12121:
3935:
3947:
2805:
4431:
4604:
4888:
3980:
3923:
1330:
4686:
4241:
3075:
3897:
4900:
4816:
4400:
3250:
3959:
4828:
4756:
1092:
4772:
4448:
4788:
4329:
2179:
12635:
4872:
2975:
12293:
1226:
3265:
4916:
1738:
4733:
3415:
103:
4343:
4286:
1851:
110:
4071:
4264:
4717:
2752:
4465:
13077:
4988:
1723:
4860:
4482:
1246:
1966:
4800:
1950:
2270:
3433:
3989:
6933:"It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)."
2612:
6485:
2083:
52:
1339:
4844:
952:
1083:
5894:
2926:
4129:
5883:
2222:
2237:
1035:
2441:
2242:
1568:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2629:
2232:
2217:
2202:
2187:
2653:
2641:
2227:
3313:
2192:
1030:
8453:
8438:
12235:
4383:
12223:
3234:
61:
10497:
2991:
1527:
1362:
1206:
4309:
2153:
191:
227:
173:
155:
119:
209:
137:
2536:
4366:
998:, meaning it was probably initially a personal name. Bakker instead argues that the ethnic name has been used as a personal name. Furthermore, the “Red Huns” theory requires that the Alchon spoke a Turkic language, which is highly disputed. Agustí Alemanny similarly disputes Humbach's etymology as relying on insufficient evidence of an Alan-Hun ethnic group.
4685:
3813:, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers, ended as well. Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas. Many autonomous regional states rose to prominence following the dislocation of Gupta power: the
8939:
Before the
Karkotas came to the throne, Kashmir may have been occupied by a long succession of foreign rulers or tribes. Certainly both the Kushänas and the Huns were present in the area for centuries. Indeed, the history of Kashmir begins to take shape only with the foundation of the Karkota dynasty
4673:
After their invasion of India the coins of the Alchon were numerous and varied, as they issued copper, silver and gold coins, sometimes roughly following the Gupta pattern. The Alchon empire in India must have been quite significant and rich, with the ability to issue a significant volume of gold
6409:"Note 8: It is now clear that the Hephtalites were not part of those Huns who conquered the land south of the Hindu-Kush and Sind as well in the early 6th century. In fact, this latter Hunnic group was the one commonly known as Alkhon because of the inscriptions on their coins (Vondrovec, 2008)."
6063:"Together with the great sahi Khingila, together with the god-king Toramana, together with the mistress of a great monastery Sasa, together with the great sahi Mehama, together with Sadavikha, together with the great king Javukha, the son of Sadavikha, during the reign of Mehama."from
6036:"The earth betook itself (for succour), when it was afflicted by kings of the present age, who manifested pride; who were cruel through want of proper training; who,from delusion, transgressed the path of good conduct; (and) who were destitute of virtuous delights " from
4915:
2379:, recording his participation in "a great battle", is vague enough to allow for such an interpretation. The "great battle" in which Bhanagupta participated is not detailed, and it is impossible to know what it was, or which way it ended, and interpretations vary.
1826:
The rest of the 5th century marks a period of territorial expansion and eponymous kings, several of which appear to have overlapped and ruled jointly. The Alchon Huns invaded parts of northwestern India from the second half of the 5th century. According to the
2707:) took refuge, but that was finally captured by the Indian king. He later spared Mihirakula's life on the intercession of his mother, as she perceived the Hun ruler "as a man of remarkable beauty and vast wisdom". Mihirakula is then said to have returned to
4054:, with ruler in profile on the obverse and sacred fire with attendants on the reverse. It is thought that in the process of minting coins in occupied lands, they transmitted Sasanian coin designs to northern and western India. This created a major type of
5993:
and swooped down upon the very heart of the Gupta empire. The eastern countries were overrun and the city of the Gaudas was occupied. The
Manjusrimulakalpa gives a scintillating account of this phase of Toramana's conquest. It says that after
1795:
noble hunters wearing their characteristic crowns, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the
Alchons inside a medallion. At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of
9189:"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in
2774:. Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the Maukhari, which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the Hûnas (in order to trample them to death), he became unconscious (and expired in the fight)."
1064:
that invaded Europe from
Central Asia during the same period. Consequently, the word Hun has three slightly different meanings, depending on the context in which it is used: 1) the Huns of Europe; 2) groups associated with the
6002:. This great monarch (Toramana), Sudra by caste and possessed of great prowess and armies took hold of that position (bank of the Ganges) and commanded the country round about. That powerful king then invested the town called
10156:
element. The
Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for
3286:(the god of death residing in the southern regions). People knew of his approach by noticing the vultures, crows and other birds flying ahead eager to feed on those who were being slain within his army's reach. The royal
1656:
1178:
8956:
4887:
4021:, but represents "six dancers in Indian costume with Iranian ribbons and Hephthalite-short heads". Each of the dancers is positionned under a pointed arch in Indian style, and seems to be derived from contemporary
3290:(demon) was day and night surrounded by thousands of murdered human beings, even in his pleasure houses. This terrible enemy of mankind had no pity for children, no compassion for women, no respect for the aged
2600:, records the submission by force of the Hunas, and claims that Yasodharman had rescued the earth from rude and cruel kings, and that he "had bent the head of Mihirakula". In a part of the Sondani inscription
4195:", also known as the "Schøyen Copper Scroll", dated to 492 or 493, that mentions the four Alchon kings Khingila, Toramana, Javukha, and Mehama (who was reigning at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary
11988:
9022:
But the name of
Toramana is found on a species of Kashmir copper coins of which remarkably large quantities have been preserved to this day . The connection of this coinage with Kalhana's notice cannot be
4771:
5945:"Here, for the first time, the names of Hepthalite (Alchon) kings are given, some of them otherwise known only from coins. Another important fact is that it dates all these kings in the same time." from
4899:
4154:
Modern archeology has provided valuable insights into the history of the
Alchons. The most significant cataloguing of the Alchon dynasty came in 1967 with Robert Göbl's analysis of the coinage of the "
9289:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 7. ALKHAN: KING KHINGILA AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF HUNNIC POWER IN NORTHWEST INDIA"
1139:, which may have represented their "corporate identity". The elongated skulls appear clearly in most of the portraits of rulers in the coinage of the Alkhon Huns, and most visibly on the coinage of
3946:
4732:
4666:
Later Alchon coinage became original and differed from predecessors in that it was devoid of
Iranian (Sasanian) symbolism. The rulers are depicted with elongated skulls, apparently a result of
3934:
3922:
7023:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 69. [Medieval] HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 AD. AR Drachm (3.43 gm, 3h). Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II. Kabul or Gandhara mint"
7765:
Ajanta
Dipinta – Painted Ajanta Vol. 1 e 2: Studio sulla tecnica e sulla conservazione del sito rupestre indiano – Studies on the techniques and the conservation of the indian rock art site
387:
of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500-530 CE, with neighbouring polities, and territorial extent of the Alchon Huns (brown).
9049:
It seems very likely therefore that the rulers of
Kashmir at this period were descendants of the Hun kings who ruled large parts of northwestern India from the mid-4th to the 6th century"
4755:
2363:
The fact that the Alchon Huns issued gold coins, such as the Toramana issue, in addition to their silver and copper coins, suggest that their empire in India was quite rich and powerful.
12120:
3872:, which had been strongly supported by the Gupta Empire, was discredited by the decline and the ultimate failure of the Empire. All the newly arising regional powers preferred adopting
2998:
During the 7th century, continued military encounters are reported between the Hunas and the northern Indian states which followed the disappearance of the Gupta Empire. For example,
2038:("King of the Huns"), together with debris and arrowheads. Another seal, this time by Mihirakula, is reported from Kausambi. These territories may have been taken from Gupta Emperor
1465:
The Alchon Huns occupied Bactria circa 370 CE, chasing the Kidarites in the direction of India, and started minting coins in the style of Shapur II but bearing their name "Alchono".
938:
being a Turkic word for red and the second element representing the ethnic name "Hun". An older suggestion, by H. Humbach, also connects the second element to "Hun", but argues that
8546:
4859:
1069:
who invaded northern India; 3) a vague term for Hun-like people. The Alchon have also been labelled "Huns", with essentially the second meaning, as well as elements of the third.
4102:
invasion of that region. The Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the Alchon Huns ("White Huns") and native Indian element, and can probably be considered as a
8982:
2854:, Pravarasena established a new capital named Pravarapura (also known as Pravarasena-pura). Based on topographical details, Pravarapura appears to be same as the modern city of
1815:
were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where apparently some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions. It is thought that the
2030:. In particular, it is thought that the monastery of Ghoshitarama in Kausambi was destroyed by Toramana, as several of his seals were found there, one of them bearing the name
10152:
Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful
8185:"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in
4827:
1438:), finally making a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani, "the most warlike and indefatigable of all tribes", in 358 CE. After concluding this alliance, the
17051:
2671:
He (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king
4815:
3106:(around 460 CE), at the center of the Buddhist regions of northwestern India. Numerous Alchon coins were found in the dedication compartment of the "Tope Kalān" stupa in
3102:
inscription dated to 492 or 493 CE, that is, at a time before the Hunnic wars in India started. This corresponds to a time when the Alchons had recently taken control of
9757:
The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran
7269:
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017
4527:
that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings survive on coins and religious inscriptions:
1892:". The quality of the coins also becomes very much degraded by that time, and the actual gold content becomes quite low compared to the previous Sasanian-style coinage.
693:
679:
665:
651:
637:
623:
609:
595:
581:
556:
542:
528:
4871:
1686:
remained further east. The Alkhon Huns may simply have filled the power vacuum created by the decline of the Kidarites, following their defeat in India against the
13755:
11995:
3762:, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks, started to collapse. Great centers of learning were destroyed, such as the city of
2699:. In a fanciful account, Xuanzang, who wrote a century later in 630 CE, reported that Mihirakula had conquered all India except for an island where the king of
6347:"A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago"
5998:'s defeat and discomfiture, Toramana led the Hunas against Magadha and obliged Baladitya (Narasimha-gupta Baladitya, the reigning Gupta monarch) to retire to
2520:... the people knew his approach by noticing the vultures, crows, and other , which were flying ahead to feed on those who were being slain within his army's
7209:"The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford
3958:
3137:. During his reign, over one thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. In particular, the writings of Chinese monk
3117:(Butkara I, construction phase 4). Dated to the 5th century CE, they suggest that the Alchon Huns may have been participants to the local Buddhist culture.
2917:, have been confirmed by coin finds in Kashmir and dated to the 7th century CE. They were "very likely" descendants of the Alchon Huns in the Kashmir area.
9724:
South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II
4787:
4017:, including the "Chilek bowl" ("Čilek bowl"), which is considered as the "best known specimen of Hephthalite art", and is similar in composition with the
16951:
4799:
1430:: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, "repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes" of the
6254:
13959:
10511:
2417:
1983:
1932:
1298:
9288:
8084:
7515:
6095:
864:. The names of the Alchon kings are known from their extensive coinage, Buddhist accounts, and a number of commemorative inscriptions throughout the
7816:
6357:
3163:
dynasty, around the period of the invasions of the Alchon the Gupta rulers had apparently been favouring Buddhism. According to contemporary writer
1225:
5924:
2862:
1493:
south of the Hindu Kush, again simply adding their name "Alchono" to Sasanian coinage. The Alchon Huns are sometimes said to have taken control of
1151:-type crowns which had been current in the coinage of the region. This practice is also known among other peoples of the steppes, particularly the
12292:
4191:
A significant contribution to our understanding of Alchon history came in 2006 when Gudrun Melzer and Lore Sander published their finding of the "
10549:
8393:
5681:
1546:, a standard Sasanian design, on the reverse. It is thought the Alchons took over the Sasanian mints in Kabulistan after 385 CE, reusing dies of
87:
16662:
5632:
3727:
3332:. This stems from the appearance of sun symbols on some of their coins, combined with the probable influence they received from the worship of
379:
15350:
14933:
4026:
1920:
Empire. Through their control of vast areas of northwestern India, the Huns may actually have acted as a cultural bridge between the area of
1001:
Because the name "Alchon" is only attested on coins and seals, there is some debate about whether the Alchon were a separate entity from the
4025:. This bowl, too, is considered as an Alchon object, but was possibly manufactured in India at the request of the Alchons. It is now in the
2075:, where it suffered severe casualties. Bhanugupta was probably vanquished by Toramana at this battle, so that the western Gupta province of
16493:
13748:
1143:. These elongated skulls, which they obviously displayed with pride, distinguished them from other peoples, such as their predecessors the
6916:
6381:"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in
4716:
4116:(7th century CE), the Gurjaras are associated with the Hunas. Some of the Hunas may also have contributed to the formation of the warlike
3125:
Later, however, the attitude of the Alchons towards Buddhism is reported to have been negative. Mihirakula in particular is remembered by
13783:
12115:
11707:
10597:
7668:
5023:
3209:). Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son Vajra, who also commissioned a sangharama, "possessed a heart firm in faith".
1819:, one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The
13798:
12634:
11642:
5857:
3904:
The advances of the Alchon Huns in India seems to have fostered a type of syncretic art in Gandhara during the 5th-6th century, mixing
2695:
is also credited in helping repulse Mihirakula, after the latter had conquered most of India, according to the reports of Chinese monk
1169:
The emblematic look of the Alchons seems to have become rather fashionable in the area, as shown by the depiction of the Iranian hero
16652:
11860:
5667:
5387:
3414:
1828:
844:). The Alchon Empire was the second of four major Huna states established in Central and South Asia. The Alchon were preceded by the
102:
4430:
2804:
13080:
4603:
4166:
7369:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
7053:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6386:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
17230:
16637:
14200:
14158:
13741:
11981:
10731:
5582:
3399:
The Alchon invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to the
2491:) and ruled over India. He was of quick talent, and naturally brave. He subdued all the neighbouring provinces without exception.
2279:
in the style of the Guptas. The obverse legend reads: "The lord of the Earth, Toramana, having conquered the Earth, wins Heaven".
2389:, that Bhanugupta was, on the contrary, vanquished by Toramana at the 510 CE Eran battle, so that the western Gupta province of
1811:, a high center of learning, which never recovered from the destruction. Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of
13952:
13561:
11962:
4843:
4240:
1329:
16667:
16303:
15685:
10469:
10434:
10390:
10180:
10145:
9735:
9705:
9584:
9557:
9501:
9419:
9387:
9335:
9202:
9174:
9142:
9015:
8976:
8866:
8724:
8655:
8628:
8588:
8456:) is an early variant of the Gupta script. Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants, a design adopted from
8327:
8300:
8273:
8246:
7994:
7952:
7901:
7874:
7377:
7217:
7190:
6822:
6789:
6698:
6264:
5835:
5642:
4510:
4050:
As they invaded northern and central India circa 500 CE, the Alchon Huns issued several types of coinage on the model of the
3880:, and its ideology of power. Vaisnavism only remained strong in the territories which had not been affected by these events:
5612:
2844:(c.530-590 CE), thought to be the son of Toramana. His reign probably lasted about 60 years from circa 530 CE. According to
17240:
5917:
3979:
16209:
3156:
CE, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.
2883:
Yudhishthira ruled 40 years, probably until circa 625 CE, but he was dethroned by Pratapaditya, son of the founder of the
2026:, where seals with Toramana's name were found, was probably sacked by the Alkhons in 497–500, before they moved to occupy
17220:
17210:
16768:
13916:
11917:
10542:
10341:
The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great
2675:, whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling) obeisance
9222:
7563:
2780:
2756:
2724:
17215:
16763:
16672:
16642:
16355:
15355:
13803:
11912:
10913:
7061:
6319:
5862:
5852:
5845:
5602:
1588:, the most notable Alchon ruler, and the first one to be named and represented on his coins with the legend "χιγγιλο" (
894:
The etymology of "Alchon" is disputed. It is only attested on the script of their coins and seals, where it appears as
17245:
17235:
17200:
17041:
16971:
16926:
16710:
14999:
13945:
11323:
10238:
10100:
9474:
9360:
8893:
8836:
8801:
8508:
8481:
7800:
7773:
7746:
7719:
7648:
7573:
7428:
7277:
7139:
7088:
6971:
6651:
6394:
6329:
6302:
6292:
6076:
5805:
3896:
2476:
2337:
2292:
2253:
2167:
1193:
Another way for the Alchon Huns to affirm their identity and to differentiate themselves from their predecessors the
161:
143:
9599:"He is credited with the building of the temple named Jyeshteswara on the Gopa (Sankaracharya) hill in Srinagar" in
8410:
8135:"CNG: Feature Auction Triton XIX. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Toramana. Circa 490-515. AV Dinar (18mm, 9.53 g, 12h)"
6038:
1612:, confirming the Alchon presence in this area around 450-500 CE. Khingila seems to have been a contemporary of the
16956:
16916:
16778:
16627:
16486:
13591:
5800:
3074:
9104:"CNG: eAuction 369. HUNNIC TRIBES, "Alkhan–Nezak Crossover". Circa 580/90–650/80. Æ Hemidrachm (23mm, 3.10 g, 1h)"
4399:
1928:
were being decorated with designs of Gandharan inspiration, such as Buddhas dressed in robes with abundant folds.
17031:
16810:
16753:
16705:
16677:
16562:
16557:
15981:
11922:
11192:
10572:
5910:
5886:
5867:
5815:
5677:
4967:
4523:
The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the
4158:". This work documented the names of a partial chronology of Alchon kings, beginning with Khingila. In 2012, the
3570:
2344:
On his gold coins minted in India in the style of the Gupta Emperors, Toramana presented himself confidently as:
15143:
3249:
16522:
14797:
14150:
13764:
13119:
13057:
11957:
11902:
11152:
10535:
9641:
6234:
6204:
5004:
4906:
4667:
4173:
of previous finds together with a large number of new coins that appeared on the antiquities market during the
4033:
3876:
instead, as did the Alchon Huns under Mihirakula, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of
17016:
16936:
16931:
16773:
16758:
16632:
16419:
12063:
11446:
10908:
6270:
5663:
5552:
3420:
10508:
5572:
16983:
16978:
16941:
16805:
16657:
16414:
16298:
14653:
14267:
14090:
11907:
10501:
9296:
9287:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
8088:
6092:
5830:
5652:
5622:
3394:
3282:
In him, the northern region brought forth, as it were, another god of death, bent in rivalry to surpass...
3271:
2286:
Having conquered the territory of Malwa from the Guptas, Toramana was mentioned in a famous inscription in
1136:
1127:
4328:
17205:
17160:
17107:
16961:
16797:
16748:
16479:
16424:
15461:
13788:
9631:
7600:
6346:
6224:
6194:
5237:
5063:
3220:
also painted a dreary picture of Mihirakula's cruelty, as well as his persecution of the Buddhist faith:
14772:
2913:
is largely deficient, several of the names of these rulers, especially those belonging to the so-called
2178:
1091:
16966:
16700:
13566:
12686:
12447:
11172:
9435:
7239:"CNG: eAuction 136. HUNNIC TRIBES. Kidarites. Uncertain King. 5th century AD. AR Drachm (30mm, 4.00 g)"
6256:
Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)
5502:
4995:
3664:
2974:
1761:
hunters wearing characteristic crowns, and as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with
1023:("Huna King"), although the authenticity of this seal is questionable. Toramana is also described as a
9265:
Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan: Explorations, Excavations, Collections 1832–1835
4447:
3195:
with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the
1791:, suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two
1403:
from around 335 CE, then the Alchon Huns from around 370 CE, who would follow up with the invasion of
16527:
16382:
15530:
15094:
14072:
13697:
13321:
13291:
13162:
13043:
12525:
12459:
12441:
12314:
11408:
10702:
7293:
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush".
6514:"CNG: eAuction 145. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Khingila. Circa AD 440-490. AR Drachm (30mm, 3.62 g)"
5013:
4503:
3347:, goddess of wealth, fortune, power, beauty, fertility and prosperity and also an ancient goddess of
2771:
1888:
to the design. These little-known coins are usually described as the result of the invasions of the "
1881:
1863:
13717:
6735:
Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor".
3833:, all in a constant flux of rivalry. With the end of Hunnic power, some India polities, such as the
17087:
17056:
16877:
16736:
16340:
16315:
16165:
15824:
15819:
14735:
14473:
14389:
14233:
14186:
14096:
13968:
13576:
12531:
12528:
12522:
12516:
12486:
12429:
12102:
11855:
11428:
11142:
11132:
11127:
10722:
10712:
10677:
5532:
4591:
4159:
4139:
Ancient sources refer to the Alchons and associated groups ambiguously with various names, such as
3826:
3702:
3400:
3172:
3030:
2874:
2704:
2312:
was included in his dominion. The inscription is written under the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of
1388:
10257:
Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer
8527:
Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer
8350:
6721:
4342:
4285:
3264:
2487:
There was a king called Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo (Mihirakula), who established his authority in this town (
17122:
17036:
16899:
16783:
16612:
16582:
16407:
16288:
15829:
15782:
15725:
15424:
15368:
15116:
14935:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
14793:
13571:
13066:
12546:
12513:
12489:
12483:
12468:
12311:
12005:
11952:
11840:
11717:
11622:
11466:
11348:
10757:
10707:
10558:
9166:
Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE)
4585:
4174:
4018:
3861:, between the beginning of Śarvavarman's reign in 560/565 and the end of Khosrow's reign in 579.
