175:α-ketoglutarate
1140:
1135:
1120:
1103:
1054:Adolph Strecker
1050:
946:
943:
942:
940:
930:
927:
926:
924:
870:
863:
858:
831:
829:
826:
816:
812:
805:
795:
765:
725:
715:
706:
700:
692:
678:
675:
674:: C(C(=O))
666:
665:: C(C(=O))
657:
652:
647:
646:
635:
632:
631:
625:
624:
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
596:
582:
575:
566:
529:
499:
487:
450:
436:
424:
415:
378:
357:
320:
299:
259:
250:
231:
185:
174:
144:
130:
128:
126:
118:
117:
106:
87:
72:
51:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7811:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7765:
7764:External links
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7671:
7669:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7542:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7510:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7439:
7397:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7254:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7177:Nipecotic acid
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7011:methoxyflurane
6972:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6868:ginsenoside-Rf
6857:
6852:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6744:Picolinic acid
6741:
6736:
6731:
6723:
6715:
6707:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6671:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6639:
6637:
6623:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6340:Methoxyflurane
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6275:
6270:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6085:Nitromemantine
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6020:Levomethorphan
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Dieticyclidine
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5920:Dextrallorphan
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:Argiotoxin-636
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:Diaminopropane
5785:
5780:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5716:Kynurenic acid
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5462:
5447:
5431:
5426:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5222:
5220:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5117:Kynurenic acid
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4980:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Kynurenic acid
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4571:
4569:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Phenethylamine
4116:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3948:Glycine system
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Kynurenic acid
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3600:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Isobutyryl-CoA
3513:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Isovaleryl-CoA
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Glutaconyl-CoA
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:Selenocysteine
2932:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2706:General topics
2703:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2607:
2592:
2563:
2526:
2519:
2499:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2424:
2405:
2397:
2376:
2325:
2284:
2235:
2184:
2123:
2088:
2048:
2004:
1998:978-3527306732
1997:
1969:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1881:
1870:. 10 June 2018
1855:
1844:(3): 349–351.
1819:
1782:
1775:
1767:Springer Japan
1749:
1734:
1703:
1696:
1667:
1633:
1626:
1602:
1584:
1577:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1384:transamination
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1285:
1284:
1269:sodium cyanide
1222:
1219:
1203:transamination
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1118:
1105:Alanine is an
1102:
1099:
1049:
1046:
1028:) and in some
963:starting with
868:
865:
864:
859:
855:standard state
852:
849:
848:
842:
841:
837:
836:
834:10 cm/mol
827:
821:
818:
817:
815:
814:
810:
809:9.87 (amino; H
807:
803:
799:
797:
793:
783:
782:
779:
770:
769:
766:
761:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
723:
717:
716:
713:
704:
698:
693:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
669:
667:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
634:
633:
629:
628:
626:
622:
621:
619:
615:
612:
611:
603:
602:
601:
598:
597:
595:
594:
591:DTXSID20873899
585:
583:
571:
568:
567:
565:
564:
556:
548:
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
519:
511:
502:
500:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
477:
469:
460:
458:
452:
451:
449:
448:
439:
437:
432:
429:
428:
425:
420:
417:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
399:
398:
388:
380:
379:
377:
376:
367:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
347:
339:
330:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
309:
307:
301:
300:
298:
297:
289:
281:
272:
270:
264:
263:
260:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
239:
237:
233:
232:
230:
229:
217:
205:
197:
188:
186:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
164:
156:
147:
145:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
82:
73:
67:
53:
52:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7810:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7416:levomethadone
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7273:flunitrazepam
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7152:Isostrychnine
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:Nitrous oxide
6913:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6825:pentobarbital
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Quisqualamine
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6510:Transcrocetin
6508:
6506:
6505:Psychotridine
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Niflumic acid
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:Nitrous oxide
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:Diethyl ether
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6165:Tenocyclidine
6163:
6161:
6160:Tabernanthine
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:Rolicyclidine
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Phencyclidine
6123:
6121:
6120:Phencyclamine
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Methoxetamine
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Levomethadone
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Fluorolintane
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:Kaitocephalin
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:Ibotenic acid
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5173:pentobarbital
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Kaitocephalin
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Cyclothiazide
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:Ibotenic acid
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:pentobarbital
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Kaitocephalin
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Cyclothiazide
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Ibotenic acid
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4419:Acetylcholine
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:Miscellaneous
4403:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Neurosteroids
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Neuropeptides
4172:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3701:phenylalanine
3698:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:propionyl-CoA
3665:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Cystathionine
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:-homocysteine
3605:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3488:propionyl-CoA
3484:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Urocanic acid
3370:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:D-amino acids
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:Glutamic acid
2927:
2924:
2923:Aspartic acid
2921:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2825:Phenylalanine
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:By properties
2739:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2513:. CRC Press.
