115:
137:
328:
397:
are located near the base of each mesentery. Octocorals have high phenotypic plasticity from adapting to dynamic environments where temperature, pH, and other parameters are in constant flux and have shown high recruitment rates post-die-off events caused by el nino events.
349:
in general appearance and in the size of their polyps, but lack the distinctive stony skeleton. Also unlike the stony corals, each polyp has only eight tentacles, each of which is feather-like in shape, with numerous side-branches, or
416:, meaning that all contained species are descended from a common ancestor, but the relationships between subdivisions are not well known. The sea pens (Pennatulacea) and blue coral (Helioporacea) continue to be assigned separate
365:
and perforated by numerous tiny channels. The channels interconnect the gastrovascular cavities of the polyps, allowing water and nutrients to flow freely between all the members of the colony. The skeletal material, called
286:(sea fans and sea whips) within three orders: Alcyonacea, Helioporacea, and Pennatulacea. These organisms have an internal skeleton secreted by mesoglea and polyps with eight tentacles and eight mesentaries. As with all
377:
The polyp is largely embedded within the colonial skeleton, with only the uppermost surface, including the tentacles and mouth, projecting about the surface. The mouth is slit-like, with a single
844:
Daly, M.; Brugler, M.P.; Cartwright, P.; Collins, A.G.; Dawson, M.N.; Fautin, D.G.; France, S.C.; McFadden, C.S.; Opresko, D.M.; Rogriguez, E.; Romano, S.L.; Stake, J.L. (21 July 2007).
357:
Octocorals are colonial organisms, with numerous tiny polyps embedded in a soft matrix that forms the visible structure of the colony. The matrix is composed of
404:
is found in 32 genera, a trait estimated to have evolved 540 million years ago, the earliest timing of emergence of bioluminescence in the marine environment.
651:
688:
541:
531:
758:
581:
561:
461:
728:
698:
661:
631:
1113:
Lopes, Ana Rita; Faleiro, Filipa; Rosa, Inês C.; Pimentel, Marta S.; Trubenbach, Katja; Repolho, Tiago; Diniz, Mário; Rosa, Rui (11 June 2018).
788:
738:
718:
708:
681:
671:
571:
521:
1416:
903:
Bergström, Stig M.; Bergström, Jan; Kumpulainen, Risto; Ormö, Jens; Sturkell, Erik (2007). "Maurits
Lindström – A renaissance geoscientist".
798:
768:
591:
551:
481:
393:, that divide the upper part of the gastrovascular cavity into chambers, one of which connects to the hollow space inside each tentacle. The
845:
389:
that projects down into a gastrovascular cavity that occupies the hollow interior. The pharynx is surrounded by eight radial partitions, or
808:
778:
748:
641:
621:
420:, whereas the current order Alcyonacea was historically represented by four orders: Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, Stolonifera and Telestacea.
491:
501:
1403:
1291:
1408:
1287:
949:
1005:"Distinguishing Earth's oldest known bryozoan (Pywackia, late Cambrian) from pennatulacean octocorals (Mesozoic–Recent)"
1097:
1465:
1262:
429:
1421:
1364:
136:
123:
17:
832:
1431:
1250:
374:. Although it is generally soft, in many species it is reinforced with calcareous or horny material.
1470:
1503:
886:
1238:
1457:
1342:
1304:
846:"The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus"
1046:"Late Cambrian Pywackia is a cnidarian, not a bryozoan: Insights from skeletal microstructure"
1493:
1452:
1444:
290:
these organisms have a complex life cycle including a motile phase when they are considered
1377:
1351:
1185:
1057:
1016:
961:
914:
306:
8:
390:
362:
295:
1189:
1061:
1020:
965:
918:
1216:
1173:
1149:
1115:"Physiological resilience of a temperate soft coral to ocean warming and acidification"
1114:
985:
930:
234:
131:
1498:
1439:
1221:
1203:
1154:
1136:
1093:
989:
977:
934:
878:
1369:
1356:
1211:
1193:
1172:
Lasker, H. R.; Martínez-Quintana, Á.; Bramanti, L.; Edmunds, P. J. (9 March 2020).
1144:
1126:
1065:
1024:
969:
922:
868:
860:
611:
1003:
Landing, Ed; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Brasier, Martin D.; English, Adam B. (2015).
447:
417:
401:
337:
267:
259:
1198:
864:
114:
1131:
926:
1487:
1327:
1207:
1140:
981:
905:
882:
193:
72:
843:
332:
1225:
1158:
601:
511:
413:
219:
214:
1390:
1336:
471:
367:
346:
47:
1070:
1045:
1029:
1004:
371:
302:
275:
271:
209:
92:
57:
1395:
1239:
Evolution of bioluminescence in
Anthozoa with emphasis on Octocorallia
1171:
950:"Reinterpretation of the Cambrian 'bryozoan' Pywackia as an octocoral"
873:
439:
428:
The following taxa are unplaced within
Octocorallia according to the
283:
266:
comprising over 3,000 species of marine organisms formed of colonial
148:
97:
1298:
1321:
1092:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 164–169.