3366:, although he may have been selectively attracted to the destructive powers of the Indian deity.
3205:(c. 800 CE), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (
3046:
2870:
1737:
616:
8379:
7131:
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750
4865:
Bronze drachm of Toramana II wearing trident crown, late-phase Gandharan style. mid 6th century.
4098:
suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the
2071:
inscription, this local ruler reports that his army participated in a great battle in 510 CE at
1850:
994:). Likewise, Khodadad Rezakhani argues that the name Alkhana is attested for a ruler in Western
17153:
17146:
17070:
17046:
16999:
16946:
16622:
16617:
16607:
16592:
16514:
16506:
16429:
16330:
16325:
16013:
15961:
15881:
15814:
15718:
15703:
15596:
15363:
15317:
15158:
15045:
13875:
12903:
12504:
12495:
12438:
12373:
12358:
11932:
11692:
10717:
10652:
9673:
8117:
6220:
6190:
5810:
5562:
5542:
5093:
4976:
4893:
Bronze drachm of Narana-Narenda (possibly Toramana II) wearing trident crown, late 6th century.
4263:
4070:
3054:
2568:
Finally however, Mihirakula was defeated in 528 by an alliance of Indian principalities led by
10170:
10090:
9192:
9005:
8883:
8856:
8791:
8645:
8578:
8498:
8471:
7984:
7942:
7790:
7736:
7709:
7683:
7638:
7546:
7418:
7180:
7129:
7051:
6779:
6641:
6617:
6384:
4001:, with an Alchon Hun ruler in the central medallion, surrounded by naked Indian-style dancers.
3912:
and Hunish inspiration and themes. Particularly significant are a type of decorated lids from
3149:, becomes essentially extinct around that period. When Xuanzang visited northwestern India in
2877:, who succeeded him as king, and was the last known king of the Alchon Huns. According to the
2409:
1042:
244:
17117:
17102:
17026:
17021:
16872:
16647:
16360:
16320:
16133:
16008:
15072:
15062:
15021:
14992:
14555:
14439:
14410:
14310:
13885:
13581:
13236:
12792:
12783:
12477:
12453:
12308:
11767:
11742:
11652:
11283:
11117:
10135:
9518:
8826:
8551:. Vol. 3. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. pp. 147–148.
7925:
7891:
7864:
7763:
7448:
7267:
7158:
7078:
6812:
5143:
4192:
4186:
4133:
4059:
4045:
3561:
3512:
3370:
3099:
2588:, which resulted in the loss of Alchon possessions in the Punjab and north India by 542. The
2380:
686:
16248:
10339:
9327:
8236:
7207:
6690:
6686:
6680:
4987:
4464:
3206:
3113:
Mural with paintings of probable Alchon devotees can be seen in the Buddhist complex of the
3029:, a related group to the north, were defeated by an alliance between the Sassanians and the
17195:
17169:
17097:
16889:
16716:
16602:
16453:
16283:
16253:
16128:
16059:
16030:
15949:
15283:
15121:
15111:
13671:
13076:
12789:
11702:
11549:
11084:
10882:
10410:
7116:
7104:
4496:
4481:
4458:
4441:
3597:
3588:
2914:
2393:
fell into the hands of the Hunas at that point, so that Toramana could be mentioned in the
2007:
1459:
1451:
1427:
125:
16233:
9194:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8885:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8793:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8548:
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors
7420:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6781:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6321:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
4062:", which lasted in degraded form until the 12th century CE as far as the Gangetic region.
2751:
8:
17092:
16145:
16025:
15991:
15893:
15713:
15708:
15520:
15239:
15175:
15050:
15035:
14818:
14756:
14208:
14003:
13778:
13616:
13504:
13147:
12798:
12795:
12746:
12450:
12305:
11942:
11876:
11732:
11157:
11147:
10877:
10802:
9466:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture
8344:
5840:
5820:
4475:
3684:
3675:
2744:
2680:
2589:
2554:
2385:
2104:
865:
806:
658:
179:
15861:
15851:
9722:
6715:
4607:
An early Alchon Huns coin based on a Sasanian design, with bust imitating Sasanian king
4163:
17174:
16722:
16587:
16258:
16238:
16221:
16172:
16037:
15846:
15797:
15730:
15648:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15535:
15505:
15397:
15295:
15163:
15138:
14567:
14394:
14338:
14294:
13880:
13586:
13422:
13142:
13112:
12989:
12786:
12331:
12325:
12097:
11892:
11845:
11712:
11627:
11612:
11569:
11524:
11388:
11177:
10963:
10852:
10812:
10737:
10582:
10440:
10309:
10032:
9993:
9951:
9912:
9873:
9834:
9792:
9576:
Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D.
9237:
9082:
8930:
8761:
8695:
8387:
8373:
8214:
8111:
8034:
7488:
7341:
7310:
6874:
6760:
6091:
For an image of the copper scroll: Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
5898:
5377:
5247:
5192:
5113:
4921:
4655:
4095:
4008:
3645:
3606:
3458:
3201:
3146:
3107:
2999:
2884:
2747:
against the Maukharis, and explains that the Maukharis were past victors of the Hunas:
2420:
thus ended with a Hunnic defeat, and Hunnic troops apparently retreated to the area of
1408:
917:
884:
849:
9493:
Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History: 5,000 Years of Religious History
9439:
3774:
in the northwest, and both schools of art were nearly wiped out under the rule of the
1722:
1048:
The Hunas appear to have been the peoples known in contemporaneous Iranian sources as
16572:
16367:
16263:
16199:
16194:
16123:
16020:
15735:
15663:
15658:
15500:
15429:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15202:
15153:
14806:
14802:
14760:
14749:
14727:
14695:
14681:
14366:
13016:
12777:
12328:
12242:
12133:
11947:
11056:
10898:
10872:
10867:
10767:
10752:
10642:
10637:
10607:
10587:
10465:
10430:
10386:
10234:
10206:
10176:
10141:
10096:
10024:
9985:
9943:
9904:
9865:
9826:
9784:
9731:
9701:
9637:
9580:
9553:
9497:
9470:
9445:
9415:
9411:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
9383:
9356:
9331:
9198:
9170:
9138:
9074:
9011:
8972:
8940:
around AD 625. The immediate predecessors of the Karkotas appear to have been Huns...
8922:
8889:
8862:
8832:
8797:
8753:
8720:
8687:
8651:
8624:
8584:
8552:
8504:
8477:
8354:
8323:
8296:
8269:
8242:
8059:
8026:
7990:
7948:
7897:
7870:
7796:
7769:
7742:
7715:
7644:
7609:
7569:
7480:
7424:
7373:
7302:
7273:
7213:
7186:
7135:
7084:
7057:
6967:
6866:
6818:
6785:
6752:
6694:
6647:
6390:
6325:
6298:
6260:
6230:
6200:
6072:
6019:
6003:
5957:
5825:
5307:
5277:
5053:
4933:
3891:
2581:
2129:
1762:
1593:
978:
732:
422:
10313:
10051:
9320:
8218:
6936:
3916:
which display courtly or hunting scenes, mixing them with Gupta decorative designs.
1965:
16597:
16537:
16216:
16003:
15998:
15954:
15941:
15871:
15839:
15834:
15698:
15693:
15675:
15636:
15569:
15552:
15493:
15483:
15478:
15419:
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15345:
15305:
15288:
15271:
15234:
14985:
14691:
14676:
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14621:
14581:
14547:
14543:
14362:
13596:
13013:
12831:
12593:
12027:
11937:
11865:
11486:
11373:
11182:
11167:
11016:
10862:
10822:
10777:
10762:
10457:
10422:
10366:
10335:
10299:
10291:
10263:
10255:
9269:
9103:
8964:
8852:
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8204:
8196:
8134:
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6744:
6500:
6127:
6111:
5947:
5760:
5397:
5327:
5033:
4834:
4634:
and based on Sasanian designs are known, often with busts imitating Sasanian kings
3834:
3693:
3003:
2888:
2479:. According to some accounts, Mihirakula invaded India as far as the Gupta capital
2269:
2034:
impressed over the official seal of the monastery, and the other bearing the title
1949:
1750:
1652:
1348:
1236:
1232:
785:
during the 4th and 6th centuries CE. They were first mentioned as being located in
644:
533:
331:
8957:"THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS"
8473:
The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana
7708:
Schindel, Nikolaus; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (2016).
7238:
7022:
6513:
3988:
1803:
The Alchons apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and
1158:
In another ethnic custom, the Alchons were represented beardless, often wearing a
875:, or as their eastern branch, but now tend to be considered as a separate entity.
16542:
16434:
16402:
16275:
16243:
16226:
16182:
16177:
16155:
16150:
16108:
16101:
16076:
15936:
15931:
15772:
15653:
15547:
15542:
15510:
15335:
15325:
15219:
15212:
15207:
15192:
15148:
15030:
15016:
14929:
14810:
14768:
14764:
14731:
14703:
14699:
14645:
14551:
14483:
14445:
14251:
13733:
13707:
13611:
13545:
13001:
12752:
12627:
12471:
12423:
12320:
12248:
12216:
12087:
12083:
12075:
12052:
11973:
11927:
11870:
11810:
11800:
11762:
11504:
11197:
10996:
10953:
10935:
10772:
10742:
10647:
10622:
10577:
10515:
10404:
10228:
10200:
9695:
9602:
9574:
9547:
9491:
9464:
9409:
9377:
9164:
9132:
9007:
History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.)
8714:
8618:
8560:
8317:
8290:
8263:
8053:
7367:
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6099:
6066:
6013:
5951:
5592:
5317:
5153:
5103:
5073:
4778:
4742:
4576:
4424:
4170:
4051:
3842:
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3449:
3390:
3038:
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1695:
1644:
1539:
1531:
1415:
1384:
1366:
1307:
1267:
1263:
1163:
1119:
960:
818:
630:
499:
296:
15856:
8011:
4611:. Only the legend "Alchono" appears on the obverse in the Greco-Bactrian script.
3432:
3145:
and the expulsion of monks. Indeed, the Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular
2611:
2459:, son of Toramana, is recorded in his military encampment on the borders of the
1620:. As the Alchons took control, diplomatic missions were established in 457 with
828:
follows invasions of the subcontinent in the preceding centuries by the Yavana (
17082:
17011:
16577:
16377:
16372:
16335:
16310:
16293:
16204:
16189:
16160:
16118:
15966:
15926:
15921:
15876:
15802:
15762:
15752:
15742:
15557:
15436:
15330:
15197:
15079:
14665:
14538:
14435:
14036:
13911:
13824:
13712:
13606:
13494:
12983:
12943:
12929:
12599:
12300:
12269:
11887:
11850:
11672:
11607:
11481:
11333:
11318:
11288:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11006:
10857:
10847:
10807:
10592:
10400:
10092:
Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History
9751:
8533:
7520:
6748:
6484:
6123:
5522:
5447:
5437:
5357:
5337:
5267:
5173:
5123:
4949:
4055:
3767:
2767:
2692:
2305:
2121:
2043:
1995:
1820:
1816:
1788:
1774:
1729:
913:
837:
833:
461:
451:
441:
14085:
10521:
10295:
8200:
2375:
is sometimes credited with vanquishing Toramana, as his 510 CE inscription in
2128:. Toramana "possessed of great prowess and armies" then conquered the city of
2082:
2042:. Alternatively, they may have been captured during the rule of his successor
17225:
17189:
16815:
16567:
16532:
16458:
16345:
16140:
16113:
16086:
16064:
16042:
15809:
15792:
15777:
15621:
15574:
15562:
15488:
15380:
15254:
15249:
15224:
15106:
14814:
14617:
14577:
14478:
14461:
14414:
14399:
14385:
14358:
14354:
14314:
14299:
14288:
14240:
13890:
13601:
13105:
13022:
12968:
12923:
12764:
12722:
12587:
12409:
12376:
12272:
12266:
12152:
12079:
11882:
11835:
11727:
11559:
11544:
11476:
11235:
11001:
10973:
10958:
10918:
10817:
10672:
10657:
10612:
10480:
10028:
9989:
9947:
9908:
9869:
9830:
9788:
9449:
9078:
8926:
8757:
8691:
8358:
8063:
8030:
7613:
7484:
7306:
7154:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky,
6870:
6756:
6023:
6007:
5961:
5770:
5725:
5512:
5492:
5472:
5367:
5297:
5133:
5083:
4937:
4112:
3624:
3615:
3579:
3532:
3485:
3467:
3329:
3328:
The Alchons are generally described as sun worshipers, a traditional cult of
3114:
3079:
3050:
3045:
had remained independent kingdoms under the Alchon Huns, under kings such as
2905:
2879:
2850:
2732:
2585:
2505:
2472:
2317:
2133:
2019:
1999:
1766:
1474:
813:
who had preceded them by about a century, and contributed to the fall of the
794:
786:
672:
400:
15886:
15866:
10444:
9063:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
8556:
8238:
Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
7469:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
7330:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
6855:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
4177:, redefining the timeline and narrative of the Alchons and related peoples.
3742:
Indian urban culture was left in decline. Major traditional cities, such as
1663:
in 466 CE, and may also have helped him take the throne against his brother
1082:
16552:
16350:
16091:
16081:
16047:
15976:
15971:
15898:
15688:
15670:
15631:
15626:
15606:
15601:
15473:
15466:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15340:
15278:
15259:
15244:
15180:
14533:
14406:
14306:
14176:
14114:
14079:
14061:
14053:
13997:
13937:
13854:
13839:
13793:
13656:
13637:
13276:
13152:
13019:
13007:
12975:
12951:
12935:
12932:
12920:
12917:
12914:
12884:
12734:
12692:
12543:
12534:
12456:
12379:
12370:
12260:
11805:
11772:
11752:
11657:
11564:
11519:
11496:
11413:
11308:
11225:
11215:
11107:
10842:
10837:
10827:
10787:
10727:
10692:
10617:
10210:
10131:
9273:
8952:
8822:
7444:
6808:
5745:
5482:
5427:
5257:
4696:
4155:
4013:
Several silver bowls related to the Alchons have been found in the area of
3909:
3846:
3838:
3810:
3790:
3733:
3440:
3026:
2920:
2793:
2789:
2763:
2688:
2623:
2619:
2542:
2257:
2003:
1909:
1889:
1687:
1683:
1535:
1454:
in 359 CE. Victories of the Xionites during their campaigns in the Eastern
1396:
1338:
1289:
1285:
1135:
The Alchons are generally recognized by their elongated skull, a result of
1002:
956:
951:
872:
814:
778:
574:
561:
357:
320:
272:
51:
10527:
10461:
8968:
8058:. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122.
6018:. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122.
1986:(496–515), the Alchon reached their maximum territorial extent, with King
17112:
16682:
16547:
16502:
16069:
16054:
15903:
15616:
15525:
15515:
15441:
15089:
15084:
14954:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
14722:
14715:
14598:
14380:
14350:
14011:
13921:
13651:
13031:
13028:
12980:
12910:
12749:
12740:
12695:
12680:
12671:
12665:
12540:
12507:
12465:
12435:
12432:
12399:
12367:
12251:
11897:
11830:
11782:
11747:
11722:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11667:
11662:
11617:
11597:
11589:
11418:
11403:
11353:
11343:
11298:
11255:
11031:
11026:
10991:
10792:
10747:
10426:
10233:. Buddhist manuscripts. Vol. 3. Oslo: Hermes Pub. pp. 251–278.
10153:
9700:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1 December 2003. p. 174.
9241:
6071:. Buddhist manuscripts. Vol. 3. Oslo: Hermes Pub. pp. 251–278.
5765:
5692:
5227:
4704:
4570:
4393:
4140:
4091:
4075:
3998:
3881:
3655:
3340:
3015:
2958:
2950:
2930:
2925:
2824:
goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE
2740:
2601:
2569:
2480:
2448:
2400:
Toramana was finally vanquished with certainty by an Indian ruler of the
2353:
The lord of the Earth, Toramana, having conquered the Earth, wins Heaven
2144:, named Prakataditya, who is also presented as a son of Narasimha Gupta.
2015:
1877:
1832:
1783:
The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "Hephthalite bowl" from
1765:), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.
1711:
1703:
1691:
1664:
1066:
1007:
871:
The Alchons have long been considered as a part or a sub-division of the
829:
825:
711:
309:
197:
10276:
10036:
10012:
9997:
9973:
9955:
9931:
9916:
9892:
9877:
9853:
9838:
9814:
9796:
9772:
9086:
9062:
8934:
8910:
8765:
8741:
8699:
8675:
8411:"Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago"
8223:
8162:
8038:
7492:
7468:
7345:
7329:
7314:
6878:
6854:
6764:
6039:"Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago"
4128:
4032:
The man in the medallion at the bottom of the Chilek bowl has a clearly
3770:
suffered greatly from the destructions brought by the Hunas, as did the
2320:. The first line of the inscription, in which Toramana is introduced as
2221:
1155:, and as far as Europe, where it was introduced by the Huns themselves.
16840:
16835:
16471:
16096:
15913:
15787:
15747:
15680:
14784:
14594:
13926:
13859:
13676:
13666:
13540:
13366:
13316:
13301:
13025:
12947:
12890:
12872:
12758:
12755:
12737:
12728:
12719:
12716:
12674:
12662:
12656:
12641:
12608:
12596:
12572:
12551:
12510:
12501:
12498:
12492:
12474:
12444:
12364:
12275:
12182:
11777:
11602:
11534:
11529:
11456:
11438:
11398:
11383:
11363:
11328:
11313:
11275:
11265:
11250:
11240:
11207:
11094:
11021:
10797:
10697:
10627:
5995:
5780:
5755:
5750:
5407:
5347:
5202:
4929:
4850:
4643:
4639:
4608:
4564:
4376:
4107:
3869:
3786:
3778:
3635:
3541:
3476:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3058:
2962:
2954:
2672:
2615:
2605:
2558:
2456:
2444:
2372:
2236:
2064:
2059:
2039:
1925:
1597:
1551:
1543:
1518:
1450:
accompanied Shapur II in the war against the Romans, especially at the
1174:
1034:
977:
makes it unlikely that the term contains the ethnic name "Hun", as the
861:
857:
782:
602:
588:
368:
343:
283:
215:
10981:
10304:
8209:
3233:
2770:, by whom (his) enemies were slain, just like the demons by (the god)
2440:
2371:
Toramana was finally defeated by local Indian rulers. The local ruler
2211:
2206:
2196:
16850:
15986:
15757:
15641:
15611:
15392:
15266:
15057:
14527:
13906:
13844:
13661:
13519:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13251:
13210:
12837:
12821:
12767:
12713:
12683:
12677:
12668:
12653:
12647:
12537:
12480:
12462:
12263:
12161:
11697:
11647:
11579:
11514:
11461:
11451:
11423:
11358:
11303:
11293:
11230:
11220:
11066:
10943:
10903:
10832:
10682:
10202:
Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien
9535:
Alchon und Nēzak: Zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Mittelasien
9520:
Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien
7792:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
7738:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
7640:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
6777:
6720:. Vol. 10. THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, DHARWAR. pp.
5720:
5417:
5163:
4651:
4635:
4022:
4014:
3905:
3858:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3782:
2728:
2652:
2640:
2573:
2413:
2401:
2301:
2241:
2226:
1868:
From circa 480 CE, there are also suggestion of Hunnic occupation of
1792:
1758:
1679:
1660:
1629:
1613:
1605:
1547:
1514:
1513:, using Sasanian coinage designs with busts imitating Sasanian kings
1490:
1489:. The Alchons are known to have reused the mint and the coin dies of
1482:
1478:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
and the Euseni ("Euseni" is usually amended to "Cuseni", meaning the
1431:
1423:
1419:
1400:
1380:
1352:
1311:
1276:
1194:
1182:
1159:
1144:
1123:
845:
810:
547:
404:
384:
12939:
9932:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
9893:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
9854:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
9815:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
9773:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
9755:
9636:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i).
9263:
9036:
8676:"The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
6427:
6229:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (k).
3952:
Box Lid with a Lion Attacking an Elephant, Gandhara, 5th century CE.
3025:
The Alchons in India declined rapidly around the same time that the
2658:
2646:
2634:
2628:
2231:
2216:
2201:
2186:
1567:
1005:. To contemporaneous observers in India, the Alchon were one of the
17127:
16860:
16845:
16820:
15387:
15170:
15128:
15067:
14605:
14488:
14346:
14172:
14164:
14118:
14109:
13834:
13702:
13681:
13643:
13458:
13412:
13341:
13336:
13306:
13296:
13286:
13281:
13220:
13185:
13170:
12869:
12859:
12841:
12731:
12689:
12650:
12644:
12605:
12602:
12569:
12519:
12402:
12257:
12254:
12170:
12167:
12047:
12032:
11757:
11737:
11338:
11162:
11076:
11011:
10782:
10264:
Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
8534:
Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
6488:
5740:
4762:
4738:
4708:
4692:
4621:
4558:
4534:
4359:
4257:
4148:
4144:
3913:
3900:
Fragment of a lid with a hunting scene, Gandhara, 5-6th century CE.