2512:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2448:
2445:. CRC Press.
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2398:0-7167-4339-6
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2139:(5): 483–90.
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:(1): 139–51.
2103:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(in German).
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:(in German).
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1721:
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1710:
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1699:
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1677:
1671:
1655:
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1643:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:amino alcohol
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:peptidoglycan
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:
988:
979:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:metabolically
938:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
862:
856:
850:
847:
843:
838:
828:
824:
820:
819:
808:
801:
800:
798:
792:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
772:
771:
767:
764:
760:
759:
755:
753:
752:Melting point
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
736:white powder
735:
732:
731:
724:
722:
719:
718:
694:
691:
687:
686:
681:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
649:
648:
645:
638:
627:
620:
610:
609:
606:
599:
592:
587:
586:
584:
574:
570:
569:
562:
557:
554:
549:
546:
541:
540:
538:
536:
533:
532:
525:
520:
517:
512:
509:
504:
503:
501:
495:
491:
490:
483:
478:
475:
470:
467:
462:
461:
459:
457:
454:
453:
446:
441:
440:
438:
435:
431:
430:
426:
423:
419:
418:
411:
410:
408:
406:
401:
400:
396:
392:
389:
387:
385:ECHA InfoCard
382:
381:
374:
369:
368:
366:
364:
361:
360:
353:
348:
345:
340:
337:
332:
331:
329:
327:
324:
323:
316:
311:
310:
308:
306:
303:
302:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
274:
273:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
258:
254:
253:
246:
241:
240:
238:
235:
234:
227:
222:
218:
215:
210:
206:
203:
198:
195:
190:
189:
187:
183:
178:
177:
170:
165:
162:
157:
154:
149:
148:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
127:Alaninic acid
121:
113:
109:
103:
99:
94:
85:
78:
74:
70:
63:
59:
58:
54:
45:
39:
34:
26:
22:
7749:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7450:picrotoxinin
7394:progesterone
7386:DHEA sulfate
7354:ginkgolide M
7350:ginkgolide J
7346:ginkgolide C
7342:ginkgolide B
7338:ginkgolide A
7310:nitrendipine
7248:
7045:Antagonists:
7044:
6920:Penicillin G
6864:ginsenosides
6821:Barbiturates
6790:
6770:
6701:
6665:
6651:β-ABA (BABA)
6642:
6557:
6550:
6541:
6540:
6524:
6521:
6393:
6300:Cyclopropane
6281:
6264:
6242:
6178:
6130:Propoxyphene
6100:Orphenadrine
6005:Ketobemidone
5970:Eticyclidine
5905:Coronaridine
5890:ARL-15896-AR
5806:
5774:
5686:-Cycloserine
5668:Carisoprodol
5624:
5512:
5510:Antagonists:
5509:
5442:
5437:
5420:
5385:
5348:-Cycloserine
5336:
5289:
5228:
5225:
5169:Barbiturates
5165:
5142:Selurampanel
5097:Dasolampanel
5084:Antagonists:
5083:
5053:
4986:
4983:
4957:
4894:Cyclopropane
4880:Barbiturates
4876:
4848:Selurampanel
4798:Dasolampanel
4770:Antagonists:
4769:
4753:Pramiracetam
4629:
4577:
4574:
4473:Acetaldehyde
4142:
4134:
4106:
4098:
4076:Trace amines
3954:
3746:
3739:oxaloacetate
3623:
3617:Homocysteine
3603:
3595:
3588:
3493:succinyl-CoA
3324:Glycocyamine
3257:Glutaryl-CoA
3214:
3204:
3122:Crotonyl-CoA
3112:Glutaryl-CoA
3092:Saccharopine
2965:
2910:
2869:
2781:
2723:Genetic code
2624:
2620:
2610:
2579:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2509:
2502:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2441:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2388:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2204:(21): 5507.