973:
833:
https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=browser&id=1292#focus
358:
316:
311:
309:'s findings in the 1970s. Recent work suggesting that the Cambrian
291:
287:
263:
178:
168:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
948:
Taylor, Paul D.; Berning, Björn; Wilson, Mark A. (November 2013).
385:, at one side to help control water flow. It opens into a tubular
1382:
902:
386:
351:
279:
102:
77:
158:
1002:
370:, is composed of living tissue secreted by numerous wandering
394:
378:
327:
1174:"Resilience of Octocoral Forests to Catastrophic Storms"
1112:
947:
1087:
1485:
1043:
301:Octocorals have existed at least since the
113:
1215:
1197:
1148:
1130:
1069:
1028:
872:
326:
1292:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1044:Hageman, Steven J.; Vinn, Olev (2023).
837:
14:
1486:
1243:
270:with 8-fold symmetry. It includes the
29:Class of Anthozoa with 8-fold symmetry
1303:
1302:
831:WoRMS Database: "Octocorallia Tree":
1432:7209a46d-71f2-47ad-88c9-ce361977a126
1083:
1081:
803:Moore, Alderslade & Miller, 2017
476:Williams & López-González, 2005
24:
596:Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
25:
1515:
1280:
1078:
412:Octocorallia is considered to be
1263:World Register of Marine Species
430:World Register of Marine Species
423:
135:
45:
1232:
723:López-González & Gili, 2000
1165:
1106:
1037:
996:
941:
896:
825:
361:tissue, lined by a continuous
13:
1:
818:
733:Thomson & Henderson, 1906
556:Ocaña & van Ofwegen, 2003
506:Ocaña & van Ofwegen, 2003
616:Williams & Starmer, 2000
606:Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988
407:
7:
586:Cairns & Cordeiro, 2017
10:
1520:
1199:10.1038/s41598-020-61238-1
1119:Cell Stress and Chaperones
1088:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
865:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.11
451:Utinomi & Harada, 1973
322:
124:Dendronephthya klunzingeri
1311:
1132:10.1007/s12192-018-0919-9
927:10.1080/11035890701292065
626:Pérez & Zamponi, 2000
576:Wright & Studer, 1889
294:and later characteristic
240:
233:
206:
201:
132:Scientific classification
130:
121:
112:
36:
693:de Lacaze-Duthiers, 1900
345:Octocorals resemble the
1050:Journal of Paleontology
1009:Journal of Paleontology
954:Journal of Paleontology
813:Bayer & Muzik, 1976
432:as of April 2024:
319:octocoral is disputed.
342:
1453:Paleobiology Database
330:
1090:Invertebrate Zoology
636:López-González, 2007
305:period, as shown by
1190:2020NatSR..10.4286L
1071:10.1017/jpa.2023.35
1062:2023JPal...97..990H
1030:10.1017/jpa.2014.26
1021:2015JPal...89..292L
966:2013JPal...87..984T
919:2007GFF...129...65B
1178:Scientific Reports
343:
1481:
1480:
1440:Open Tree of Life
1305:Taxon identifiers
652:Pseudocladochonus
307:Maurits Lindström
249:
248:
197:
43:Ordovician–recent
16:(Redirected from
1511:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1201:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1134:
1125:(5): 1093–1100.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1000:
994:
993:
945:
939:
938:
900:
894:
893:
892:on 11 June 2010.
891:
885:. Archived from
876:
850:
841:
835:
829:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
694:
677:
667:
657:
647:
646:Alderslade, 2001
637:
627:
617:
612:Lanthanocephalus
607:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
452:
444:
315:may represent a
192:
140:
139:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
34:
33:
21:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1170:
1166:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1079:
1056:(5): 990–1001.
1042:
1038:
1001:
997:
946:
942:
901:
897:
889:
848:
842:
838:
830:
826:
821:
812:
802:
792:
783:Pasternak, 1985
782:
772:
762:
752:
743:Kükenthal, 1916
742:
732:
722:
712:
702:
692:
676:Kükenthal, 1919
675:
666:Kükenthal, 1916
665:
655:
645:
635:
625:
615:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
545:
535:
532:Chondronephthya
525:
516:Jungersen, 1892
515:
505:
496:Deichmann, 1936
495:
485:
475:
465:
450:
448:Pseudogorgiidae
442:
426:
410:
402:Bioluminescence
338:Tubipora musica
325:
254:(also known as
191:
134:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1504:Animal classes
1501:
1496:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1333:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1288:"Octocorallia"
1282:
1281:External links
1279:
1276:
1275:
1253:incertae sedis
1251:"Octocorallia
1242:
1231:
1164:
1105:
1098:
1077:
1036:
1015:(2): 292–317.
995:
974:10.1666/13-029
960:(6): 984–990.