3798:
3759:
3743:
3503:
3494:
3378:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3317:
3312:
3255:
3240:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3091:
3087:
3042:
3007:
2982:"crossover coinage", 580–680. Nezak-style bust on the obverse, and
2946:
2855:
2829:
2813:
2696:
2597:
2550:
2517:
2496:
2464:
2432:
as he was returning westward from his battles with Narasimhagupta.
2329:
2313:
2276:
2191:
2113:
2091:
2087:
2023:
1987:
1956:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1797:
1784:
1770:
1754:
1671:
1667:. But he was later able to wrestle autonomy or even independence.
1633:
1617:
1585:
1577:, founder of the Alchon Huns, on one of his coins, c. 430 – 490 CE.
1574:
1509:
designs. Several types of these coins are known, usually minted in
1506:
1486:
1455:
1148:
1140:
1104:
1057:
1029:
1016:
1012:
964:
802:
715:
437:
433:
233:
72:
12234:
12222:
9375:
8742:"Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology"
8163:"The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Boston University"
6993:
4382:
3928:
Lid with Combat between a Man and a Lion. Cleveland Museum of Art.
3736:
and the retreat of the Alchon Huns to the northwest, circa 600 CE.
3129:
sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of their religion" in
1655:
and governor of the famous and prosperous King of Kings Peroz" in
16911:
16830:
15300:
15229:
15185:
15040:
14686:
14612:
14513:
14494:
14342:
14215:
14168:
14130:
14123:
13722:
13473:
13427:
13371:
13361:
13356:
13346:
13326:
13311:
13246:
13241:
12862:
12770:
12725:
12710:
12704:
12698:
12575:
12393:
12198:
12187:
12158:
12037:
11637:
11632:
11574:
11509:
11393:
11378:
11245:
11122:
11112:
11061:
10667:
8452:
8437:
7711:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion
5735:
5287:
4878:
4707:. On the obverse the date "52" is also inscribed. A modern Image:
4647:
4631:
4540:
4410:
4279:
4117:
4079:
3885:
3873:
3850:
3794:
3755:
3751:
3344:
3321:
3300:
3296:
3217:
3213:
3188:
3141:
from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of
3034:
2938:
2900:
2845:
2833:
2820:
Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena".
2736:
2708:
2700:
2593:
2546:
2468:
2429:
2141:
2117:
2011:
1991:
1699:
1648:
1542:
in the 3rd century BCE) on the obverse, and with attendants to a
1510:
1435:
1392:
1370:
1303:
995:
853:
256:
15101:
4646:
on the reverse. It is thought that the Sasanids lost control of
2513:
16865:
16855:
16825:
15133:
15008:
14649:
14220:
14135:
14067:
13993:
13829:
13509:
13489:
13417:
13407:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13351:
13331:
13271:
13256:
13200:
13190:
12986:
12955:
12865:
12834:
12828:
12805:
12707:
12701:
12659:
12563:
12385:
12345:
12210:
12164:
12042:
11539:
11471:
11102:
11036:
10948:
10662:
10496:
9655:
9653:
7155:
6496:
5999:
5775:
5730:
4941:
4925:
4806:
4746:
4723:
4700:
4630:
and a mention of "Alchon" or "Alkhan". Various coins minted in
4626:
4546:
4302:
3763:
3747:
3287:
3192:
3103:
3095:
3011:
2990:
2983:
2942:
2488:
2460:
2421:
2383:
and others consider, in view of the inscription as well as the
2163:
2137:
2125:
2109:
1905:
1885:
1873:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1707:
1675:
1640:
1601:
1526:
1522:
1361:
1356:
1205:
1199:
1170:
841:
790:
418:
408:
60:
10013:"The Hoard of Hephthalite Silver Vessels Found near Samarkand"
9434:
8187:
TANDON, PANKAJ (7 July 2015). "The Identity of Prakāśāditya".
7608:(Phd thesis). Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120.
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
4308:
2937:
Around the end of the 6th century CE, the Alchons withdrew to
2010:
indicate that Toramana penetrated at least as far as northern
1651:(r. 459–484), and described himself as "King of the people of
16921:
15767:
13524:
13514:
13499:
13468:
13463:
13266:
13261:
13215:
13205:
13195:
13180:
13175:
12926:
12761:
12743:
11368:
11260:
11187:
11137:
10986:
10632:
9037:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly"
7707:
6885:
6259:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4,
5990:
5986:
5043:
4945:
4196:
4103:
4099:
4083:
4036:, characteristic of the Alchons Huns at that time and place.
3877:
3854:
3374:
3363:
3333:
3160:
3019:
2986:
2979:
2967:
2866:
2837:
2577:
2405:
2390:
2309:
2095:
2076:
2055:
2027:
1901:
1869:
1855:
1694:
in 455 CE, and their subsequent defeat in 467 CE against the
1621:
1609:
1600:
from the Kidarites. Coins of the Alchons rulers Khingila and
1494:
1404:
1147:. On their coins, the spectacular skulls came to replace the
945:
719:
83:
10230:
A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns
9650:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7398:
6778:
Ahmad Hasan Dani; B. A. Litvinsky; Unesco (1 January 1996).
6450:
6068:
A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns
4654:
during the reign of Shapur II circa 370 CE, followed by the
3732:
Political fragmentation of South Asia after the fall of the
3362:
Mihirakula is also said to have been an ardent worshiper of
2467:. At the head of the Alchon, Mihirakula is then recorded in
2447:
on one of his coins. He was finally defeated in 528 by King
2152:
16882:
14180:
14021:
13819:
13128:
12614:
12338:
12204:
12193:
12176:
11792:
11554:
10602:
8858:
Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir
6836:
6834:
6548:
6546:
6142:
5982:
4524:
4365:
3283:
2799:
2455:
The Second Hunnic War started in 520, when the Alchon king
2394:
2376:
2297:
2287:
2159:
2072:
2067:
1152:
1061:
798:
22:
14977:
9523:(in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 90, Em. 91.
9223:"A Note on the Schøyen Copper Scroll: Bactrian or Indian?"
8268:. Vol. A15. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
8113:
Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors
6467:
6465:
6438:
4703:
legend on the reverse. Similar to the silver coin type of
2961:. There, their coinage suggests that they merged with the
2711:
to retake the throne. This ended the Second Hunnic War in
2535:
2435:
1505:
The Alchon Huns initially issued anonymous coins based on
10348:
9611:
8545:
John Faithfull Fleet (1888). John Faithfull Fleet (ed.).
8346:
Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions
7989:(5th ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 120.
7896:(26 ed.). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. p. 81.
7828:
7669:"The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest"
7115:
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862)
7103:
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862)
4765:(early portrait) without headdress, mid-late 5th century.
3351:, also appears on the coinage of some rulers, especially
2894:
2516:(Death) ruled in the land which was overrun by hordes of
1959:
was probably destroyed by the Alchon Huns under Toramana.
1643:(r.461-493) was elevated to the position of Governor for
10227:
Gudrun Melzer; Lore Sander (2000). Jens Braarvig (ed.).
10226:
8319:
The Aulikaras of Central India: history and inscriptions
7923:
7602:
The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis
7386:
6897:
6831:
6585:
6543:
6065:
Gudrun Melzer; Lore Sander (2000). Jens Braarvig (ed.).
6064:
5953:
The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis
3892:
Artistic syncretism: "A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"
2921:
Retreat to Kabulistan and displacement of the Nezak Huns
2504:
The destructions of Mihirakula are also recorded in the
2058:, where a local Gupta ruler, probably a governor, named
13097:
9286:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8073:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6462:
4821:
Silver drachm of Lakhana, late 5th-early 6th centuries.
4039:
2715:
534, after an occupation which lasted nearly 15 years.
1924:
and the Western Deccan, at the time when the Ajanta or
10454:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
8295:. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. p. 262.
7947:. New DELHI: Concept Publishing Company. p. 175.
4624:
designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon
3049:, but in 625 CE they were taken over by the expanding
1835:
already confronted and defeated an unnamed Huna ruler
1422:
with the nomadic hordes from Central Asia called the "
1203:, which regularly appears on their coinage and seals:
10065:
9697:
A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)
9545:
9496:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 455.
9369:
8085:"Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna"
7508:
7185:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 286.
4151:
chronicled some of the later history of the Alchons.
3307:
3057:. Eventually, the Nezak-Alchons were replaced by the
2002:, and ultimately contributing to the downfall of the
9376:
Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007).
9322:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
9191:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
8544:
8070:
6660:
6597:
6558:
6531:
6199:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 25.
3940:
Box Lid with a Winged Lion, Gandhara, 5th century CE
3781:. New cities arose from these destructions, such as
1596:, emerged and took control of the routes across the
1468:
939:
921:
14947:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
10518:
Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
9326:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p.
8417:. Amritsar: Bhai Nand Lal Foundation. 27 April 2013
7982:
7930:
New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. GGKEY:KR1EJ2EGCTJ.
6045:. Amritsar: Bhai Nand Lal Foundation. 27 April 2013
3369:Mihirakula is said to have been the founder of the
3098:are mentioned as donors to a Buddhist stupa in the
2861:Pravarasena was probably succeeded by a king named
2812:, successor of Mihirakula, and supposed founder of
2499:"The Record of the Western Regions", 7th century CE
2408:, after nearly 20 years in India. According to the
2332:, who rules the world with splendor and radiance...
926:("red Chionites") could represent a translation of
13763:
12003:
10109:
9319:
9130:
8911:"Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences"
8576:
8261:
5956:. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120.
4932:), 4th–6th century CE. The inscription in cursive
4106:, although its precise origins remain unclear. In
2731:also fought against the Hunas in the areas of the
2622:on his coinage. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in
2349:Avanipati Torama(no) vijitya vasudham divam jayati
2328:In year one of the reign of the King of Kings Sri-
2308:) of his first regnal year indicates that eastern
2140:). Toramana is said to have crowned a new king in
1931:
1659:. He allied with Peroz I in his victory over the
1302:The Alkhons are initially recorded in the area of
777:, were a nomadic people who established states in
86:of the Alchon (known as Tamgha S1), as visible on
10344:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.
9295:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
9216:
9214:
9158:
9156:
9154:
7076:
6171:
3964:Box Lid with a Phoenix, Gandhara, 5th century CE.
3270:Alchon king with small male figure wearing solar
2796:, were therefore pivotal in repelling the Hunas.
2512:Mihirakula, a man of violent acts and resembling
2166:" boar, under the neck of which can be found the
2102:According to a 6th-century CE Buddhist work, the
1678:which also had remained under the control of the
1056:and similar names, which were later Romanised as
17187:
9552:. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 270.
9489:
9098:
9096:
8375:Si-yu-ki, Buddhist records of the Western world;
8255:
8234:
8157:
8155:
6646:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 174–175.
5946:
4616:Early Bactrian coinage based on Sasanian designs
2743:mentions the military successes of kings of the
2049:
1060:or Chionites. The Hunas are often linked to the
9414:. Delhi: Pearson Education India. p. 521.
9220:
9162:
8643:
8371:
8322:. Chandigarh: Arun Pub. House. pp. 48–50.
7944:Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals
7940:
7927:Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D.
7265:
6643:Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals
6421:
6419:
6417:
6415:
4793:Silver drachm of Javukha, mid-late 5th century.
1538:which had been introduced in the region by the
1217:
13784:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)
10260:. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34.
10222:
10220:
9678:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
9572:
9211:
9169:. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
9151:
8623:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 48.
8530:. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34.
8372:Hsüan-tsang, ca 596-664; Beal, Samuel (1884).
8342:
8051:
7889:
7761:
7080:Studia Paulo Naster Oblata: Orientalia antiqua
6011:
2965:– as coins in Nezak style now bear the Alchon
2604:thus praises himself for having defeated king
2397:boar inscription, as the ruler of the region.
1884:starts to incorporate sun symbols or a Hunnic
1670:Between 460 and 470 CE, the Alchons took over
989:
982:
907:
745:
736:
16487:
14993:
13953:
13749:
13113:
11989:
10543:
10333:
10172:Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World
9674:"J. Ph. Vogel : La sculpture de Mathurâ"
9407:
9317:
9190:
9093:
8881:
8789:
8616:
8349:. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p.
8241:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 7.
8152:
7883:
7858:
7856:
7416:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7083:(in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 55.
6987:
6985:
6983:
6817:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 50.
6619:History of Indian Nation : Ancient India
6248:
6246:
5918:
4905:Khingila as a young king, without headdress.
4777:Silver drachm of Khingila (mature portrait),
4504:
2858:. He also built a temple named "Pravaresha".
2718:
1990:pushing deep into Indian territory, reaching
1306:circa 370 CE, from where they confronted the
972:
933:
927:
901:
895:
16450:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
13967:
10383:Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation
10194:
10192:
10052:"The hephthalites: iconographical materials"
9629:
9462:
8882:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
8790:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
8637:
8583:. Dewlhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 249.
8129:
8127:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7589:
7417:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
7365:
7266:Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (2018).
7182:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
7178:
6937:"THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"
6807:
6717:JOURNAL OF THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
6713:
6412:
6219:
6189:
4809:legend: “ṣāhi mehama", mid-late 5th century.
4620:The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on
3837:were able to establish direct contacts with
1900:The Hūṇas were precisely ruling the area of
1823:was also vandalized during their invasions.
1347:An early Alchon coin based on the design of
971:Hans Bakker argues that the second spelling
912:in Sanskrit. Frantz Grenet, pointing to the
14928:
12296:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
10557:
10268:
10217:
10198:
9483:
9126:
9124:
9010:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 318–319.
8851:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8650:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 245.
8392:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8288:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7862:
7134:. Cambridge University Press. p. 698.
6966:(Vol.3 ed.). Hermes Pub. p. 257.
4781:legend: χιγγιλο αλχοννο "Khiggilo Alchono".
2899:Several rulers with Alchon names appear in
1458:lands were also witnessed and described by
16:370–670 CE nomadic people who invaded India
16494:
16480:
15000:
14986:
13960:
13946:
13756:
13742:
13120:
13106:
11996:
11982:
10550:
10536:
10095:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–165.
9671:
9607:. Light & Life Publishers. p. 63.
9566:
9539:
8572:
8570:
8441:) is an early variant of the Gupta script.
8336:
8315:
8282:
8265:Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates
8045:
8012:"Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India"
7853:
7788:
7734:
7636:
7226:
7001:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society
6980:
6243:
5925:
5911:
4511:
4497:
3804:
3175:was brought up under the influence of the
3120:
3014:, is reported to have been "A lion to the
2703:named Baladitya (who could be Gupta ruler
1554:, to which they added the name "Alchono".
1473:Around 380-385 CE, the Alchons emerged in
1355:(r.309 to 379 CE), only adding the Alchon
789:, and later expanded south-east, into the
11861:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
10451:
10419:The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia
10354:
10303:
10189:
9617:
9579:Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 320.
9428:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9261:
8861:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 439–441.
8845:
8669:
8667:
8620:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8538:
8228:
8208:
8124:
7934:
7910:
7505:Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.
7404:
7392:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7127:
7077:Scheers, Simone; Quaegebeur, Jan (1982).
6903:
6891:
6591:
6552:
6456:
6425:
6165:
3969:
3159:Although the Guptas were traditionally a
3018:deer, a burning fever to the king of the
2828:The Alchon Huns resettled in the area of
2290:, confirming his rule on the region. The
16501:
14942:
10509:Nezak Kings in Zabulistan and Kabulistan
10478:
10380:
10049:
10010:
9967:
9965:
9730:. Archaeopress Archaeology. p. 69.
9350:
9121:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8772:
8719:. Harman Publishing House. p. 208.
8309:
7961:
7595:
7128:Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (2018).
7045:
7043:
6994:"Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins"
6959:
6934:
6771:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6603:
6579:
6471:
5981:"After the successful conclusion of the
4642:(r.383 to 388 CE), with attendants to a
4602:
4180:
4127:
4069:
3895:
3384:
3311:
3073:
2973:
2924:
2803:
2800:Retreat to Gandhara and Kashmir (530 CE)
2750:
2610:
2439:
2081:
1849:
1604:were found at the Buddhist monastery of
950:
16693:
16628:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war
16274:
13074:
12116:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
11708:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
10598:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
10205:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
10126:
10124:
10084:
10082:
10080:
9134:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
8577:Kailash Chand Jain (31 December 1972).
8567:
8476:(in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264.
7410:
7261:
7259:
7148:
6803:
6801:
6734:
6678:
6477:
6428:"From the Kushans to the Western Turks"
3853:is said to have introduced the game of
3082:(construction phase 4), 5th century CE.
2666:("Let there be victory to Mihirakula").
2436:Second Hunnic War: to Malwa and retreat
1710:, which put an end to Kidarite rule in
1197:, was the use of a specific symbol, or
1166:prototype which was generally bearded.
17188:
14951:
14517:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
13562:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire
13012:
12965:
12900:
12840:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
12132:
12094:
12060:
11963:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
10416:
10274:
10253:
10071:
9808:
9806:
9750:
9659:
9600:
9469:. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
9456:
9396:
9183:
9060:
8875:
8739:
8664:
8597:
8523:
8496:
8186:
7847:
7666:
7662:
7660:
7352:
7049:
6991:
6840:
6666:
6616:Syed, Muzaffar H. (20 February 2022).
6567:
6537:
6444:
6382:
6290:
6252:
6177:
6122:This coin is in the collection of the
3700:
3691:
3673:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3530:
3521:
3510:
3492:
3483:
3465:
3447:
3064:
2895:Kashmir descendants of the Alchon Huns
2483:, which was sacked and left in ruins.
16475:
14981:
14919:
14714:
14531:
14460:
14433:
14384:
14379:
13941:
13737:
13101:
13063:
13040:
12998:
12881:
12850:
12818:
12802:
12774:
12624:
12612:
12584:
12420:
12390:
12383:
12343:
12336:
12232:
12202:
12191:
12174:
12142:
12114:
12112:
11977:
10531:
10406:The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras
9962:
9929:
9890:
9851:
9812:
9770:
9344:
9311:
9034:
9003:
8810:
8712:
8673:
8469:
8405:
8403:
8109:
8009:
7682:(June–July 1991): 3–4. Archived from
7632:
7630:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7466:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7327:
7292:
7205:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7040:
6955:
6953:
6852:
6685:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp.
6639:
6626:
3682:
3642:
3604:
3595:
3501:
3474:
3456:
3438:
1521:(r.383 to 388 CE), adding the Alchon
1481:Persians, while at the same time the
920:, argued that a name attested there,
13010:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
10522:Coinage of the Hephthalites/ Alchons
10399:
10284:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
10168:
10121:
10115:
10077:
9971:
9720:
9516:
9490:J. Gordon Melton (15 January 2014).
9137:. New Delhi: New Age International.
8915:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
8746:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
8647:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
8503:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376.
8189:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
7256:
6798:
6682:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
6615:
6317:
4543:/Zabocho (c. mid 5th – early 6th CE)
4040:Coinage legacy (6th-12th century CE)
3766:, bringing cultural regression. The
3662:
3653:
3633:
3613:
3548:
3539:
3429:
3418:
2994:within double border on the reverse.
2428:simply states that Toramana died in
2250:"Great King of Kings, Lord Toramana"
1975:" Toramana seal impression, Kausambi
1628:, was called "King of India" in the
1557:
1530:and the name "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in
1351:, with bust imitating Sasanian king
1072:
13917:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature
11918:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
10130:
10088:
10004:
9803:
9714:
9665:
9601:Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1980).
8951:
8908:
8821:
7818:Indian Archaeology 1954–55 A review
7768:. Gangemi Editore. pp. 58–59.
7657:
7199:
6714:Tewari, S.P.; Ramesh, K.V. (1983).
6707:
3713:
3191:and a 300 ft (91 m) high
1245:
190:
109:
13:
12633:
12291:
12233:
12064:Chronology of the Neolithic period
11913:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
10914:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
9549:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
8400:
7701:
7627:
7561:
7555:
7535:
7453:
7206:Alram, Michael (1 February 2021).
7179:Michael Maas (29 September 2014).
7163:
6950:
4699:style, with the Gupta peacock and
4658:, and subsequently by the Alchon.
3864:
3622:
3308:Sun cult, Vaishnavism and Shivaism
2366:
2324:(The Great King of Kings), reads:
2079:fell into the hands of the Hunas.
1477:, taking over Kabulistan from the
14:
17257:
12638:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
11324:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
10490:
10479:Schottky, Martin (2004). "Huns".
9221:de la Vaissiere, Etienne (2007).
8378:. London : Trübner. p.
8262:S. B. Bhattacherje (1 May 2009).
7924:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977).
7714:. Oxbow Books. pp. 126–129.
7366:Jason Neelis (19 November 2010).
6622:. K.K. Publications. p. 131.