2201:
2197:
2187:
2136:
2133:Astrobiology
2132:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1978:
1972:
1962:, retrieved
1950:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1893:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1807:(1): 27–45.
1804:
1798:
1785:
1762:
1752:
1720:Biochemistry
1719:
1686:. New York:
1683:
1676:Doolittle RF
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1636:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1556:
1547:
1529:radiotherapy
1522:
1506:free radical
1499:
1496:Free radical
1484:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1428:
1408:mitochondria
1373:
1323:
1311:
1286:
1261:acetaldehyde
1255:
1230:
1164:
1141:
1138:Biosynthesis
1104:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1058:acetaldehyde
1051:
989:of alanine (
980:
978:, and GCG).
937:deprotonated
917:zwitterionic
905:methyl group
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
790:
775:
315:ChEMBL279597
135:Identifiers
123:Other names
7647:SSR-504,734
7642:SSR-103,800
7632:PF-03463275
7612:Mardepodect
7532:Transporter
7478:tropisetron
7420:levorphanol
7412:dextrorphan
7334:ginkgolides
7302:nicardipine
7157:Laudanosine
7078:Cacotheline
7068:Bicuculline
7015:sevoflurane
6965:tropisetron
6849:nicardipine
6692:Hypotaurine
6490:Pentamidine
6475:Minocycline
6455:Hodgkinsine
6425:Dexanabinol
6355:Sevoflurane
6209:Isoxsuprine
6204:Haloperidol
6184:Besonprodil
6145:Rimantadine
6095:Norketamine
6090:Noribogaine
6065:Milnacipran
6030:Levorphanol
5980:Gacyclidine
5950:Dizocilpine
5945:Diphenidine
5935:Dextrorphan
5855:Alaproclate
5798:Huperzine A
5751:Meprobamate
5711:Harkoseride
5606:Perzinfotel
5483:Plazinemdor
5030:Kainic acid
5015:Domoic acid
4961:Minocycline
4949:Sevoflurane
4626:Willardiine
4601:Domoic acid
4478:Ammonia (NH
4349:Nucleosides
4109:-Octopamine
4101:-Octopamine
4013:T-HCA (GHC)
3970:Hypotaurine
3922:GABA system
3873:Glutathione
3469:glutathione
3003:Imino acids
2967:Amino acids
2900:Pyrrolysine
2837:, uncharged
2627:(1): 6826.
2304:: 242–249.