940:
895:
836:
823:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
805:
795:
793:Williams, 1990
785:
775:
765:
759:Tesseranthelia
755:
745:
735:
725:
715:
713:Williams, 2019
705:
695:
685:
678:
668:
658:
656:Versluys, 1907
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
598:
588:
582:Flagelligorgia
578:
568:
562:Distichogorgia
558:
548:
546:von Koch, 1891
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
454:
453:
445:
425:
422:
409:
406:
324:
321:
247:
246:
245:
244:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
226:incertae sedis
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
199:
198:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1099:0-03-056747-5
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
899:
888:
884:
880:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
840:
834:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
801:
800:
796:
791:
790:
786:
781:
780:
776:
771:
770:
766:
761:
760:
756:
753:Hickson, 1894
751:
750:
746:
741:
740:
736:
731:
730:
729:Stereacanthia
726:
721:
720:
716:
711:
710:
706:
701:
700:
699:Scleranthelia
696:
691:
690:
686:
684:
683:
679:
674:
673:
669:
664:
663:
662:Pseudosuberia
659:
654:
653:
649:
644:
643:
639:
634:
633:
632:Mesogligorgia
629:
624:
623:
619:
614:
613:
609:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
589:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
564:
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
544:
543:
539:
536:Utinomi, 1960
534:
533:
529:
524:
523:
519:
514:
513:
509:
504:
503:
499:
494:
493:
489:
484:
483:
479:
474:
473:
469:
466:Dautova, 2018
464:
463:
459:
458:
457:
449:
446:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
431:
424:Unplaced taxa
421:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
360:
355:
353:
348:
340:
339:
334:
329:
320:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
242:
241:
239:
236:
232:
227:
224:Octocorallia
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
200:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
35:
32:
27:
19:
1494:Octocorallia
1370:Octocorallia
1343:Octocorallia
1313:Octocorallia
1312:
1266:. Retrieved
1258:
1252:
1245:
1234:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1089:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1012:
1008:
998:
957:
953:
943:
913:(2): 65–70.
910:
904:
898:
887:the original
856:
852:
839:
827:
807:
797:
789:Verseveldtia
787:
777:
767:
757:
747:
739:Stereogorgia
737:
727:
719:Sphaeralcyon
717:
709:Speirogorgia
707:
703:Studer, 1878
697:
687:
682:Rhipiopathes
680:
672:Pseudothesea
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
620:
610:
602:Inflatocalyx
600:
590:
580:
572:Elasmogorgia
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
522:Chalcogorgia
520:
512:Ceratocaulon
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
455:
443:Wright, 1865
434:
427:
414:monophyletic
411:
400:
383:siphonoglyph
382:
376:
356:
347:stony corals
344:
336:
310:
300:
255:
252:Octocorallia
251:
250:
225:
220:Pennatulacea
215:Helioporacea
189:Octocorallia
188:
122:
37:Octocorallia
31:
26:
1391:iNaturalist
1337:Wikispecies
1184:(1): 4286.
799:Williamsium
773:Bayer, 1991
769:Thelogorgia
763:Bayer, 1981
592:Hypnogorgia
566:Bayer, 1979
552:Denhartogia
526:Bayer, 1949
486:Bayer, 1993
482:Briareopsis
472:Bayergorgia
391:mesenteries
381:groove, or
372:amoebocytes
368:coenenchyme
276:soft corals
175:Subphylum:
1488:Categories
1357:Alcyonaria
874:1808/13641
819:References
809:Xenogorgia
779:Tubigorgia
749:Stereosoma
642:Moolabalia
435:Families:
303:Ordovician
288:cnidarians
284:gorgonians
272:blue coral
256:Alcyonaria
243:Alcyonaria
210:Alcyonacea
18:Alcyonaria
1208:2045-2322
1141:1355-8145
990:129113026
982:0022-3360
935:140593975
883:1175-5326
859:: 1–766.
622:Lignopsis
440:Haimeidae
408:Phylogeny
363:epidermis
359:mesogleal
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
1499:Anthozoa
1383:46545574
1322:Wikidata
1268:23 April
1226:32152448
1159:29948929
689:Rolandia
492:Caliacis
456:Genera:
379:ciliated
352:pinnules
333:corallum
317:Cambrian
312:Pywackia
292:plankton
280:sea pens
264:Anthozoa
235:Synonyms
179:Anthozoa
169:Cnidaria
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
1328:Q132680
1217:7063042
1186:Bibcode
1150:6111073
1058:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
962:Bibcode
915:Bibcode
853:Zootaxa
542:Daniela
502:Canarya
387:pharynx
323:Biology
298:phase.
296:sessile
258:) is a
202:Orders
194:Haeckel
185:Class:
1445:507945
1429:NZOR:
1396:340493
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462:Aspera
418:orders
395:gonads
282:, and
268:polyps
196:, 1866
1466:WoRMS
1458:61472
1409:52004
1259:WoRMS
986:S2CID
931:S2CID
890:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
331:Full
260:class
1471:1341
1422:6132
1417:NCBI
1404:ITIS
1270:2024
1222:PMID
1204:ISSN
1155:PMID
1137:ISSN
1094:ISBN
978:ISSN
879:ISSN
857:1668
48:PreꞒ
1378:EoL
1365:AFD
1352:ADW
1212:PMC
1194:doi
1145:PMC
1127:doi
1066:doi
1025:doi
970:doi
923:doi
911:129
906:GFF
869:hdl
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335:of
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