6363:from the original on 4 April 2022
6344:
2909:. Although the chronology of the
2477:Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula
2416:defeated Toramana in 515 CE. The
2338:Eran boar inscription of Toramana
2293:Eran boar inscription of Toramana
2254:Eran boar inscription of Toramana
1955:The monastery of Ghoshitarama in
1469:Invasion of Kabulistan (c.385 CE)
1414:Early confrontations between the
14900:
14891:
14882:
14873:
14864:
14855:
14846:
14837:
14827:References and sources for table
13592:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
13075:
12221:
12119:
10495:
10360:
10327:
10247:
10162:
10043:
9923:
9884:
9845:
9764:
9744:
9688:
9633:A Historical atlas of South Asia
9630:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
9623:
9593:
9527:
9510:
9280:
9255:
9054:
9028:
8997:
8945:
8902:
8733:
8706:
8451:
8436:
6483:
6226:A Historical atlas of South Asia
6196:A Historical atlas of South Asia
6116:
6104:
6085:
6057:
5989:ultimately burst out of Eastern
5892:
5882:
5881:
4986:
4914:
4898:
4886:
4870:
4858:
4842:
4826:
4814:
4798:
4786:
4770:
4754:
4731:
4715:
4684:
4552:Lakhana Udayaditya (c. 490's CE)
4480:
4463:
4446:
4429:
4398:
4381:
4364:
4341:
4327:
4307:
4284:
4262:
4239:
4065:
3987:
3978:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3431:
3413:
3263:
3248:
3232:
3010:in northern India and father of
2989:
2788:The Maukharis led by their king
2781:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
2757:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
2725:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2534:
2268:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2170:mentioning the rule of Toramana.
2151:
2116:, who continued his conquest to
2108:, Bhanugupta lost Malwa to the "
1964:
1948:
1895:
1736:
1721:
1566:
1525:
1407:a century later, and lastly the
1360:
1337:
1328:
1244:
1224:
1204:
1090:
1081:
1033:
1028:
1011:peoples (or Hunas). A seal from
955:The word "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in
817:, in a sense bringing an end to
691:
677:
663:
649:
635:
621:
607:
593:
579:
554:
540:
526:
226:
225:
207:
189:
171:
153:
135:
117:
108:
101:
59:
50:
17032:Opium production in Afghanistan
13081:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
11923:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
11193:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
9444:. Madras: B. G. Paul & co.
8517:
8490:
8463:
8444:
8429:
8365:
8179:
8103:
8003:
7809:
7782:
7755:
7728:
7499:
7437:
7321:
7286:
7121:
7109:
7097:
7070:
7015:
6927:
6909:
6846:
6728:
6672:
6609:
6506:
6491:with the word "Alchono" in the
6403:
6030:
5975:
5939:
3406:
3239:Solar symbol on the coinage of
2873:. The son of Narendraditya was
2124:Baladitya to make a retreat to
172:
154:
118:
17231:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan
13765:Ancient India and Central Asia
13058:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
11958:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
11903:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
10456:. Edinburgh University Press.
10277:"The Identity of Prakasaditya"
9978:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9936:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9897:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9858:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9819:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9777:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9546:Krishna Chandra Sagar (1992).
9436:Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal
9268:. British Museum. p. 34.
9230:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8716:The History of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas
8680:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8110:Fleet, John Faithfull (1960).
8019:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
6784:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 119.
6375:
6338:
6311:
6284:
6213:
6183:
4907:Artificial cranial deformation
4877:Silver stater of Toramana II,
4668:artificial cranial deformation
4531:anonymous kings (400 - 430 CE)
3809:Soon after the invasions, the
2475:as "Lord of the Earth" in the
2410:Rīsthal stone-slab inscription
2300:, Malwa, 540 km south of
2054:A decisive battle occurred in
2014:, and possibly to the port of
1391:gradually lost the control of
1322:Emergence of the Alchon tamgha
1:
10909:Silk Road transmission of art
10140:. Routledge. pp. 62–64.
10089:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019).
9382:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60.
9262:Errington, Elizabeth (2017).
8470:Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018).
7869:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 34.
7866:The World of the Skandapurāṇa
6294:The World of the Skandapurāṇa
6291:Bakker, Hans (16 July 2014).
6136:
4726:symbol on a coin of Khingila.
4350:
4316:
4293:
4271:
4248:
4225:
3150:
2712:
2247:Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Toramāṇa
2050:First Battle of Eran (510 CE)
1836:
1177:, with an elongated skull in
1162:, in clear contrast with the
1108:
961:Greco-Bactrian cursive script
824:The invasion of India by the
805:. The Alchon invasion of the
76:
16952:Current provincial governors
16806:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
14956:, Cambridge University Press
14924:, Cambridge University Press
14654:Decline of Buddhism in India
14091:Northern Black Polished Ware
13813:Historical peoples and clans
13799:Genetics and archaeogenetics
11908:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
10452:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017).
10374:
9721:Eder, Manfred A. J. (2010).
9197:. UNESCO. pp. 370–375.
7983:Radhakumud Mookerji (1997).
7890:V.K. Agnihotri, ed. (2010).
7863:Hans Bakker (16 July 2014).
7423:. UNESCO. pp. 123–126.
7272:. Archaeopress. p. 23.
6426:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021).
4928:with a worshipper (probably
4881:style, mid-late 6th century.
4837:style, mid-late 5th century.
4677:
4598:
3395:Decline of Buddhism in India
3033:in 557–565 CE. The areas of
2739:. The Aphsad inscription of
1854:Uncertain Hunnic chieftain.
1534:(a slight adaptation of the
1218:Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)
1188:
1137:artificial skull deformation
1128:Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand
208:
136:
7:
17241:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
15007:
14922:An Introduction to Hinduism
13789:Indo-Aryan migration theory
9131:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
9035:Cribb, Joe (1 April 2017).
7795:. BRILL. pp. 106–107.
7676:Oriental Numismatic Society
7643:. BRILL. pp. 105–106.
7551:. CUP Archive. p. 791.
6126:. For equivalent coin, see
5858:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
5668:Transitional Administration
5238:Principality of Chaghaniyan
4741:with the word "Alchono" in
3069:
2869:, and then by his son king
2412:, discovered in 1983, King
1624:. Khingila, under the name
1365:and "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in
944:comes from the ethnic name
878:
10:
17262:
17221:Historical Iranian peoples
17211:History of Ghazni Province
17113:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)
17052:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
14945:Hinduism. Past and present
14815:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
14773:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
14165:Rise of Shramana movements
13772:Archaeology and prehistory
13567:Battle of the Tanais River
12868:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
12125:
12074:(Eastern migration of the
12073:
10336:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth
10050:Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014).
9930:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
9891:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
9852:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
9813:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
9771:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
9672:Parmentier, Henri (1930).
9353:Handbuch der Orientalistik
9351:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
8909:PAL, PRATAPADITYA (1973).
8674:GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003).
7545:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965).
6935:Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014).
6749:10.1163/000000089790082971
6318:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999).
5714:Related historical regions
4184:
4123:
4043:
4006:
3388:
3053:when they established the
2719:Victories of the Maukharis
2681:Sondani pillar inscription
2358:Toramana gold coin legend.
1861:
1829:Bhitari pillar inscription
1573:Portrait of an older King
1500:
1212:
1103:: Portrait of Alchon king
932:, with the first element,
882:
746:
737:
20:
17216:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
17140:
17078:
17069:
17007:
16998:
16907:
16898:
16796:
16744:
16735:
16528:Indus Valley civilisation
16513:
16443:
16395:
15912:
15316:
15015:
14952:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
14824:
14721:
14700:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
14685:
14664:
14639:
14611:
14571:
14566:
14507:
14393:
14328:
14286:
14265:
14249:
14238:
14231:
14214:
14198:
14184:
14155:
14148:
14094:
14076:
14073:Painted Grey Ware culture
14058:
14050:
14034:
14010:
14007:
14002:
13989:
13984:
13975:
13899:
13868:
13812:
13771:
13698:Attila in popular culture
13690:
13625:
13554:
13533:
13482:
13451:
13400:
13229:
13161:
13135:
13054:
13044:Muslim conquest of Persia
12995:
12962:
12897:
12878:
12847:
12815:
12621:
12581:
12560:
12557:
12550:
12355:
12284:
12229:
12149:
12096:
12070:
12058:
12046:
12041:
12012:
11823:
11791:
11588:
11495:
11437:
11409:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
11274:
11206:
11093:
11075:
10972:
10934:
10927:
10891:
10565:
10296:10.1017/S1356186315000346
9974:"Post-Sasanian Metalwork"
9441:The University of Nālandā
8963:. Routledge. p. 58.
8831:. Routledge. p. 58.
8235:Om Prakash Misra (2003).
8201:10.1017/S1356186315000346
6679:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989).
6640:Gupta, Parmanand (1989).
6110:For equivalent coin, see
5014:Indus Valley civilisation
4582:Gokarna (c. 570 – 590 CE)
4202:
3857:to the Sasanian court of
3133:in northern (modern day)
2792:, rather than any of the
2561:of the Alchons in 528 CE.
1908:, at the time the famous
1904:, at the doorstep of the
1882:Sasanian coinage of Sindh
1864:Sasanian coinage of Sindh
707:
505:
495:
491:
481:
471:
467:
457:
447:
429:
414:
396:
96:
42:
37:
30:
17246:Former countries in Asia
17236:Ancient peoples of India
17201:Dynasties of Afghanistan
16749:Administrative divisions
14920:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
14509:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
14474:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
14390:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
14151:Persian-Greek influences
13969:Middle kingdoms of India
13900:Mythology and literature
13127:
11856:Mogao Christian painting
11429:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
11143:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
11133:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
10417:Bakker, Hans T. (2020).
10381:Alemanny, Austí (2000).
9604:Kashmir and Central Asia
9163:Klaus Vondrovec (2014).
9067:The Numismatic Chronicle
9061:Alram, Michael (2014a).
8740:Willis, Michael (2005).
8644:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
7941:Parmanand Gupta (1989).
7789:Brancaccio, Pia (2010).
7735:Brancaccio, Pia (2010).
7637:Brancaccio, Pia (2010).
7473:The Numismatic Chronicle
7334:The Numismatic Chronicle
7295:The Numismatic Chronicle
6859:The Numismatic Chronicle
6432:King of the Seven Climes
6098:15 November 2020 at the
5985:episode, the conquering
5533:Principality of Qandahar
4957:
4853:, early-mid 6th century.
4169:17 February 2021 at the
4160:Kunsthistorisches Museum
3401:middle kingdoms of India
3373:, a shrine dedicated to
3173:Narasimhagupta Baladitya
3031:Western Turkic Kaghanate
2957:under the leadership of
2953:where they resettled in
2949:, moved west across the
2705:Narasimhagupta Baladitya
2018:. To the east, far into
1845:
1446:tribe) under their King
1243:
1179:his 7th century CE mural
224:
206:
188:
170:
152:
134:
116:
107:
71:Portrait of Alchon king
21:Not to be confused with
16613:Second Anglo-Afghan War
16583:Third Battle of Panipat
14943:Michaels, Axel (2004),
14641:Late-Classical Hinduism
13067:Second Turkic Khaganate
11953:Saksanokhur gold buckle
11841:Hephthalite silver bowl
11718:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
10758:Second Turkic Khaganate
10559:History of Central Asia
10334:Smith, Vincent Arthur;
10275:Tandon, Pankaj (2015).
10254:Tandon, Pankaj (2013).
9573:Lal Mani Joshi (1987).
8888:. UNESCO. p. 170.
8796:. UNESCO. p. 169.
8524:Tandon, Pankaj (2013).
8500:Studies in Indian Coins
8343:Tej Ram Sharma (1978).
8052:Upendra Thakur (1967).
8010:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2003).
7762:Auctores Varii (2016).
7516:"British Museum notice"
7467:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
7328:Alram, Michael (2014).
6992:Tandon, Pankaj (2013).
6960:Braarvig, Jens (2000).
6853:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
6324:. Motilal Banarsidass.
6221:Schwartzberg, Joseph E.
6191:Schwartzberg, Joseph E.
6012:Upendra Thakur (1967).
4833:Gold dinar of Adomano,
4586:Narendraditya Khinkhila
4175:Second Afghan Civil War
4019:Hephthalite silver bowl
3805:Political fragmentation
3121:Persecution of Buddhism
3061:dynasty around 665 CE.
2941:and, pulling back from
2871:Narendraditya Khinkhila
2762:"The son of that king (
1728:The silver bowl in the
1395:to these invaders from
990:
984:
973:
940:
934:
928:
922:
902:
896:
889:
617:Second Aulikara dynasty
16683:Second Islamic Emirate
16623:Kingdom of Afghanistan
16618:Third Anglo-Afghan War
16608:First Anglo-Afghan War
16593:Emirate of Afghanistan
16543:Yabghus of Tokharistan
14027:Middle Gangetic Plain
13876:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
13718:Origin of the Székelys
12904:First Turkic Khaganate
12639:
12359:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
12297:
12238:
12048:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
11933:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
11693:Alexandria Prophthasia
10718:First Turkic Khaganate
10653:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
10175:. BRILL. p. 279.
9463:Sukumar Dutt (1988) .
9408:Upinder Singh (2008).
9379:The Spread of Buddhism
9318:René Grousset (1970).
9274:10.5281/zenodo.3355036
8617:Abraham Eraly (2011).
8580:Malwa Through The Ages
8497:Sircar, D. C. (2008).
7741:. BRILL. p. 106.
7562:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
7056:. BRILL. p. 159.
7050:Neelis, Jason (2010).
6389:. BRILL. p. 162.
6383:Neelis, Jason (2010).
5899:Afghanistan portal
5836:List of heads of state
5094:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
4662:Later original coinage
4638:(r.309 to 379 CE) and
4612:
4136:
4087:
3970:The Chilek silver bowl
3901:
3325:
3305:
3086:The four Alchon kings
3083:
3055:Yabghus of Tokharistan
2995:
2934:
2825:
2786:
2766:) was the illustrious
2759:
2685:
2667:
2557:claiming victory over
2528:
2502:
2452:
2361:
2342:
2099:
2062:was in charge. In the
1859:
1517:(r.309 to 379 CE) and
968:
908:
906:in Bactrian script or
483:• Disestablished
82:), and the bull/lunar
16663:First Islamic Emirate
16420:Medieval great powers
14556:Western Ganga Dynasty
14423: 1st century BCE
14411:Early Pandyan kingdom
14376: 2nd century BCE
14336:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
14330:Preclassical Hinduism
14311:Early Pandyan kingdom
14283: 3rd century BCE
14228: 4th century BCE
14195: 5th century BCE
14105: 6th century BCE
14030:Lower Gangetic Plain
14018:Upper Gangetic Plain
13886:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
12637:
12295:
12237:
11743:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
11118:Karsakpay inscription
10573:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
10504:at Wikimedia Commons
10482:Encyclopaedia Iranica
10462:10.1515/9781474400305
10011:Brentjes, B. (1971).
9517:Göbl, Robert (1967).
8969:10.4324/9781315661704
8713:Madan, A. P. (1990).
7667:Senior, R.C. (1991).
7565:Buddhist Architecture
6253:Bakker, Hans (2017),
5144:Indo-Parthian kingdom
5124:Indo-Scythian kingdom
4606:
4193:Talagan copper scroll
4187:Talagan copper scroll
4181:Talagan copper scroll
4143:in Indian texts, and
4134:Talagan copper scroll
4131:
4073:
4060:Indo-Sasanian coinage
4046:Indo-Sasanian coinage
3899:
3385:Consequences on India
3371:Shankaracharya Temple
3315:
3280:
3100:Talagan copper scroll
3077:
2977:
2928:
2848:'s 12th century text
2807:
2754:
2749:
2669:
2614:
2510:
2485:
2443:
2346:
2326:
2168:Eran boar inscription
2085:
1876:and the mouth of the
1853:
1706:and Alchon aid under
954:
848:and succeeded by the
687:Kalachuris of Tripuri
415:Common languages
16769:Environmental issues
16717:Graveyard of empires
16706:Arabs in Afghanistan
16430:European colonialism
16415:Ancient great powers
14906:Michaels (2004) p.41
14897:Michaels (2004) p.40
14879:Michaels (2004) p.39
14861:Michaels (2004) p.39
14798:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
14430: 1st century CE
13804:History of the horse
13672:North Caucasian Huns
13626:Other Hunnic peoples
12006:Ancient Central Asia
11550:Kutlug Timur Minaret
11085:Noin-Ula burial site
10883:Chinese Central Asia
10514:26 July 2020 at the
10427:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv
10411:Munshiram Manoharlal
10213:. GGKEY:4TALPN86ZJB.
10199:Robert Göbl (1967).
10169:Wink, André (1991).
10134:(19 November 2015).
9972:GRAY, BASIL (1991).
9662:, p. 93, 98-99.
9293:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
8955:(19 November 2015).
8361:. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9.
8289:R.K. Pruthi (2004).
7689:on 26 September 2019
7212:. BRILL. p. 7.
6963:Buddhist Manuscripts
6894:, pp. 109, 123.
6811:(19 November 2015).
6737:Indo-Iranian Journal
6499:symbol on his coins
6354:Sino-Platonic Papers
4749:symbol on his coins.
3845:: the Maukhari King
3728:class=notpageimage|
3199:". According to the
3171:'s supposed nemesis
2915:Gonanda dynasty (II)
2275:A rare gold coin of
2008:Sanjeli inscriptions
2006:. To the south, the
1485:(Red Huns) ruled in
1460:Ammianus Marcellinus
1428:Ammianus Marcellinus
1426:" were described by
1411:from around 450 CE.
1379:During the reign of
1373:. Dated 400-440 CE..
1310:to the west and the
1299:class=notpageimage|
1126:(dated 600-800 CE),
1107:, from his coinage (
840:), and the Kushana (
753:) also known as the
380:class=notpageimage|
16723:Wars in Afghanistan
16643:Democratic Republic
16425:Modern great powers
14757:Rashtrakuta dynasty
14209:Shaishunaga dynasty
14159:Second Urbanisation
14004:Indo-Gangetic Plain
13779:Proto-Indo-Iranians
13617:Battle of Bassianae
13148:History of the Huns
12747:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
11943:Siberian Ice Maiden
11733:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
11148:Petrovka settlement
10878:Soviet Central Asia
10803:Great Seljuq Empire
9004:Kumar, Raj (2008).
8985:on 25 November 2021
8316:N. K. Ojha (2001).
7850:, pp. 484–534.
7407:, pp. 120–122.
6459:, pp. 107–108.
6447:, p. 4, 17-18.
6168:, pp. 105–124.
5603:Democratic Republic
4476:Toramana of Kashmir
4086:, circa 570-712 CE.
4076:Gurjara Confederacy
3758:fell into decline.
3320:with Hindu goddess
3065:Religion and ethics
2933:, from his coinage.
2745:Later Gupta dynasty
2664:(Ja)yatu Mihirakula
2590:Sondani inscription
2555:Sondani inscription
2426:Manjusri-mula-kalpa
2386:Manjusri-mula-kalpa
2105:Manjusri-mula-kalpa
1912:were made by ruler
1173:, mythical king of
1043:Rīsthal inscription
866:Indian subcontinent
807:Indian subcontinent
659:Later Gupta dynasty
473:• Established
17206:Dynasties of India
17042:Telecommunications
17012:Afghani (currency)
16927:Leadership Council
16711:European influence
16588:Dost Mohammad Khan
16523:Pre-Islamic period
14888:Hiltebeitel (2002)
14870:Hiltebeitel (2002)
14568:Hephthalite Empire
14404:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
14395:Satavahana dynasty
14381:Indo-Greek Kingdom
14304:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
14295:Satavahana dynasty
14268:Spread of Buddhism
13990:Northwestern India
13881:Indo-Greek Kingdom
13587:Battle of the Utus
13577:Battle of Faesulae
13483:Other notable Huns
13143:Origin of the Huns
12990:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
12640:
12298:
12287:Hellenistic Period
12239:
12098:Afanasievo culture
11893:Buddhas of Bamiyan
11846:Chilek silver bowl
11713:Buddhas of Bamiyan
11389:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
11178:Talapty Settlement
10964:Filippovka kurgans
10853:Khanate of Bukhara
10813:Khwarazmian Empire
10738:Ikhshids of Sogdia
10583:Afanasievo culture
8752:(2): 140 and 149.
8091:on 1 November 2019
8055:The Hūṇas in India
8025:: 180, Figure 11.
7447:, Routledge, 2015
6917:"Hermitage Museum"
6273:on 11 January 2020
6015:The Hūṇas in India
5806:Political violence
5613:Tanai coup attempt
5248:Rashidun Caliphate
5193:Hephthalite Empire
5114:Indo-Greek kingdom
4922:Vishnu Nicolo Seal
4613:
4324:Lakhana Udayaditya
4137:
4096:Gurjara-Pratiharas
4088:
4009:Chilek silver bowl
3902:
3326:
3258:with solar symbol.
3202:Manjushrimulakalpa
3147:Greco-Buddhist art
3084:
3000:Prabhakaravardhana
2996:
2935:
2840:under the rule of
2826:
2760:
2668:
2453:
2100:
1860:
1831:, the Gupta ruler
1714:once and for all.