1502:deamination
1308:Degradation
1289:ammonolysis
1078:, with the
1034:crustaceans
991:left-handed
897:amine group
746:1.424 g/cm
733:Appearance
683:Properties
391:100.000.249
294:CHEBI:15570
286:CHEBI:16449
278:CHEBI:16977
125:Alanic acid
7772:Categories
7652:Tilapertin
7607:LY-2365109
7602:Iclepertin
7597:GSK1018921
7482:zatosetron
7470:bemesetron
7442:Picrotoxin
7360:Imipramine
7330:bilobalide
7316:Furosemide
7306:nifedipine
7277:flurazepam
7265:clonazepam
7261:bromazepam
7232:Strychnine
7227:Sinomenine
7192:Quinolines
7182:Pitrazepin
7103:Dendrobine
7088:Colchicine
7007:isoflurane
6991:desflurane
6987:chloroform
6969:zatosetron
6953:bemesetron
6905:minaxolone
6893:alfaxolone
6879:Ivermectin
6816:Anandamide
6739:Milacemide
6729:-Threonine
6697:Ivermectin
6605:modulators
6528:AGN-241751
6500:Piretanide
6450:Furosemide
6435:Flupirtine
6412:Conantokin
6407:Caroverine
6402:Bumetanide
6335:Isoflurane
6305:Desflurane
6295:Chloroform
6234:Safaprodil
6229:Ro 25-6981
6170:Tiletamine
6155:Sabeluzole
6135:Remacemide
6080:Neramexane
6050:Methorphan
6035:Loperamide
6010:Lanicemine
5995:Indantadol
5960:Esketamine
5955:Ephenidine
5915:Dexoxadrol
5880:Arketamine
5865:Amantadine
5825:3-MeO-PCMo
5803:Putrescine
5746:MDL-105519
5721:Kynurenine
5701:Gavestinel
5616:SDZ-220581
5576:MDL-100453
5459:prasterone
5429:Spermidine
5402:Milacemide
5307:ACC (ACPC)
5193:Evans blue
5157:Topiramate
5147:Tezampanel
5077:Isoflurane
4954:Talampanel
4939:Perampanel
4934:Isoflurane
4919:GYKI-53655
4914:GYKI-52466
4909:Evans blue
4873:Zonampanel
4863:Topiramate
4853:Tezampanel
4828:Kynurenine
4788:Caroverine
4783:Becampanel
4733:Oxiracetam
4633:Aniracetam
4554:modulators
4466:Candidates
4340:Nucleobase
4129:Tryptamine
4124:Synephrine
4035:Monoamines
4000:GHB system
3833:Amino acid
3749:urea cycle
3606:-Adenosyl-
3580:methionine
3565:Tiglyl-CoA
3546:isoleucine
3445:Putrescine
3440:Cadaverine
3435:Citrulline
3334:Creatinine
3222:Kynurenine
3201:tryptophan
3074:acetyl-CoA
3059:metabolism
3056:Amino acid
2993:Glucogenic
2844:Asparagine
2820:Tryptophan
2777:Methionine
2766:Isoleucine
1964:2023-07-09
1951:StatPearls
1904:2015-12-06
1828:Strecker A
1791:Strecker A
1540:References
1420:urea cycle
1392:glycolysis
1287:or by the
1239:-aspartate
1225:See also:
1213:, and the
1207:glycolysis
1201:. Because
1160:isoleucine
1117:group (-CH
1113:atom is a
921:protonated
889:amino acid
887:, is an α-
721:Molar mass
672:Zwitterion
663:Zwitterion
561:E3UDS4613U
553:1FU7983T0U
550:D/L:
545:OF5P57N2ZX
513:D/L:
471:D/L:
434:IUPHAR/BPS
341:D/L:
326:ChemSpider
283:D/L:
221:Zwitterion
209:Zwitterion
180:3D model (
158:D/L:
142:CAS Number
102:IUPAC name
7700:ORG-25543
7680:Amoxapine
7637:Sarcosine
7617:ORG-24598
7582:CP-802079
7488:Verapamil
7474:LY-278584
7466:Tropeines
7432:pethidine
7428:oripavine
7321:Genistein
7252:Amiloride
7132:Gelsemine
7108:Diaboline
7093:Colubrine
7003:halothane
6999:enflurane
6975:Volatiles
6961:LY-278584
6945:Tropeines
6940:Triclofos
6930:Tamoxifen
6909:ORG-20599
6855:Etomidate
6778:brometone