1019:, bears the title
981:word for "Hun" is
969:
918:Zand-i Wahman yasn
885:Origin of the Huns
17183:
17182:
17136:
17135:
17065:
17064:
16994:
16993:
16957:Foreign relations
16792:
16791:
16731:
16730:
16633:Saqqawist Emirate
16573:Siege of Kandahar
16469:
16468:
16391:
16390:
16356:Polish–Lithuanian
15531:Gurjara-Pratihara
14975:
14974:
14970:
14969:
14966:
14965:
14807:Eastern Chalukyas
14803:Kalyani Chalukyas
14761:Eastern Chalukyas
14750:Gurjara-Pratihara
14743: 9th century
14728:Eastern Chalukyas
14711: 8th century
14696:Eastern Chalukyas
14682:Mlechchha dynasty
14661: 7th century
14643:(ca. CE 650-1100)
14590: 6th century
14563: 5th century
14523: 4th century
14469: 3rd century
14457: 2nd century
14367:Mahayana Buddhism
14334:"Hindu Synthesis"
14201:Persian conquests
14086:Shramanic culture
14022:Ganga-Yamuna doab
13935:
13934:
13731:
13730:
13646:
13572:Siege of Florence
13095:
13094:
13090:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13017:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
12778:Kushano-Sasanians
12243:Achaemenid Empire
12134:Andronovo Culture
11971:
11970:
11948:Ai-Khanoum plaque
11819:
11818:
11623:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
10899:Central Asian art
10873:Russian Turkestan
10868:Chinese Turkestan
10768:Abbasid Caliphate
10732:Anxi Protectorate
10678:Kushano-Sasanians
10643:Macedonian Empire
10638:Achaemenid Empire
10608:Andronovo culture
10588:Sintashta culture
10500:Media related to
10471:978-1-4744-0030-5
10436:978-94-93194-00-7
10392:978-90-04-11442-5
10182:978-90-04-09249-5
10147:978-1-317-34091-1
9737:978-1-4073-0674-2
9707:978-81-207-2503-4
9586:978-81-208-0281-0
9559:978-81-7211-028-4
9503:978-1-61069-026-3
9421:978-81-317-1120-0
9389:978-90-474-2006-4
9355:. Leiden: BRILL.
9337:978-0-8135-1304-1
9204:978-92-3-103211-0
9176:978-3-7001-7695-4
9144:978-81-224-1198-0
9041:Numismatic Digest
9017:978-81-7835-635-8
8978:978-1-317-34090-4
8868:978-81-208-0370-1
8726:978-81-85151-38-0
8657:978-81-208-0592-7
8630:978-0-670-08478-4
8590:978-81-208-0824-9
8329:978-81-85212-78-4
8302:978-81-7141-876-3
8292:The Classical Age
8275:978-81-207-4074-7
8248:978-81-7099-874-7
7996:978-81-208-0440-1
7954:978-81-7022-248-4
7903:978-81-8424-568-4
7876:978-90-04-27714-4
7597:Kurbanov, Aydogdy
7379:978-90-04-18159-5
7372:. Leiden: BRILL.
7219:978-90-04-46066-9
7192:978-1-316-06085-8
6843:, p. 17, 46.
6824:978-1-317-34090-4
6791:978-92-3-103211-0
6700:978-81-208-0592-7
6495:(αλχονο) and the
6266:978-90-6984-715-3
5935:
5934:
5826:Afghan (ethnonym)
5801:Political history
5705:
5704:
5553:Saqqawist Emirate
5503:Sadozai Sultanate
5456:
5455:
5242:7th–8th centuries
5211:
5210:
5064:Macedonian Empire
5054:Achaemenid Empire
5024:Oxus civilization
4849:Silver drachm of
4805:Silver drachm of
4761:Silver drachm of
4745:(αλχονο) and the
4588:(c. 590 – 630 CE)
4579:(c. 530 – 590 CE)
4573:(c. 530 – 570 CE)
4567:(c. 515 – 540 CE)
4561:(c. 490 – 515 CE)
4549:(c. 461 – 493 CE)
4537:(c. 430 – 490 CE)
4521:
4520:
4488:
4487:
4235:(Anonymous kings)
3212:The 12th century
2723:According to the
2582:Battle of Sondani
2525:The Rajatarangini
2322:Mahararajadhidaja
1840: 456-457 CE
1763:skull deformation
1558:Gandhara (460 CE)
1442:(probably of the
1389:Kushano-Sasanians
1314:to the southeast.
1073:Visual appearance
916:apocalyptic book
725:
724:
703:
702:
699:
698:
567:
566:
17253:
17163:
17156:
17149:
17076:
17075:
17005:
17004:
16905:
16904:
16742:
16741:
16691:
16690:
16678:Islamic Republic
16638:Daoud's Republic
16603:Afghan–Sikh Wars
16598:Battle of Jamrud
16558:Islamic conquest
16538:Greater Khorasan
16496:
16489:
16482:
16473:
16472:
16272:
16271:
15937:Austro-Hungarian
15637:Chagatai Khanate
15002:
14995:
14988:
14979:
14978:
14957:
14948:
14939:
14930:Hiltebeitel, Alf
14925:
14907:
14904:
14898:
14895:
14889:
14886:
14880:
14877:
14871:
14868:
14862:
14859:
14853:
14850:
14844:
14841:
14692:Badami Chalukyas
14687:Adivasi (tribes)
14677:Empire of Harsha
14673:Vakataka dynasty
14626:Kalabhra dynasty
14622:Badami Chalukyas
14613:Adivasi (tribes)
14582:Kalabhra dynasty
14548:Kalabhra dynasty
14544:Andhra Ikshvakus
14511:(ca. CE 320-650)
14495:Adivasi (tribes)
14363:Smarta Tradition
14216:Adivasi (tribes)
14131:Adivasi (tribes)
13987:cultural period
13982:
13981:
13978:
13977:
13962:
13955:
13948:
13939:
13938:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13735:
13734:
13642:
13597:Sack of Aquileia
13505:Eskam's daughter
13230:Military leaders
13122:
13115:
13108:
13099:
13098:
13079:
12893:Kun-khi Ghadfar
12723:Bahram VI Chobin
12594:Kujula Kadphises
12225:
12123:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12014:
11998:
11991:
11984:
11975:
11974:
11938:Seal of Khingila
11866:Penjikent murals
11487:Kalai Kafirnigan
11374:Koi Krylgan Kala
11183:Turkistan (city)
11168:Steppe Geoglyphs
10932:
10931:
10863:Khanate of Khiva
10823:Chagatai Khanate
10778:Saffarid dynasty
10763:Uyghur Khaganate
10552:
10545:
10538:
10529:
10528:
10499:
10486:
10475:
10448:
10413:
10396:
10369:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10331:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10320:
10307:
10281:
10272:
10266:
10261:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10224:
10215:
10214:
10196:
10187:
10186:
10166:
10160:
10159:
10128:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10086:
10075:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10056:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10008:
10002:
10001:
9969:
9960:
9959:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9849:
9843:
9842:
9810:
9801:
9800:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9729:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9669:
9663:
9657:
9648:
9647:
9627:
9621:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9597:
9591:
9590:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9543:
9537:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9405:
9394:
9393:
9373:
9367:
9366:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9325:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9227:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9187:
9181:
9180:
9160:
9149:
9148:
9128:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9108:www.cngcoins.com
9100:
9091:
9090:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8981:. Archived from
8949:
8943:
8942:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8819:
8808:
8807:
8787:
8770:
8769:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8671:
8662:
8661:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8614:
8595:
8594:
8574:
8565:
8564:
8559:. Archived from
8542:
8536:
8531:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8467:
8461:
8458:Sasanian coinage
8455:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8391:
8383:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8232:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8159:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8139:www.cngcoins.com
8131:
8122:
8121:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8087:. Archived from
8081:
8068:
8067:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8016:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7986:The Gupta Empire
7980:
7959:
7958:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7921:
7908:
7907:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7860:
7851:
7845:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7688:
7673:
7664:
7655:
7654:
7634:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7607:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7464:
7451:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7363:
7350:
7349:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7263:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7243:www.cngcoins.com
7235:
7224:
7223:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7176:
7161:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7027:www.cngcoins.com
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6998:
6989:
6978:
6977:
6957:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6921:Hermitage Museum
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6805:
6796:
6795:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6637:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6556:
6550:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6518:www.cngcoins.com
6510:
6504:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6423:
6410:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6351:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6269:, archived from
6250:
6241:
6240:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6130:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6034:
6028:
6027:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5948:Aydogdy Kurbanov
5943:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5884:
5868:Muslim conquests
5853:Hinduism history
5816:Economic history
5700:
5678:Islamic Republic
5469:
5468:
5398:Chagatai Khanate
5224:
5223:
5164:Kidarite kingdom
5034:Gandhara kingdom
5010:
5009:
4990:
4980:
4962:
4961:
4918:
4909:clearly visible.
4902:
4890:
4874:
4862:
4846:
4835:Kushano-Sasanian
4830:
4818:
4802:
4790:
4774:
4758:
4735:
4719:
4688:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4484:
4467:
4450:
4433:
4402:
4385:
4368:
4355:
4352:
4345:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4311:
4298:
4295:
4288:
4276:
4273:
4266:
4253:
4250:
4243:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4147:in Greek texts.
4027:Samarkand Museum
3991:
3982:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3835:Maukhari dynasty
3722:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3303:
3267:
3252:
3236:
3155:
3152:
3078:Alchon devotee,
3004:Vardhana dynasty
2993:
2889:Durlabhavardhana
2865:, a follower of
2836:in northwestern
2784:
2714:
2683:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2618:used the Indian
2538:
2526:
2500:
2463:by Chinese monk
2418:First Hunnic War
2402:Aulikara dynasty
2359:
2340:
2272:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2155:
2136:country (modern
1984:First Hunnic War
1968:
1952:
1933:First Hunnic War
1926:Pitalkhora caves
1841:
1838:
1751:Hephthalite bowl
1743:Alchon horseman.
1740:
1725:
1657:a 462-463 letter
1608:, southeast of
1584:Around 430 King
1570:
1529:
1364:
1349:Sasanian coinage
1341:
1332:
1248:
1247:
1228:
1208:
1113:
1110:
1094:
1085:
1037:
1032:
1015:associated with
993:
987:
976:
963:), on a coin of
943:
937:
931:
925:
911:
905:
899:
836:), the Pahlava (
749:
748:
740:
739:
695:
694:
681:
680:
667:
666:
653:
652:
645:Maukhari dynasty
639:
638:
625:
624:
611:
610:
597:
596:
583:
582:
571:
570:
558:
557:
544:
543:
534:Sassanian Empire
530:
529:
523:
522:
507:
506:
371:
360:
348:
334:
323:
312:
301:
288:
275:
263:
247:
236:
229:
228:
218:
211:
210:
200:
193:
192:
182:
175:
174:
164:
157:
156:
146:
139:
138:
128:
121:
120:
112:
111:
105:
81:
78:
63:
54:
28:
27:
17261:
17260:
17256:
17255:
17254:
17252:
17251:
17250:
17186:
17185:
17184:
17179:
17166:
17159:
17152:
17145:
17132:
17061:
16990:
16894:
16788:
16727:
16689:
16673:War (2001–2021)
16563:Mongol invasion
16509:
16500:
16470:
16465:
16454:American Empire
16439:
16435:African empires
16387:
16270:
15962:Central African
15908:
15726:Romano-Germanic
15312:
15046:Middle Assyrian
15019:
15011:
15006:
14976:
14971:
14962:
14961:
14960:
14910:
14905:
14901:
14896:
14892:
14887:
14883:
14878:
14874:
14869:
14865:
14860:
14856:
14851:
14847:
14842:
14838:
14828:
14817:
14813:
14811:Medieval Cholas
14809:
14805:
14796:
14771:
14769:Medieval Cholas
14767:
14765:Pandyan kingdom
14763:
14759:
14734:
14732:Pandyan kingdom
14730:
14702:
14698:
14694:
14675:
14652:
14646:Advaita Vedanta
14644:
14628:
14624:
14620:
14597:
14584:
14580:
14554:
14552:Kadamba Dynasty
14550:
14546:
14537:
14516:
14512:
14484:Western Satraps
14446:Kuninda Kingdom
14438:
14417:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14403:
14397:
14388:
14365:
14337:
14317:
14313:
14309:
14305:
14303:
14297:
14234:Greek conquests
14167:
14163:
14089:
14083:
14071:
14065:
14019:
13991:
13986:
13971:
13966:
13936:
13931:
13895:
13864:
13808:
13767:
13762:
13732:
13727:
13708:Eurasian nomads
13686:
13621:
13612:Battle of Nedao
13582:Battle of Arles
13550:
13546:Hunnic language
13529:
13478:
13447:
13396:
13225:
13157:
13131:
13126:
13096:
13091:
13069:
13060:
13046:
13006:
13004:
13002:Tokhara Yabghus
12979:
12974:(vassal of the
12973:
12971:
12908:
12906:
12889:
12887:
12858:
12856:
12826:
12824:
12810:
12808:
12782:
12780:
12753:Farrukh Hormizd
12632:
12630:
12628:Sasanian Empire
12592:
12590:
12568:
12566:
12448:Mithridates III
12428:
12426:
12424:Parthian Empire
12412:
12406:
12405:
12398:
12396:
12363:
12361:
12321:Seleucid Empire
12317:
12290:
12288:
12247:
12245:
12220:
12217:Pazyryk Culture
12214:
12208:
12197:
12186:
12180:
12157:
12155:
12118:
12103:Proto-Tocharian
12100:
12086:,as far as the
12084:Eurasian Steppe
12076:Yamnaya culture
12053:Altai Mountains
12023:
12008:
12002:
11972:
11967:
11928:Afrasiab murals
11871:Sampul tapestry
11815:
11811:Shahr-e Sukhteh
11801:Bandian complex
11787:
11763:Musalla Complex
11643:Tapa-i Kafariha
11584:
11505:Cave of Dzhebel
11491:
11433:
11270:
11202:
11198:Araltobe kurgan
11089:
11071:
10997:Kizilgaha caves
10968:
10954:Pazyryk burials
10936:Southern Russia
10923:
10887:
10773:Tahirid dynasty
10743:Tokhara Yabghus
10648:Seleucid Empire
10623:Pazyryk culture
10578:Yamnaya culture
10561:
10556:
10516:Wayback Machine
10493:
10472:
10437:
10401:Puri, Baij Nath
10393:
10377:
10372:
10365:
10361:
10357:, pp. 199.
10353:
10349:
10332:
10328:
10318:
10316:
10279:
10273:
10269:
10252:
10248:
10241:
10225:
10218:
10197:
10190:
10183:
10167:
10163:
10148:
10129:
10122:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10087:
10078:
10070:
10066:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10009:
10005:
9970:
9963:
9928:
9924:
9889:
9885:
9864:: 151, Fig.10.
9850:
9846:
9811:
9804:
9783:: 153, Fig.13.
9769:
9765:
9752:Bakker, Hans T.
9749:
9745:
9738:
9727:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9694:
9693:
9689:
9670:
9666:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9628:
9624:
9616:
9612:
9598:
9594:
9587:
9571:
9567:
9560:
9544:
9540:
9532:
9528:
9515:
9511:
9504:
9488:
9484:
9477:
9461:
9457:
9433:
9429:
9422:
9406:
9397:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9363:
9349:
9345:
9338:
9316:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9299:on 16 July 2017
9285:
9281:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9225:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9188:
9184:
9177:
9161:
9152:
9145:
9129:
9122:
9112:
9110:
9102:
9101:
9094:
9059:
9055:
9033:
9029:
9018:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8979:
8950:
8946:
8907:
8903:
8896:
8880:
8876:
8869:
8850:
8846:
8839:
8820:
8811:
8804:
8788:
8773:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8711:
8707:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8615:
8598:
8591:
8575:
8568:
8563:on 1 July 2015.
8543:
8539:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8495:
8491:
8484:
8468:
8464:
8449:
8445:
8434:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8409:
8408:
8401:
8385:
8384:
8370:
8366:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8260:
8256:
8249:
8233:
8229:
8184:
8180:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8133:
8132:
8125:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8083:
8082:
8071:
8050:
8046:
8014:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7981:
7962:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7922:
7911:
7904:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7861:
7854:
7846:
7829:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
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7665:
7658:
7651:
7635:
7628:
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7616:
7605:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7560:
7556:
7543:
7536:
7526:
7524:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7465:
7454:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7364:
7353:
7326:
7322:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7264:
7257:
7247:
7245:
7237:
7236:
7227:
7220:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7177:
7164:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7048:
7041:
7031:
7029:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7004:
6996:
6990:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6951:
6939:
6932:
6928:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6851:
6847:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6776:
6772:
6743:(1): 4 and 27.