6759:Sarcosine
6734:MDL-27531
6646:β-Alanine
6643:Agonists:
6542:See also:
6522:Unsorted:
6465:MDL-27266
6445:FR-115427
6440:FPL-12495
6397:ARR-15896
6325:Halothane
6315:Enflurane
6273:Magnesium
6224:Ro 8-4304
6199:Eliprodil
6110:PD-137889
6070:Morphanol
6045:Methadone
6040:Memantine
5990:Ibogamine
5965:Etoxadrol
5895:ARL-16247
5885:ARL-12495
5870:Aptiganel
5835:4-MeO-PCP
5830:3-MeO-PCP
5820:3-MeO-PCE
5783:Co 101676
5756:MRZ 2/576
5706:GV-196771
5696:Felbamate
5673:CGP-39653
5653:ACEA-1328
5648:ACEA-1011
5591:NPC-17742
5586:NPC-12626
5571:LY-274614
5566:LY-235959
5561:LY-233053
5546:CGS-19755
5541:CGP-40116
5536:CGP-39653
5531:CGP-39551
5526:CGP-37849
5516:AP5 (APV)
5417:Sarcosine
5293:β-Fluoro-
5242:Glutamate
5237:Aspartate
5226:Agonists:
5183:Enflurane
5127:LY-382884
5087:ACEA-1011
5072:Halothane
5067:Enflurane
5062:Diazoxide
5035:LY-339434
5020:Glutamate
4984:Agonists:
4929:Irampanel
4924:Halothane
4899:Enflurane
4773:ACEA-1011
4748:Piracetam
4728:ORG-26576
4723:Nooglutyl
4713:LY-503430
4708:LY-451646
4703:LY-404187
4698:LY-395153
4693:LY-392098
4678:Diazoxide
4606:Glutamate
4575:Agonists:
4357:Adenosine
4161:Histamine
4145:-Tyramine
4137:-Tyramine
3980:Sarcosine
3960:β-Alanine
3955:α-Alanine
3649:threonine
3465:glutamate
3430:Ornithine
3363:histidine
3349:glutamate
3176:β-Leucine
2988:Ketogenic
2978:Essential
2894:Histidine
2859:Threonine
2849:Glutamine
2810:Histidine
2749:Aliphatic
2641:2045-2322
2602:990023546
2584:Wiley-VCH
2146:0904.0402
2062:-Alanine"
2018:-Alanine"
1890:"Alanine"
1864:"Alanine"
1618:CRC Press
1380:glutamate
1191:glutamate
1107:aliphatic
1101:Structure
1056:combined
974:, GCC, GC
913:aliphatic
885:α-alanine
404:EC Number
21:Allantoin
7721:See also
7675:ALX-1393
7538:blockers
7519:instead.
7461:Riluzole
7446:picrotin
7436:thebaine
7424:morphine
7293:Daidzein
7283:Corymine
7269:diazepam
7204:5,7-CIQA
7137:iso-THAZ
7083:Caffeine
6949:atropine
6925:Propofol
6884:Ketamine
6774:Alcohols
6749:Propofol
6713:-Proline
6705:-Alanine
6669:-Alanine
6613:Receptor
6470:Metaphit
6380:Urethane
6268:Hydrogen
6265:Cations:
6175:Tramadol
6000:Ketamine
5985:Ibogaine
5900:Budipine
5815:3-HO-PCP
5741:LU-73068
5731:L-701324
5726:L-689560
5633:5,7-DCKA
5621:Selfotel
5503:SAGE-718
5498:SAGE-301
5493:SAGE-201
5434:Spermine
5424:Neomycin
5389:-Alanine
5381:L-687414
5340:-Alanine
5297:-alanine
5286:Theanine
5152:Theanine
5050:SYM-2081
4858:Theanine
4396:-derived
4342:-derived
4323:instead.
4278:Oleamide
4209:-derived
4190:instead.
4047:Dopamine
3858:Agmatine
3835:-derived
3705:tyrosine
3692:fumarate
3639:Cysteine
3461:cysteine
3425:Agmatine
3416:arginine
3320:creatine
3281:pyruvate
3097:Allysine
2947:Tyrosine
2941:Cysteine
2888:Arginine
2815:Tyrosine
2802:Aromatic
2659:35474242
2557:97855573
2494:15504965
2472:Diabetes
2371:19171966
2320:31279217
2279:31504783
2230:31694194
2171:19566427
2118:11164045
1959:31082163
1874:14 April
1830:(1854).
1793:(1850).
1744:42290721
1678:(1989).
1555:(2014).
1490:alaninol
1422:to form
1416:ammonium
1388:pyruvate
1361:method.
1171:pyruvate
1150:such as
1144:pyruvate
1111:α-carbon
1080:interfix
1076:aldehyde
1042:osmolyte
1038:molluscs
1020:in some
1018:peptides
1010:proteins
1002:-leucine
909:nonpolar
893:proteins
875:(symbol
825:(χ)
588:L:
558:D:
542:L:
521:D:
505:L:
479:D:
463:L:
442:L:
370:L:
363:DrugBank
349:D:
333:L:
312:L:
291:D:
275:L:
262:1720248
242:L:
199:D:
191:L:
169:338-69-2
166:D:
161:302-72-7
150:L:
31:Alanine
7705:VVZ-368
7572:ASP2535
7468:(e.g.,
7444:(i.e.,
7404:codeine
7402:(e.g.,
7400:Opioids
7372:(e.g.,
7336:(e.g.,
7300:(e.g.,
7259:(e.g.,
7222:RU-5135
7194:(e.g.,
7115:(e.g.,
7073:Brucine
7019:toluene
6981:(e.g.,
6957:cocaine
6947:(e.g.,
6891:(e.g.,
6866:(e.g.,
6860:Ginseng
6847:(e.g.,
6840:D12-116
6823:(e.g.,
6776:(e.g.,
6764:Taurine
6721:-Serine
6687:Glycine
6677:-Serine
6661:Caesium
6619:ligands
6514:saffron
6360:Toluene
6350:Octanol
6330:Hexanol
6285:Benzene
6261:TCN-213
6256:TCN-201
6251:MPX-007
6246:MPX-004
5840:8A-PDHQ
5778:Arcaine
5771:ZD-9379
5468:sulfate
5397:-Serine
5371:Glycine
5356:-Serine
5271:Proline
5198:NS-3763
5171:(e.g.,
5162:UBP-302
5040:Proline
4882:(e.g.,
4758:S-18986
4688:IDRA-21
4673:CX-1942
4668:CX-1739
4616:Proline
4394:Vitamin
4288:RVD-Hpα
4243:AA-5-HT
3990:Taurine
3975:Proline
3965:Glycine
3908:Proline
3878:Glycine
3397:proline
3316:glycine
3295:glycine
3286:citrate
3205:alanine
3137:leucine
2949:(≈10.1)
2890:(≈12.5)
2884:(≈10.8)
2792:Glycine
2787:Proline
2782:Alanine
2771:Leucine
2718:Peptide
2713:Protein
2650:9042835
2362:2631632
2270:6821194
2221:6862034
2179:9039622
2151:Bibcode
1660:5 March
1597:ChemSrc
1359:phasing
1339:β-sheet
1335:α-helix
1271:by the
1257:Racemic
1179:ammonia
1156:leucine
1133:Sources
1123:glycine
1062:ammonia
959:by all
957:encoded
873:Alanine
787:Acidity
742:Density
494:PubChem
373:DB00160
223::
211::
153:56-41-7
105:Alanine
25:Aniline
7326:Ginkgo
7216:7-TFQA
7063:αEMBTL
6656:β-AIBA
6390:Xylene
6290:Butane
5663:AV-101
5376:HA-966
4663:CX-717
4653:CX-614
4648:CX-546
4643:CX-516
4359:system
4233:2-ALPI
4154:Others
3985:Serine
3913:Serine
3502:valine
3300:serine
3083:lysine
2943:(≈8.3)
2937:(≈5.4)
2931:(≈4.1)
2925:(≈3.9)
2896:(≈6.1)
2882:Lysine
2854:Serine
2761:Valine
2657:
2647:
2639:
2600:
2590:
2555:
2517:
2492:
2449:
2422:
2395:
2369:
2359:
2318:
2277:
2267:
2228:
2218:
2177:
2169:
2116:
1995:
1957:
1928:
1773:
1742:
1732:
1694:
1688:Plenum
1624:
1575:
1158:, and
1152:valine
1115:methyl
1071:Alanin
1040:as an
987:isomer
961:codons
899:and a
883:), or
781:−0.68
726:89.094
644:SMILES
482:C00133
474:C01401
466:C00041
427:49628
305:ChEMBL
245:B00011
236:3DMet
96:Names
7690:NAGly
7663:GlyT2
7562:ACPPB
7550:GlyT1
7504:NMDAR
7242:Tutin
7212:7-TFQ
7208:7-CIQ
7033:Xenon
6979:gases
6385:Xenon
5845:18-MC
5810:2-MDP
5638:7-CKA
5601:PEAQX
5327:B6B21
5317:AK-51
5251:-HCA)
5214:NMDAR
5137:NS102
4868:YM90K
4563:AMPAR
4268:NAGly
4207:Lipid
4042:6-OHM
3934:GABOB
3763:Other
3454:other
2969:types
2835:Polar
2553:S2CID
2175:S2CID
2141:arXiv
2030:: 4.