6733:
6729:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6677:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6638:
6627:
6614:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6493:Bactrian script
6482:
6478:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6424:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6289:
6285:
6276:
6274:
6267:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6100:Wayback Machine
6090:
6086:
6079:
6062:
6058:
6048:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6031:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5893:
5891:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5795:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5698:
5693:Islamic Emirate
5633:Islamic Emirate
5593:Saur Revolution
5466:
5458:
5457:
5388:Mongol Invasion
5362:before 879–1215
5221:
5213:
5212:
5154:Sasanian Empire
5138:135 BC – 248 AD
5104:Parthian Empire
5074:Seleucid Empire
5007:
4978:
4971:
4960:
4953:
4919:
4910:
4903:
4894:
4891:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4863:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4822:
4819:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4791:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4759:
4750:
4743:Bactrian script
4736:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4691:Silver coin of
4689:
4680:
4601:
4517:
4353:
4319:
4296:
4274:
4251:
4228:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4189:
4183:
4171:Wayback Machine
4126:
4068:
4052:Sasanian Empire
4048:
4042:
4034:elongated skull
4011:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3953:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3929:
3926:
3894:
3867:
3865:Rise of Saivism
3843:Sasanian Empire
3807:
3772:art of Gandhara
3750:were in ruins,
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
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3594:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3397:
3391:Classical India
3387:
3310:
3304:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3226:Solar symbolism
3153:
3123:
3094:, Javukha, and
3072:
3067:
2923:
2897:
2842:Sri Pravarasena
2810:Sri Pravarasena
2802:
2785:
2778:
2721:
2684:
2679:
2656:
2644:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2539:
2527:
2524:
2501:
2495:
2438:
2369:
2367:Defeat (515 CE)
2360:
2357:
2341:
2336:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2052:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1935:: Central India
1898:
1880:, as the local
1866:
1848:
1839:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1757:, features two
1749:The so-called "
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1696:Sasanian Empire
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1560:
1540:Greco-Bactrians
1532:Bactrian script
1503:
1471:
1416:Sasanian Empire
1385:Sasanian Empire
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:Bactrian script
1344:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1308:Sasanian Empire
1301:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1215:
1191:
1164:Sasanian Empire
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1120:Elongated skull
1111:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1075:
892:
887:
881:
819:Classical India
809:eradicated the
718:
714:
692:
678:
664:
650:
636:
631:Karkota dynasty
622:
608:
594:
580:
555:
541:
527:
484:
474:
440:
436:
407:
403:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
382:
376:
375:
374:
373:
369:
364:
363:
362:
358:
353:
352:
351:
350:
346:
344:
338:
337:
336:
332:
327:
326:
325:
321:
316:
315:
314:
310:
305:
304:
303:
299:
297:
292:
291:
290:
286:
284:
279:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
257:
251:
250:
249:
245:
240:
239:
238:
234:
230:
222:
221:
220:
216:
212:
204:
203:
202:
198:
194:
186:
185:
184:
180:
176:
168:
167:
166:
162:
158:
150:
149:
148:
144:
140:
132:
131:
130:
126:
122:
114:
113:
92:
91:
79:
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
64:
56:
55:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17259:
17249:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17181:
17180:
17178:
17177:
17172:
17165:
17164:
17157:
17150:
17142:
17141:
17138:
17137:
17134:
17133:
17131:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17079:
17073:
17067:
17066:
17063:
17062:
17060:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17017:Communications
17014:
17008:
17002:
16996:
16995:
16992:
16991:
16989:
16988:
16987:
16986:
16976:
16975:
16974:
16969:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16937:Prime Minister
16934:
16932:Supreme Leader
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16908:
16902:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16892:
16887:
16886:
16885:
16883:Persian (Dari)
16875:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16802:
16800:
16794:
16793:
16790:
16789:
16787:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16774:Extreme points
16771:
16766:
16761:
16759:Climate change
16756:
16751:
16745:
16739:
16733:
16732:
16729:
16728:
16726:
16725:
16720:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16697:
16695:
16688:
16687:
16686:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16578:Durrani Empire
16575:
16570:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16519:
16517:
16511:
16510:
16499:
16498:
16491:
16484:
16476:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16461:
16456:
16447:
16445:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16411:
16410:
16399:
16397:
16393:
16392:
16389:
16388:
16386:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16364:
16363:
16353:
16348:
16343:
16338:
16333:
16328:
16323:
16318:
16313:
16308:
16307:
16306:
16301:
16291:
16286:
16280:
16278:
16269:
16268:
16267:
16266:
16261:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16236:
16231:
16230:
16229:
16219:
16214:
16213:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16192:
16187:
16186:
16185:
16180:
16170:
16169:
16168:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16138:
16137:
16136:
16131:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16105:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16074:
16073:
16072:
16067:
16057:
16052:
16051:
16050:
16045:
16035:
16034:
16033:
16028:
16018:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16001:
15996:
15995:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15964:
15959:
15958:
15957:
15952:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15918:
15916:
15910:
15909:
15907:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15891:
15890:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15849:
15844:
15843:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15817:
15807:
15806:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15739:
15738:
15733:
15723:
15722:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15667:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15646:
15645:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15593:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15567:
15566:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15540:
15539:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15497:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15476:
15471:
15470:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15434:
15433:
15432:
15427:
15417:
15416:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15390:
15385:
15384:
15383:
15373:
15372:
15371:
15366:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15322:
15320:
15318:Post-classical
15314:
15313:
15311:
15310:
15309:
15308:
15298:
15293:
15292:
15291:
15286:
15276:
15275:
15274:
15264:
15263:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15216:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15190:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15173:
15168:
15167:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15125:
15124:
15119:
15117:Middle Kingdom
15114:
15104:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15077:
15076:
15075:
15073:Neo-Babylonian
15070:
15065:
15063:Old Babylonian
15055:
15054:
15053:
15048:
15038:
15033:
15027:
15025:
15013:
15012:
15005:
15004:
14997:
14990:
14982:
14973:
14972:
14968:
14967:
14964:
14963:
14959:
14958:
14949:
14940:
14926:
14916:
14909:
14908:
14899:
14890:
14881:
14872:
14863:
14854:
14845:
14835:
14829:
14826:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14800:
14791:
14789:
14787:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14754:
14752:
14747:
14745:
14739:
14738:
14725:
14720:
14718:
14713:
14707:
14706:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14670:
14668:
14666:Indo-Sassanids
14663:
14657:
14656:
14638:
14630:
14629:
14615:
14610:
14608:
14603:
14601:
14592:
14586:
14585:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14541:
14539:Varman dynasty
14530:
14525:
14519:
14518:
14506:
14498:
14497:
14492:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14465:
14464:
14459:
14453:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14443:
14440:Indo-Parthians
14436:Indo-Scythians
14432:
14426:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14392:
14383:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14369:
14327:
14319:
14318:
14292:
14285:
14279:
14278:
14276:
14271:
14264:
14256:
14255:
14252:HISTORICAL AGE
14247:
14246:
14244:
14237:
14230:
14224:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14211:
14206:
14204:
14197:
14191:
14190:
14183:
14154:
14147:
14139:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14126:
14121:
14112:
14107:
14101:
14100:
14093:
14075:
14057:
14049:
14041:
14040:
14032:
14031:
14028:
14025:
14015:
14014:
14012:Southern India
14009:
14008:Central India
14006:
14001:
13988:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13965:
13964:
13957:
13950:
13942:
13933:
13932:
13930:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13903:
13901:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13872:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13825:Indo-Scythians
13822:
13816:
13814:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13775:
13773:
13769:
13768:
13761:
13760:
13753:
13746:
13738:
13729:
13728:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13713:Nomadic empire
13710:
13705:
13703:Akatziri tribe
13700:
13694:
13692:
13691:Related topics
13688:
13687:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13635:
13629:
13627:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13607:Siege of Milan
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13548:
13543:
13537:
13535:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13492:
13486:
13484:
13480:
13479:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13455:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13404:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13233:
13231:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13167:
13165:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13132:
13125:
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13117:
13110:
13102:
13093:
13092:
13088:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13072:
13071:
13065:
13062:
13056:
13053:
13049:
13048:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13034:
13011:
13000:
12997:
12996:625 CE–651 CE
12993:
12992:
12984:Heshana Khagan
12967:
12964:
12963:560 CE–625 CE
12960:
12959:
12944:Empress Ashina
12930:Ishbara Qaghan
12902:
12899:
12898:560 CE–651 CE
12895:
12894:
12883:
12880:
12879:440 CE–560 CE
12876:
12875:
12852:
12849:
12848:370 CE–540 CE
12845:
12844:
12820:
12817:
12816:320 CE–467 CE
12813:
12812:
12804:
12801:
12776:
12773:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12618:
12611:
12600:Vima Kadphises
12586:
12583:
12579:
12578:
12562:
12559:
12558:141 BCE–30 CE
12555:
12554:
12549:
12526:Parthamaspates
12460:Mithridates IV
12442:Mithridates II
12422:
12419:
12415:
12414:
12408:
12392:
12389:
12382:
12357:
12354:
12350:
12349:
12342:
12335:
12301:Argead dynasty
12286:
12283:
12279:
12278:
12270:Artaxerxes III
12241:
12231:
12227:
12226:
12211:Arzhan culture
12201:
12190:
12173:
12151:
12148:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12137:
12136:
12131:
12130:2000–1900 BCE
12127:
12126:
12124:
12113:
12111:
12110:2400–2000 BCE
12107:
12106:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12072:
12071:3500–2500 BCE
12068:
12067:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12013:
12010:
12009:
12001:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11978:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11888:Bimaran Casket
11885:
11880:
11877:Sogdian Daēnās
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11851:Gardez Ganesha
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11820:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11797:
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11673:Takht-e Rostam
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11608:Dilberjin Tepe
11605:
11600:
11594:
11592:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11501:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11482:Takht-i Sangin
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11443:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11334:Guldursun-Kala
11331:
11326:
11321:
11319:Dalverzin Tepe
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11289:Akchakhan-Kala
11286:
11280:
11278:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
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11228:
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11210:
11204:
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11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
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11175:
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11165:
11160:
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11145:
11140:
11135:
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11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11099:
11097:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11087:
11081:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11047:Dunhuang Caves
11044:
11042:Bezeklik Caves
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11007:Subashi Temple
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10978:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10940:
10938:
10929:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10895:
10893:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10858:Durrani Empire
10855:
10850:
10848:Timurid Empire
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
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10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10593:Vakhsh culture
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10562:
10555:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10519:
10492:
10491:External links
10489:
10488:
10487:
10476:
10470:
10449:
10435:
10414:
10397:
10391:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10359:
10355:Rezakhani 2017
10347:
10326:
10290:(4): 647–668.
10267:
10246:
10239:
10216:
10188:
10181:
10161:
10146:
10120:
10108:
10101:
10076:
10064:
10042:
10023:(1/2): 77–78.
10003:
9961:
9942:: 150, Fig.6.
9922:
9903:: 150, Fig.9.
9883:
9844:
9802:
9763:
9743:
9736:
9713:
9706:
9687:
9664:
9649:
9642:
9622:
9620:, p. 112.
9618:Rezakhani 2017
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8509:
8489:
8482:
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8443:
8428:
8415:Punjab Monitor
8399:
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8308:
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8281:
8274:
8254:
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8178:
8151:
8123:
8102:
8069:
8044:
8002:
7995:
7960:
7953:
7933:
7909:
7902:
7893:Indian History
7882:
7875:
7852:
7827:
7808:
7801:
7781:
7774:
7754:
7747:
7727:
7720:
7700:
7656:
7649:
7626:
7588:
7574:
7554:
7534:
7521:British Museum
7507:
7498:
7452:
7436:
7429:
7409:
7405:Rezakhani 2017
7397:
7395:, p. 118.
7393:Rezakhani 2017
7385:
7378:
7351:
7320:
7285:
7278:
7255:
7225:
7218:
7198:
7191:
7162:
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7140:
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7096:
7089:
7069:
7063:978-9004181595
7062:
7039:
7014:
6979:
6972:
6949:
6926:
6908:
6906:, p. 124.
6904:Rezakhani 2017
6896:
6892:Rezakhani 2017
6884:
6845:
6830:
6823:
6797:
6790:
6770:
6727:
6706:
6699:
6671:
6659:
6652:
6625:
6608:
6596:
6594:, p. 125.
6592:Rezakhani 2017
6584:
6582:, p. 347.
6572:
6557:
6555:, p. 108.
6553:Rezakhani 2017
6542:
6530:
6505:
6476:
6474:, p. 346.
6461:
6457:Rezakhani 2017
6449:
6437:
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6235:
6212:
6205:
6182:
6170:
6166:Rezakhani 2017
6140:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6124:British Museum
6115:
6103:
6084:
6077:
6056:
6043:Punjab Monitor
6029:
5974:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5889:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5863:Jewish history
5860:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:Related topics
5793:
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5783:
5778:
5773:
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5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
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5558:
5555:
5549:
5548:
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5523:Durrani Empire
5519:
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5509:
5508:
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5303:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5268:Tibetan Empire
5264:
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5260:
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5253:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5240:
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5149:
5148:20 BC – 50? AD
5146:
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4950:British Museum
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4690:
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4379:
4374:
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4218:
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4204:
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4185:Main article:
4182:
4179:
4125:
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4067:
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4056:Indian coinage
4044:Main article:
4041:
4038:
4007:Main article:
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3806:
3803:
3768:art of Mathura
3731:
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3412:
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2896:
2893:
2885:Karkoṭa Empire
2801:
2798:
2779:Line 8 of the
2776:
2720:
2717:
2693:Narasimhagupta
2677:
2650:
2638:
2540:
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2531:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2493:
2437:
2434:
2414:Prakashadharma
2368:
2365:
2355:
2334:
2306:Madhya Pradesh
2274:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2184:
2183:
2176:
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2157:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2122:Narasimhagupta
2051:
2048:
2044:Narasimhagupta
2022:, the city of
1996:Madhya Pradesh
1970:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1906:Western Deccan
1897:
1894:
1862:Main article:
1858:. 5th century.
1847:
1844:
1821:Mankiala stupa
1817:Kanishka stupa
1789:British Museum
1775:British Museum
1773:, 460–479 CE.
1748:
1747:
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1735:
1734:
1730:British Museum
1727:
1720:
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1470:
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1452:siege of Amida
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1079:
1078:
1077:
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914:Middle Persian
891:
888:
880:
877:
838:Indo-Parthians
834:Indo-Scythians
723:
722:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
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493:
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489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
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469:
468:
465:
464:
462:Late antiquity
459:
458:Historical era
455:
454:
452:Nomadic empire
449:
445:
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442:Zoroastrianism
431:
427:
426:
416:
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411:
398:
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383:
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367:
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214:
213:
205:
196:
195:
187:
178:
177:
169:
160:
159:
151:
142:
141:
133:
124:
123:
115:
106:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:Alchon coinage
70:
58:
57:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17258:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17193:
17191:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17167:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17151:
17148:
17144:
17143:
17139:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17080:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17068:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17013:
17010:
17009:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16997:
16985:
16984:Chief Justice
16982:
16981:
16980:
16979:Supreme Court
16977:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16964:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16942:Deputy Leader
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16897:
16891:
16888:
16884:
16881:
16880:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16804:
16803:
16801:
16799:
16795:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16746:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16734:
16724:
16721:
16718:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16698:
16696:
16692:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16668:2001 invasion
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16658:Islamic State
16656:
16655:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16568:Hotak dynasty
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16533:Maurya Empire
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16516:
16512:
16508:
16504:
16497:
16492:
16490:
16485:
16483:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16460:
16459:Soviet empire
16457:
16455:
16452:
16451:
16449:
16448:
16446:
16444:Miscellaneous
16442:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16405:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16398:
16394:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16362:
16359:
16358:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16281:
16279:
16277:
16273:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16228:
16225:
16224:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16197:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16174:
16171:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16143:
16142:
16139:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16079:
16078:
16075:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16043:German Empire
16041:
16040:
16039:
16036:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16023:
16022:
16019:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16006:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15969:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15919:
15917:
15915:
15911:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15892:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15854:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15808:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15785:
15784:
15783:Turco-Persian
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15728:
15727:
15724:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15691:
15690:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15651:
15650:
15647:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15624:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15568:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15545:
15544:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15481:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15439:
15438:
15435:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15422:
15421:
15418:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15395:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15382:
15379:
15378:
15377:
15374:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15323:
15321:
15319:
15315:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15281:
15280:
15277:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15268:
15265:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15232:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15195:
15194:
15191:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15178:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15082:
15081:
15078:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15060:
15059:
15056:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15018:
15014:
15010:
15003:
14998:
14996:
14991:
14989:
14984:
14983:
14980:
14955:
14950:
14946:
14941:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14918:
14917:
14915:
14914:
14903:
14894:
14885:
14876:
14867:
14858:
14849:
14840:
14836:
14834:
14833:
14823:
14820:
14816:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14777:
14774:
14770:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14737:
14733:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14719:
14717:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14667:
14662:
14659:
14658:
14655:
14651:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14636:
14632:
14631:
14627:
14623:
14619:
14618:Vishnukundina
14616:
14614:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14600:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14578:Vishnukundina
14576:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14536:
14535:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14504:
14500:
14499:
14496:
14493:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14479:Kushan Empire
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14463:
14462:Kushan Empire
14458:
14455:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14441:
14437:
14431:
14428:
14427:
14424:
14421:
14420:
14416:
14412:
14408:
14402:
14401:
14400:Sangam period
14396:
14391:
14387:
14386:Shunga Empire
14382:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14364:
14360:
14359:Brahma Sutras
14356:
14355:Bhagavad Gita
14352:
14348:
14344:
14340:
14335:
14331:
14326:
14325:
14321:
14320:
14316:
14312:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14300:Sangam period
14296:
14293:
14291:
14290:
14289:Maurya Empire
14284:
14281:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14263:
14262:
14258:
14257:
14254:
14253:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14242:
14235:
14229:
14226:
14225:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14182:
14178:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14162:
14160:
14153:
14152:
14146:
14145:
14141:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14099:
14098:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14081:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14063:
14056:
14055:
14048:
14047:
14043:
14042:
14039:
14038:
14033:
14029:
14026:
14023:
14017:
14016:
14013:
14005:
13999:
13995:
13983:
13980:
13979:
13974:
13970:
13963:
13958:
13956:
13951:
13949:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13891:Kushan Empire
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13867:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13770:
13766:
13759:
13754:
13752:
13747:
13745:
13740:
13739:
13736:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13689:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13645:
13641:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13602:Sack of Padua
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13553:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13532:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13487:
13485:
13481:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13450:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13399:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13234:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13168:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13123:
13118:
13116:
13111:
13109:
13104:
13103:
13100:
13082:
13078:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13061:
13059:
13051:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13037:
13036:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13023:Ishbara Tolis
13021:
13018:
13015:
13009:
13005:
13003:
12994:
12991:
12988:
12985:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12970:
12969:Western Turks
12961:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12934:
12931:
12928:
12925:
12924:Taspar Qaghan
12922:
12919:
12916:
12912:
12907:
12905:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12886:
12877:
12874:
12871:
12867:
12864:
12861:
12857:
12855:
12846:
12843:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12830:
12825:
12823:
12814:
12809:
12807:
12800:
12797:
12794:
12791:
12788:
12785:
12781:
12779:
12772:
12769:
12766:
12765:Yazdegerd III
12763:
12760:
12757:
12754:
12751:
12748:
12745:
12742:
12739:
12736:
12733:
12730:
12727:
12724:
12721:
12718:
12715:
12712:
12709:
12706:
12703:
12700:
12697:
12694:
12691:
12688:
12685:
12682:
12679:
12676:
12673:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12661:
12658:
12655:
12652:
12649:
12646:
12643:
12636:
12631:
12629:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12610:
12607:
12604:
12601:
12598:
12595:
12591:
12589:
12588:Kushan Empire
12580:
12577:
12574:
12571:
12567:
12565:
12556:
12553:
12548:
12545:
12542:
12539:
12536:
12533:
12532:Mithridates V
12530:
12529:Sinatruces II
12527:
12524:
12523:Vologases III
12521:
12518:
12517:Artabanus III
12515:
12512:
12509:
12506:
12503:
12500:
12497:
12494:
12491:
12488:
12487:Tiridates III
12485:
12482:
12479:
12476:
12473:
12470:
12467:
12464:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12452:
12449:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12437:
12434:
12431:
12430:Mithridates I
12427:
12425:
12417:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12410:Hunnic tribes
12404:
12401:
12397:
12395:
12388:
12387:
12381:
12378:
12377:Euthydemus II
12375:
12372:
12369:
12366:
12362:
12360:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12330:
12327:
12323:
12322:
12316:
12313:
12310:
12307:
12303:
12302:
12294:
12289:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12274:
12273:Artaxerxes IV
12271:
12268:
12267:Artaxerxes II
12265:
12262:
12259:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12246:
12244:
12236:
12228:
12224:
12218:
12212:
12207:
12206:
12200:
12196:
12195:
12189:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12178:
12172:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12160:
12156:
12154:
12153:Median Empire
12146:
12145:
12140:2000–900 BCE
12139:
12138:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12122:
12117:
12109:
12108:
12104:
12099:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12080:Pontic steppe
12077:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12062:Preceded by:
12057:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12021:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12011:
12007:
11999:
11994:
11992:
11987:
11985:
11980:
11979:
11976:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
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11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11883:Oxus Treasure
11881:
11879:
11878:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11836:Orlat plaques
11834:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11822:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11728:Dasht-e Nawar
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
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11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
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11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
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11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
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11595:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11560:Monjukli Depe
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11545:Konye-Urgench
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11494:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11477:Takht-i Kuwad
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11436:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
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11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
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11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
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11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11277:
11273:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11236:Koshoy Korgon
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11205:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11074:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11002:Kumtura Caves
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10974:Western China
10971:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10959:Salbyk kurgan
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10949:Arzhan kurgan
10947:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10937:
10933:
10930:
10926:
10920:
10919:Serindian art
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10890:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10818:Mongol Empire
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10808:Ghurid Empire
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10723:Western Turks
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10673:Kushan Empire
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10658:Guiyi Circuit
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10633:Median Empire
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10613:Tagar culture
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10553:
10548:
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10530:
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10517:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10506:
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10503:
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10484:
10483:
10477:
10473:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10388:
10384:
10379:
10378:
10368:
10363:
10356:
10351:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10330:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10278:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10250:
10242:
10240:9788280340061
10236:
10232:
10231:
10223:
10221:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10203:
10195:
10193:
10184:
10178:
10174:
10173:
10165:
10158:
10155:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10132:Kim, Hyun Jin
10127:
10125:
10117:
10112:
10104:
10102:9781000227932
10098:
10094:
10093:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10074:, p. 24.
10073:
10068:
10061:. VIII : 328.
10060:
10053:
10046:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10017:East and West
10014:
10007:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9968:
9966:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
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9898:
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9816:
9809:
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9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
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9767:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9747:
9739:
9733:
9726:
9725:
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9703:
9699:
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9675:
9668:
9661:
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9654:
9645:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9626:
9619:
9614:
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9605:
9596:
9588:
9582:
9578:
9577:
9569:
9561:
9555:
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9542:
9536:
9530:
9522:
9521:
9513:
9505:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9486:
9478:
9476:81-208-0498-8
9472:
9468:
9467:
9459:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9431:
9423:
9417:
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9362:9789004135956
9358:
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9013:
9009:
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9000:
8984:
8980:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8953:Kim, Hyun Jin
8948:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8921:(5207): 727.
8920:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8895:9789231032110
8891:
8887:
8886:
8878:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8840:
8838:9781317340911
8834:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8823:Kim, Hyun Jin
8818:
8816:
8814:
8805:
8803:9789231032110
8799:
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8535:
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8512:
8510:9788120829732
8506:
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8493:
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8483:9781643248813
8479:
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7868:
7867:
7859:
7857:
7849:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7824:. p. 18.
7820:
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7812:
7804:
7802:9789004185258
7798:
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6738:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6710:
6702:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6675:
6669:, p. 13.
6668:
6663:
6655:
6653:9788170222484
6649:
6645:
6644:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6612:
6605:
6604:Schottky 2004
6600:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6580:Alemanny 2000
6576:
6570:, p. 18.
6569:
6564:
6562:
6554:
6549:
6547:
6540:, p. 17.