1646:IUPAC
1263:with
1064:with
830:−50.5
605:InChI
524:71080
352:64234
268:ChEBI
182:JSmol
7740:GABA
7517:here
7515:See
7493:Zinc
7456:PMBA
7448:and
7365:NBQX
7117:2-AG
7038:Zinc
6791:tert
6682:GABA
6631:GlyR
6480:MPEP
6420:-αAA
6278:Zinc
6105:PCPr
6075:NEFA
5761:PNQX
5691:DNQX
5678:CNQX
5611:PPDA
5596:PBPD
5466:DHEA
5451:DHEA
5361:DHPG
5312:ACPD
5302:ACBD
5266:NMDA
5232:AMAA
5132:NBQX
5107:GAMS
5102:DNQX
5092:CNQX
5010:ATPA
5005:AMPA
4843:PNQX
4838:NBQX
4813:GAMS
4803:DNQX
4793:CNQX
4778:ATPO
4738:PEPA
4596:BOAA
4591:AMPA
4321:here
4319:See
4263:NADA
4238:2-OG
4223:2-AG
4188:here
4186:See
3929:GABA
3903:NAAG
3888:GSSG
3883:GSNO
3747:see
2655:PMID
2637:ISSN
2598:OCLC
2588:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2490:PMID
2447:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2367:PMID
2316:PMID
2275:PMID
2226:PMID
2167:PMID
2114:PMID
2098:Gene
1993:ISBN
1955:PMID
1926:ISBN
1876:2019
1771:ISBN
1740:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1662:2018
1622:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1512:CHCO
1500:The
1424:urea
1183:NADH
1181:and
1146:and
1094:-ine
1083:-an-
1060:and
1036:and
1024:(in
981:The
939:(as
923:(as
774:log
535:UNII
508:5950
456:KEGG
336:5735
5643:ACC
5551:CPP
5521:AP7
5332:CCG
4972:KAR
4376:ATP
4371:AMP
4366:ADP
4293:SEA
4283:PEA
4273:OEA
4258:LPI
4253:DEA
4008:GHB
3939:GHB
3898:NAA
2645:PMC
2629:doi
2545:doi
2541:232
2480:doi
2357:PMC
2347:doi
2306:doi
2265:PMC
2257:doi
2216:PMC
2206:doi
2159:doi
2106:doi
2102:261
2072:doi
2032:doi
1985:doi
1846:doi
1809:doi
1650:IUB
1565:doi
1527:in
1432:ATP
1382:by
1337:or
1295:.
1291:of
1189:to
1169:of
1088:-in
970:(GC
941:−CO
925:−NH
879:or
877:Ala
578:EPA
516:602
497:CID
445:720
344:582
46:of
7774::
7480:,
7476:,
7472:,
7434:,
7430:,
7426:,
7422:,
7418:,
7414:,
7410:,
7406:,
7392:,
7388:,
7384:,
7380:,
7376:,
7356:))
7352:,
7348:,
7344:,
7340:,
7332:,
7308:,
7304:,
7275:,
7271:,
7267:,
7263:,
7214:,
7210:,
7206:,
7202:,
7198:,
7119:,
7025:,
7021:,
7017:,
7013:,
7009:,
7005:,
7001:,
6997:,
6993:,
6989:,
6985:,
6967:,
6963:,
6959:,
6955:,
6951:,
6907:,
6903:,
6899:,
6895:,
6870:))
6827:,
6803:,
6799:,
6795:,
6788:,
6784:,
6780:,
6392:;
6280:;
6263:;
6241:;
6177:;
5805:;
5773:;
5623:;
5441:24
5436:;
5419:;
5288:;
5175:,
5164:;
5052:;
4956:;
4886:,
4875:;
4628:;
4496:O)
4448:S)
3737:G→
3690:G→
3637:+
3486:G→
3471::
3347:G→
3322::
3283:→
3279:G→
2971::
2653:.