6539:
6534:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6472:Alemanny 2000
6468:
6466:
6458:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6406:
6398:
6396:9789004181595
6392:
6388:
6387:
6378:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6333:
6331:9788120815407
6327:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6304:9789004277144
6300:
6296:
6295:
6287:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6249:
6247:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6167:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6088:
6080:
6078:9788280340061
6074:
6070:
6069:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6010:country." in
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:List of years
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5790:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Paropamisadae
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:Islamic State
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:Islamic State
5621:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:Afsharid Iran
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:Hotak dynasty
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:Kushan Empire
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5108:247 BC–224 AD
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:Maurya Empire
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:Median Empire
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4924:representing
4923:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4113:Harshacharita
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4066:Ethnic legacy
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3981:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:and probably
3745:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3710:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3590:SHAILODBHAVAS
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3434:
3426:
3416:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:steppe nomads
3323:
3319:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3295:12th century
3291:
3289:
3285:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3242:
3235:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:. He built a
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3115:Butkara Stupa
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:Western Turks
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:Rajatarangini
2908:
2907:
2906:Rajatarangini
2902:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:Rajatarangini
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:Rajatarangini
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:Dâmôdaragupta
2765:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:Gangetic Doab
2730:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Central India
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2506:Rajatarangini
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Central India
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:Brahmi script
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2278:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2094:and occupied
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:Central India
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:Central India
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1951:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:Contributions
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:, now in the
1786:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Swat District
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:Alchon ruler
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1122:excavated in
1121:
1117:
1112: 450 CE
1106:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
986:
980:
975:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
947:
942:
936:
930:
924:
919:
915:
910:
904:
898:
886:
876:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:), the Saka (
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:Kidarite Huns
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Central India
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
743:
734:
730:
721:
717:
713:
710:
708:Today part of
706:
690:
688:
685:
684:
676:
674:
673:Taank Kingdom
671:
670:
662:
660:
657:
656:
648:
646:
643:
642:
634:
632:
629:
628:
620:
618:
615:
614:
606:
604:
601:
600:
592:
590:
587:
586:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
563:
560:
553:
552:
549:
546:
539:
538:
535:
532:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
476:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
386:
381:
372:
361:
349:
335:
324:
313:
302:
289:
276:
264:
262:
248:
237:
219:
201:
183:
165:
147:
129:
104:
95:
89:
85:
80: 450 CE
74:
62:
53:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
17161:Bibliography
16962:Human rights
16917:Constitution
16798:Demographics
16553:Hindu Shahis
16210:Contemporary
16060:Indo-Persian
16048:Nazi Germany
15992:Contemporary
15894:Vijayanagara
15793:Great Seljuk
15704:Thessalonica
15632:Golden Horde
15272:Carthaginian
15051:Neo-Assyrian
15036:Neo-Sumerian
14953:
14944:
14934:
14921:
14912:
14911:
14902:
14893:
14884:
14875:
14866:
14857:
14848:
14839:
14831:
14830:
14794:Pala dynasty
14780:10th century
14779:
14742:
14710:
14660:
14640:
14634:
14633:
14589:
14572:
14562:
14534:Gupta Empire
14532:
14522:
14508:
14502:
14501:
14468:
14456:
14434:
14429:
14422:
14407:Early Cholas
14398:
14375:
14333:
14329:
14323:
14322:
14307:Early Cholas
14298:
14287:
14282:
14273:
14266:
14260:
14259:
14250:
14241:Nanda empire
14239:
14227:
14194:
14185:
14156:
14149:
14143:
14142:
14104:
14095:
14080:Vedic Period
14077:
14062:Vedic Period
14059:
14054:Vedic Period
14051:
14045:
14044:
14035:
13998:Sapta Sindhu
13985:Timeline and
13855:Hephthalites
13849:
13840:Sakaldwipiya
13794:Swat culture
13657:Iranian Huns
13638:Hephthalites
13632:
13153:List of Huns
13064:
13055:
13052:673–751 CE
13041:
13038:651–673 CE
13020:Duolu Qaghan
13008:Tardush Shad
12999:
12976:Tang dynasty
12966:
12952:Yangsu Tegin
12936:Tulan Qaghan
12933:Bagha Qaghan
12927:Ashina Anluo
12921:Muqan Qaghan
12918:Issik Qaghan
12915:Bumin Qaghan
12901:
12885:Hephthalites
12882:
12853:
12851:
12819:
12803:
12775:
12735:Ardashir III
12693:Yazdegerd II
12625:
12613:
12585:
12561:
12547:Artabanus IV
12544:Vologases VI
12535:Vologases IV
12514:Vologases II
12490:Artabanus II
12484:Artabanus II
12469:Tiridates II
12457:Phraates III
12421:
12418:160–141 BCE
12407:
12391:
12384:
12380:Antimachus I
12371:Euthydemus I
12356:
12353:256–160 BCE
12344:
12337:
12332:Antiochus II
12319:
12318:
12312:Alexander II
12299:
12285:
12282:331–256 BCE
12261:Artaxerxes I
12240:
12230:539–331 BCE
12203:
12192:
12181:
12175:
12150:
12147:626–539 BCE
12082:through the
12061:
12022:Territories/
11875:
11806:Mount Khajeh
11773:Qala-i-Jangi
11753:Khair Khaneh
11658:Khair Khaneh
11565:Namazga-Tepe
11520:Anau culture
11497:Turkmenistan
11414:Tavka Kurgan
11309:Balalyk Tepe
11226:Burana Tower
11216:Aigyr-Zhal 2
11108:Issyk kurgan
10843:Kart dynasty
10838:Sufi dynasty
10828:Golden Horde
10753:Oghuz Yabgus
10728:Tang dynasty
10693:Hephthalites
10687:
10618:Uyuk culture
10524:, Grifterrec
10494:
10481:
10453:
10445:j.ctv13nb6sv
10421:. Barkhuis.
10418:
10405:
10382:
10362:
10350:
10340:
10329:
10317:. Retrieved
10287:
10283:
10270:
10256:
10249:
10229:
10201:
10171:
10164:
10154:White Hunnic
10151:
10136:
10118:, p. 2.
10111:
10091:
10067:
10058:
10045:
10020:
10016:
10006:
9981:
9977:
9939:
9935:
9925:
9900:
9896:
9886:
9861:
9857:
9847:
9822:
9818:
9780:
9776:
9766:
9756:
9746:
9723:
9716:
9696:
9690:
9681:
9677:
9667:
9632:
9625:
9613:
9603:
9595:
9575:
9568:
9548:
9541:
9534:
9529:
9519:
9512:
9492:
9485:
9465:
9458:
9440:
9430:
9410:
9378:
9371:
9352:
9346:
9321:
9313:
9301:. Retrieved
9297:the original
9292:
9282:
9264:
9257:
9245:. Retrieved
9233:
9229:
9193:
9185:
9165:
9133:
9111:. Retrieved
9107:
9070:
9066:
9056:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9021:
9006:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8983:the original
8960:
8947:
8938:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8884:
8877:
8857:
8847:
8827:
8792:
8749:
8745:
8735:
8715:
8708:
8683:
8679:
8646:
8639:
8619:
8579:
8561:the original
8547:
8540:
8526:
8519:
8499:
8492:
8472:
8465:
8446:
8431:
8419:. Retrieved
8414:
8374:
8367:
8345:
8338:
8318:
8311:
8291:
8284:
8264:
8257:
8237:
8230:
8224:Full article
8192:
8188:
8181:
8169:. Retrieved
8142:. Retrieved
8138:
8112:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8089:the original
8054:
8047:
8022:
8018:
8005:
7985:
7943:
7936:
7926:
7892:
7885:
7865:
7817:
7811:
7791:
7784:
7764:
7757:
7737:
7730:
7710:
7703:
7693:29 September
7691:. Retrieved
7684:the original
7679:
7675:
7639:
7617:. Retrieved
7601:
7591:
7579:. Retrieved
7568:. Grafikol.
7564:
7557:
7547:
7525:. Retrieved
7519:
7510:
7501:
7476:
7472:
7445:Hyun Jin Kim
7439:
7419:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7368:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7268:
7246:. Retrieved
7242:
7208:
7201:
7181:
7150:
7130:
7123:
7111:
7099:
7079:
7072:
7052:
7030:. Retrieved
7026:
7017:
7005:. Retrieved
7003:(216): 24–34
7000:
6962:
6943:
6929:
6920:
6911:
6899:
6887:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6813:
6809:Hyun Jin Kim
6780:
6773:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6716:
6709:
6681:
6674:
6662:
6642:
6618:
6611:
6599:
6587:
6575:
6533:
6521:. Retrieved
6517:
6508:
6479:
6452:
6440:
6431:
6405:
6385:
6377:
6365:. Retrieved
6353:
6345:Jäger, Ulf.
6340:
6320:
6313:
6293:
6286:
6275:, retrieved
6271:the original
6255:
6225:
6215:
6195:
6185:
6173:
6118:
6106:
6087:
6067:
6059:
6047:. Retrieved
6042:
6032:
6014:
5977:
5965:. Retrieved
5952:
5941:
5846:List of wars
5695:(reinstated)
5655:(reinstated)
5182:
5028:2100–1800 BC
5018:2200–1800 BC
4672:
4665:
4656:Hephthalites
4625:
4619:
4594:(630-670 CE)
4592:Yudhishthira
4522:
4413:descendants:
4409:
4234:
4215:(400–670 CE)
4210:
4190:
4162:completed a
4156:Iranian Huns
4153:
4138:
4111:
4104:Hunnic state
4089:
4074:Coin of the
4049:
4031:
4012:
3903:
3868:
3839:Central Asia
3811:Gupta Empire
3808:
3791:Sthaneshvara
3775:
3741:
3734:Gupta Empire
3677:LATER GUPTAS
3644:
3572:PANDUVAMSHIS
3552:
3550:
3407:Destructions
3398:
3368:
3361:
3338:
3327:
3281:
3211:
3200:
3179:philosopher
3158:
3124:
3112:
3085:
3027:Hephthalites
3024:
2997:
2966:
2936:
2929:Portrait of
2910:
2904:
2898:
2878:
2875:Yudhishthira
2860:
2849:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2790:Ishanavarman
2787:
2761:
2722:
2689:Gupta Empire
2686:
2670:
2663:
2624:Gupta script
2620:Gupta script
2567:
2543:Yashodharman
2511:
2503:
2486:
2454:
2425:
2399:
2384:
2370:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2321:
2291:
2285:
2258:Gupta script
2246:
2103:
2101:
2090:. He sacked
2086:Portrait of
2063:
2053:
2035:
2031:
2004:Gupta Empire
1981:
1972:
1910:Ajanta Caves
1899:
1890:Hephthalites
1867:
1825:
1802:
1782:
1688:Gupta Empire
1684:Gupta Empire
1682:, while the
1669:
1638:
1625:
1589:
1583:
1536:Greek script
1504:
1472:
1464:
1413:
1409:Hephthalites
1399:, first the
1397:Central Asia
1378:
1198:
1192:
1168:
1157:
1134:
1115:
1100:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1006:
1003:Hephthalites
1000:
970:
893:
873:Hephthalites
870:
850:Hephthalites
826:Huna peoples
823:
815:Gupta Empire
797:, as far as
779:Central Asia
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
741:
728:
726:
575:Hephthalites
562:Gupta Empire
516:Succeeded by
515:
510:
359:Northern Wei
274:HEPHTHALITES
258:
18:
17196:Alchon Huns
16764:Earthquakes
16548:Turk Shahis
16503:Afghanistan
15798:Khwarezmian
15731:Carolingian
15536:Rashtrakuta
15240:Shaishunaga
15139:Hellenistic
15122:New Kingdom
15112:Old Kingdom
14938:, Routledge
14819:Rashtrakuta
14723:Pala Empire
14716:Kabul Shahi
14599:Kabul Shahi
14573:Alchon Huns
14351:Mahabharata
14274:Pre-history
14187:Pre-history
14097:Pre-history
13922:Uttaramadra
13850:Alchon Huns
13032:Ashina Helu
13029:Irbis Seguy
13014:Külüg Sibir
12981:Niri Qaghan
12911:Ashina Tuwu
12854:Alchon Huns
12750:Azarmidokht
12741:Khosrow III
12696:Hormizd III
12681:Yazdegerd I
12672:Ardashir II
12666:Adur Narseh
12622:224–350 CE
12582:30 –224 CE
12541:Vologases V
12508:Vardanes II
12505:Vologases I
12496:Gotarzes II
12466:Phraates IV
12436:Hyspaosines
12400:Modu Chanyu
12374:Demetrius I
12368:Diodotus II
12329:Antiochus I
12306:Alexander I
11898:Kabul hoard
11831:Sokh snakes
11783:Surkh Kotal
11748:Haji Piyada
11723:Darra-e Kur
11688:Yemshi Tepe
11683:Tillya Tepe
11678:Tepe Fullol
11668:Tepe Narenj
11663:Tapa Sardar
11653:Fondukistan
11618:Tapa Shotor
11598:Tepe Fullol
11590:Afghanistan
11419:Toprak-Kala
11404:Shahrukhiya
11354:Kampir Tepe
11344:Itchan Kala
11299:Ancient Pap
11256:Shakh Fazil
11128:Krasnyi Yar
11032:Mogao Caves
10992:Kizil Caves
10928:Archaeology
10793:Farighunids
10748:Turk Shahis
10688:Alchon Huns
10502:Alchon Huns
10072:Bakker 2020
9825:: 145–158.
9660:Bakker 2020
8853:M. A. Stein
8686:: 145–146.
8116:. pp.
7848:Bakker 2020
7479:: 274–275.
6841:Bakker 2020
6667:Bakker 2020
6568:Bakker 2020
6538:Bakker 2020
6445:Bakker 2020
6367:16 February
6178:Bakker 2020
5766:Kushanshahr
5643:US invasion
5378:Khwarezmids
5228:Kabul Shahi
5183:Alchon Huns
5038:1500–535 BC
4979:Afghanistan
4977:History of
4705:Skandagupta
4695:in Western
4577:Pravarasena
4571:Toramana II
4425:Pravarasena
4394:Toramana II
4211:Alchon Huns
3999:Chilek bowl
3882:South India
3847:Śarvavarman
3341:Vaishnavite
3316:Coinage of
2959:Toramana II
2951:Khyber Pass
2931:Toramana II
2808:Coinage of
2764:Kumaragupta
2602:Yasodharman
2570:Yasodharman
2553:, with the
2481:Pataliputra
2449:Yasodharman
2304:, state of
2016:Bharukaccha
1878:Indus River
1833:Skandagupta
1712:Transoxiana
1704:Hephthalite
1692:Skandagupta
1665:Hormizd III
1067:Huna people
923:Karmīr Xyōn
830:Indo-Greeks
787:Paropamisus
729:Alchon Huns
712:Afghanistan
511:Preceded by
199:Choti Sadri
32:Alchon Huns
17190:Categories
16922:Loya jirga
16841:Nuristanis
16653:since 1992
16648:Soviet war
16368:Portuguese
16249:Revival Le
16239:Vietnamese
15882:Later Tran
15852:Vietnamese
15748:Singhasari
15736:Holy Roman
15360:Bulgarian
15296:Satavahana
15267:Phoenician
15203:Achaemenid
15164:Indo-Greek
15144:Macedonian
15058:Babylonian
14832:References
14785:Ghaznavids
14595:Nezak Huns
13927:Uttarakuru
13860:Nezak Huns
13677:White Huns
13541:Hunnic art
13367:Thraustila
13317:Laudaricus
13026:Yukuk Shad
12948:Apa Qaghan
12891:Akhshunwar
12873:Mihirakula
12811:Wanunkhur
12793:Hormizd II
12784:Ardashir I
12759:Khosrow IV
12756:Hormizd VI
12738:Shahrbaraz
12729:Khosrow II
12720:Khosrow II
12717:Hormizd IV
12675:Shapur III
12663:Hormizd II
12657:Bahram III
12642:Ardashir I
12609:Vasudeva I
12603:Kanishka I
12597:Vima Takto
12573:Sapadbizes
12552:Eucratides
12511:Pacorus II
12502:Vonones II
12499:Meherdates
12493:Vardanes I
12478:Orodes III
12475:Phraates V
12454:Sinatruces
12365:Diodotus I
12326:Seleucus I
12276:Darius III
12183:Massagetae
12004:Rulers of
11778:Rag-i-Bibi
11603:Ai-Khanoum
11535:Gonur Depe
11530:Dev-Kesken
11467:Kafir-kala
11457:Ajina tepe
11439:Tajikistan
11399:Sarmishsay
11384:Kyzyl-Kala
11364:Khalchayan
11349:Kafir-kala
11329:Fayaz Tepe
11314:Burchmulla
11276:Uzbekistan
11266:Tash Rabat
11241:Manas Ordo
11208:Kyrgyzstan
11095:Kazakhstan
10798:Ghaznavids
10703:Ustrushana
10698:Tocharians
10628:Massagetae
10305:2144/37851
10157:centuries.
9643:0226742210
8210:2144/37851
8195:(4): 668.
7443:The Huns,
6946:: 317–334.
6236:0226742210
6206:0226742210
6137:References
6093:Showcase 8
5996:Bhanugupta
5781:Zabulistan
5756:Kafiristan
5751:Kabulistan
5573:Daoud coup
5408:Qarlughids
5348:Ghaznavids
5258:Tang China
5203:Nezak Huns
5128:155–80? BC
5098:256–125 BC
5088:305–180 BC
5078:312–150 BC
5068:330–312 BC
5058:550–330 BC
5048:728–550 BC
4930:Mihirakula
4851:Mihirakula
4644:fire altar
4640:Shapur III
4609:Shapur III
4565:Mihirakula
4442:Megavahana
4377:Mihirakula
4354: 490
4320: 490
4297: 461
4275: 490
4252: 430
4229: 400
4164:reanalysis
3870:Vaisnavism
3787:Kanyakubja
3779:Mihirakula
3637:TOCHARIANS
3478:ZHANGZHUNG
3422:South Asia
3389:See also:
3339:The Hindu
3336:in India.
3299:historian
3216:historian
3197:Bodhi tree
3185:sangharama
3181:Vasubandhu
3177:Mahayanist
3169:Mihirakula
3165:Paramartha
3154: 630
3059:Turk Shahi
2955:Kabulistan
2741:Ādityasena
2673:Mihirakula
2616:Mihirakula
2606:Mihirakula
2559:Mihirakula
2541:Pillar of
2457:Mihirakula
2445:Mihirakula
2373:Bhanugupta
2120:, forcing
2065:Bhanugupta
2060:Bhanugupta
2040:Budhagupta
1872:, between
1598:Hindu Kush
1552:Shapur III
1544:fire altar
1519:Shapur III
1175:Zabulistan
903:alkhan(n)o
897:alkhon(n)o
883:See also:
862:Hindu Kush
858:Nezak Huns
783:South Asia
751:Alkhan(n)o
742:Alkhon(n)o
603:Turk Shahi
589:Nezak Huns
448:Government
385:Find spots
370:TOCHARIANS
345:ZHANGZHUNG
17088:Education
17057:Transport
16878:Languages
16851:Qizilbash
16779:Volcanoes
16737:Geography
16361:Couronian
15999:Ethiopian
15987:Manchukuo
15942:Brazilian
15788:Ghaznavid
15758:Srivijaya
15709:Trebizond
15694:Byzantine
15676:North Sea
15671:Norwegian
15659:Almoravid
15642:Ilkhanate
15612:Majapahit
15585:Muromachi
15494:Solomonic
15479:Ethiopian
15393:Caliphate
15326:Aragonese
15154:Ptolemaic
14736:Kalachuri
14528:Kidarites
13912:Āryāvarta
13907:Shakdvipa
13845:Kidarites
13662:Kidarites
13520:Vadamerca
13452:Diplomats
13443:Ultzindur
13438:Onegesius
13433:Oebarsius
13252:Ambazuces
13211:Dengizich
12838:Grumbates
12822:Kidarites
12790:Hormizd I
12768:Peroz III
12714:Khosrow I
12684:Shapur IV
12678:Bahram IV
12669:Shapur II
12654:Bahram II
12648:Hormizd I
12538:Osroes II
12481:Vonones I
12463:Orodes II
12439:Artabanus
12315:Antigonus
12264:Darius II
12162:Phraortes
12078:from the
11824:Artifacts
11698:Aq Kupruk
11648:Mes Aynak
11580:Ulug Depe
11515:Altyndepe
11462:Cyropolis
11452:Penjikent
11424:Varakhsha
11359:Kara Tepe
11304:Ayaz-Kala
11294:Akhsikath
11284:Afrasiyab
11231:Issyk-Kul
11221:Balasagun
11067:Beshbalik
10944:Sintashta
10904:Silk Road
10833:Ilkhanate
10788:Ma'munids
10683:Kidarites
10385:. Brill.
10367:CNG Coins
10116:Puri 1957
10059:Tyragetia
10029:0012-8376
9990:0890-4464
9948:0890-4464
9909:0890-4464
9870:0890-4464
9831:0890-4464
9789:0890-4464
9684:(1): 457.
9450:988183829
9242:i24047314
9079:0078-2696
8927:0035-9114
8758:1356-1863
8692:0890-4464
8450:The "h" (
8435:The "h" (
8388:cite book
8359:923058151
8064:551489665
8031:0890-4464
7614:863884689
7485:0078-2696
7307:0078-2696
6944:Tyragetia
6871:0078-2696
6757:0019-7246
6501:CNG Coins
6297:. BRILL.
6128:CNG Coins
6112:CNG Coins
6024:551489665
5962:863884689
5721:Arachosia
5687:2004–2021
5672:2001–2004
5637:1996–2001
5627:1992–1996
5607:1978–1992
5587:1973–1978
5567:1926–1973
5547:1823–1926
5537:1818–1855
5527:1747–1823
5517:1738–1747
5507:1716–1732
5497:1709–1738
5487:1510–1709
5477:1501–1738
5452:1520–1591
5442:1370–1507
5432:1245–1381
5422:1256–1335
5418:Ilkhanate
5412:1224–1266
5402:1226–1245
5392:1219–1226
5382:1215–1231
5372:1037–1194
5328:Saffarids
5118:180–90 BC
4652:Kidarites
4636:Shapur II
4390:c.530–570
4373:c.515–540
4023:Gupta art
4015:Samarkand
3906:Gupta art
3859:Khosrow I
3831:Vardhanas
3827:Kalacuris
3823:Maitrakas
3819:Maukharis
3815:Aulikaras
3783:Dashapura
3695:CHALUKYAS
3666:MANDAVYA-
3496:SAMATATAS
3460:LICCHAVIS
3080:Butkara I
2729:Maukharis
2580:, in the
2302:New Delhi
1973:Hūna Rāja
1680:Kidarites
1661:Kidarites
1630:Shahnameh
1614:Sassanian
1606:Mes Aynak
1548:Shapur II
1515:Shapur II
1491:Shapur II
1483:Kidarites
1479:Sassanian
1448:Grumbates
1444:Kidarites
1440:Chionites
1432:Chionites
1424:Chionites
1420:Shapur II
1401:Kidarites
1381:Shapur II
1353:Shapur II
1312:Kidarites
1277:KIDARITES
1233:BYZANTINE
1195:Kidarites
1189:Symbolism
1183:Panjikent
1160:moustache
1145:Kidarites
1124:Samarkand
1041:) in the
846:Kidarites
747:αλχαν(ν)ο
738:αλχον(ν)ο
548:Kidarites
430:Religion
425:(written)
405:Udabhanda
333:VAKATAKAS
17170:Category
17128:War rugs
17123:Religion
17108:Olympics
17037:Taxation
16900:Politics
16861:Turkmens
16846:Pashtuns
16821:Farsiwan
16784:Wildlife
16701:Timeline
16694:By topic
16507:articles
16341:Japanese
16304:Scottish
16284:American
16276:Colonial
16205:Imperial
16173:Moroccan
16109:Japanese
16087:Afsharid
15946:Burmese
15932:Austrian
15887:Later Le
15862:Early Le
15847:Venetian
15773:Tiwanaku
15686:Hellenic
15649:Moroccan
15580:Kamakura
15570:Japanese
15553:Saffarid
15506:Georgian
15420:Chalukya
15398:Rashidun
15388:Calakmul
15356:Bruneian
15235:Haryanka
15213:Sasanian
15208:Parthian
15159:Bactrian
15149:Seleucid
15129:Goguryeo
15107:Egyptian
15041:Assyrian
15031:Akkadian
15022:Colonies
14932:(2002),
14606:Maitraka
14491:kingdom
14489:Kamarupa
14347:Ramayana
14173:Buddhism
14119:Panchala
14110:Gandhara
14070:culture)
14037:IRON AGE
13835:Kambojas
13682:Xionites
13644:Cadiseni
13459:Berichus
13413:Emnetzur
13401:Noblemen
13342:Sanoeces
13337:Ragnaris
13307:Hormidac
13297:Elmingir
13287:Chelchal
13282:Chalazar
13221:Zilgibis
13186:Charaton
13171:Balamber
12978:657–742)
12870:Toramana
12860:Khingila
12842:Goboziko
12799:Varahran
12796:Peroz II
12732:Kavad II
12690:Bahram V
12651:Bahram I
12645:Shapur I
12606:Huvishka
12570:Arseiles
12520:Osroes I
12451:Orodes I
12445:Gotarzes
12433:Phraates
12403:Laoshang
12255:Darius I
12252:Cambyses
12171:Astyages
12168:Cyaxares
12090:region)
12033:Margiana
12028:Khorasan
11758:Mundigak
11738:Firozkoh
11628:Shotorak
11447:Bunjikat
11339:Hazorasp
11163:Shilikty
11153:Boralday
11077:Mongolia
11012:Dunhuang
10783:Samanids
10713:Farghana
10566:Polities
10512:Archived
10403:(1957),
10338:(1924).
10314:43869990
10137:The Huns
10037:29755649
9998:24048285
9956:24049312
9917:24049312
9878:24049312
9839:24049312
9797:24049312
9754:(2017).
9438:(1934).
9087:44710198
9023:doubted.
8989:31 March
8961:The Huns
8935:41371150
8855:(1989).
8828:The Huns
8825:(2015).
8766:25188529
8700:24049312
8557:69001098
8219:43869990
8039:24049314
7599:(2010).
7581:24 March
7493:44710198
7346:44710198
7315:44710198
6879:44710198
6814:The Huns
6765:24654606
6489:Khingila
6358:Archived
6223:(1978).
6193:(1978).
6096:Archived
5950:(2010).
5887:Category
5761:Khorasan
5741:Gandhara
5682:politics
5583:Republic
5483:Safavids
5438:Timurids
5352:963–1187
5338:Samanids
5318:Tahirids
5308:Abbasids
5278:Umayyads
5220:Medieval
4996:Timeline
4968:a series
4966:Part of
4936:reads: "
4934:Bactrian
4779:Bactrian
4763:Khingila
4739:Khingila
4693:Toramana
4622:Sasanian
4559:Toramana
4535:Khingila
4472:6-7th c.
4455:6-7th c.
4438:6-7th c.
4421:6-7th c.
4360:Toramana
4258:Khingila
4167:Archived
4149:Xuanzang
4145:Xionites
4092:Gurjaras
4058:called "
3914:Gandhara
3910:Sasanian
3841:and the
3799:Shripura
3760:Buddhism
3744:Kausambi
3686:THANESAR
3599:GONANDAS
3563:KALINGAS
3525:PALLAVAS
3516:KUNDINAS
3505:KAMARUPA
3379:Srinagar
3357:Toramana
3353:Khingila
3349:Buddhism
3343:goddess
3318:Khingila
3297:Kashmiri
3293:—
3256:Khingila
3241:Toramana
3214:Kashmiri
3143:Buddhism
3139:Xuanzang
3135:Pakistan
3131:Gandhara
3127:Buddhist
3092:Toramana
3088:Khingila
3070:Buddhism
3047:Narendra
3043:Gandhara
3008:Thanesar
3006:king of
2947:Gandhara
2856:Srinagar
2830:Gandhara
2822:Reverse:
2818:Obverse:
2814:Srinagar
2777:—
2772:Dâmôdara
2697:Xuanzang
2691:emperor
2678:—
2598:Mandsaur
2576:king of
2574:Aulikara
2551:Mandsaur
2523:—
2518:Mlecchas
2497:Xuanzang
2494:—
2465:Song Yun
2381:Mookerji
2356:—
2335:—
2330:Toramana
2314:Sanskrit
2277:Toramana
2114:Toramana
2092:Kausambi
2088:Toramana
2036:Hūnarāja
2032:Toramana
2024:Kausambi
1988:Toramana
1957:Kausambi
1942:Kausambi
1922:Gandhara
1918:Vakataka
1914:Harisena
1798:Khingila
1793:Kidarite
1785:Gandhara
1771:Pakistan
1759:Kidarite
1755:Gandhara
1674:and the
1672:Gandhara
1647:Emperor
1645:Sasanian
1634:Ferdowsi
1618:Bahram V
1594:Bactrian
1590:Chiggilo
1586:Khingila
1575:Khingila
1507:Sasanian
1497:in 388.
1487:Gandhara
1387:and the
1264:SASANIAN
1149:Sasanian
1141:Khingila
1105:Khingila
1058:Xionites
1021:Hūnarāja
1017:Toramana
1013:Kausambi
988:(plural
979:Bactrian
965:Khingila
929:Alkhonno
879:Identity
856:and the
803:Kausambi
771:Alakhana
733:Bactrian
716:Pakistan
496:Currency
438:Buddhism
434:Hinduism
423:Bactrian
235:Kausambi
73:Khingila
17147:Outline
17083:Cuisine
17071:Culture
17047:Tourism
17000:Economy
16947:Cabinet
16912:Taliban
16831:Hazaras
16754:Borders
16515:History
16408:largest
16403:Empires
16383:Swedish
16378:Spanish
16373:Russian
16336:Italian
16311:Chinese
16299:English
16294:British
16289:Belgian
16264:Vietnam
16254:Tay son
16200:Tsarist
16195:Russian
16190:Ottoman
16156:Dzungar
16151:Khoshut
16124:Mexican
16119:Maratha
16102:Pahlavi
16082:Safavid
16077:Iranian
16004:Haitian
15967:Chinese
15927:Ashanti
15899:Wagadou
15825:Eastern
15820:Western
15803:Timurid
15763:Tibetan
15753:Songhai
15743:Serbian
15664:Almohad
15654:Idrisid
15558:Samanid
15548:Tahirid
15543:Iranian
15521:Kannauj
15501:Genoese
15437:Chinese
15430:Eastern
15425:Western
15413:Fatimid
15408:Abbasid
15403:Umayyad
15376:Burmese
15336:Ayyubid
15331:Angevin
15301:Xianbei
15289:Eastern
15284:Western
15230:Magadha
15193:Iranian
15186:Xiongnu
15171:Hittite
15080:Chinese
15068:Kassite
15017:Ancient
15009:Empires
14913:Sources
14704:Pallava
14635:Culture
14514:Puranas
14503:Culture
14343:Puranas
14324:Culture
14261:Culture
14177:Ājīvika
14169:Jainism
14144:Culture
14124:Magadha
14046:Culture
13723:Xiongnu
13633:Alchons
13534:Culture
13495:Donatus
13474:Scottas
13428:Mundzuk
13372:Tuldila
13362:Tarrach
13357:Sunicas
13347:Sigizan
13327:Odolgan
13312:Kursich
13247:Althias
13242:Alathar
13136:History
12863:Javukha
12827:Yosada
12787:Peroz I
12771:Narsieh
12726:Vistahm
12711:Kavad I
12705:Kavad I
12699:Peroz I
12687:Khosrow
12576:Heraios
12394:Xiongnu
12199:Skunkha
12188:Tomyris
12159:Deioces
12038:Bactria
11703:Asqalan
11638:Bimaran
11633:Paitava
11575:Togolok
11510:Abiward
11394:Poykent
11379:Koktepe
11246:Navekat
11123:Kerderi
11113:Jankent
11062:Kashgar
11037:Tumshuq
10982:Bulayïq
10892:Culture
10708:Khuttal
10668:Xiongnu
10375:Sources
10211:2561645
9303:16 July
9236:: 127.
9113:2 April
9073:: 278.
8171:2 April
8144:2 April
8095:23 July
7619:17 June
7527:2 April
7449:p.50 sq
7340:: 274.
7301:: 268.
7248:2 April
7159:p.38 sq
7032:2 April
6865:: 274.
6523:2 April
6006:in the
5967:17 June
5811:Culture
5736:Bactria
5664:Interim
5563:Kingdom
5543:Emirate
5473:Mughals
5448:Arghuns
5428:Kartids
5368:Seljuks
5358:Ghurids
5342:875–999
5332:863–900
5322:821–873
5312:750–821
5302:750-977
5292:680–870
5288:Zunbils
5282:661–750
5272:660–842
5262:660–669
5252:652–661
5232:565–879
5207:484–711
5197:410–557
5187:380–560
5168:320–465
5158:230–651
5005:Ancient
4879:Kashmir
4722:Alchon
4678:Coinage
4674:coins.
4650:to the
4648:Bactria
4632:Bactria
4599:Coinage
4541:Javukha
4411:Kashmir
4280:Javukha
4124:Sources
4118:Rajputs
4080:Peroz I
3886:Kashmir
3874:Saivism
3851:Kannauj
3829:or the
3795:Valabhi
3756:Mathura
3752:Vidisha
3717:PERSIAN
3647:VALABHI
3626:WESTERN
3608:KANNAUJ
3553:ALCHONS
3514:VISHNU-
3451:PANDYAS
3345:Lakshmi
3322:Lakshmi
3301:Kalhana
3218:Kalhana
3189:Nalanda
3035:Khuttal
3022:land".
2978:Alchon-
2939:Kashmir
2901:Kalhana
2863:Gokarna
2846:Kalhana
2834:Kashmir
2737:Magadha
2709:Kashmir
2701:Magadha
2596:, near
2594:Sondani
2547:Sondani
2469:Gwalior
2430:Benares
2316:in the
2256:in the
2252:in the
2142:Benares
2132:in the
2118:Magadha
2012:Gujarat
1992:Gujarat
1982:In the
1916:of the
1753:" from
1702:, with
1700:Peroz I
1649:Peroz I
1626:Shengil
1511:Bactria
1501:Coinage
1456:Caspian
1436:Kushans
1393:Bactria
1371:obverse
1369:on the
1359:symbol
1304:Bactria
1213:History
996:Kashmir
909:lakhāna
860:in the
854:Bactria
759:Alchono
397:Capital
347:KINGDOM
246:Rīsthal
181:Sondani
163:Gwalior
127:Sanjeli
38:370–670
17175:Portal
17118:Poetry
17103:Cinema
17027:Mining
17022:Energy
16873:Health
16866:Uzbeks
16856:Tajiks
16826:Gurjar
16816:Baloch
16505:
16346:Mongol
16331:German
16326:French
16316:Danish
16259:Dainam
16234:Tongan
16222:Somali
16217:Sokoto
16183:'Alawi
16161:Kalmyk
16141:Mongol
16134:Second
16114:Korean
16065:Mughal
16055:Indian
16038:German
16031:Second
16021:French
16014:Second
15950:Second
15922:Afghan
15914:Modern
15840:Kyrgyz
15835:Uighur
15830:Second
15810:Turkic
15778:Toltec
15714:Epirus
15699:Nicaea
15622:Mongol
15575:Yamato
15511:Huetar
15369:Second
15306:Rouran
15255:Shunga
15250:Maurya
15225:Kushan
15198:Median
15176:Hunnic
15134:Harsha
14852:Samuel
14843:Samuel
14650:Tantra
14415:Cheras
14315:Cheras
14221:Assaka
14136:Assaka
14068:Srauta
13994:Punjab
13869:States
13830:Yuezhi
13510:Ildico
13490:Adamis
13418:Gordas
13408:Atakam
13392:Zolban
13387:Uldach
13382:Tyranx
13377:Turgun
13352:Simmas
13332:Optila
13322:Mundus
13277:Bochas
13272:Basich
13257:Apsich
13201:Attila
13191:Rugila
13163:Rulers
12987:Sheguy
12956:Tamgan
12940:Istämi
12866:Mehama
12835:Kidara
12829:Kirada
12806:Kangju
12708:Jamasp
12702:Balash
12660:Narseh
12564:Yuezhi
12386:Yuezhi
12346:Yuezhi
12309:Philip
12258:Xerxes
12165:Madyes
12043:Sogdia
11768:Nagara
11540:Jeitun
11472:Sarazm
11158:Sawran
11103:Begash
11057:Khotan
11052:Loulan
10663:Yuezhi
10468:
10443:
10433:
10389:
10319:8 July
10312:
10237:
10209:
10179:
10144:
10099:
10035:
10027:
9996:
9988:
9984:: 61.
9954:
9946:
9915:
9907:
9876:
9868:
9837:
9829:
9795:
9787:
9734:
9704:
9640:
9583:
9556:
9533:Alram
9500:
9473:
9448:
9418:
9386:
9359:
9334:
9247:8 July
9240:
9201:
9173:
9141:
9085:
9077:
9047:: 99.
9014:
8975:
8933:
8925:
8892:
8865:
8835:
8800:
8764:
8756:
8723:
8698:
8690:
8654:
8627:
8587:
8555:
8507:
8480:
8421:8 July
8357:
8326:
8299:
8272:
8245:
8217:
8062:
8037:
8029:
7993:
7951:
7900:
7873:
7799:
7772:
7745:
7718:
7647:
7612:
7572:
7548:Taxila
7491:
7483:
7427:
7376:
7344:
7313:
7305:
7276:
7216:
7189:
7156:Unesco
7138:
7117:XVII-V
7105:XVI-IX
7087:
7060:
7007:8 July
6970:
6877:
6869:
6821:
6788:
6763:
6755:
6697:
6650:
6497:Tamgha
6434:: 207.
6393:
6328:
6301:
6277:20 May
6263:
6233:
6203:
6075:
6049:8 July
6022:
6004:Tirtha
6000:Bengal
5960:
5776:Sistan
5731:Ariana
5465:Modern
4970:on the
4942:Vishnu
4938:Mihira
4926:Vishnu
4807:Mehama
4747:Tamgha
4724:Tamgha
4701:Brahmi
4627:tamgha
4555:Aduman
4547:Mehama
4459:Tujina
4338:Aduman
4303:Mehama
4203:Rulers
4082:type.
3825:, the
3821:, the
3817:, the
3764:Taxila
3748:Ujjain
3719:EMPIRE
3708:CHURIS
3543:NEZAKS
3534:ALUPAS
3487:CHERAS
3469:CHOLAS
3424:600 CE
3355:, and
3288:Vetala
3272:nimbus
3207:Dhyana
3193:vihara
3104:Taxila
3096:Mehama
3039:Kapisa
3012:Harsha
3002:, the
2984:Alchon
2971:mark.
2943:Punjab
2794:Guptas
2727:, the
2572:, the
2489:Sagala
2461:Jhelum
2424:. The
2422:Punjab
2164:Varaha
2138:Bengal
2130:Tirtha
2126:Bengal
2110:Shudra
1886:tamgha
1874:Multan
1813:Taxila
1809:Taxila
1805:stupas
1708:Mehama
1676:Punjab
1641:Mehama
1616:ruler
1602:Mehama
1523:Tamgha
1475:Kapisa
1383:, the
1357:Tamgha
1290:EMPIRE
1268:EMPIRE
1254:ALKHON
1237:EMPIRE
1200:tamgha
1171:Rostam
991:uonono
974:-khan-
842:Yuezhi
791:Punjab
775:Walxon
773:, and
767:Alkhon
755:Alkhan
500:Drachm
419:Brahmi
409:Sagala
401:Kapisa
322:GUPTAS
259:ALCHON
17154:Index
17098:Music
16972:women
16890:Women
16811:Arabs
16396:Lists
16351:Omani
16321:Dutch
16227:Isaaq
16178:Saadi
16146:Oirat
16129:First
16097:Qajar
16026:First
16009:First
15982:China
15955:Third
15815:First
15768:Tikal
15719:Morea
15689:Roman
15607:Latin
15602:Khmer
15597:Kanem
15563:Buyid
15489:Zagwe
15484:Aksum
15474:Chola
15381:First
15364:First
15351:Bornu
15346:Benin
15341:Aztec
15279:Roman
15260:Gupta
15245:Nanda
15181:White
14339:Epics
14078:Late
14060:Late
14052:Late
13667:Nezak
13652:Hunas
13525:Zerco
13515:Kreka
13500:Eskam
13469:Eslas
13464:Edeko
13423:Mamas
13292:Cours
13267:Ascum
13262:Ascan
13237:Aigan
13216:Ernak
13206:Ellac
13196:Bleda
13181:Octar
13176:Uldin
12832:Peroz
12762:Boran
12744:Boran
12249:Cyrus
12088:Altai
12024:dates
11613:Hadda
11369:Khiva
11261:Suyab
11251:Özgön
11188:Urpek
11173:Sumbe
11138:Otrar
11027:Rawak
11017:Miran
10987:Kucha
10441:JSTOR
10310:S2CID
10280:(PDF)
10262:also
10055:(PDF)
10033:JSTOR
9994:JSTOR
9952:JSTOR
9913:JSTOR
9874:JSTOR
9835:JSTOR
9793:JSTOR
9728:(PDF)
9238:JSTOR
9226:(PDF)
9083:JSTOR
8931:JSTOR
8762:JSTOR
8696:JSTOR
8532:also
8215:S2CID
8166:(PDF)
8120:–161.
8035:JSTOR
8015:(PDF)
7822:(PDF)
7687:(PDF)
7672:(PDF)
7606:(PDF)
7489:JSTOR
7342:JSTOR
7311:JSTOR
6997:(PDF)
6940:(PDF)
6875:JSTOR
6761:JSTOR
6687:Cover
6361:(PDF)
6350:(PDF)
6008:Gauda
5991:Malwa
5987:Hunas
5699:since
5298:Lawik
4958:Notes
4946:Shiva
4697:Gupta
4197:stupa
4100:Hunas
4084:Sindh
3908:with
3878:Shiva
3855:chess
3706:KALA-
3704:EARLY
3657:SINDH
3628:TURKS
3617:TAKKA
3581:GAUDA
3442:MORIS
3375:Shiva
3364:Shiva
3334:Surya
3161:Hindu
3108:Hadda
3020:Indus
2987:tamga
2980:Nezak
2968:tamga
2963:Nezak
2867:Shiva
2838:India
2578:Malwa
2549:near
2406:Malwa
2391:Malwa
2310:Malwa
2134:Gauda
2096:Malwa
2077:Malwa
2056:Malwa
2028:Malwa
1902:Malwa
1870:Sindh
1856:Sindh
1846:Sindh
1653:Kadag
1622:China
1610:Kabul
1592:) in
1495:Kabul
1405:India
1286:GUPTA
1116:Right
1054:Xiyon
983:*
957:Greek
763:Alxon
720:India
300:NIANS
298:SASA-
285:NEZAK
84:tamga
17226:Huns
17093:Flag
16967:LGBT
16166:Bogd
16092:Zand
16070:Sikh
15977:Qing
15972:Ming
15904:Wari
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