2643:.
2635:.
2625:12
2623:.
2619:.
2596:.
2578:.
2566:^
2551:.
2488:.
2476:53
2474:.
2470:.
2379:^
2365:.
2355:.
2343:65
2341:.
2337:.
2314:.
2302:60
2300:.
2296:.
2273:.
2263:.
2253:47
2251:.
2247:.
2224:.
2214:.
2202:20
2200:.
2196:.
2173:.
2165:.
2157:.
2149:.
2135:.
2112:.
2100:.
2079:;
2070:.
2064:.
2060:dl
2046:..
2039:;
2026:.
2020:.
2016:dl
1991:.
1949:,
1892:.
1866:.
1842:91
1805:75
1765:.
1738:.
1728:.
1706:^
1644:.
1595:.
1571:.
1559:.
1508:CH
1275:,
1253:.
1217:.
1209:,
1177:,
1162:.
1154:,
1097:.
1044:.
911:,
813:O)
806:O)
796:)
789:(p
670:D
661:L
219:D
207:L
7742:A
7540:)
7536:(
7484:)
7452:)
7438:)
7396:)
7312:)
7279:)
7218:)
7123:)
7029:)
6977:/
6971:)
6911:)
6851:)
6831:)
6807:)
6727:L
6719:L
6711:L
6703:L
6675:D
6667:D
6621:)
6617:(
6594:e
6587:t
6580:v
6516:)
6512:(
6418:D
5684:D
5474:)
5470:(
5461:)
5457:(
5443:S
5395:L
5387:L
5354:D
5346:D
5338:D
5295:D
5249:L
5179:)
4890:)
4543:e
4536:t
4529:v
4505:)
4503:2
4494:2
4482:)
4480:3
4446:2
4143:p
4135:m
4107:p
4099:m
3817:e
3810:t
3803:v
3707:→
3703:→
3670:→
3651:→
3627::
3609:L
3604:S
3596:S
3592::
3582:→
3548:→
3504:→
3490:→
3467:→
3463:+
3418:→
3399:→
3365:→
3351:→
3318:→
3302:→
3297:→
3271:G
3215:N
3207:→
3203:→
3139:→
3085:→
3072:→
3070:K
3048:e
3041:t
3034:v
2916:)
2914:a
2911:K
2875:)
2873:a
2870:K
2773:)
2759:(
2691:e
2684:t
2677:v
2661:.
2631::
2604:.
2561:.
2559:.
2547::
2523:.
2496:.
2482::
2455:.
2428:.
2403:.
2401:.
2373:.
2349::
2322:.
2308::
2281:.
2259::
2232:.
2208::
2181:.
2161::
2153::
2143::
2137:9
2120:.
2108::
2086:.
2074::
2058:"
2034::
2028:9
2014:"
2001:.
1987::
1934:.
1907:.
1878:.
1852:.
1848::
1815:.
1811::
1779:.
1746:.
1700:.
1664:.
1648:-
1630:.
1599:.
1581:.
1567::
1514:2
1510:3
1464:R
1460:S
1458:(
1247:L
1237:L
1232:L
1119:3
1014:D
1000:L
995:L
985:-
983:L
976:A
972:U
968:C
965:G
947:2
944:−
931:3
928:+
881:A
832:×
811:2
804:2
794:a
791:K
776:P
714:2
711:O
708:N
705:7
702:H
699:3
696:C
580:)
576:(
184:)
48:L
27:.
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